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Journal articles on the topic 'Greywater irrigation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Anangadan, Shaheeda Marakkar, Snigdhendubala Pradhan, Jayaprakash Saththasivam, Gordon McKay, and Hamish Robert Mackey. "Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa." Sustainability 16, no. 3 (2024): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031183.

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Green walls and roofs are sustainable building systems with several benefits. However, the irrigation requirements of these building systems conflict with water sustainability goals in water-scarce places. This study investigates using greywater directly to irrigate ornamental species for such situations by examining the effects of freshwater and greywater irrigation on Ruellia tuberosa growth, plant health and soil characteristics. Five replicates for each condition were grown for 91 days. Greywater irrigation led to a 15% higher plant growth height, a 31% higher plant biomass (p = 0.065), an

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Gross, A., N. Azulai, G. Oron, Z. Ronen, M. Arnold, and A. Nejidat. "Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (2005): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0251.

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There is an increasing trend to use greywater for irrigation in households. This is partly due to the notion that greywater is of better quality than wastewater and therefore does not need extensive treatment beyond addressing public health issues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental impact and health risks associated with the use of greywater for irrigation on a small private farm. Over a three-year period, each of three plots on a farm was irrigated with either freshwater, fertilized water, or greywater. Irrigation water and soil from the plots were analyzed for a wide ran

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Alao, Femi, Ajayi Johnson Oloruntade, Adewoye Alade Olanipekun, Daniel Uwumarogie Idusuyi, John Igeimokhia Braimah, and Opeyemi Bayode. "Efficiency of Constructed Wetland (CW) Established with Common Reed aimed at Greywater Treatment in Akure, Nigeria." ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD) 8, no. 1 (2025): 307–14. https://doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2025.0801.31-j.

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The growing scarcity of freshwater resources is becoming a significant concern in dry and semi-dry areas globally, underscoring importance of household greywater treatment to mitigate this issue. This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of a Constructed Wetland (CW) established with Phragmites australis for the treatment of greywater in Akure, Nigeria. Raw greywater was obtained from the Jadesola female hostel at the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA), and then underwent initial treatment in a 500-liter filtration reservoir that contained multiple layers of pebbles and fine

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Abeer, Albalawneh, and Chang Tsun-Kuo. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 3, no. 12 (2017): 16–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848574.

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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to g

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Sulaiman, Muhammad Omair, Hamish R. Mackey, Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti, Jayaprakash Saththasivam, and Mohammed H. Abu-Dieyeh. "Perspectives of Utilizing Greywater in Agricultural Irrigation with a Special Reference to Vegetated Wall Agrosystems." Water 17, no. 1 (2025): 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010103.

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With increasing urbanization, greywater, generated from domestic activities like bathing and washing, is a marginal water resource that can be valorized to meet irrigation demands and overcome water scarcity. This review paper delves into the characteristics and variability in greywater quality, highlighting the benefits of greywater reuse, such as water conservation, nutrient supply, and potential cost savings, as well as challenges like pathogen contamination and salinity buildup. Various treatment methods, including physical, chemical, and biological processes, are discussed concerning thei

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Albalawneh, Abeer, and Tsun-Kuo Chang. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 12 (2015): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i12.2015.2882.

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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to g

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C. K, Sreshma,, Ganapathi, and O. Kumar. "Domestic Greywater Irrigation on Soil Properties and Enzymatic Activities." Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 10, no. 3 (2024): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2024/v10i3336.

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A field investigation was undertaken during the Rabi season of 2019-20 in a selected farmer's field at Yelavatti village, near Shivamogga City, Karnataka, India to evaluate the effect of domestic greywater irrigation on soil properties and enzymatic activity. Four types of irrigation water were used for this investigation: greywater, treated greywater, structured greywater, and bore well water (as a control). The results revealed that treatments that received irrigation with domestic greywater significantly improved soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), a

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Mumuni, Adejumo. "Knowledge and Perception on the Usage of Greywater for Backyard Cultivation of Native Herbs Among Residents of Ibadan North Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria." Journal of Health and Environmental Research 11, no. 1 (2025): 11–22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20251101.12.

