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Journal articles on the topic 'Grey parrots'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Tamungang, Simon A., Robert A. Cheke, Gilbert Z. Mofor, Richard N. Tamungang, and Fritz T. Oben. "Conservation Concern for the Deteriorating Geographical Range of the Grey Parrot in Cameroon." International Journal of Ecology 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/753294.

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The need for information on Grey Parrot distribution and vegetation associations for informed management and policy decisions was the basis for this study. A nationwide survey of the Grey Parrot population and habitat status was carried out, using questionnaire and point count methods. From the results, the extent of the contemporary range of the parrots was restricted to Southern Cameroon, which harbours the rainforest. Regional parrot population means ranged from 3,487 parrots in the Littoral to 1,351,275 parrots in the East Regions. The extent of the contemporary range as a percentage of the whole country was 25.4% and as a percentage of the regions with rainforest was 44.5%. The historic range of the bird has been reduced by over 55.5%. Estimated percentage of forest lost per region ranged from 20.4% in the Centre to 57.1% in the East and South Regions. At a global level, Cameroon contributed 9% to the total extent of the range of the Grey Parrot in Africa. The range is increasingly fragmented, contracted, and lost through land-based socioeconomic activities. These degradation pressures on the range called for urgent conservation considerations for long-term survival of the parrot species and its associated biodiversity in Cameroon.

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2

Valle, Simon, Nigel J. Collar, Martim Melo, and Stuart J. Marsden. "What can the abundance of Grey Parrots on Príncipe Island tell us about large parrot conservation?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 36, no. 6 (2020): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000031.

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AbstractWhile populations of the Endangered Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus have collapsed across its range, the species remains remarkably abundant on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea. We examine how aspects of its ecology interplay with local environmental conditions, to inform conservation strategies for this species and other large parrots. On Príncipe, parrots breed in large trees of common species, with nest densities (42 ± 34 km−2) greatly exceeding those for any comparably sized parrot. Productivity is high (1.9 chicks per cavity), probably reflecting the absence of nest competitors and predators. Food sources are abundant and much of the island is inaccessible to trappers, so many nests are successful each year. Historically harvest has involved taking only chicks from trees in a few traditional patches. These conditions have combined to allow Grey Parrots to thrive on Príncipe, while elsewhere nest trees are timber targets, nest competition and nest predation are likely to be more intense, trapping is indiscriminate, and few areas remain unexploited by trappers. Preservation of large trees as breeding refugia, and vigilance against the indiscriminate trapping of adult birds, are identified as key conditions to stabilize and recover mainland Grey Parrot populations and indeed large parrots generally, given their very similar ecological traits and anthropogenic circumstances.

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3

Costa, Pierluca, Elisabetta Macchi, Emanuela Valle, et al. "An association between feather damaging behavior and corticosterone metabolite excretion in captive African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." PeerJ 4 (September 13, 2016): e2462. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2462.

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BackgroundAfrican grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) are kept as pets and are frequently hand-reared. It has been observed that hand-reared African grey parrots may develop behavioral disorders such as feather damaging behavior (FDB). It is well known that chronic stress is involved in behavioral disorders in captive parrots. The main glucocorticoid in birds is corticosterone; its quantification provides information about adrenocortical activity and is considered to be a reliable indicator of stress levels in birds. We analyzed the differences in the excretion of corticosterone metabolites (CM) in the droppings of African grey parrots characterized by: 1. different rearing histories (parent rearing vs. hand rearing); and 2. the presence or absence of FDB in hand-reared parrots.MethodsA total of 82 African grey parrots that were kept in captivity were considered. According to breeding methods, three groups of birds were defined: 1. The parent-reared (PR) parrots included birds kept in pairs (n= 30 pairs) with a conspecific partner of the opposite sex. All of these birds were healthy and never showed FDB signs; 2. The healthy hand-reared parrots (H-HR) included pet parrots individually kept, that were hand-reared and did not display any sign of FDB (n= 11, 7 males and 4 females); 3. The FDB hand-reared parrot (FDB-HR) included pet parrots individually kept, that were hand-reared and displayed FDB (n= 11, 7 males and 4 females). Droppings were collected in the morning over three alternating days in autumn 2014 and spring 2015. The CM were determined using a multi-species corticosterone enzyme immunoassay kit. Split-plot repeated-measure ANOVA was used to examine any differences using group, season and group × season as the main factors.ResultsDifferent quantities of CM in droppings were found for the three groups. The mean CM value was 587 ng/g in the PR parrots, 494 ng/g in the H-HR parrots and 1,744 ng/g in the FDB-HR parrots, irrespective of the season. The excretion of CM in FDB-HR was significantly higher than in PR or H-HR parrots. CM in droppings were not influenced by the season (autumn vs. spring); furthermore, the interaction between group and sampling season was not significant. Limited to the H-HR and FDB-HR groups, a trend in the significance of the difference in the mean CM excreted by male and female birds was observed, with the levels excreted by males being higher than those excreted by females. When the effect of age was considered (in the two separate groups), there was a statistically significant positive correlation only for H-HR.ConclusionsThe highest amount of CM excretion was found in FDB-HR parrots, and a positive correlation between age and CM excretion was found in H-HR. Given that the CM excretion of both PR and H-HR parrots was similar in our study, future research is recommended to investigate the specific aspects of hand-rearing to improve parrot welfare.

