Journal articles: 'Grex (The Latin word)'

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Khoury, Richard, and Francesca Sapsford. "Latin word stemming using Wiktionary:." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 31, no. 2 (March 30, 2015): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqv008.

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Verschik, Anna. "Metalinguistic comments and multilingual awareness: Estonian-Russian language contacts in blogs." Applied Linguistics Review 10, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 389–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0049.

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AbstractThe paper focuses on the manifestation of multilingual awareness (MLA) and the impact of Estonian in Russian-language blogs by ethnic Russians. MLA can be defined as “an ability to focus on linguistic form and to switch focus between form and meaning” (Jessner, Ulrike. 2014. On multilingual awareness or why the multilingual learner is a specific language learner. In Miroslaw Pawlak & Larissa Aronin (eds.), Essential topics in applied linguistics and multilingualism. Studies in Honor of David Singleton, 175–184. Wien: Springer.). The purpose is to show that metalinguistic comments form as a subcategory of metalinguistic awareness, i.e., the latter conditions the former but not vice versa. I consider not only explicit examples of metalinguistic comments, such as discussion on differences between Russian of Russia and Russian in Estonia, proficiency in Estonian, sometimes including discussions on fine points of Estonian grammar, but also implicit and more subtle examples, such as visual separation of Estonian stems and Russian inflections, playful switches from Cyrillic to Latin characters and back within a sentence or even a word. All blogs are in the Live Journal environment, a medium which combines features of stand-alone blogs and social networks. The bloggers are reasonably proficient in Estonian and work or study in a predominantly Estonian-language environment. Data comes from fifteen blogs from the period 2008–2012. The bloggers position themselves as autonomous language users and consider blogs as their private virtual space with an individual language policy. This is in accordance with the views of some contact linguists (e.g., Thomason, Sara Grey. 2007. Language contact and deliberate change. Journal of Language Contact 1. 41–62.), who consider change by deliberate decision as one of the mechanisms of contact-induced language change.

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Phelps, Patricia H., and Susan Peterson. "Building Word Power through Latin Lingo." Middle School Journal 22, no. 2 (November 1990): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.1990.11495130.

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Choi, Ji-Young. "Spanish archaic word of Latin American." Latin American and Caribbean Studies 38, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17855/jlas.2019.5.38.2.199.

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Hock, Hans Henrich. "Latin influence on German word order?" Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (December 31, 2019): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00027.hoc.

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Abstract Behaghel’s claim that verb finality in German dependent clauses (DCs) reflects Latin influence (1892, 1932) has been revived by Chirita (1997, 2003). According to Chirita, DC word order remains variable up to Early New High German, while in Latin, verb-finality is more frequent in DCs than main clauses (MCs); hence, she claims, German verb finality reflects Latin influence. This papers shows that the arguments for Latin influence are problematic and that the Modern German word order difference between MCs and DCs can be explained as the ultimate outcome of developments that started in early North and West Germanic. In the conclusion I briefly discuss similar developments in Western Romance and their implications for European contact linguistics.

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Vysloužilová, D. "“OLD AND GREY, HARD AS A MULE I DID WORK FOR MANY YEARS”: HOW PRINCE ANDREY KURBSKY LEARNT LATIN." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 4 (August 25, 2021): 842–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-4-842-851.

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In this article, the author discusses the topic of how Prince Andrey Kurbsky learnt the Latin language, based on his comments and memoirs. The subject of Andrey Kurbsky’s translation activities is a frequently discussed issue not only among Russian historians but also among their foreign colleagues. Before Andrey Kurbsky could start translating books, he needed to learn Latin. In our opinion, this process is worthy of independent research, because before that historians and linguists paid attention to the result of this activity, i.e., to the translations themselves than to the moments of learning the Latin language. The study is based on Kurbsky’s remarks left in his forewords and personal correspondence, which allows us to look at the situation through the eyes of the prince. The author aims to research the period associated with learning Latin, as well as to find out whether there have been certain trends in this process.

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Martinez, Rutilio, and Vish Iyer. "U.S. Trade In Goods With Latin America (2001-2010): Trends And Perspectives." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2013): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i5.7825.

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Between 2001 and 2010, U.S. trade in goods with Latin America grew at an unprecedented 7.04% per year. However, during these years, mostly as a consequence of the rapid growth of trade between China and Latin America, the relative importance of the U.S. as a trading partner of Latin America declined significantly. Projections indicate that, although trade between the U.S. and Latin America will grow, this decline is very likely to continue, thereby contributing to the erosion of U.S. influence on this region of the world.

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Elerick, Charles. "Latin Word Order: Living on the Edge." Classical World 86, no. 1 (1992): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351194.

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Greenberg, Nathan A. "Word Juncture in Latin Prose and Poetry." Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 121 (1991): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/284456.

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Spevak, Olga. "Latin Word Order. Structured Meaning and Information." Mnemosyne 60, no. 3 (2007): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852507x195592.