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Water scarcity is a growing concern in many metropolitan area, especially in Nigeria. As a result, non-potable uses like irrigation are increasingly depending on alternative water sources. A potential resource for urban gardening is greywater, which is wastewater from domestic tasks like laundry, bathing, and dishwashing. This is especially true when it comes to growing indigenous herbs that have nutritional, therapeutic, and cultural significance. Despite its potential, the acceptance and awareness of greywater reuse for irrigation remains limited. Therefore, this study documents knowledge an

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Veatch-Blohm, Maren E., Ellen Roussel, Eliana Marzullo, and Adeline Nagle. "Greywater as a Viable Alternative for Irrigation of 10 Fall-planted Spring-flowering Geophytes Forced for Early Spring Flowering." HortScience 58, no. 9 (2023): 1112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17247-23.

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The world population has topped 8 billion and water scarcity is rising because of the effects of climate change. The addition of plants to interior and exterior spaces has positive emotional, but questionable environmental, benefit when potable water sources are used for maintenance. To preserve potable water for human use, nonpotable resources, such as greywater, may be used as an alternative for the growth of ornamental plants. The purpose of the study was to determine the viability of using greywater for production of 10 fall-planted geophytes forced for early spring flowering. With very fe

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Holgate, Leon C., Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson, and Terry J. Gentry. "Irrigation Water Chemistry: Impact on Microbial Community Composition and Biogeochemical Leaching under Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne [L])." ISRN Ecology 2011 (April 11, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/797910.

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Greywater recycling and rain water harvesting for irrigating urban and suburban landscapes may reduce the use of potable water in arid and subtropical climates but affect soil microbial community composition and biogeochemical cycling. Municipal tap water, greywater, and harvested rain water were used to irrigate (Lolium perenne L.) planted in a constructed soil over a 20 week period. Irrigation with grey water significantly increased the relative abundance of gram-positive biomarkers ANTEISO 15 : 0, ISO 17 : 1G, gram-negative biomarkers 19 : 0 CYCLO c11-12 and bacterial biomarker 18 : 0 () re

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Maiga, Ynoussa, David Moyenga, Ken Ushijima, Mariam Sou, and Amadou Hama Maiga. "Greywater Characteristics In Rural Areas of the Sahelian Region for Reuse Purposes: The Case of Burkina Faso." Revue des sciences de l’eau 27, no. 1 (2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021981ar.

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Abstract The characteristics of greywater generated in two rural areas (“Barkoundba” and “Kologoudiessé”) located in the Sahelian region in Burkina Faso were assessed through observations in selected concessions, sample collection and laboratory analyses. The study aimed at characterizing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greywater in order to evaluate its reuse potential for gardening in rural areas. The results showed that greywater is generated from 3 to 4 main sources with average daily productions of 8 ± 1 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in “Barkoundba” and 13 ± 3 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in Kolog

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Nyagatare, Guillaume, Christian Shingiro, and Claire Nyiranziringirimana. "Effect of domestic greywater reuse for irrigation on soil physical and chemical characteristics and tomatoes growth." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 115, no. 2 (2021): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-12069.

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This study aimed at determining the effect of laundry greywater on the growth of tomatoes and physical and chemical properties of a sandy loam Perrox in the Eastern province of Rwanda, Kayonza district, Mwiri sector. The experimental design consisted of plots planted with tomatoes (Lepersicon Esculantum) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and four treatments. Treatment 1: Tomatoes irrigated with pure greywater; Treatment 2: Tomatoes irrigated with a mixture of tap water and greywater at 1:1 ratio; Treatment 3: Alternation of greywater and tap water in a consecutive m

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Sihombing, Irene Theodora Br, and Finarya Legoh. "Sustainable Water Management: Greywater Reuse and Smart Irrigation at Pusgiwa UI." International Journal of Social Health 4, no. 6 (2025): 297–306. https://doi.org/10.58860/ijsh.v4i6.316.