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4

Gupfinger, Reinhard, and Martin Kaltenbrunner. "The Design of Musical Instruments for Grey Parrots: An Artistic Contribution toward Auditory Enrichment in the Context of ACI." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 2 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4020016.

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One particular approach in the context of Animal Computer Interaction (ACI) is auditory enrichment for captive wild animals. Here we describe our research and the methodology used to design musical instruments and interfaces aimed at providing auditory enrichment for grey parrots living in captivity. The paper is divided into three main phases: a project review and classification, sonic experiments at the parrot shelter and the design of musical instruments. The overview of recent projects that involve animals in the interaction and music-generation process highlights the costs and benefits of projects of this kind and provides insights into current technologies in this field and the musical talents of animals. Furthermore, we document a series of sonic experiments conducted at a parrot shelter to develop acoustically enriched environments through the use of musical instruments. These investigations were intended to provide a better understanding of how grey parrots communicate through sound, perceive and respond to auditory stimuli and possibly generate sound and music through the usage of technological devices. Based on the cognitive, physiological, and auditory abilities of grey parrots, and their intrinsic interest in sonic and physical interactions, we finally developed and tested various interactive instrument prototypes and here we present our design results for auditory enrichment in the context of ACI and artistic research.

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5

DUEKER, SASCHA, DENIS KUPSCH, SERGE KADIRI BOBO, ECKHARD W. HEYMANN, and MATTHIAS WALTERT. "Congo Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus densities in oil palm plantation, agroforestry mosaic and protected forest in Southwest Cameroon*." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 1 (2019): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270919000194.

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SummaryThe Congo Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus has experienced a severe population breakdown in recent decades. The rainforests of the Korup region in Southwest Cameroon may harbour a large population of this species, but density and population estimates from this area remain controversial. Before the 2016 breeding season, we surveyed Grey Parrots along transects (621.1 km survey effort) in three adjacent landscape types: primary forest in Korup National Park (KNP), smallholder agroforestry matrix (AFM), and industrial oil palm plantation (OPP). We also collected information on the trees used for nesting, feeding and roosting. Using Distance analysis, we estimated relatively low densities of stationary flocks, ranging from 0.30 ind./km2 in KNP, over 0.82 ind./km2 in OPP to 2.70 ind./km2 in the AFM. Parrots were observed feeding or roosting in 17 tree species, of which 15 were located in AFM alone. Feeding was most often observed on cultivated Elaeis guineensis and Dacryodes edulis, but never in maize. The detected parrot densities probably reflect declines within the period 2008–2016, suggesting that the species’ recent IUCN uplisting to ‘Endangered’ and transfer to CITES Appendix I was indeed justified. Our results also suggest that traditional smallholder agroforestry may play a role in habitat conservation strategies, since these forms of cultivation may maintain important breeding and feeding opportunities for Congo Grey Parrots.

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6

Harkinezhad, Taher, Kristel Verminnen, Caroline Van Droogenbroeck, and Daisy Vanrompay. "Chlamydophila psittaci genotype E/B transmission from African grey parrots to humans." Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, no. 8 (2007): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47157-0.

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Thirty-six birds from a parrot relief and breeding centre, as well as the manager, were examined for the presence of Chlamydophila psittaci. In the relief unit, 5 of 20 African grey parrots showed depression, ruffled feathers, loss of weight and mild dyspnoea. The birds received no antibiotic treatment. Birds of the breeding unit, 14 blue and gold macaws and 2 green-winged macaws, were healthy. They received doxycycline at the start of each breeding season. The manager complained of shortness of breath but took no medication. Using a nested PCR enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Cp. psittaci was detected in the faeces of all five sick birds, as well as in a nasal and pharyngeal swab from the manager. The veterinarian and her assistant became infected while sampling the parrots, as pharyngeal and nasal swabs from both were positive by nested PCR/EIA after visiting the parrot relief and breeding centre, but they showed no clinical signs of infection. Bacteria could be isolated from three of five nested PCR/EIA-positive birds, the manager and the veterinarian, but not from the veterinary assistant. Using an ompA genotype-specific real-time PCR, Cp. psittaci genotype E/B was identified as the transmitted strain. All breeding birds tested negative for Cp. psittaci. This is believed to be the first report on Cp. psittaci genotype E/B transmission from parrots to humans. In contradiction to genotype A strains, which are thought to be highly virulent to both birds and men, the currently described genotype E/B strain apparently caused no severe clinical symptoms in either parrots or humans.

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7

Marsden, Stuart J., Emmanuel Loqueh, Jean Michel Takuo, et al. "Using encounter rates as surrogates for density estimates makes monitoring of heavily-traded grey parrots achievable across Africa." Oryx 50, no. 4 (2015): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000484.