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Schembs, Katharina. "The invention of the “third-world city”: urban planning in Latin America in the 1960s and early 1970s." Esboços: histórias em contextos globais 28, no. 47 (March 30, 2021): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2021.e75358.

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While the first half of the 20th century was mainly characterized by the importation of urban planning models from Europe and the USA to Latin America, the 1960s represent a turning point: In the context of different development theories, local planners first started to emphasize the supposed structural similarities of Latin American cities and then their parallels with other cities of the Global South. Social theorists, economists and urbanists of the time conceptualized cities not only as litmus tests of the developmental stage of the individual country, but also as motors to enable economic progress. Analyzing different Latin American architectural and urban planning publications, the article traces references toother Latin American and “Third-World” countries that grew in size in the course of the 1960s. In some cases, this even led to South-South contacts in the field of urban planning to the research of which this article is a start.

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White, John F. "Blitz Latin Revisited." Journal of Classics Teaching 16, no. 32 (2015): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631015000203.

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SummaryDevelopment of the machine translator Blitz Latin between the years 2002 and 2015 is discussed. Key issues remain the ambiguity in meaning of Latin stems and inflections, and the word order of the Latin language. Attempts to improve machine translation of Latin are described by the programmer.

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Jasińska, Katarzyna, and Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk. "On the Relatinization of the Latin Term 'magister'." Classica Cracoviensia 21 (July 2, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cc.21.2018.21.06.

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The expansion of the linguistic lexicon by means of loanwords is a common phenomenon. During this process the word is taken from the donor language and assimilated in the system of the recipient language. Loanword adaptation is carried out on the semantic and formal level which concerns the pronunciation, spelling and grammatical characteristics of a word in question. In this article we present the case of the Latin word magister concentrating on its phonetic accommodation and process of its relatinization after the original borrowing in the Old Polish language. The word was relatinized in Polish, that is reborrowed from the Latin orthographic form and as such it functions in the Polish lexicon to this very day. Additionally, we investigate the semantic adaptation of the word, describing the relations between the Latin and the Polish meanings of the word magister at different stages of development of both languages.

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Hulstaert, Kristien. "Reading, seeing and understanding Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 18, no. 1-2 (December 18, 2019): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2019-0002.

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Abstract Reading Latin. Easy as it sounds, Latin teachers know it is not. Students are able to analyze words or recognize constructions, yet this knowledge does not enable them to read and let the Latin words form images in their minds. In order to develop a reading method focusing on the visualization of the story following the Latin word order, an applied research project was set up. The research approach was that of educational design research. Based upon knowledge of word order and colometry, a reading method was developed focusing on the way the story is directed by the Roman author.

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BERGREN, THEODORE A. "GREEK LOAN-WORDS IN THE VULGATE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE LATIN APOSTOLIC FATHERS." Traditio 74 (2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.12.

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Early Latin Christian documents translated from Greek (e.g., Latin translations of the Greek New Testament) contain a large number of Greek loan-words. This article attempts to collect and catalogue the Greek loan-words found in the Vulgate New Testament and the early Latin versions of the Apostolic Fathers. In this literature I have identified some 420 loan-words. The purpose of this article is to systematically categorize, analyze, and comment on these loan-words. In the main section of the article the loan-words are divided into discrete content groups based on their origin and/or meaning. These groups include: (1.) words that originated in Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlagen and that were then transliterated into Greek and then Latin; (2.) words with biblical or ecclesiological orientation that are found exclusively or predominantly in early Christian Latin writings; (3.) words that fall into distinct categories of items, persons or places (e.g., “animals,” “items of clothing,” “gems and minerals,” “human occupations”); and (4.) words of a general character that do not fit in any of the above categories. In this section of the article are listed, for each loan-word: first, the Latin word; second, the Greek Vorlage; third, the meaning(s) of the Latin word; and fourth, one example of a passage in the Vulgate New Testament or the Latin Apostolic Fathers in which the Latin word may be found. Loan-words with special characteristics (e.g., Latin hapax legomena) are commented on individually.

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PRADOS DE LA ESCOSURA, LEANDRO. "Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 279–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09005574.

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AbstractIn this paper the economic performance of post-independence Latin America is assessed in comparative perspective. The release from the colonial fiscal burden was partly offset by higher costs of self-government, while the opening of independent Latin American countries to the international economy represented a handmaiden of growth. Regional disparities increased after independence, so generalisations about the region's long-run behaviour are not straightforward. However, on average, per capita income grew in Latin America, and although the region fell behind compared with the United States and Western Europe, it improved or maintained its position relative to the rest of the world. Thus the term ‘lost decades’ appears an unwarranted depiction of the period between 1820 and 1870.

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Baghdasaryan, Susanna. "Etymology and Word Decoding." Armenian Folia Anglistika 5, no. 1-2 (6) (October 15, 2009): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2009.5.1-2.167.

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The language vocabulary is a system which grows mostly due to word formation. The latter takes place with the help of own or borrowed parts of words (root and suffix), which, certainly, used to be independent words. They penetrated the English vocabulary and made up new words while preserving their previous meanings. Most of the Latin and Greek borrowings do not make up the active vocabulary. They usually refer to scientific terms.