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The increasing demand for water in urban areas, coupled with challenges related to water scarcity and environmental concerns, underscores the need for effective fresh water management practices. This study explores the potential for greywater reuse and smart systems to meet domestic water needs at Pusgiwa UI. The methodology involves quantifying water consumption across different areas of the building to identify potential sources of reusable greywater for non-potable applications such as flushing toilets and landscape irrigation. Through water balance analysis, it was found that greywater fro

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Taufikurahman, Taufik, Endra Susila, Tetep Ginanjar, and R. R. Deby Anindya Rizkyani. "Incorporating rainwater harvesting systems into the design of green infrastructure, alongside constructed wetlands and fishponds." SINERGI 28, no. 3 (2024): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2024.3.020.

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In rural areas grappling with recurring water scarcity during dry periods, the imperative for water conservation becomes evident. This research centers on Green Infrastructure (GI), showcasing its substantial potential for better water management practices, specifically in the realms of rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment. We implemented an integrated household-scale rainwater harvesting system (RWH) coupled with greywater processing using a constructed wetland (CW). The constructed wetland, filled with sands and gravels and adorned with Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), served as

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Al-Mefleh, Naji K., Yahia A. Othman, Maher J. Tadros, Amani Al-Assaf, and Samer Talozi. "An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia." Horticulturae 7, no. 3 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030038.

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This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the

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Al-Gheethi, A. A., R. M. S. Radin Mohamed, A. N. Efaq, and M. K. Amir Hashim. "Reduction of microbial risk associated with greywater by disinfection processes for irrigation." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 3 (2015): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.220.

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Greywater is one of the most important alternative sources for irrigation in arid and semi-arid countries. However, the health risk associated with the microbial contents of these waters limits their utilization. Many techniques have been developed and used to generate a high microbiological quality of greywater. The main problem in the treatment of greywater lies in the nature of pathogenic bacteria in terms of their ability to survive during/after the treatment process. The present review focused on the health risk associated with the presence of pathogenic bacteria in greywater and the trea

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Ali, Marwa M., Nawar Omran Ali, and Mahdi Shanshal Jaafar. "Chemical-Free Greywater Treatment Using Aeration, Sedimentation, Followed by Granular Activated Carbon Filter (GAC) -A Case Study of Baghdad city household." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 10 (2020): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.10.05.

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Greywater is a possible water source that can be improved for meeting the quality required for irrigation. Treatment of greywater can range from uncomplicated coarse filtration to advanced biological treatment. This article presents a simple design of a small scale greywater treatment plant, which is a series of physical and natural processes including screening, aeration, sedimentation, and filtration using granular activated carbon filter and differentiates its performance with sand filter. The performance of these units with the dual filter media of (activated carbon with sand) in treatment

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Stevens, Daryl, Peter Dillon, Declan Page, Michael Warne, and Guang Guo Ying. "Assessing environmental risks of laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 2 (2011): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.027.

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The objective of this study was to assess the environmental risk posed to Australian and New Zealand ecosystems by the presence of powdered laundry detergents in greywater used for irrigating gardens. Fifty powdered laundry detergents were assessed and all contained hazards which posed moderate to very high risks from increased alkalinity, sodicity and salinity to plants and soils when used at manufacturer-recommended doses and the resulting greywater used for irrigation. A number of detergents had phosphorus and boron concentrations considered to be a high risk for a number of plants. Risk to

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Rojas, Eli Morales, Jesús Rascón, Lenin Quiñones Huatangari, Segundo Chavez Quintana, Manuel Oliva, and Manuel Emilio Milla Pino. "Mixed greywater treatment for irrigation uses." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 6 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2599.