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AbstractEstimating population sizes in the heavily traded grey parrots of West and Central Africa would provide insights into conservation status and sustainability of harvests. Ideally, density estimates would be derived from a standardized method such as distance sampling, but survey efforts are hampered by the extensive ranges, patchy distribution, variable abundance, cryptic habits and high mobility of the parrots as well as by logistical difficulties and limited resources. We carried out line transect distance sampling alongside a simpler encounter rate method at 10 sites across five West and Central African countries. Density estimates were variable across sites, from 0–0.5 individuals km−2 in Côte d'Ivoire and central Democratic Republic of the Congo to c. 30 km−2 in Cameroon and > 70 km−2 on the island of Príncipe. Most significantly, we identified the relationship between densities estimated from distance sampling and simple encounter rates, which has important applications in monitoring grey parrots: (1) to convert records of parrot groups encountered in a day's activities by anti-poaching patrols within protected areas into indicative density estimates, (2) to confirm low density in areas where parrots are so rare that distance sampling is not feasible, and (3) to provide a link between anecdotal records and local density estimates. Encounter rates of less than one parrot group per day of walking are a reality in most forests within the species’ ranges. Densities in these areas are expected to be one individual km−2 or lower, and local harvest should be disallowed on this basis.

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8

Gaspar, H., F. Bargallo, J. Grífols, E. Correia, and ML Pinto. "Haematological reference intervals in captive African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 1 (2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/15/2020-vetmed.

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The African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is one of the most popular avian pets in exotic animal practice. In this study, blood samples (n = 459) from healthy African Grey parrots (n = 239) were collected for haematological testing. Reference intervals were determined according to the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology with the Reference Value Advisor (v2.1) freeware. The calculated reference intervals (RIs) were: packed cell volume 38–59%; haemoglobin 105–154 g/l; RBC 2.3–3.3 10<sup>6</sup>/µl; MCV 145.5–199.7 fl; MHC 38.3–55.6 pg; MCHC 232–313 g/l; WBC 2.7–12.6 10<sup>3</sup>/µl; heterophils 1.2–10.2 10<sup>3</sup>/µl; lymphocytes 0.8–4.3 10<sup>3</sup>/µl; monocytes 0.0–0.6 10<sup>3</sup>/µl; basophils 0.0–0.1 10<sup>3</sup>/µl; eosinophils 0.0–0.2 10<sup>3</sup>/µl. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in psittacines to use such a high number of birds and samples to establish haematological species-specific RIs, providing a valuable tool to professionals dealing with the health of African Grey parrots.

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9

Brucks, Désirée, Matthew Petelle, Cecilia Baldoni, Anastasia Krasheninnikova, Eleonora Rovegno, and Auguste M. P. von Bayern. "Intra- and interspecific variation in self-control capacities of parrots in a delay of gratification task." Animal Cognition 25, no. 2 (2021): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-021-01565-6.

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AbstractForgoing immediate satisfaction for higher pay-offs in the future (delayed gratification) could be adaptive in situations that wild animals may encounter. To explain species-differences in self-control, hypotheses based on social complexity, feeding ecology, brain size and metabolic rate have been proposed. To explore these hypotheses in a comparative setting, we tested three macaw species (neotropical parrots)—great green macaws (N = 8), blue-throated macaws (N = 6), blue-headed macaws (N = 6)—and the distantly related African grey parrots (afrotropical parrots; N = 8) in a modified rotating tray task, in which subjects are required to inhibit consuming a constantly available low-quality reward in favour of a high-quality reward that becomes available only after an increasing delay (min. 5 s, max. 60 s). All four species successfully waited for a minimum of 8.3 s ± 11.7 s (group level mean ± SD) with African greys reaching a delay of 29.4 ± 15.2 s, and great green macaws—as best performing macaw species—tolerating delays of 20 s ± 8 s. The best performing African grey individual reached a maximum delay of 50 s, whereas, a great green and a blue-throated macaw tolerated a delay of 30 s max. Females tolerated higher maximum delays than males. Engaging in distraction behaviours enhanced waiting performance across species and all birds were able to anticipate the waiting duration. Our results suggest that both feeding and socio-ecological complexity may be a factor in self-control, but further systematically collected comparative data on self-control of different (parrot) species are required to test the evolutionary hypotheses rigorously.

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10

Schloegl, Christian, Judith Schmidt, Markus Boeckle, Brigitte M. Weiß, and Kurt Kotrschal. "Grey parrots use inferential reasoning based on acoustic cues alone." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1745 (2012): 4135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1292.

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Our ability to make logical inferences is considered as one of the cornerstones of human intelligence, fuelling investigations of reasoning abilities in non-human animals. Yet, the evidence to date is equivocal, with apes as the prime candidates to possess these skills. For instance, in a two-choice task, apes can identify the location of hidden food if it is indicated by a rattling noise caused by the shaking of a baited container. More importantly, they also use the absence of noise during the shaking of the empty container to infer that this container is not baited. However, since the inaugural report of apes solving this task, to the best of our knowledge, no comparable evidence could be found in any other tested species such as monkeys and dogs. Here, we report the first successful and instantaneous solution of the shaking task through logical inference by a non-ape species, the African grey parrot. Surprisingly, the performance of the birds was sensitive to the shaking movement: they were successful with containers shaken horizontally, but not with vertical shaking resembling parrot head-bobbing. Thus, grey parrots seem to possess ape-like cross-modal reasoning skills, but their reliance on these abilities is influenced by low-level interferences.

