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Journal articles on the topic 'Greywater quality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ungvári, Csaba, Andrea Izbéki-Szabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Analysis of Greywater Samples Treated by Filtration." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 9, no. 1 (2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.09.57.

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Abstract In our research we pre-treated synthetically produced greywaters with filtration on various filters. We characterised the quality of greywater samples using several parameters. We investigated these parameters on the untreated and pre-treated samples as well. We evaluated the efficiency of the treatments by measuring the characteristic parameters. It was shown that the most effective pre-treatment for the greywater’s preparation for reuse is filtration on silica sand or activated charcoal and silica sand combined filter media.

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Sabara, Zakir, Aswariani Anwar, Setyawati Yani, et al. "Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the Incorporation of ABR System as Greywater Filter: The Implications for Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (2022): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14021026.

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Greywater refers to wastewater generated from domestic activities, which do not contain fecal contamination. Therefore, this study aims to treat greywater in Makassar city to speed up the water cycle and enable reuse, as an environmental conservation strategy. The water parameters measured were pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). According to the results, the greywater’s BOD, COD, and TTS contents were 49.98 to 54.88 mg/L, 509 to 655 mg/L, and 404.40 to 464.65 mg/L, respectively, all of which exceed WHO wastewater qualit

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Lanchipa-Ale, Teresa, Ana Cruz-Baltuano, Nahuel Molero-Yañez, Samuel Chucuya, Bertha Vera-Barrios, and Edwin Pino-Vargas. "Assessment of Greywater Reuse in a University Building in a Hyper-Arid Region: Quantity, Quality, and Social Acceptance." Sustainability 16, no. 7 (2024): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16073088.

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Since Tacna is a hyper-arid region, greywater is a potential alternative water source. This study aimed to quantify and characterize greywater in a university building with 732 students, as well as assess their perception of greywater reuse. Water meters were used to calculate greywater quantity. To assess untreated greywater quality, physical–chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed. Questionnaires were used to measure students’ acceptance regarding greywater reuse using a Likert scale. The greywater quantity recorded in this study was 426.85 L/d, which is less than reported in p

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Abeer, Albalawneh, and Chang Tsun-Kuo. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 3, no. 12 (2017): 16–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848574.

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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to g

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Boros, N., A. Petrányi, D. Kocsis, and I. Bodnár. "Characterization of greywater sources on the base of organic content and microbial quality." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 1 (2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.5.2014.1.4.

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Abstract The recycling of greywater for non-potable water applications, such as toilet flushing or irrigation, is a potential solution to reduce potable water consumption. To estimate the quality of raw greywater samples, we measured several physical, chemical and biological parameters. We used Hygiene Monitor test kits to determine microbiological presence in the samples. The greywater samples showed a high variability for all the measured parameters. In general, we found that greywater sources had lightly alkaline character with a considerable inorganic and organic content. About half of the

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Al-Mefleh, Naji K., Yahia A. Othman, Maher J. Tadros, Amani Al-Assaf, and Samer Talozi. "An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia." Horticulturae 7, no. 3 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030038.

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This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the

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Gross, A., N. Azulai, G. Oron, Z. Ronen, M. Arnold, and A. Nejidat. "Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (2005): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0251.

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There is an increasing trend to use greywater for irrigation in households. This is partly due to the notion that greywater is of better quality than wastewater and therefore does not need extensive treatment beyond addressing public health issues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental impact and health risks associated with the use of greywater for irrigation on a small private farm. Over a three-year period, each of three plots on a farm was irrigated with either freshwater, fertilized water, or greywater. Irrigation water and soil from the plots were analyzed for a wide ran

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Romali, N. S., M. I. Jemail, N. A. A. Artino, and I. A. Mohamed. "Evaluating the potential of green roofs for greywater treatment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1444, no. 1 (2025): 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1444/1/012001.

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Abstract Greywater, comprising household wastewater excluding toilet waste, represents a significant portion of daily wastewater. Effective greywater treatment is crucial to mitigate environmental pollution, especially when greywater flows directly into water bodies without clear controls, discharge limits, and treatment requirements. Nature-based solution (NBS) approaches, such as green roofs, are gaining popularity for their urban benefits and potential for greywater treatment. However, in Malaysia, the application and literature on green roofs are limited, primarily focusing on stormwater m

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Shamim, S. K. "A Study of Characteristics of Greywater Generated from Different Sources of Residential Buildings." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 4 (2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220058.