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Water contamination comes from many different sources, including, among others, factories, sewage treatment plants, mining activities (heavy metals), food-processing waste, agriculture runoff, animal waste, disposal of personal care products, and household chemicals. Therefore, the reuse of wastewater has become a fundamental strategy for sustainable water management and maintaining environmental quality. In this sense, this research presents a simple and economic alternative to solving the problems caused by greywater, resulting from laundry activities. This paper evaluates a mixed system for

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Morandi, Carlo, Gerhard Schreiner, Patrizia Moosmann, and Heidrun Steinmetz. "Elevated Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands for Light Greywater Treatment." Water 13, no. 18 (2021): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182510.

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Integrated planning of urban blue–green infrastructures is crucial to strengthen urban environmental quality and mitigate negative climate change-associated effects. It implies, however, increased water demand for irrigation, wherefore greywater (wastewater excluding wastewater from toilets and urinals) can be used, yet it requires handling for safe reuse. One treatment option is the use of constructed wetlands (CW), which have thus far not been broadly applied in inner-city districts due to large area requirements. This work investigates a novel bipartite container-based vertical-flow constru

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Dalahmeh, Sahar S., Lars D. Hylander, Björn Vinnerås, Mikael Pell, Ingrid Öborn, and Håkan Jönsson. "Potential of organic filter materials for treating greywater to achieve irrigation quality: a review." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (2011): 1832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.387.

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The objectives of this literature review were to: (i) evaluate the impact of greywater generated in rural communities, with the emphasis on Jordanian conditions, on soil, plant and public health and assess the need for treatment of this greywater before it is used for irrigation, and (ii) assess the potential of different types of organic by-products as carrier material in different filter units for removal of pollutants from greywater. Greywater with high BOD5, COD, high concentrations of SS, fat, oil and grease and high levels of surfactants is commonly found in rural areas in Jordan. Oxygen

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Filali, Hanen, Narcis Barsan, Georg Hörmann, et al. "Greywater Vertical Treatment and Possibility of Reuse in the Fields from Peri-Urban Area." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (2023): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030940.

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This study highlighted the potential for greywater reuse in irrigation of olive trees. An experimental field was set up in a household of Soukra, located northwest of Tunis City, to test the performance of vertical greywater treatment. Treated greywater (TGW) was used for the irrigation of two olive tree varieties (Chétoui and Picholine) during five years. The results show high performance of the treatment, as reflected by the good quality of TGW. The chemical and biological parameters of this TGW are under the threshold values of the Tunisian Norms of Treated Wastewaters for agriculture use (

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Kelemen, Orsolya, Ildikó Bodnár, and Andrea Izbékiné Szabolcsik. "Development of a Complex Treatment Process for Recycling Household Laundry Water." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 15, no. 1 (2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2021.15.10.

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Abstract The goal of our research is to study the treatment possibilities of the laundry water fraction of domestic greywater as an alternative water source, as well as to apply a complex treatment method with which we obtain purified greywater. This treated water can be used during household tasks that do not require drinking water. By optimizing each treatment step, we determined a complex process with the following steps: coagulation- quartz sand filtration-oxidation. We also investigated the usability of purified greywater for irrigation by performing a standardized seedling test and deter

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Newcomer, Evan, Courtney Boyd, Laban Nyirenda, Emmanuel Opong, Shannon Marquez, and Rochelle Holm. "Reducing the burden of rural water supply through greywater reuse: a case study from northern Malawi." Water Supply 17, no. 4 (2017): 1088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.004.

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Greywater reuse has potential for non-potable applications that conserve freshwater resources in water-stressed areas especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The feasibility of reusing greywater for domestic activities in a rural area of Malawi, Africa, was evaluated from microbiological and public acceptance perspectives. Median Escherichia coli concentrations for eight domestic greywater sources (handwashing, laundry, runoff from a tap apron, bathing, cleaning a home/kitchen, cleaning a water collection container, washing plates and soaking vegetables) ranged from 100 to &gt;20,000 colony form

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Itzhari, Daniella, Weitao Shuai, Erica M. Hartmann, and Zeev Ronen. "Heterogeneous Antibiotic Resistance Gene Removal Impedes Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands for Effective Greywater Treatment." Antibiotics 13, no. 4 (2024): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040315.

