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Journal articles on the topic 'Greywater quantity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Lanchipa-Ale, Teresa, Ana Cruz-Baltuano, Nahuel Molero-Yañez, Samuel Chucuya, Bertha Vera-Barrios, and Edwin Pino-Vargas. "Assessment of Greywater Reuse in a University Building in a Hyper-Arid Region: Quantity, Quality, and Social Acceptance." Sustainability 16, no. 7 (2024): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16073088.

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Since Tacna is a hyper-arid region, greywater is a potential alternative water source. This study aimed to quantify and characterize greywater in a university building with 732 students, as well as assess their perception of greywater reuse. Water meters were used to calculate greywater quantity. To assess untreated greywater quality, physical–chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed. Questionnaires were used to measure students’ acceptance regarding greywater reuse using a Likert scale. The greywater quantity recorded in this study was 426.85 L/d, which is less than reported in p

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Abeer, Albalawneh, and Chang Tsun-Kuo. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 3, no. 12 (2017): 16–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848574.

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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to g

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Shamim, S. K. "A Study of Characteristics of Greywater Generated from Different Sources of Residential Buildings." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 4 (2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220058.

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The objective of this study is to show how the characteristics of tap water influences the characteristics of the greywater generated from kitchen, bath shower, wash basin, and laundry apart from the usage pattern. Various quantitative techniques have been used to measure pH, alkalinities, hardness, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, and electrical conductivity of greywater and tap water. The study shows that greywater generated from the laundry is more polluted as compared to greywater from other sources, which i

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Shaikh, Irshad N., and M. Mansoor Ahammed. "Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater: A review." Journal of Environmental Management 261 (May 2020): 110266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110266.

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Mahzan, Norhidayatul Hikmee, Muhammad Faiz Amrie Ibrahim, Ahmad Jamalludin, and Shaiful Bakhtiar Hashim. "Prototype of Greywater Treatment using Arduino Uno." EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology 9, no. 2 (2022): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vol9.2.6.2022.

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Water is one of our most precious resources and as much as wanted it to be, it is not an infinite resource. Water not only supports human life and activities but also helps to maintain the ecological structure. Water was used for everyday household purposes, such as bathing, dishes, flushing toilets, and washing machine. These activities are producing greywater. This project aims to develop the prototype of greywater treatment to conserve water and convert contaminated water from the washing machine (greywater) into clean water that can be used for watering the plants. Arduino Uno, pH sensor,

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Lós, Réka, Andrea Izbéki-Szabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Determination of Anionic Detergent Content in Greywater." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 9, no. 1 (2018): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.09.31.

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Abstract In this research we have improved a method for the determination of anionic detergent content (ANA) in greywater samples. Based on the earlier studies at the Department of Environmental Engineering at the University of Debrecen this new, more reliable method for ANA values is very effective. We examined the quantity of anionic detergent content in synthetic greywater samples with Hyamine reagent using a two-phased titrimetric method. We added to the synthetic greywater samples phenolphthalein indicator, acid mixed indicator and chloroform. Next, we shook the mixture, and we produced t

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Maiga, Ynoussa, David Moyenga, Ken Ushijima, Mariam Sou, and Amadou Hama Maiga. "Greywater Characteristics In Rural Areas of the Sahelian Region for Reuse Purposes: The Case of Burkina Faso." Revue des sciences de l’eau 27, no. 1 (2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021981ar.

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Abstract The characteristics of greywater generated in two rural areas (“Barkoundba” and “Kologoudiessé”) located in the Sahelian region in Burkina Faso were assessed through observations in selected concessions, sample collection and laboratory analyses. The study aimed at characterizing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greywater in order to evaluate its reuse potential for gardening in rural areas. The results showed that greywater is generated from 3 to 4 main sources with average daily productions of 8 ± 1 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in “Barkoundba” and 13 ± 3 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in Kolog

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Penn, Roni, Matan Hadari, and Eran Friedler. "Evaluation of the effects of greywater reuse on domestic wastewater quality and quantity." Urban Water Journal 9, no. 3 (2012): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2011.652132.

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9

Boyjoo, Yash, Vishnu K. Pareek, and Ming Ang. "A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (2013): 1403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.675.

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This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of different characteristics of greywater (GW) and current treatment methods. GW is domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste and can be classified as either low-load GW (excluding kitchen and laundry GW) or high-load GW (including kitchen and/or laundry). This review provides information on the quantity of GW produced, its constituents (macro and micro), existing guidelines for wastewater reuse, current treatment methods (from storage to disinfection) as well as related costs and environmental impacts. Moreover some successful examples fr

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Hunt, John, Martin Anda, and Goen Ho. "Water balance modelling of alternate water sources at the household scale." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (2011): 1873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.399.