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The objective of this study is to show how the characteristics of tap water influences the characteristics of the greywater generated from kitchen, bath shower, wash basin, and laundry apart from the usage pattern. Various quantitative techniques have been used to measure pH, alkalinities, hardness, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, and electrical conductivity of greywater and tap water. The study shows that greywater generated from the laundry is more polluted as compared to greywater from other sources, which i

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Radin Mohamed, Radin Maya Saphira, Adel Al-Gheethi, Nasradeen A. Khalifa, et al. "Greywater Treatment using Pottery Waste Ceramic Filter." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 4 (2021): 891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(4)-12.

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Most village houses in Malaysia discharged lots of significant portion of greywater into stream or drains without any treatment. This phenomenon of direct disposal of greywater into the environment caused environmental risk, especially to water body. This study aimed to assess the quality and treatment of greywater discharge using pottery waste ceramic filter (PWCF) for safe disposal. Greywater samples were collected from 27 village households located at Kampung Parit Sempadan, Parit Raja using grab sampling method. Greywater was treated by using PWCF. The effectiveness of the PWCF was optimiz

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Ali, Marwa M., Nawar Omran Ali, and Mahdi Shanshal Jaafar. "Chemical-Free Greywater Treatment Using Aeration, Sedimentation, Followed by Granular Activated Carbon Filter (GAC) -A Case Study of Baghdad city household." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 10 (2020): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.10.05.

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Greywater is a possible water source that can be improved for meeting the quality required for irrigation. Treatment of greywater can range from uncomplicated coarse filtration to advanced biological treatment. This article presents a simple design of a small scale greywater treatment plant, which is a series of physical and natural processes including screening, aeration, sedimentation, and filtration using granular activated carbon filter and differentiates its performance with sand filter. The performance of these units with the dual filter media of (activated carbon with sand) in treatment

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Wurochekke, Anwaruddin Ahmed, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Siti Asmah binti Lokman Halim, Amir Hashim bin Mohd Kassim, and Rafidah binti Hamdan. "Sustainable Extensive On-Site Constructed Wetland for some Bacteriological Reduction in Kitchen Greywater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1199.

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Malaysia is experiencing water pollution crisis recently. In particular, greywater discharge directly to drains. Therefore, a greywater treatment system was designed to overcome this drain pollution. To investigate the operation and performance of the treatment system, constructed wetland was designed and builds for a small single household. Lepironia Articulata was chosen for populating wetland. The wetland was supplied with kitchen greywater. The selected house is appropriate because it lacks proper drainage system. This study evaluates the characteristic of kitchen greywater before and afte

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Nandana, Apta Bagas, Iftita Rahmatika, and Mochamad Adhiraga Pratama. "Quality of greywater based on economic class and generation time (a case study of Ciliwung watershed, Indonesia)." E3S Web of Conferences 422 (2023): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342204001.

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Community activities highly influence the generation of greywater, whereas community activities vary from time to time. The difference in economic class of households will also affect the lifestyle, sanitation facilities, and source of clean water used which will impact the quality of greywater. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether differences in sampling time and economic class of households in developing countries, in particular Indonesia, will affect the quality of greywater generated. Based on laboratory analysis of greywater samples at 15 households at two different times, the r

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Rosa, Gustavo, and Enedir Ghisi. "Water Quality and Financial Analysis of a System Combining Rainwater and Greywater in a House." Water 13, no. 7 (2021): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070930.

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This study aimed to evaluate the installation of a system that combines rainwater to wash clothes and greywater to flush toilets in a house located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. The evaluation consisted of determining the potable water savings, performing a financial analysis, and verifying the possibility of using rainwater and reusing greywater according to the local legislation. The reduction in potable water consumption was determined by comparing the monthly water and sewage bill, before and after installing the system, combining rainwater and greywater. The financial analysis was pe

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Dalahmeh, Sahar S., Lars D. Hylander, Björn Vinnerås, Mikael Pell, Ingrid Öborn, and Håkan Jönsson. "Potential of organic filter materials for treating greywater to achieve irrigation quality: a review." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (2011): 1832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.387.