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Microorganisms carrying antimicrobial resistance genes are often found in greywater. As the reuse of greywater becomes increasingly needed, it is imperative to determine how greywater treatment impacts antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Using qPCR and SmartChip™ qPCR, we characterized ARG patterns in greywater microbial communities before, during, and after treatment by a recirculating vertical flow constructed wetland. In parallel, we examined the impact of greywater-treated irrigation on soil, including the occurrence of emerging micropollutants and the taxonomic and ARG compositions of

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Madhuranthakam, Chandra Mouli R., Malak AbuZaid, Omar Chaalal, and Tala Ghannam. "Sustainable Water Management with Design and Economic Evaluation of Recycling Greywater at Abu Dhabi University—A Case Study on Decentralization." Sustainability 15, no. 23 (2023): 16208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316208.

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Wastewater can be segregated as greywater and blackwater separately. The greywater generated in malls, restaurants, and university buildings is generally dilute, while it will later become concentrated when it is merged into the main sewage collection line. It would be more economical and environmentally friendly if the greywater is treated locally using a modular wastewater treatment facility that produces treated water amenable for other uses such as irrigation or horticulture. The objective of this article is to study the economic feasibility and design a decentralized plant that produces f

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YALÇINALP, E., M. ŞIVIL, A. MERAL, and Y. DEMIR. "GREEN ROOF PLANT RESPONSES TO GREYWATER IRRIGATION." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17, no. 2 (2019): 3667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1702_36673680.

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Mahmood, Yawooz Hameed, Abdul-hameed M. Hamoody, and Rushdi Sabah Abdulqader. "The Assessment Suitability of Using Greywater for Irrigation in Kirkuk Governorate – Iraq." Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science 5, no. 2 (2023): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54153/sjpas.2023.v5i2.480.

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The population of Iraqi is increasing rapidly. This has increased pressure on water supply and water management. The Kirkuk Governorate and other Governorates of Iraq are facing serious challenges in this regard. The objectives of this study included evaluating the quality of greywater that generated from residential areas in the in Kirkuk Governorate and determining the suitability of reusing it for irrigate plants without treatment. The results show concentrated pH, Ec, TDS, K, Na, Ca, Mg, and SAR (7.3, 1590, 613, 16.5, 57, 79, 19.2, 1.5) respectively were greywater samples is in Iraqi stand

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Nel, N., and H. E. Jacobs. "Investigation into untreated greywater reuse practices by suburban households under the threat of intermittent water supply." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (2019): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.055.

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Abstract Untreated greywater reuse at the household level is an accessible water source to supplement non-potable water requirements in times of emergency water curtailments but poses various risks to the consumer, the wider community, infrastructure and the environment. Little information is known about unregulated, untreated greywater reuse practices under emergency conditions in suburban communities where consumers have become accustomed to reliable potable water supplied via a pressurised, piped distribution system. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the sources of greywater used, coll

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Sinclair, M., J. O'Toole, M. Malawaraarachchi, and K. Leder. "Household greywater use practices in Melbourne, Australia." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (2013): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.022.

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Research on the potential of greywater reuse to reduce urban tap water demand has focused mainly on permanently installed greywater treatment or irrigation systems. These may be readily implemented in new housing developments, but experience in Australia shows their uptake by established households in urban areas is low. The majority of households employ simple and temporary methods for greywater collection and use, but their behaviour has not been well documented. We characterised the greywater use practices of over 1,000 Melbourne households during a 5-year period (2007 to 2011) which includ

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Boros, N., A. Petrányi, D. Kocsis, and I. Bodnár. "Characterization of greywater sources on the base of organic content and microbial quality." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 1 (2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.5.2014.1.4.

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Abstract The recycling of greywater for non-potable water applications, such as toilet flushing or irrigation, is a potential solution to reduce potable water consumption. To estimate the quality of raw greywater samples, we measured several physical, chemical and biological parameters. We used Hygiene Monitor test kits to determine microbiological presence in the samples. The greywater samples showed a high variability for all the measured parameters. In general, we found that greywater sources had lightly alkaline character with a considerable inorganic and organic content. About half of the

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Marwah, R. Rahmatiah, and S. Soedjono Eddy. "Study on Greywater Management Achievements in Sukolilo, Surabaya City." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 07, no. 07 (2024): 3587–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13141844.