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11

Paul-Murphy, Joanne R., David B. Brunson, and Vjekoslav Miletic. "Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh)." American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 10 (1999): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.10.1218.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate effects of butorphanol tartrate and buprenorphine hydrochloride on withdrawal threshold to a noxious stimulus in conscious African grey parrots. Animals 29 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh). Procedure Birds were fitted with an electrode on the medial metatarsal region of the right leg, placed into a test box, and allowed to acclimate. An electrical stimulus (range, 0.0 to 1.46 mA) was delivered to each bird’s foot through an aluminum perch. A withdrawal response was recorded when the bird lifted its foot from the perch or vigorously flinched its wings. Baseline threshold to a noxious electrical stimulus was determined. Birds then were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution, butorphanol (1.0 mg/kg of body weight), or buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg), and threshold values were determined again. Results Butorphanol significantly increased threshold value, but saline solution or buprenorphine did not significantly change threshold values. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Butorphanol had an analgesic effect, significantly increasing the threshold to electrical stimuli in African grey parrots. Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus. Butorphanol provided an analgesic response in half of the birds tested. Butorphanol would be expected to provide analgesia to African grey parrots in a clinical setting. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1218–1221)

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KazemiLifshagerd, Farzin, Omid BehrouziNasab, Alireza Koochakzadeh, and Majid Kazemnezhad. "Evaluation of Giardiasis in Companion Birds in Mashhad, Iran." Journal of World’s Poultry Science 2, no. 3 (2023): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58803/jwps.v2i3.16.

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Introduction: Giardia spp. are parasitic protozoans that infect the digestive system of ornamental birds, especially in Psittaciformes, with different prevalence in various species. Symptoms of Giardia infection vary from no noticeable signs in adult birds to poor growth, weakness, anorexia, ruffled feathers, and diarrhea in chicks. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of giardiasis in some parrots referred to a private veterinary clinic in Mashhad, Iran, during 2022. Case report: Feces of 215 birds suspected of being infected with Giardia spp. were collected. The birds were visited at one of the clinics in Mashhad, Iran, in 2022. Wet smear was prepared from their fresh feces and then sent to the laboratory department of the clinic for diagnosis. The parrots included adult cockatiels, cockatiel chicks, lovebirds, African grey parrots, and Green-cheeked parakeets. After the final diagnosis, metronidazole was administered orally at a dosage of 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight every 12 hours for 5 consecutive days. Sick birds were tested again after the treatment to confirm they were parasite-free. The obtained results of the laboratory indicated 60 positive Cockatiels (47.6%), 10 positive cockatiel chicks (43.4%), 4 positive lovebirds (14.2%), 2 Green-cheeked parakeets (8.6%), and only 1 positive African grey parrot (6.6%). Among the positive cases, the severity of infection varied, with some birds showing severe, moderate, or mild infection levels. Upon a second examination, birds with mild and moderate contamination were found to be disease-free, while those with severe contamination required further treatment. Conclusion: The results suggested that treatment with metronidazole for 5 consecutive days was effective against mild to moderate infection in sick parrots. However, birds with severe conditions need to continue the treatment procedure.

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Adewumi, A. A., B. A. Owolabi, O. S. Okeyode, and A. R. Adenle. "Attitudes and perceptions of farmers on the African grey parrot in Oba Hills National Park, Osun State, Nigeria." Ruhuna Journal of Science 13, no. 2 (2022): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/rjs.v13i2.125.

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This study is focused on people’s perceptions and attitudes on the population decline of African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus) in Osun state, Nigeria. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire. The population of the study area comprises 234 farmers from communities in the study area. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-test, Pearson Correlation, and Chi-square test. The results revealed that 78% of the respondents were male, while 22% were female. Majority (51%) of the farmers were between the age group of 41-59 years, Christians (54%), indigenes (76%), and Nigerian (69%). As revealed from the study, 77.5% of the farmers were familiar with the African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). The farmers showed great knowledge of the bird and the ecosystem services rendered, thus they have a positive perception and attitude about African Grey Parrot conservation. The study recommended that the bird conservation club be initiated by forest management which should include youths, adults, and school teachers in the area in order to enlist farmers in the bird conservation program.

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Ritchie, Branson W., Frank D. Niagro, Kenneth S. Latimer, et al. "Antibody response to and maternal immunity from an experimental psittacine beak and feather disease vaccine." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 9 (1992): 1512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.09.1512.