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The objectives of this literature review were to: (i) evaluate the impact of greywater generated in rural communities, with the emphasis on Jordanian conditions, on soil, plant and public health and assess the need for treatment of this greywater before it is used for irrigation, and (ii) assess the potential of different types of organic by-products as carrier material in different filter units for removal of pollutants from greywater. Greywater with high BOD5, COD, high concentrations of SS, fat, oil and grease and high levels of surfactants is commonly found in rural areas in Jordan. Oxygen

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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni, and S. Rathilal. "Characteristics of greywater from different sources within households in a community in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 4 (2016): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.092.

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The reuse of greywater is steadily gaining importance in South Africa. Greywater contains pollutants that could have adverse effects on the environment and public health if the water is not treated before reuse. Successful implementation of any greywater treatment process depends largely on its characteristics in terms of the pollutant strength. This study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of greywater from different sources within 75 households in a community in Durban, South Africa. The study was undertaken to create an understanding of greywater quality from different source

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Kaafil, Shifana Fatima, and Shamim Shaukat Khan. "A Comprehensive Study of Variation in Water Quality Parameters to Design a Sustainable Treatment Plant." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 4 (2023): 2261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i04.054.

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In this paper, greywater samples are collected from the kitchens of different types of buildings (residential and commercial) located in different districts within the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The collected samples are analyzed and compared with the potable water from the same region. The parameters investigated are pH, conductivity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total hardness, temporary hardness, permanent hardness, alkalinity, chloride, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). It was found that the amount of total suspended solids is very hi

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Kelemen, Orsolya, Andrea Izbékiné Szabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Investigation of Household Laundry Water as an Alternative Water Source." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 13, no. 1 (2020): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.13.15.

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Abstract The goal of our research is to study the potential treatment options for the relatively contaminated greywater fraction from washing, in order to use this fraction as an alternative water source. During the research to compare the purification efficiency of different greywater treatment solutions we have created a constant composition synthetic laundry greywater, based on tap water, which represents the real laundry water in the terms of quality. As greywater treatment solutions, in terms of physical pre-treatment procedure we used a sand filtering method, and in terms of chemical pro

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Veatch-Blohm, Maren E., Ellen Roussel, Eliana Marzullo, and Adeline Nagle. "Greywater as a Viable Alternative for Irrigation of 10 Fall-planted Spring-flowering Geophytes Forced for Early Spring Flowering." HortScience 58, no. 9 (2023): 1112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17247-23.

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The world population has topped 8 billion and water scarcity is rising because of the effects of climate change. The addition of plants to interior and exterior spaces has positive emotional, but questionable environmental, benefit when potable water sources are used for maintenance. To preserve potable water for human use, nonpotable resources, such as greywater, may be used as an alternative for the growth of ornamental plants. The purpose of the study was to determine the viability of using greywater for production of 10 fall-planted geophytes forced for early spring flowering. With very fe

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Chowdhury, Rezaul K. "Greywater reuse through a bioretention system prototype in the arid region." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (2015): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.442.

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The concept of a greywater-fed bioretention system in arid regions was investigated in this study. Bioretention systems are conventionally used as a source control mechanism for urban runoff. Nevertheless, in arid regions, where rain and urban runoff are not an abundant water resource, their application is limited. Greywater (residential wastewater without toilet and kitchen sources) is comparatively less polluted and has the potential for reuse in irrigation and non-potable water uses. However, selection of an appropriate treatment is a challenge. A prototype bioretention system was made and

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Lós, Réka, Andrea IzbékinéSzabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Investigations of Detergents and Metal Components for Supporting the Effective Treatment of Greywater." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 13, no. 1 (2020): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.13.20.

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Abstract The aim of our research was to investigate the detergent content and several micro and macro elements in greywater samples, a necessary step in determining the water quality for the further reuse of the greywater. We determined the anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater with a two-phased titration method prepared in laboratory conditions. The current study leads to a new suggestion for a more accurate and reliable titrimetric method for determination of anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater samples. Following these investigations, we also examined the metal conten

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Wurochekke, A. A., R. M. S. Mohamed, A. A. Al-Gheethi, Hauwa Atiku, H. M. Amir, and H. M. Matias-Peralta. "Household greywater treatment methods using natural materials and their hybrid system." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 6 (2016): 914–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.054.