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Improper greywater management degrades environmental quality and public health. Community-based Total Sanitation (STBM) aims for 100% open defecation-free (ODF) status and 50% greywater management. In 2023, Surabaya achieved 100% ODF, but greywater management targets remain unmet, especially in the sanitation-prone Sukolilo District. This research assesses greywater management in Sukolilo, focusing on technical and social aspects, and offers strategy recommendations. Surveys and interviews were conducted for primary data, with secondary data from relevant literature and regional documents. Dat

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Mahzan, Norhidayatul Hikmee, Muhammad Faiz Amrie Ibrahim, Ahmad Jamalludin, and Shaiful Bakhtiar Hashim. "Prototype of Greywater Treatment using Arduino Uno." EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology 9, no. 2 (2022): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vol9.2.6.2022.

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Water is one of our most precious resources and as much as wanted it to be, it is not an infinite resource. Water not only supports human life and activities but also helps to maintain the ecological structure. Water was used for everyday household purposes, such as bathing, dishes, flushing toilets, and washing machine. These activities are producing greywater. This project aims to develop the prototype of greywater treatment to conserve water and convert contaminated water from the washing machine (greywater) into clean water that can be used for watering the plants. Arduino Uno, pH sensor,

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Malaza, Ntokozo, Simamnkele Magaba, and Philani Mpungose. "Remarks on sustainable disposal and potential reuse of greywater in an informal urban settlement, Cape Town, South Africa." Open Research Europe 4 (October 25, 2024): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.17775.1.

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Background The disposal of greywater is a challenge for informal urban settlements that do not have a reticulation system to collect the wastewater they generate. Greywater, which includes domestic wastewater, represents a potential resource that can alleviate water stress if efficiently managed. This study aimed to provide sustainable disposal and potential reuse of greywater produced using informal settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. Greywater has the potential to contribute significantly to food security in such settlements by providing a source of both irrigation water and toilet flush

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ROMERO-MOZQUEDA, Angela Y., María C. VALLES-ARAGÓN, María T. ALARCÓN-HERRERA, Edgar O. RUEDA-PUENTE, and Rodolfo CISNEROS-ALMAZÁN. "Physiological, nutritional and tolerance effects in Chrysanthemum morifolium irrigated with grey and treated water." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 2 (2022): 12769. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50212769.

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This research provides basic information on the recovery or reuse of grey and treated water in a sustainable approach. For the research development, treated water was collected and synthetic greywater was prepared to use for irrigation of potted plants and their adaptability was measured according to the different irrigation water and physicochemical parameters in plant and soil. The results show that plants with the highest flowering and the highest accumulation of NOз in the stem were the plants irrigated with treated water in response to the total nitrogen of 41.53 mg/L. The plant's adaptab

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Gautam, Sneha, Lakshmi M. Makhitha, Anirudh Gupta, J. Brema, E. J. James, and Gajendran Chellaiah. "Treatment and Effective Utilization of Greywater: A Preliminary Case Study." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 1 (2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4010016.

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Greywater has been identified as a valuable alternative water source over recent years. Few practices (i.e., recycling and reuse) of greywater have attracted global attention in meeting the future water demand. However, essential parameters should be analyzed for reliable reuse and treatment. The present study addresses the possibilities of the alternative source with the treated greywater. Gravity—governed flow methods through a column containing gravel, sand, and activated carbon was applied. The quality of treated greywater from the university campus, which included physical, chemical, and

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Chowdhury, Rezaul K. "Greywater reuse through a bioretention system prototype in the arid region." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (2015): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.442.