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SUMMARY Adult umbrella cockatoos, Moluccan cockatoos, African grey parrots, and a yellow-headed Amazon parrot were inoculated im or sc with β-propiolactone-treated psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) virus. Thirty- to 45-day-old African grey parrot, umbrella cockatoo, and sulphur-crested cockatoo chicks also were vaccinated with the same inoculum. The hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and agar-gel diffusion tests were used to assay for post-vaccination development of anti-pbfd virus antibodies. All adult vaccinates seroconverted and had increases in hi and precipitating antibodies. The vaccinated chicks had increased concentrations of hi antibodies, but precipitating antibodies could not be detected. To demonstrate that chicks from vaccinated hens are protected from pbfd virus challenge, 3 African grey parrot chicks and 2 umbrella cockatoo chicks from vaccinated hens and 1 African grey parrot chick and 1 umbrella cockatoo chick from nonvaccinated hens were exposed to purified pbfd virus. Chicks from the vaccinated hens remained clinically normal during the 50-day test period. Chicks from the nonvaccinated hens developed clinical and histologic lesions of pbfd. Infected tissues from these birds were confirmed to contain viral antigen, using immunohistochemical staining techniques. The pbfd virus was recovered from the affected birds. These findings indicate that adult and 30- to 45-day-old psittacine birds will seroconvert following vaccination with β-propiolactone-treated pbfd virus. Also, hens inoculated with β-propiolactone-treated pbfd virus produce chicks that are, at least temporarily, resistant to virus challenge.

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KOUGOUM PIEBENG, Ghislain Noé, Simon AWAFOR TAMUNGANG, and Gilbert MOFOR Zechia. "Socio-economic Impact on Grey Parrot Survival, Implications on the Conservation of the Species in Kom National Park-Mengame Gorilla Sanctuary Complex, South-Cameroon." Journal of Environment and Ecology 11, no. 2 (2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v11i2.17460.

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The main purpose of this study was to assess the perception of local residents regarding the impact of human activities on grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) in Kom National Park-Mengame Gorilla Sanctuary Complex. Based on that, a structured questionnaire was administered to 400 inhabitants. The analysis shows that the capture of parrots for trade stood at (51.50%) and mechanized logging (68.75%). These were the greatest threats to the nest failure, nest disappearance and conservation of parrots in the complex. Among the methods of capturing birds, the most often are illegal method (74%), the use of rifles (12.25%) and glue traps (27%) are the most destructive methods. Foreigners (70%) are the most involved in the catches and no restrictions are made on the stage of development of the birds collected (eggs, chicks and adults). The living population around the complex seems to have a very low impact on the parrot resource. Strict compliance with the ban on the capture of this bird in Cameroon by CITES in 2016, afforestation or control of logging and improving the standard of living of local residents would contribute to the sustainable conservation of this species in its range.

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Pepperberg, Irene M. "Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots." Current Directions in Psychological Science 11, no. 3 (2002): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00174.

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Grey parrots ( Psittacus erithacus) solve various cognitive tasks and acquire and use English speech in ways that often resemble those of very young children. Given that the psittacine brain is organized very differently from that of mammals, these results have intriguing implications for the study and evolution of vocal learning, communication, and cognition.

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Pepperberg, Irene M. "Cognitive and communicative abilities of Grey parrots." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, no. 1-2 (2006): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.005.

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van Zeeland, Yvonne R. A., Nico J. Schoemaker, and Johannes T. Lumeij. "Contrafreeloading Indicating the Behavioural Need to Forage in Healthy and Feather Damaging Grey Parrots." Animals 13, no. 16 (2023): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13162635.

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Contrafreeloading (CFL) is a concept that describes the preference of an animal to work for food even when identical food is freely available, and reflects an intrinsic motivation to engage in foraging-related activities. However, altered brain neurochemistry, which can be induced by chronic exposure to a suboptimal living environment, may affect this intrinsic motivation in animals with abnormal repetitive behaviours (ARBs), including parrots with feather damaging behaviour. To determine whether this was the case, we evaluated CFL activity in healthy (n = 11) and feather damaging (n = 10) Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) by offering them a free choice to obtain identical food from a food bowl or from a foraging device. Differences in CFL activity were observed, with feather damaging Grey parrots displaying less CFL (as indicated by shorter foraging times and lower amounts of food consumed from the foraging devices) compared to healthy conspecifics, indicating altered ‘motivation’ and time allocation, for which the underlying mechanism needs to be clarified further. Nevertheless, despite the variable level, all birds displayed CFL, which, together with a seemingly positive correlation between CFL activity and the plumage condition of the birds, suggests that parrots are intrinsically motivated to forage and highlights the importance of providing foraging opportunities to captive parrots.

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Péron, Franck, Lauriane Rat-Fischer, Laurent Nagle, and Dalila Bovet. "‘Unwilling’ versus ‘unable’." Interaction Studies 11, no. 3 (2010): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.11.3.06per.

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Intentionality plays a fundamental part in human social interactions and we know that interpretation of behaviours of conspecifics depends on the intentions underlying them. Most of the studies on intention attribution were undertaken with primates. However, very little is known on this topic in animals more distantly related to humans such as birds. Three hand-reared African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) were tested on their ability to understand human intentional actions. The subjects’ attention was not equally distributed across the conditions and their behavioural pattern also changed depending on the condition: the parrots showed more requesting behaviours (opening of the beak and request calls) when the experimenter was unwilling to give them seeds, and bit the wire mesh more that represented the obstacle when the experimenter was trying to give them food. For the first time we showed that a bird species, like primates, may be sensitive to behavioural cues of a human according to his intentions. Keywords: Grey parrots; intention attribution; theory of mind

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Krasheninnikova, Anastasia, Désirée Brucks, Sigrid Blanc, and Auguste M. P. von Bayern. "Assessing African grey parrots' prosocial tendencies in a token choice paradigm." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 12 (2019): 190696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190696.