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ARZA, CAMILA. "Distributional Impacts of Pension Policy in Argentina." Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (June 2006): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706210209.

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Historically speaking, social security systems are a recent development. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was limited state social intervention in the developed world, and even less in Latin America. A remarkable expansion of “social rights” took place in the second half of the century. By the 1970s most Latin American countries had set up at least some form of old-age protection, while others had already developed a wide welfare network. Public social expenditures grew to represent over 20 percent of the gross domestic product in a number of countries, including Argentina.

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Vindrola-Padros, Cecilia, Rosa Mertnoff, Cristina Lasmarias, and Xavier Gómez-Batiste. "Palliative care education in Latin America: A systematic review of training programs for healthcare professionals." Palliative and Supportive Care 16, no. 1 (July 11, 2017): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147895151700061x.

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ABSTRACTObjective:The integration of palliative care (PC) education into medical and nursing curricula has been identified as an international priority. PC education has undergone significant development in Latin America, but gaps in the integration of PC courses into undergraduate and postgraduate curricula remain. The aim of our review was to systematically examine the delivery of PC education in Latin America in order to explore the content and method of delivery of current PC programs, identify gaps in the availability of education opportunities, and document common barriers encountered in the course of their implementation.Method:We carried out a systematic review of peer-reviewed academic articles and grey literature. Peer-reviewed articles were obtained from the following databases: CINAHL Plus, Embase, the Web of Science, and Medline. Grey literature was obtained from the following directories: the International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care's Global Directory of Education in Palliative Care, the Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance's lists of palliative care resources, the Latin American Association for Palliative Care's training resources, and the Latin American Atlas of Palliative Care. The inclusion criteria were that the work: (1) focused on describing PC courses; (2) was aimed at healthcare professionals; and (3) was implemented in Latin America. The PRISMA checklist was employed to guide the reporting of methods and findings.Results:We found 36 programs that were delivered in 8 countries. Most of the programs were composed of interdisciplinary teams, taught at a postgraduate level, focused on pain and symptom management, and utilized classroom-based methods. The tools for evaluating the courses were rarely reported. The main barriers during implementation included: a lack of recognition of the importance of PC education, a lack of funding, and the unavailability of trained teaching staff.Significance of results:Considerable work needs to be done to improve the delivery of PC education programs in Latin American countries. Practice-based methods and exposure to clinical settings should be integrated into ongoing courses to facilitate learning. A regional platform needs to be created to share experiences of successful training programs and foster the development of PC education throughout Latin America.

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Pagliarulo, Giuseppe. "On the Etymology of Gothic Alew." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542718000132.

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Gothic alew ‘oil’ is ultimately derived from Latin oleum. Its phonological features, however, seem hardly reconcilable with those of the Latin word. This has prompted scholars to postulate that the Latin word was not borrowed directly into Gothic but rather via a third language: continental Celtic, Illyrian or Raetic. This article examines the weaknesses of these theories and proposes that the unexpected features of the Gothic item may be explained in terms of proper Gothic or Latin developments, making direct derivation of alew from oleum the most plausible and parsimonious hypothesis.

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Сидорук, Галина Іванівна. "Developing word-consciousness through learning Latin and Greek morphemes." Філологічні студії: Науковий вісник Криворізького державного педагогічного університету 7, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/filstd.v7i2.655.

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The article consideres, analyzes and classifies Latin-Greek affixes and roots, which are the main components of morphemes of English scientific and technical terms that require memorization for successful translation and interpretation. Innovativeness of this study is in grounding the necessity for students to understand – "feel" the internal structure and semantics of terms and "construct" a word with meaningful morphological elements without need to "learn by heart" lexical units unclear for them.

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Mare, María. "Issues on word formation. The case of Latin circum." Linguistic Review 35, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 121–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0019.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the characteristics of circum’s prefixation in Latin taking into account the properties of this item in different syntactic contexts and its combination with transitive and intransitive base verbs. The analysis follows a non-lexicalist framework −Distributed Morphology (Halle, Morris & Alec Marantz. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In K. Hale & S. Keyser (eds.), The view from building 20, 111–176. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), specifically Acedo-Matellán’s (Acedo-Matellán, Víctor. 2016. The morphosyntax of transitions. A case study in Latin and other languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press) approach−, which is particularly relevant to relate the prefix to its homophonic preposition and adverb. Thus, we assume that this prefix is a Root related to Place in the main structure, not a preposition or an adverb incorporated to a verbal configuration. In fact, we argue that the distinction among the prefix, the preposition and the adverb derives from the merger of the same Root √CIRCUM in different structures. Along this discussion, it is shown that circum’s prefixation has different consequences for the argument structure depending on the location of √CIRCUM in the structure: when it adds the nuance of manner, its presence does not trigger the addition of new arguments; nevertheless, when it is interpreted with reference to final location, unexpected accusative objects frequently appear with the prefixed verb. We argue that these unexpected objects do not end up showing accusative case because of circum’s case assignment, but because of the DP position in the main structure. For that reason, the DPs involved in the structure of the prefixed verb behave like any other argumental DP and they are subject to the same syntactic operations (ellipsis, demotion, and so on).