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The concept of a greywater-fed bioretention system in arid regions was investigated in this study. Bioretention systems are conventionally used as a source control mechanism for urban runoff. Nevertheless, in arid regions, where rain and urban runoff are not an abundant water resource, their application is limited. Greywater (residential wastewater without toilet and kitchen sources) is comparatively less polluted and has the potential for reuse in irrigation and non-potable water uses. However, selection of an appropriate treatment is a challenge. A prototype bioretention system was made and

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Al-Khatib, Issam A., Abed al Hamid U. Al Shami, Gonzalo Rodriguez Garcia, and Ilke Celik. "Social Acceptance of Greywater Reuse in Rural Areas." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 26, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6603348.

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Like many countries, Palestine suffers from water scarcity. Here, treated greywater is considered an essential nonconventional water resource. We aim to identify some wastewater reuse and disposal practices in rural areas and assess the acceptance level of different reuses of greywater. We conducted a survey analysis in four villages with a strong agricultural activity of the western Bethlehem Governorate. The level of acceptance of greywater reuse was generally independent of demographic variables like family size, income, or water bill, with a few exceptions regarding gender, age, and level

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Chowdhury, Rezaul, Jameelu Abaya, Taoufik Ksiksi, Mohamed Mohamed, Simon Beecham, and Ataur Rahman. "Distribution of Heavy Metals in Vegetative Biofiltration Columns." Water 12, no. 3 (2020): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030747.

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This study investigated the distribution of heavy metals in vegetative biofiltration columns irrigated by synthetic greywater. Twelve species of ornamental plants (three plants from each species) were planted in the same designed 36 biofiltration columns. Samples of effluent water, soils, roots, shoots and leaves were collected and analyzed. It was observed that before irrigation, the distribution of copper was in soils (0%), roots (42%), leaves (37%) and shoots (21%). After irrigation, this distribution changed to soils (29%), roots (39%), leaves (17%) and shoots (15%). It was found that lead

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Godfrey, S., P. Labhasetwar, S. Wate, and B. Jimenez. "Safe greywater reuse to augment water supply and provide sanitation in semi-arid areas of rural India." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 6 (2010): 1296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.414.

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Water reuse is recognized as a tool to increase water supply in peri-urban areas of semi-arid and arid regions of the world. However, it is an option rarely explored for rural areas in developing countries, and has not been documented extensively in the scientific literature. This paper presents results from 6 greywater reuse systems which were built with the objective to augment water supply and to provide sanitation in rural low income areas of Madhya Pradesh, India. The systems are based on reclaiming greywater from bathing for the use in toilet flushing and kitchen garden irrigation. The r

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Travis, Micheal J., Alit Wiel-Shafran, Noam Weisbrod, Eilon Adar, and Amit Gross. "Greywater reuse for irrigation: Effect on soil properties." Science of The Total Environment 408, no. 12 (2010): 2501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.005.

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Harrow, Danielle I., Jill M. Felker, and Katherine H. Baker. "Impacts of Triclosan in Greywater on Soil Microorganisms." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/646750.

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The use of greywater for irrigation is becoming a common practice in arid regions such as the Southwestern US, the Middle East, Australia, and China. While greywater supplies nutrients to soil ecosystems, the possible impact of trace contaminants, particularly pharmaceuticals and personal care products, has not been determined. This paper examined the impact of triclosan, an antibacterial agent commonly added to consumer products, on microbial populations and microbial diversity in soil irrigated with greywater. While there was no change in the total number of heterotrophic microorganisms in t

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Nolde, E. "Greywater recycling systems in Germany — results, experiences and guidelines." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (2005): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0368.

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Although Germany is not considered a water-poor country, there exist regional differences in water supply and consumption. During the past 15 years, the greywater aspect has been dealt with in Germany with a greater interest and variable success. In addition to an increased environmental awareness, water costs also play an important role in increasing the demand for advanced greywater treatment plants installed in buildings. Under favourable conditions, the amortisation costs usually lie between 5 and 7 years. Systems that have been extensively tried and tested and have been shown to be most r

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Obeidat, Nisreen, Ahmad Abu Awwad, Ahmed Al-Salaymeh, et al. "Ground-Based Green Façade for Enhanced Greywater Treatment and Sustainable Water Management." Water 17, no. 3 (2025): 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17030346.