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Discharge of household greywater into water bodies can lead to an increase in contamination levels in terms of the reduction in dissolved oxygen resources and rapid bacterial growth. Therefore, the quality of greywater has to be improved before the disposal process. The present review aimed to present a hybrid treatment system for the greywater generated from households. The hybrid system comprised a primary stage (a natural filtration unit) with a bioreactor system as the secondary treatment combined with microalgae for greywater treatment, as well as the natural flocculation process. The rev

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O’Toole, Joanne, Martha Sinclair, Manori Malawaraarachchi, Andrew Hamilton, S. Fiona Barker, and Karin Leder. "Microbial quality assessment of household greywater." Water Research 46, no. 13 (2012): 4301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.001.

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Al-Gheethi, A. A., R. M. S. Radin Mohamed, A. N. Efaq, and M. K. Amir Hashim. "Reduction of microbial risk associated with greywater by disinfection processes for irrigation." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 3 (2015): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.220.

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Greywater is one of the most important alternative sources for irrigation in arid and semi-arid countries. However, the health risk associated with the microbial contents of these waters limits their utilization. Many techniques have been developed and used to generate a high microbiological quality of greywater. The main problem in the treatment of greywater lies in the nature of pathogenic bacteria in terms of their ability to survive during/after the treatment process. The present review focused on the health risk associated with the presence of pathogenic bacteria in greywater and the trea

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Vinitha, E. V., M. Mansoor Ahammed, and Mahesh R. Gadekar. "Chemical coagulation of greywater: modelling using artificial neural networks." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 3 (2018): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.263.

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Abstract In the present study, chemical coagulation with alum and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was utilized for greywater treatment. More than 140 jar tests on greywater with varying characteristics were conducted in order to determine the optimum coagulant dosage and treated greywater characteristics. The average removal efficiencies of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids were obtained as 91, 73 and 83% using alum and 93, 74 and 89% using PACl, respectively. For similar initial turbidity levels, optimum PACl dosages required were significantly less compared to

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Nikita, Rajpal, Divya Neetu, Sharma Shalini, J. Balasubramani K., and Kumar Ratan Jatinder. "Treatment of greywater using consortium of Micrococcus luteus, Rhodococcus equi and Aspergillus niger." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 97, Mar 2020 (2020): 478–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5654737.

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Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011, Punjab, India Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Bangalore-560 067, India <em>E-mail</em>: kumarj@nitj.ac.in, drjkratan@gmail.com <em>Manuscript received online 08 November 2019, revised and accepted 10 January 2020</em> Greywater is a domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste. Greywater treatment and its reuse can contribute to the reduction of pressure on water resources, and lowering the demand for portable water for purposes that do not require water of high quality. The present study investigated the performa

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Marwah, R. Rahmatiah, and S. Soedjono Eddy. "Study on Greywater Management Achievements in Sukolilo, Surabaya City." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 07, no. 07 (2024): 3587–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13141844.

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Improper greywater management degrades environmental quality and public health. Community-based Total Sanitation (STBM) aims for 100% open defecation-free (ODF) status and 50% greywater management. In 2023, Surabaya achieved 100% ODF, but greywater management targets remain unmet, especially in the sanitation-prone Sukolilo District. This research assesses greywater management in Sukolilo, focusing on technical and social aspects, and offers strategy recommendations. Surveys and interviews were conducted for primary data, with secondary data from relevant literature and regional documents. Dat

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Sulaiman, Muhammad Omair, Hamish R. Mackey, Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti, Jayaprakash Saththasivam, and Mohammed H. Abu-Dieyeh. "Perspectives of Utilizing Greywater in Agricultural Irrigation with a Special Reference to Vegetated Wall Agrosystems." Water 17, no. 1 (2025): 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010103.

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With increasing urbanization, greywater, generated from domestic activities like bathing and washing, is a marginal water resource that can be valorized to meet irrigation demands and overcome water scarcity. This review paper delves into the characteristics and variability in greywater quality, highlighting the benefits of greywater reuse, such as water conservation, nutrient supply, and potential cost savings, as well as challenges like pathogen contamination and salinity buildup. Various treatment methods, including physical, chemical, and biological processes, are discussed concerning thei

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Gautam, Sneha, Lakshmi M. Makhitha, Anirudh Gupta, J. Brema, E. J. James, and Gajendran Chellaiah. "Treatment and Effective Utilization of Greywater: A Preliminary Case Study." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 1 (2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4010016.