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Prosociality is defined as a voluntary, typically low-cost behaviour that benefits another individual. Social tolerance has been proposed as a potential driver for its evolution, both on the proximate and on the ultimate level. Parrots are an interesting species to study such other-regarding behaviours, given that they are highly social and stand out in terms of relative brain size and cognitive capacity. We tested eight African grey parrots in a dyadic prosocial choice test. They faced a choice between two different tokens, a prosocial (actor and partner rewarded) and a selfish (only actor rewarded) one. We found that the birds did not behave prosocially when one subject remained in the actor role; however, when roles were alternated, the birds’ prosocial choices increased. The birds also seemed to reciprocate their partner's choices, given that a contingency between choices was observed. If the food provisioned to the partner was of higher quality than that the actor obtained, actors increased their willingness to provide food to their partner. Nonetheless, the control conditions suggest that the parrots did not fully understand the task's contingencies. In sum, African grey parrots show the potential for prosociality and reciprocity; however, considering their lack of understanding of the contingencies of the particular tasks used in this study, the underlying motivation for the observed behaviour remains to be addressed by future studies, in order to elucidate the phylogenetic distribution of prosociality further.

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Ebisawa, Kazumasa, Shunya Nakayama, Chungyu Pai, Rie Kinoshita, and Hiroshi Koie. "Prevalence and risk factors for feather-damaging behavior in psittacine birds: Analysis of a Japanese nationwide survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0254610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254610.

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A case control study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of feather-damaging behavior and evaluate the correlation with risk factors among pet psittacine birds in Japan. Although feather-damaging behavior among pet parrots is frequently observed in Japan, its prevalence and potential risk factors have not been investigated. Therefore, we conducted an online questionnaire survey on parrot owners throughout Japan to examine regional differences in feather-damaging behavior and associated risk factors. In total, 2,331 valid responses were obtained. The prevalence of feather-damaging behavior was 11.7%, in general agreement with prior studies. The highest prevalence was among Cockatoos (Cacatua spp., etc.; 30.6%), followed by Lovebirds (Agapornis spp.; 24.5%) and African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus; 23.7%). Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) for potential risk factors and adjust the confounding of the variables. The odds of feather-damaging behavior were significantly higher for Conures (Aratinga spp., Pyrrhura spp., Thectocercus acuticaudatus, Cyanoliseus patagonus) (ORadj = 2.55, P = 0.005), Pacific parrotlets (Forpus coelestis) (ORadj = 3.96, P < 0.001), African grey parrots (ORadj = 6.74, P < 0.001), Lovebirds (ORadj = 6.79, P < 0.001) and Cockatoos (ORadj = 9.46, P < 0.001) than Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), and for young adults (ORadj = 1.81, P = 0.038) and adults (ORadj = 3.17, P < 0.001) than young birds, and for signs of separation anxiety (ORadj = 1.81, P < 0.001). Species, bird age and signs of separation anxiety were significantly higher risk factors for feather-damaging behavior than any other potential risk factors. Our findings, which include broad species diversity, are a good source of data for predicting risk factors for feather-damaging behavior and could be useful in preventing declines in welfare.

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Seibold-Torres, Cassandra, Elaine Owens, Renuka Chowdhary, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith, Ian Tizard, and Terje Raudsepp. "Comparative Cytogenetics of the Congo African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 147, no. 2-3 (2015): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444136.

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The Congo African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus, PER) is an endemic species of Central Africa, valued for its intelligence and listed as vulnerable due to poaching and habitat destruction. Improved knowledge about the P. erithacus genome is needed to address key biological questions and conservation of this species. The P. erithacus genome was studied using conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches including Zoo-FISH. P. erithacus has a ‘typical' parrot karyotype with 2n = 62-64 and 8 pairs of macrochromosomes. A distinct feature was a sharp macro-microchromosome boundary. Telomeric sequences were present at all chromosome ends and interstitially in PER2q, the latter coinciding with a C-band. NORs mapped to 4 pairs of microchromosomes which is in contrast to a single NOR in ancestral type avian karyotypes. Zoo-FISH with chicken macrochromosomes GGA1-9 and Z revealed patterns of conserved synteny similar to many other avian groups, though neighboring synteny combinations of GGA6/7, 8/9, and 1/4 were distinctive only to parrots. Overall, P. erithacus shared more Zoo-FISH patterns with neotropical macaws than Australian species such as cockatiel and budgerigar. The observations suggest that Psittaciformes karyotypes have undergone more extensive evolutionary rearrangements compared to the majority of other avian genomes.

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Pepperberg, Irene M., Suzanne L. Gray, Justin S. Lesser, and Leigh Ann Hartsfield. "Piagetian liquid conservation in grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 131, no. 4 (2017): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/com0000085.

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Cornero, Francesca M., Leigh Ann Hartsfield, and Irene M. Pepperberg. "Piagetian liquid overconservation in grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 134, no. 2 (2020): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/com0000209.

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Pepperberg, Irene M., Sean E. Garcia, Eric C. Jackson, and Sharon Marconi. "Mirror use by African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 109, no. 2 (1995): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.109.2.182.