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Urban areas face challenges with water scarcity, and the use of non-conventional water resources for uses not requiring potable quality is being promoted more and more by governments and international agencies. However, non-conventional water resources, such as rainwater and greywater, need to be treated before use to avoid health risks and possible nuisance (smell, bacteria and algae proliferation in storage tanks, etc.). This study is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of a system reusing treated greywater for toilet flushing, relying on a nature-based treatment technology—ground-based g

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Hairul Khamidun, Mohd, Umi Fazara Md Ali, and Shakila Abdullah. "Calculation of Filter Lifetime Using Empirical Model Applied to Hydrodynamic Column for Phosphate Removal from Greywater." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.9 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.9.15263.

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Greywater is one of the point source pollution that negatively impact water resources if not properly treated. However, improvement of greywater quality can be potentially used for irrigation purpose. The main objective of this study is to calculate the lifetime for calcined waste mussel shell (CWMS) in hydrodynamic column. This study was performed using laboratory scale hydrodynamic column filled with CWMS to determine the breakthrough curve, adsorption capacity, accumulation rate and lifetime using empirical model for the adsorption of PO4-3 onto CWMS from greywater. The bed height and flow

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Bernstein, Anat, Hagar Siebner, Andrew Kaufman, and Amit Gross. "Onsite Chlorination of Greywater in a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland—Significance of Trihalomethane Formation." Water 13, no. 7 (2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070903.

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To reduce public health hazards, greywater reuse may involve disinfection, which is often performed through chlorination. The formation of toxic disinfection by-products is a negative side-effect of chlorine’s reaction with organic matter, of which trihalomethanes (THM) are one of the most dominant (though not most toxic) groups. Greywater treatment in vertical flow constructed wetlands leads to a decrease in dissolved organic matter. We hypothesized that these dissolved organic carbon (DOC) changes would be reflected in differences in THM formation. Greywater samples, at different treatment l

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Bani, Siphumze, Janice Limson, Bongumusa M. Zuma, and Roman Tandlich. "Short Communication: Potential of Biochar And Clays as Sorbents For Treatment Of Greywater and Related Wastewaters in South Africa." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 50, no. 2 (2024): 577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/iswmaw/502/2024.577.

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Due to the issues of water scarcity, there is a need for formulation of technologies to remove various components wastewaters to produce water that can be reused for irrigation and toilet flushing. Local production of low-cost sorbents and their use in the treatment of greywater were examined in the current study. The aim was to assess whether different clays and/or biochar could be used the potential of the sorbents for greywater remediation. These sorbents were locally mined or sourced/produced in South Africa, and so they could provide a suitable and low-cost treatment option for the greywa

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Turner, Ryan D. R., Geoffrey D. Will, Les A. Dawes, Edward A. Gardner, and David J. Lyons. "Phosphorus as a limiting factor on sustainable greywater irrigation." Science of The Total Environment 456-457 (July 2013): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.061.

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Shahmoradi, B., S. Mohammadlou, A. Maleki, et al. "Feasibility assessment of greywater irrigation for sustainable Tomato planting." South African Journal of Botany 182 (July 2025): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2025.04.047.

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Rodríguez, Carolina, Rafael Sánchez, Javier Lozano-Parra, et al. "Water Balance Assessment in Schools and Households of Rural Areas of Coquimbo Region, North-Central Chile: Potential for Greywater Reuse." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102915.

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Population growth, global warming, and increased demand for water have caused global concern about increasing water scarcity. Chile has an unequal geographical distribution of water resources. The north-central area where more than half of the country’s population lives has an availability of less than 1000 m3/hab/year. Particularly, the Coquimbo Region has been one of the most affected by drought due to the great agricultural activity in the area. In this study, surveys were carried out in rural schools and households to determine water consumption habits. The results in the schools showed th

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