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Greywater has been identified as a valuable alternative water source over recent years. Few practices (i.e., recycling and reuse) of greywater have attracted global attention in meeting the future water demand. However, essential parameters should be analyzed for reliable reuse and treatment. The present study addresses the possibilities of the alternative source with the treated greywater. Gravity—governed flow methods through a column containing gravel, sand, and activated carbon was applied. The quality of treated greywater from the university campus, which included physical, chemical, and

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Turull, Marta, Gianluigi Buttiglieri, Valeria Vazquez, Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, and Lúcia H. M. L. M. Santos. "Analytical upgrade of a methodology based on UHPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds in greywater." Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 2, no. 3 (2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2023.37.

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A multi-residue analytical methodology for the determination of 25 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), encompassing various chemical classes (hormones, antimicrobials, preservatives, plasticizers, stimulants, alkylphenolic compounds, anticorrosives, and organophosphorus flame retardants), has been upgraded for the analysis of greywater. The methodology is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The optimized methodology achieved recoveries between 63% and 146% for all compounds, with MDLs ranging

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Maiga, Ynoussa, David Moyenga, Ken Ushijima, Mariam Sou, and Amadou Hama Maiga. "Greywater Characteristics In Rural Areas of the Sahelian Region for Reuse Purposes: The Case of Burkina Faso." Revue des sciences de l’eau 27, no. 1 (2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021981ar.

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Abstract The characteristics of greywater generated in two rural areas (“Barkoundba” and “Kologoudiessé”) located in the Sahelian region in Burkina Faso were assessed through observations in selected concessions, sample collection and laboratory analyses. The study aimed at characterizing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greywater in order to evaluate its reuse potential for gardening in rural areas. The results showed that greywater is generated from 3 to 4 main sources with average daily productions of 8 ± 1 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in “Barkoundba” and 13 ± 3 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in Kolog

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Ojobe, Bukola, Radek Zouzelka, Barbora Satkova, et al. "Photocatalytic Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Greywater." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (2021): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091125.

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High concentrations of pharmaceuticals have been detected in greywater effluents treated using up-to-date technologies. Finding a suitable additional treatment before this effluent is reused is urgently needed to ensure the reused water meets quality standards. This paper reports the use of heterogeneous photocatalysis on anatase and rutile nanopowders to remove naproxen, metformin and sulfamethoxazole, at practically relevant concentrations found in membrane bioreactor (MBR)-treated greywater. A low anatase concentration of 400 mg L−1 was sufficient to efficiently degrade the pharmaceuticals

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Li, Z., H. Gulyas, M. Jahn, D. R. Gajurel, and R. Otterpohl. "Greywater treatment by constructed wetlands in combination with TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation for suburban and rural areas without sewer system." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 11-12 (2004): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0815.

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In this study greywater treatment through constructed wetlands and subsequently through TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation was investigated. Through constructed wetlands treatment the organic substances have been reduced greatly. For further removal of organic substances and pathogens, a TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation process was used subsequently. The results showed that the treated greywater through constructed wetlands and subsequent through TiO2-based photocatalytic oxidation with short irradiation time (3 hours irradiation time) met the requirements of European bathing water quality

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Anwariani, Destari, Rositayanti Hadisoebroto, and Diana Irvindiaty Hendrawan. "ANALISIS KUALITAS GREYWATER PADA SISTEM DRAINASE DI HILIR TEPI SUNGAI CITARUM." Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan 26, no. 2 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.tl.2020.26.2.1.

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Greywater generated from household activities in the riverbanks settlement is flowed directly into the drainage system. This research was conducted to analyze the level of pollution due to greywater flowed into drainage system in Citarum riverbanks, Kabupaten Karawang. Research was carried out on the drainage channel around settlements in 6 villages. The parameters analyzed were TSS, COD, BOD, Oil and Grease compared to the standard Minister of Environment Regulation No.68 of 2016. The TSS parameters was 11-292 mg/L, COD 28.8-441.6 mg/L, BOD 18.01-298.36 mg/L, Oil and Grease 1.9-13 mg/L. Param

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Friedler, E., Z. Shwartzman, and A. Ostfeld. "Assessment of the reliability of an on-site MBR system for greywater treatment and the associated aesthetic and health risks." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 7 (2008): 1103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.248.