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Russell, Katharine. "Read Like a Roman: Teaching Students to Read in Latin Word Order." Journal of Classics Teaching 19, no. 37 (2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s205863101800003x.

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For countless students of Latin (myself included), prevailing memories of Latin instruction involve being taught to unpick Latin sentences by racing towards the verb and securing the meaning of the main clause before piecing together the rest. However, this ‘hunt the verb’ approach, where one's eyes are jumping back and forth in search of the resolution of ambiguity, is not necessarily conducive to fluent reading of Latin (Hoyos, 1993). If, as so many textbooks and teachers vouch, we are aiming to unlock Roman authors for all students to read, then we need to furnish them with the skills to be able to read Latin fluently, automatically and with enjoyment, not engender in them a process more akin to puzzle-breaking. I chose to experiment with teaching students to read Latin in order, firstly because, as Markus and Ross (2004) point out, the Romans themselves must necessarily have been able to understand Latin in the order in which it was composed as so much of their sharing of literature happened orally. Indeed, as Kuhner (2016) and others who promote the continuation of spoken Latin have argued, this is still a very real possibility today. And secondly, because it is a skill which I, and others, believe to be teachable (Hansen, 1999; Markus & Ross, 2004; Hoyos, 2006; McCaffrey, 2009). Not only that, but whatever our starting point, Wegenhart (2015) believes that by encouraging these reading skills early, we can encourage our students to be ‘expert’ readers who will be able to enjoy reading Latin long after they have been through their exams.

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Whitton, Christopher. "Latin Literature." Greece and Rome 65, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000177.

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‘Statius’Thebaid’, someone donnishly quipped, ‘has no sufficient reason to exist.’ Kyle Gervais might beg to differ. Like theThebaiditself, his commentary on Book 2 has grown over many years, and deserves to be taken very seriously. The crisp introduction sets the tone and clearly signals priorities in its four sections, a rising tetracolon for author, problems of editing, intratexts, and intertexts; not a word on style and prosody, and reception is excluded on the ground that Statius’ ownimitatiois quite enough to be getting on with. The text is newly constituted, with ample apparatus and text-critical discussion: Gervais joins Barrie Hall's rebellion against the bifid stemma, but fairly questions his view that theThebaidshould be easy reading; he accordingly diverges from his edition nearly a hundred times, and offers a translation which, if less old-falutin’ than Shack's Loeb, does an equally good job of disabusing anyone who thought it would be quicker to read Statius in English. The notes are full and rich: words aren't wasted, but both philological graft and literary interpretation amply attest to fine scholarship, good sense, and long thought.

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Weinberg, Bella Hass. "Index structures in early Hebrew Biblical word lists." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 22, Issue 4 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2001.22.4.5.

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The earliest Hebrew Masoretic Bibles and word lists are analyzed from the perspective of index structure. Masoretic Bibles and word lists may have served as models for the first complete Biblical concordances, which were produced in France, in the Latin language, in the 13th century. The thematic Hebrew Biblical word lists compiled by the Masoretes several centuries earlier contain concordance-like structures - words arranged alphabetically, juxtaposed with the Biblical phrases in which they occur. The Hebrew lists lack numeric locators, but the locations of the phrases in the Bible would have been familiar to learned people. The indexing methods of the Masoretes are not known, but their products contain many structures commonly thought to date from the modern era of information systems, among them word frequency counts, distinction of homographs, positional indexing, truncation, adjacency, and permuted indexes. It is documented that Hebrew Bibles were consulted by the Latin concorders; since Masoretic Bibles had the most accurate text, they were probably the editions consulted. This suggests the likely influence of Masoretic lists on the Latin concorders.

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Jankowiak, Lucyna Agnieszka. "Słowniki Bartłomieja z Bydgoszczy (1532 i 1544). Stan badań i perspektywy badawcze." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 24, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2017.24.1.1.

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The purpose of this article is to recall the 16th century Latin-Polish dictionaries by Bartholomew of Bydgoszcz. The article describes the figure of the monk, the history of his works as well as their structure and contents. The interest in the lexicons grew in the 70s of the 20th century when a manuscript dated 1532 (considered to be lost after the second world war) was found and a dictionary dated 1544 was unexpectedly discovered. A decision was made then to (jointly) publish both lexicons in the reversed version (Polish-Latin). This project still has not been completed which certainly has had its effect on the researchers’ weakening interest in the dictionaries and a small number of publications. Therefore the article presents possibilities of the analysis of the Polish and Latin lexical material.

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Pino, Rodney, Renier Mendoza, and Rachelle Sambayan. "A Baybayin word recognition system." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (June 16, 2021): e596. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.596.