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Mikolasch, Sandra, Kurt Kotrschal, and Christian Schloegl. "African grey parrots ( Psittacus erithacus ) use inference by exclusion to find hidden food." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (2011): 875–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0500.

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Exclusion allows the detection of hidden food when confronted with the choice between an empty and a potentially baited food location. However, exclusion may be based on avoidance of the empty location without drawing inferences about the presence of the food in the baited location. So far, such inferences have been demonstrated in the great apes only: after seeing an experimenter eating one of two food types, which both had been hidden previously in two boxes, the apes were able to choose the box that still contained the other food type. African grey parrots are capable of exclusion, and we here assessed if they are capable of inference by exclusion. In our task, two different but equally preferred food items were hidden in full view of the birds under two opaque cups. Then, an experimenter secretly removed one food type and showed it to the bird. Similarly to the apes, one out of seven parrots significantly preferred the baited cup; control conditions rule out that its choice was based on associative learning or the use of olfactory cues. Thus, we conclude that—like the apes—some grey parrots are able to infer the location of a hidden food reward.

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Gaspar, H., F. Bargallo, J. Grífols, E. Correia, and ML Pinto. "Age and sex-related differences in the haematological parameters of captive African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Veterinární Medicína 66, No. 8 (2021): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/31/2020-vetmed.

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African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) are very popular pets, commonly seen in avian clinical practice. Haematological profiles are critical to the understanding of several disease processes, being particularly useful as diagnostic tools in clinical practice, since birds tend to hide clinical signs of disease. We have previously proposed new haematological reference intervals (RI) for captive African grey parrots, and in the present work the basic data obtained was studied in detail to investigate the influence of factors, such as age and sex, on the haematological profile of this bird species. During an 8-year period (March 2009 to July 2017), animals (n = 239) examined in first consultations or check-ups at the Zoològic Veterinaris (Barcelona) were submitted to blood collection at different time points, rendering a total of 459 blood samples. The haematological testing was performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean haemoglobin concentration (MHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total erythrocyte count (TRBC), total leukocyte count (TWBC), and differential leukogram with absolute and relative counts. All the haematological testing was performed in an in-house laboratory as previously described. Animals with 0 to 4 years of age showed higher values of PCV (P &lt; 0.001), Hb (P = 0.023) and RBC (P = 0.018), and lower values of MCHC (P = 0.008), WBC (P = 0.012) and heterophils (P &lt; 0.001) than older animals. There were significant differences exhibited in the monocytes (P = 0.035) between different age groups. Females presented higher PCV, Hb and RBC values (P &lt; 0.001) compared to males. Our results suggest that the age and sex influence the haematological parameters in a significant manner in African grey parrots and should be accounted for when assessing the health status of individuals from this species.

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CRUICKSHANK, ALICK J., JEAN-PIERRE GAUTIER, and CLAUDE CHAPPUIS. "Vocal mimicry in wild African Grey Parrots Psittacus erithacus." Ibis 135, no. 3 (2008): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1993.tb02846.x.

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Giret, Nicolas, Aurélie Albert, Laurent Nagle, Michel Kreutzer, and Dalila Bovet. "Context-related vocalizations in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." acta ethologica 15, no. 1 (2011): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10211-011-0106-9.

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Péron, F., L. Rat-Fischer, M. Lalot, L. Nagle, and D. Bovet. "Cooperative problem solving in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Animal Cognition 14, no. 4 (2011): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0389-2.

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Valle, Simon, Nigel J. Collar, Benjamin Barca, Patrick Dauda, and Stuart J. Marsden. "Low abundance of the Endangered timneh parrot Psittacus timneh in one of its presumed strongholds." Oryx 54, no. 1 (2019): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000802.

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AbstractAlthough both the grey parrot Psittacus erithacus and the recently recognized timneh parrot Psittacus timneh are categorized as Endangered because of harvest for the pet trade and loss of habitat, the latter has a much smaller range and may be largely restricted to a few stronghold areas. In March–April 2018 we surveyed for a total of 114 hours in and around one of these presumed strongholds, the large and well-protected Gola Rainforest National Park, the Sierra Leonean portion of the Gola Transboundary Peace Park. Timneh parrots were encountered at a rate of 0.1 groups/h in the National Park and 0.3 in the buffer zone, indicating densities of 1–3 individuals per km2. These figures are similar to recent density estimates from the Liberian side of the Peace Park, suggesting that the transboundary population amounts to c. 2,400 individuals inside the Park and an unknown number in the surrounding areas. Densities of the timneh parrot may be generally low even in strongholds, its numbers may be declining steeply, and the global population size is probably lower than previously believed.

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PEPPERBERG, IRENE M. "Numerical abilities of grey parrots: Comparisons with apes and children." Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 62, no. 1 (2012): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2502/janip.62.1.6.

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33

Levine, Bruce S., and Companion Animal Practice. "Common disorders of amazons, Australian Parakeets, and African Grey Parrots." Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 12, no. 3 (2003): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/saep.2003.00020-3.

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34

Newman, John D. "The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189, no. 6 (2001): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200106000-00012.