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This study analyses the reliability of an on-site MBR system for greywater treatment and reuse. To achieve this goal simulation was performed based on the IWA ASM1 model which was adapted to describe biological and physical mechanisms for MBR greywater treatment based systems. Model results were found to agree well with experimental data from an on site pilot greywater treatment plant, after which the calibrated model was used in a Monte Carlo mode for generating statistical data on the MBR system performance under different scenarios of failures and inflow loads variations. Effluents quality

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Zhang, Yan, Andrew Grant, Ashok Sharma, Donghui Chen, and Liang Chen. "Assessment of rainwater use and greywater reuse in high-rise buildings in a brownfield site." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (2009): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.364.

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This study describes the use of rainwater and greywater (originated from bathroom only) for provision of non-contact indoor and outdoor use in high-rise buildings. A brownfield development site in Box Hill suburb of Melbourne was selected as case study site for this investigation. The performance of alternative servicing options was compared with conventional water supply, stormwater and wastewater servicing. A water balance model UVQ (Urban Volume and Quality) was applied to determine storage capacities and to evaluate the percentage reduction in water supplying, stormwater run-off and wastew

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Soussa, Hoda Kamal, Mostafa E. Y. Ahmed, Moawad M. Taha, and Mohamed Nabil Ali. "Experimental study based on the usage of polymers for greywater treatment." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 12, no. 1 (2024): 6501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2024.121.6501.

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Water scarcity presents a pressing challenge in Egypt, exacerbated by factors such as population growth, urbanization, and climate change impacts. With over 95% reliance on the Nile River for freshwater supply, Egypt's water resources are strained, particularly with a population exceeding 100 million. Egypt's arid climate intensifies water scarcity, necessitating sustainable management strategies. This study explored greywater treatment as a solution to alleviate water scarcity in Egypt, investigating its technical feasibility, economic viability, and environmental benefits. Greywater, derived

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Adonadaga, M.-G., S. C. Alimoh, and B. Ampadu. "Effectiveness of Some Selected Natural Filter Media for On-Site Small-Scale Treatment of Medium Strength Greywater." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 5 (2020): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i5.25.

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Greywater represents a potential resource of water that can be recycled to meet the standards for safe discharge or non-potable uses. This study evaluated the performance of sand, charcoal, and saw dust filters in reducing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Phosphatephosphorus (PO4-P), and Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in greywater. Greywater was fed into a simple filtration system (SFS) with sand, charcoal and saw dust filters each of height 16 cm in three plastic containers of the same size: internal diameter 19 cm and height 22 cm each and operated for two weeks.

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Taher, Amer Hasan, Ahmed Mancy Mosa, and Lubna Abdulrahman. "Selection of optimal technique for greywater pretreatment." Heritage and Sustainable Development 7, no. 1 (2025): 37–48. https://doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v7i1.994.

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Greywater can be reused after treatment. Several techniques for treating greywater can be adopted. However, the selection of the optimal technique is a difficult action. Therefore, this study adopted an experimental approach to compare two different techniques to determine the optimal one. Two systems were designed and constructed to study the optimal technique for greywater pretreatment. The first system consists of a 5000L anaerobic fiberglass tank of 2.5m depth whereas the other system consists of 5 separated cylindrical tanks; each tank of 1000L fiberglass. The pH, biological oxygen demand

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Birks, R., J. Colbourne, S. Hills, and R. Hobson. "Microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (2004): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0115.

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The Thames Water recycling plant at the Millennium Dome, London, reclaimed three sources of water: greywater from the washbasins, rainwater from the Dome roof and groundwater from a borehole on site. These were pre-treated separately, and the mixed stream filtered using ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Monitoring for indicator microorganisms was undertaken throughout the plant and in the reclaimed water distribution system, as well as ad-hoc monitoring for the presence of pathogens in the raw waters. Treatment to the level of ultrafiltration was more than adequate to produce a wa

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Leong, Janet Yip Cheng, Meng Nan Chong, and Phaik Eong Poh. "Assessment of greywater quality and performance of a pilot-scale decentralised hybrid rainwater-greywater system." Journal of Cleaner Production 172 (January 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.172.

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Henderson, Michelle, Sarina J. Ergas, Kebreab Ghebremichael, Amit Gross, and Zeev Ronen. "Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and Bacteria in Household Greywater Treated in Constructed Wetlands." Water 14, no. 5 (2022): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050758.