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Baybayin is a pre-Hispanic Philippine writing system used in Luzon island. With the effort in reintroducing the script, in 2018, the Committee on Basic Education and Culture of the Philippine Congress approved House Bill 1022 or the ”National Writing System Act,” which declares the Baybayin script as the Philippines’ national writing system. Since then, Baybayin OCR has become a field of research interest. Numerous works have proposed different techniques in recognizing Baybayin scripts. However, all those studies anchored on the classification and recognition at the character level. In this work, we propose an algorithm that provides the Latin transliteration of a Baybayin word in an image. The proposed system relies on a Baybayin character classifier generated using the Support Vector Machine (SVM). The method involves isolation of each Baybayin character, then classifying each character according to its equivalent syllable in Latin script, and finally concatenate each result to form the transliterated word. The system was tested using a novel dataset of Baybayin word images and achieved a competitive 97.9% recognition accuracy. Based on our review of the literature, this is the first work that recognizes Baybayin scripts at the word level. The proposed system can be used in automated transliterations of Baybayin texts transcribed in old books, tattoos, signage, graphic designs, and documents, among others.

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Et al., G. Indrawan. "A Method for the Affixed Word Transliteration to the Balinese Script on the Learning Web Application." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.5792.

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This research proposed a method for the affixed word transliteration to the Balinese Script since there has not been studied yet and it is important since the affixed word needs to be transliterated, inevitably. This research is one of the efforts to preserve digitally the endangered Balinese local language knowledge in Indonesia through the multi-discipline collaboration between Computer Science and Language discipline. The proposed method was taken care of two related aspects, i.e.; (1) A Latin root word has its related Balinese Script root word by using default or special transliteration rule; and (2) A Latin root word with a special transliteration rule for its Balinese Script root word, also need a special transliteration rule for its affixed word. This study was conducted on the pioneering web-based transliteration learning application, BaliScript, that receives the Latin text input and outputs the Balinese Script by using the Noto Serif Balinese font with its dedicated Balinese Unicode. Through the experiment, the proposed method gave the expected transliteration results, added a certain perspective, and strengthened the transliteration knowledge. Future work is to enhance and reuse this method on the mobile computing device, as a part of the Balinese Language ubiquitous learning that supports Balinese Language education, which is a mandatory local subject from the elementary school to the high school in Bali Province.

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Gaspar, Catarina. "Orthography as Described in Latin Grammars and Spelling in Latin Epigraphic Texts." Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 56 (September 1, 2020): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22315/acd/2020/4.

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This paper examines writing and orthography in the work of Latin grammarians and spelling variants in epigraphic texts. It focuses on the uses of the letter H and the spelling of the word sepulchrum. The word’s spelling seems to be connected to the spelling of other words through the adjective pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum. The analysis indicates that the teaching and learning of orthography had a limited influence on epigraphic texts, but there is evidence of the consistently high frequency of the spelling sepulcrum. The paper also shows how data on Latin orthography can help in understanding the chronology of the evolution of spelling in epigraphic texts.

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Burdy, Philipp. "On the importance of leader words in word formation: The popular transmission of the Latin abstract-forming suffix -ioin French." Word Structure 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2019.0138.

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In this article, we trace the origin and development of the French abstract-forming suffix -aison and its collateral forms. Based on derivational inventories for Latin and French, we analyse formal and historical aspects of this suffix group as well as its semantics and its productivity throughout the centuries. Special attention will be devoted to methodological questions concerning the investigation of suffix transmission from Latin to Romance.

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WILLIAMS, D. J. "Some words used in scale insect names (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)." Zootaxa 3087, no. 1 (November 1, 2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3087.1.3.

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In the Introduction to the present International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) (herein referred to as the Code), there is a remark that few zoologists today or in the future can have any knowledge of the Latin language although there is adherence to Latin grammar in the Code. The present Code, nevertheless, retains the requirement that Latin or latinized adjectival species-group names must always agree in gender with the generic name with which they are combined. Furthermore, Article 30 of the Code states that a genus-group name takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries. Moreover, Article 39.1.2.a. states that a genus-group name that is, or ends in, a Greek word transliterated into Latin without change takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries. However, such dictionaries may not be readily available to some people. The third edition of the Code, published in 1985, contained an appendix with recommendations on the formation of names that proved useful, but this section was omitted from the present edition of the Code.

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Karbovnik, I. V. "Latin clinical veterinary terminology: word-formation, lexical-semantic and syntactic aspects." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 86 (February 26, 2018): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8631.