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35

Pepperberg, Irene M. "Individual differences in grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus): effects of training." Journal of Ornithology 148, S2 (2007): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0162-0.

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36

Bennett, R. Avery, and Stephen D. Gilson. "Surgical management of bifid sternum in two African Grey Parrots." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214, no. 3 (1999): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1999.214.03.372.

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37

Flanders, Alison J., Brian Speer, Drury R. Reavill, et al. "Development and validation of 2 probe-hybridization quantitative PCR assays for rapid detection of a pathogenic Coxiella species in captive psittacines." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32, no. 3 (2020): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638720912221.

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Avian coxiellosis is an emerging cause of morbidity and mortality among captive psittacines, and the utility of a rapid detection test using easily obtained samples is paramount in a clinical setting. New sequences were obtained from 3 genes: groEL, dnaK, and rpoB. We developed probe-hybridization quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays using groEL and dnaK genes. Samples, including splenic aspirates, liver aspirates, whole blood, and choanal, conjunctival, and cloacal swabs, were collected from 4 psittacine species including 3 blue-and-gold macaws ( Ara ararauna), 2 scarlet-chested parrots ( Neophema splendida), 1 Timneh African grey parrot ( Psittacus timneh), and 1 yellow-naped Amazon parrot ( Amazona auropalliata). Retrospective review of postmortem findings from 3 of these psittacines included splenomegaly, hepatitis, and/or transmission electron microscopy confirmation consistent with previous reports of avian coxiellosis. There was 100% agreement between these assays and consensus PCR with sequencing. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test found a strong correlation between groEL and dnaK cycle threshold values ( p < 0.001), validating these assays for detection of this avian Coxiella sp.

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Zavgorodniy, A. I., S. A. Pozmogova, and M. V. Kalashnyk. "Domestic parrots as a potential source of Mycobacteriosis." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 6, no. 2 (2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2020-6-2-1.

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The article presents the results of bacteriological examination of five samples of feces from grey parrots (Psittacus) (n = 3), cockatoo (Cacatua) (n = 1), yellow-crowned amazon (Amazona) (n = 1). Five cultures of mycobacteria were bacteriologically isolated from the five samples. According to biochemical and cultural-morphological characteristics, mycobacterial cultures are classified as Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (n = 1) and Mycobacterium genavense (n = 4). Isolated cultures of mycobacteria are important in human pathology. Infected exotic poultry pose a potential risk of mycobacterial infection in their owners, so it is necessary to conduct research on biological material

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Fricke, Cornelia, Volker Schmidt, Kerstin Cramer, Maria-Elisabeth Krautwald-Junghanns, and Gerry M. Dorrestein. "Characterization of Atherosclerosis by Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Methods in African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus) and Amazon Parrots (AmazonaSpp)." Avian Diseases Digest 4, no. 3 (2009): e24-e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8940.1.

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Irumba, Immaculate-Odd, Derek Pomeroy, and Michael Perrin. "Grey Parrots Psittacus erithacus in Kampala, Uganda – are they becoming suburbanised?" Ostrich 87, no. 2 (2016): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2016.1198938.

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Ryan, Thomas P. "Grit Impaction in 2 Neonatal African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 16, no. 3 (2002): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742(2002)016[0230:giinag]2.0.co;2.

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42

Juan-Sallés, C., S. Soto, M. M. Garner, A. Montesinos, and M. Ardiaca. "Congestive Heart Failure in 6 African Grey Parrots (Psittacus e erithacus)." Veterinary Pathology 48, no. 3 (2010): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985810377071.

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Aydinonat, Denise, Dustin J. Penn, Steve Smith, et al. "Social Isolation Shortens Telomeres in African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus)." PLoS ONE 9, no. 4 (2014): e93839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093839.

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Hart, John, Terese Hart, Leon Salumu, Andrew Bernard, Robert Abani, and Rowan Martin. "Increasing exploitation of grey parrots in eastern DRC drives population declines." Oryx 50, no. 1 (2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001234.

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Péron, Franck, Maria John, Stephanie Sapowicz, Dalila Bovet, and Irene M. Pepperberg. "A study of sharing and reciprocity in grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Animal Cognition 16, no. 2 (2012): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-012-0564-0.

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Stanford, M. "Clinical pathology of hypocalcaemia in adult grey parrots (Psittacus e erithacus)." Veterinary Record 161, no. 13 (2007): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.13.456.

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Giret, Nicolas, Franck Péron, Laurent Nagle, Michel Kreutzer, and Dalila Bovet. "Spontaneous categorization of vocal imitations in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)." Behavioural Processes 82, no. 3 (2009): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2009.07.001.

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Stanford, M. "Measurement of 25- hydroxycholecalciferol in captive grey parrots (Psittacus e erithacus)." Veterinary Record 153, no. 2 (2003): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.2.58.

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Stanford, M. "Interferon treatment of circovirus infection in grey parrots (Psittacus e erithacus)." Veterinary Record 154, no. 14 (2004): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.154.14.435.

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Martin, Rowan O., Cristiana Senni, and Neil C. D'Cruze. "Trade in wild-sourced African grey parrots: Insights via social media." Global Ecology and Conservation 15 (July 2018): e00429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00429.

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