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There is a growing body of knowledge on the persistence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in greywater and greywater treatment systems such as constructed wetlands (CWs). Our research quantified ARGs (sul1, qnrS, and blaCTXM32), class one integron (intI1), and bacterial marker (16S) in four recirculating vertical flow CWs in a small community in the Negev desert, Israel, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The greywater microbial community was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results show that CWs can reduce ARG in gr

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Meda, A., and P. Cornel. "Greywater treatment with biological aerated filter (BAF) for urban water reuse." Water Supply 10, no. 6 (2010): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.627.

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Greywater is an excellent resource for service water in intra-urban reuse. By substituting fresh water with appropriately treated greywater, it is possible to save 30–50% of fresh water. In this paper, an up-flow pilot biological aerated filter (BAF) is tested for the treatment of synthetic greywater and the design parameters are determined. An organic load of 8 kg COD/(m3 d) allows to achieving a good effluent quality with regard to COD, suspended solids, and anionic surfactants. By reducing the organic load to 5 kg COD/(m3 d) full nitrification is achieved as well. A process set-up for a ful

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Friedler, E., R. Kovalio, and N. I. Galil. "On-site greywater treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (2005): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0366.

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The paper presents a study of a pilot plant treating light greywater for seven flats. The pilot plant combines biological treatment (RBC) with physicochemical treatment (sand filtration and disinfection). The pilot plant produced effluent of excellent quality, meeting the urban reuse quality regulations, and was very efficient in TSS turbidity and BOD removal: 82%, 98% and 96%, respectively. COD removal was somewhat lower (70–75%) indicating that the greywater may contain slowly-biodegradable organics. The RBC (attached growth biological system) was able to retain most of the solids as a resul

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Chowdhury, Rezaul K., Sybil E. Sharvelle, and Simon Beecham. "Greywater quality changes in a permeable pavement reservoir." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 169, no. 4 (2016): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.14.00107.

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Al-Omari, Abbas, and Zain Al-Houri. "Impact of greywater reuse on black water quality." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 218 (2021): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26973.

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Shaikh, Irshad N., and M. Mansoor Ahammed. "Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater: A review." Journal of Environmental Management 261 (May 2020): 110266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110266.

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Tolksdorf, J., P. Cornel, and M. Wagner. "Resource-efficient infrastructure for fast growing cities – realization of a Resource Recovery Center." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (2018): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.071.

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Abstract The SEMIZENTRAL approach is an infrastructure solution for the challenges of high growth dynamics and resource scarcity in fast growing urban areas. The integration of water, wastewater, waste, and energy in one system increases resource efficiency. District-wise realization enables the infrastructure system to grow at the same rate as the city. The concept has been realized for the first time on a scale of 12,000 population equivalent in Qingdao, China. Greywater and blackwater are collected separately; treated greywater is reused for toilet flushing. Reclaimed blackwater is used for

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a/l Arugam, Kalaichelvan, Azadeh Ghadimi, and LH Chang. "Design and Optimisation of Home Scale Greywater Recycling Package." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815202005.

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Water crisis is becoming one of the biggest challenges in some countries due to over population and drought. Therefore, government and non-government organisations in well-developed countries are encouraging industries to install water recycling package to reduce water usage and consume greywater instead. However the home scale is not yet available in the market. This research focuses on design a home scale greywater treatment system for toilet flushing within 3,000 to 5,000 USD as a collaboration with DD Techniche Sdn Bhd. Greywater is the waste water produced from laundry, kitchen and bathro

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Filali, Hanen, Narcis Barsan, Georg Hörmann, et al. "Greywater Vertical Treatment and Possibility of Reuse in the Fields from Peri-Urban Area." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (2023): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030940.

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This study highlighted the potential for greywater reuse in irrigation of olive trees. An experimental field was set up in a household of Soukra, located northwest of Tunis City, to test the performance of vertical greywater treatment. Treated greywater (TGW) was used for the irrigation of two olive tree varieties (Chétoui and Picholine) during five years. The results show high performance of the treatment, as reflected by the good quality of TGW. The chemical and biological parameters of this TGW are under the threshold values of the Tunisian Norms of Treated Wastewaters for agriculture use (

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