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The article is devoted to the research of the Latin medical-veterinary clinical terminology system – one of the subsystems of general medical-veterinary terminology. The ways of formation of the Latin Sublanguage of clinical veterinary medicine are analyzed, sources of its replenishment are determined; It was discovered that most of the terms are composed using terms of Greek-Latin origin, which is a decisive trend in the development of the terminology of veterinary medicine and in our time.It is investigated that for the modern terminological word formation of clinical veterinary vocabulary all main methods are typical, by means of which the vocabulary of the veterinary doctor is replenished: semantical, syntactical, morphological. In the article a word-formation, lexical-semantic and syntactical analysis of the Latin clinical veterinary terminology was made for the first time; the main word-building models are described, the derivation processes, word-formation fortresses of the Latin clinical veterinary terms are described and the complex of methods of their word-formation are analyzed;defined the status and semantic characteristics of formants– components of the term; the lexical-semantic features of the studied terminology are revealed; attention was paid to etymology, the phenomenon of derivation and the most productive affixes and term elements in the structure of one-word clinical veterinary terms.The systematization of term elements according to thematic groups that are in a certain lexical-semantic relationship is carried out, namely: termelements, which denote the names of sciences, treatment, methods of diagnostic examination, surgical techniques; word-formation elements for the designation of organs of animals and tissues; therapeutic methods, names of pathological changes of organs and tissues; term elements that denote various physical properties, quality, color, size; word-formation elements to denote functional changes, processes, and states.The attention is paid to the morphological and syntactical structure of single, dual, and verbose clinical terms with different types of definitions. We consider one of the most important tasks of modern linguistics - not only to fix, study and analyze lexical-semantic innovation processes in terminology, but also codify the terminology system itself. Therefore, one of the priority directions of terminological work in the field of veterinary medicine at the present stage is the normalization of clinical terminology, that is, the revision of the terminology system in accordance with the conceptual basis and norms of the Latin and Ukrainian scientific languages. As the most important aspect, we consider the development of a single concept of terminology, which uses the experience and positive achievements of scientists of different generations.Provision of linguistic normative terms should take place at all levels – both conceptual and actual language – phonetic, orthoepic, spelling, lexical-semantic, word-building, morphological, syntactical.

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Kwapisz, Jan. "An Odd Latin Word and the Date ofanon.155 FGE." Trends in Classics 12, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tc-2020-0021.

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AbstractThis note argues, against a recent article published in this journal, that the traditional Hellenistic dates of anon. 155 FGE, an experimental anonymous epigram composed of eccentric compounds, and accordingly of Hegesander of Delphi, who is Athenaeus’ source for this epigram, are correct, since an allusion to this poem is found in the early Roman poet Laevius. Anon. 155 FGE is an attack not on Cynics, but philosophers in general.

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Tweedie, Fiona J., and Bernard D. Frischer. "Analysis of Classical Greek and Latin Compositional Word-Order Data." Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 6, no. 1 (April 1999): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jqul.6.1.85.4146.

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Lu, Shijian, and Chew Lim Tan. "Retrieval of machine-printed Latin documents through Word Shape Coding." Pattern Recognition 41, no. 5 (May 2008): 1799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2007.10.017.

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Bonfante, Giuliano. "The word for amber in Baltic, Latin, Germanic, and Greek." Journal of Baltic Studies 16, no. 3 (September 1985): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01629778500000211.

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Holmes, Nigel. "Interrogative Nam in Early Latin." Mnemosyne 65, no. 2 (2012): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852511x547802.

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Abstract The article examines the use of nam in close association with a question word (e.g. quisnam, nam quis) in early Latin. As Kroon (1995, 165-5) observes, the use mirrors explicative nam, in that it is found when a speaker seeks supplementary information, while explicative nam is used to provide it. If interrogative nam arose from a sarcastic use of explicative nam to comment on a dialogue partner’s failure to supply information, this could account for several nuances that commentators have found in nam questions.

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Babič, Matjaž. "Word order variation in Plautus." Linguistica 45, no. 1 (December 31, 2005): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.45.1.225-238.

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Unlike some other language phenomena, word order is an unavoidable feature of an utterance. It can be observed in any language as it is always necessary to arrange words (provided the language in question discerns such meaningful entities) in some linear order. It is, however, much more difficult to explain it, since its function can not be fully established in advance. Even with fairly numerous indications of its role, it would be quite bold to attempt a comprehensive analysis of word order phenomena even in Plautus, let alone in Latin as a whole.

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Ortner, Nathalie. "The word Aborigine (Given by the Latin Word Aborigine ,,from the Beginning‘‘) Generally Means Indigenous People." Journal of A Sustainable Global South 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsgs.2019.v03.i02.p06.

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We hope you win your battle... we know what it's like to fight for your rights.“ – Carol Barker, Aborigine (2000). By dreams we mean the belief that these beings long ago started human society - they made all natural things and put them in a special place. These dreaming beings were connected with special places or ways and paths.“ – Aborigine man (2014). We're still living in pain and trauma.“ – Yalmay Yunupingu, Aborigine (2014). If we lose this bond to the country, there will be nothing left. We will be wiped out. We exist as a people through our ancestral land. That is all we are.“ – Adrian Burragubba, Aborigine (2015). Index Terms— Aborigine, Latin, word.

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Grotans, Anna A. "Simplifying Latin in Notker's Classroom: Tradition and Innovation." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 10, no. 1 (1998): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700002213.

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Much of the rearrangement of the Latin syntax by Notker Labeo in his classroom translation/commentaries is done according to a pedagogic principle called theordo naturalis, which prescribes an SVO word order. A theoretical discussion of theordo naturalisis preserved in a tenth-century treatise composed at St. Gall, and its practical application is found throughout Europe in the form of glosses and construe marks. My analysis shows that Notker varied the traditional and prescribed “natural order” according to the passage at hand, taking into consideration the level of textual difficulty and pedagogic relevance of the passage as well as the text-building strategies of the original. In a few instances Notker even sprinkled his personal variant ofordo naturaliswith OHG word order. Notker expanded upon and modified tradition with his own pedagogic common sense, thus tailoring his teaching materials to the needs of the St. Gall pupils.

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Aubert-Baillot, Sophie. "De la φρόνησις à la prudentia." Mnemosyne 68, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12301407.

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This paper focuses on the equivalence between Greek phronesis, a very hard word to translate, and Latin prudentia. Based on the word phren, phronesis means ‘thought’, ‘intellectual perception’, ‘sense’, ‘prudence’, ‘practical wisdom’, while prudentia is derived from prouidentia, meaning ‘ability to look ahead’, ‘forecast’, ‘foresight’ and also ‘Providence’. Why, although their etymological roots were apparently different, did the Romans choose the word prudentia in order to translate Greek phronesis? And how did such a translation alter the evolution of the philosophical concept of prudence in Latin culture? It seems that Cicero offers a new analysis of prudentia by dividing the term prouidentia, from which it was formed, into two parts. The prefix pro- alludes not only to Aristotelian phronesis (a virtue especially related to the future and most important in political field), but also to Stoic pro-noia (or Pro-vidence) on a cosmological level, while the Latin verb videre (‘to see’) leads Ciceronian prudence, in ethics, towards a theoretical, i.e. contemplative, wisdom (sophia), inspired by Plato.

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Boyko, Alexey Nikolaevich, Elena Evgenevna Kabanova, Tatiana Anatolyevna Evstratova, Elena Vladimirovna Litvinova, and Veronika Andreevna Danilova. "Key indicators and issues of the development of culture and leisure in Moscow." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-D (July 22, 2021): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-d1131p.506-516.

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The concept of culture exists in almost all languages and is used in a wide range of situations, with a huge number of meanings in different areas of human activity. In its original sense, the word "culture" has never referred to any particular object, condition, or content. The notion of culture first appears in Latin. Poets and scholars of Ancient Rome have used it in their treatises and letters to mean "to cultivate" something or "cultivate" it to improve it. In ancient Greece, a close relative of the term culture has been paideia, which refers to "internal culture" or, in other words, the "culture of the soul". In Latin sources, the word first appears in a treatise on agriculture by the Roman statesman and writer Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.), whose Latin translation of the title sounds something like this: agroculture. Hence, the word "culture" is originally used as an agronomic term.

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Koo, Bon young. ""Examination of Word Shape Effect by Adjusting the Strength of the Word Shape Determinants of Latin Characters"." Journal of Basic Design & Art 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47294/ksbda.19.4.3.

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Alvar, Manuel. "Yakov Malkiel, Studies in the reconstruction of Hispano-Latín word families. (l. The Romance progeny of Vulgar Latin (RE)PEDARE and cognates; II. Hispano-Latin *PEDIA and *MANIA; III. The coalescence of EXPEDIRE and PETERE in lbero-Romance).-University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1954; 223 pp. (UCPL, vol. 11)." Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (NRFH) 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/nrfh.v10i2.3320.

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Se reseñó el libro: Studies in the reconstruction of Hispano-Latín word families. (l. The Romance progeny of Vulgar Latin (RE)PEDARE and cognates; II. Hispano-Latin *PEDIA and *MANIA; III. The coalescence of EXPEDIRE and PETERE in lbero-Romance)

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Danilina, Natalia I. "COGNITIVE POTENTIAL OF VERBS OF SPEECH (on the Material of the Latin Language)." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 3 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-3-15-23.

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Тhe article aims to identify and compare the specific cognitive potential of prototypical verbs dicere, loqui, fari in the Latin language of the classical period, to determine its origins. Objects of analysis are semantic variants of the verbs and their derivatives. The research methods include semantic, cognitive, etymological analysis. The cognitive potential of a word family is determined by the etymological semantics of the base word. In the dicere word family, the semantics of speaking is secondary and develops in interaction with the etymological meaning ‘to show’. In some of the subfamilies, this meaning is implemented exclusively; members of these subfamilies represent social realities of the legal sphere. In the word family, there are many derivatives with mental or voluntary components of semantics dominating. The loqui word family stems from the base with the meaning ‘to make a sound’. It is dominated by derivatives with the meaning of speaking, speech is primarily revealed as a means of interpersonal contact. The etymological semantics of the verb fari combines the semantics of speaking with the idea of transpersonal nature of speech. As a result, some derivatives characterize speech as a process, others are concentrated in the cognitive sphere of the cult. The former direction is supported by secondary cognitive spheres associated with the unofficial use of speech (‘Rumor’, ‘Folklore’), the latter direction generates secondary cognitive spheres in which speech is interpreted as a means of communication between a person and higher powers (‘Fate’) or the state (‘Law’). The word families in question have areas of cognitive intersection: ‘Eloquence’ in loqui and fari (actualization of the semantics of speaking), ‘Speech as a means of regulating social relations’ in dicere and fari (actualization of voluntary components of semantics and the idea of transpersonal nature of speech).

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Zago, Anna. "Mytacism in Latin grammarians." Journal of Latin Linguistics 17, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2018-0002.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the different definitions of the so-called mytacism in Latin grammarians (from the early imperial period to twelth-century treatises), starting from an assessment of the textual basis of their statements. Mytacism is a vitium orationis which affects the phonetic realization of the final group vowel + [m] when followed by another vowel; mytacism also raises various phonetic and rhetorical issues such as weakening of the sound [m], nasalization of the preceding vowel, elision and hiatus. Two competing theories in modern scholarship (weak nasal consonant versus nasalized vowel) try to explain the pronunciation of the final group vowel+[m] followed by another vowel; however, ancient grammar does not possess a theoretical and terminological framework stringent enough to give an accurate phonetic description of this sound. Finally, the paper argues that mytacism is a linguistic mistake associated with the ancient perception of word boundary; its varying definitions allow us to recognize at least an elementary “phonological awareness” in ancient grammatical doctrines.

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Zudilina, Nadezhda. "Influence of the Meanings of the Greek Сoncept of “'Aret'h” on the Meanings of the Latin Concept of “Virtus” as One of the Reasons for the Polysemanticity of the Concept of “Virtual” in the XX–XXI centuries." Logos et Praxis, no. 1 (June 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2019.1.1.

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The author considers how the influence of the meanings of the Greek concept “'aret'h” on the semantics of the Latin concept “virtus” could cause the concept of “virtual” acquire such meanings as “being something in essence, real” (and not formally); “actual, real”. One of the Greek words translated into Latin as “virtus” in antiquity and the Middle Ages, was the word “'aret'h”. As a result of such a translation, the meanings of the word “'aret'h” and the philosophical (first of all, Platonic) meanings of the concept of “'aret'h” enriched the meanings of the concept “virtus”. It is most likely that the first meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is, “being something in essence, really” (and not formally), comes from the meaning “in essence” of the English word “virtually”, connected with one of the aspects of Plato’s interpretations of “'aret'h” – 'aret'h as the essence of a thing (Greek “oysia”, Latin “essentia”). Probably, the concept “virtual” acquired the meaning of “ factual, real “ through the the mediation of the word “virtually” (in its meaning “in fact, factually”), from the word “actually”, which, on the one hand, means “ in fact, indeed, really”, and on the other, is used as a synonym for “virtually”. It is possible that the accurrence of meanings “factual, real” of the concept “virtual” has been reinforced by the connection of the word “virtus” and its derivatives with the above mentioned “Platonic” meaning of the concept of “virtual”, that is the meaning “being something in essence”, which is in some respects close to the meaning “factual, real”.

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Ornan, Uzzi. "Hebrew Word Structure: Its Rendering in Pointing and in Latin Conversion." Hebrew Studies 49, no. 1 (2008): 207–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2008.0040.

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Susanto, Ronny, Farica P. Putri, and Y. Widya Wiratama. "Skew detection based on vertical projection in latin character recognition of text document image." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.44 (December 1, 2018): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.44.26983.

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The accuracy of Optical Character Recognition is deeply affected by the skew of the image. Skew detection & correction is one of the steps in OCR preprocessing to detect and correct the skew of document image. This research measures the effect of Combined Vertical Projection skew detection method to the accuracy of OCR. Accuracy of OCR is measured in Character Error Rate, Word Error Rate, and Word Error Rate (Order Independent). This research also measures the computational time needed in Combined Vertical Projection with different iteration. The experiment of Combined Vertical Projection is conducted by using iteration 0.5, 1, and 2 with rotation angle within -10 until 10 degrees. The experiment results show that the use of Combined Vertical Projection could lower the Character Error Rate, Word Error Rate, and Word Error Rate (Order Independent) up to 35.53, 34.51, and 32.74 percent, respectively. Using higher iteration value could lower the computational time but also decrease the accuracy of OCR.

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Cuzzolin, Pierluigi. "Negative adjectival morphology in Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 20, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2021-2020.

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Abstract In the present paper the evaluation of a new etymology for the word uirgō ‘virgin’ serves as occasion for an overview of the morphological prefixes by means of which Latin encodes negation on adjectives and nouns. Using the theoretical framework, whose origin ultimately goes back to Aristotle, three varieties of negation will be described: contrariety, contradiction, and privation. As will be shown, all these varieties, and privation in particular, require some theoretical refinement: in some cases, instead of contrariety, some more adequate conceptualizations are preferable such as neutralization or reverse. In this paper the seven prefixes used to encode negation on adjectives and nouns – dē-, dis-, ex-, in-, nĕ-, sē-, uē- – will be described also diachronically, and for each of them their original function will be tentatively identified.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grex (The Latin word)'

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