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Alternate water sources are being implemented in urban areas to augment scheme water supplied by a water utility to homes. These sources include residential wells, rainwater tanks and greywater systems. Greater water efficiency can be achieved when these systems are designed to match a water source to a given demand based on both water quantity and quality parameters. In this way the use of an alternate water source can be maximised and the use of the high quality scheme water minimised. This paper examines the use of multiple alternate water sources sequentially to supply the same demand poin

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Adlena Eliya Mazli, Nur, Zaizatul Zafflina Mohd Zaki, and Fauzi Baharudin. "Preliminary Assessment on Water Quality of Different Wastewater Using Solar Water Distillation Technique." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1022, no. 1 (2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012077.

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Abstract In rural and isolated areas, there are limited clean and fresh water sources, which could be an issue for the people living in those areas. The use of solar distillation is used to treat the wastewater as an alternative to the fresh water sources. Thus, this study will determine the water quality of two different wastewater using solar water distiller and evaluates whether the treated water comply to the standard limit of drinking water from the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MOH). The stormwater and greywater were used as water samples for the study. The physical properties investigat

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Malaza, Ntokozo, Simamnkele Magaba, and Philani Mpungose. "Remarks on sustainable disposal and potential reuse of greywater in an informal urban settlement, Cape Town, South Africa." Open Research Europe 4 (October 25, 2024): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.17775.1.

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Background The disposal of greywater is a challenge for informal urban settlements that do not have a reticulation system to collect the wastewater they generate. Greywater, which includes domestic wastewater, represents a potential resource that can alleviate water stress if efficiently managed. This study aimed to provide sustainable disposal and potential reuse of greywater produced using informal settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. Greywater has the potential to contribute significantly to food security in such settlements by providing a source of both irrigation water and toilet flush

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Byrne, Josh, Stewart Dallas, Martin Anda, and Goen Ho. "Quantifying the Benefits of Residential Greywater Reuse." Water 12, no. 8 (2020): 2310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082310.

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There is paucity of data on the quantification of the benefits of residential greywater reuse via direct diversion. While estimates have been made based on modelling the potential mains water savings, it is also recognised that the practicalities of system operation and occupant behaviour introduce substantial variation to these estimates. Three single residential housing projects in Fremantle, Western Australia, undertaken over ten years with a substantial focus on water efficiency and mains water substitution, have provided an opportunity to quantify these benefits. All three dwellings were

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Eriksson, E., E. Donner, and A. Ledin. "Presence of selected priority and personal care substances in an onsite bathroom greywater treatment facility." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 12 (2010): 2889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.988.

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In recent years, concerns about climate change and the inefficient use and ongoing pollution of water resources have increased the political motivation to encourage water recycling. This has led to the widespread introduction of water saving measures and to advances in the decentralised treatment and reuse of wastewater. In particular, the treatment and reuse of greywater has received attention, although important information such as greywater substance loadings is still only rarely available. With the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive the focus on controlling and phasin

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15

Pearlmutter, David, Bernhard Pucher, Cristina S. C. Calheiros, et al. "Closing Water Cycles in the Built Environment through Nature-Based Solutions: The Contribution of Vertical Greening Systems and Green Roofs." Water 13, no. 16 (2021): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162165.

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Water in the city is typically exploited in a linear process, in which most of it is polluted, treated, and discharged; during this process, valuable nutrients are lost in the treatment process instead of being cycled back and used in urban agriculture or green space. The purpose of this paper is to advance a new paradigm to close water cycles in cities via the implementation of nature-based solutions units (NBS_u), with a particular focus on building greening elements, such as green roofs (GRs) and vertical greening systems (VGS). The hypothesis is that such “circular systems” can provide sub

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Charalambous, Katerina, Adriana Bruggeman, Marinos Eliades, Corrado Camera, and Loukia Vassiliou. "Stormwater Retention and Reuse at the Residential Plot Level—Green Roof Experiment and Water Balance Computations for Long-Term Use in Cyprus." Water 11, no. 5 (2019): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051055.

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Green roofs can provide various benefits to urban areas, including stormwater retention. However, semi-arid regions are a challenging environment for green roofs as long dry weather periods are met with short but intense rainfall events. This requires green roofs to retain maximum volumes of stormwater, while being tolerant to minimal irrigation supplies. The objectives of this study are (i) to quantify the stormwater retention of two substrate mixtures with two plant species under natural rainfall; (ii) to assess the performance of two plant species under two levels of deficit irrigation; and

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17

Bailey, Olivia, Ljiljana Zlatanovic, Jan Peter van der Hoek, et al. "A Stochastic Model to Predict Flow, Nutrient and Temperature Changes in a Sewer under Water Conservation Scenarios." Water 12, no. 4 (2020): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041187.

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Reducing water use could impact existing sewer systems but this is not currently well understood. This work describes a new flow and wastewater quality model developed to investigate this impact. SIMDEUM WW® was used to generate stochastic appliance-specific discharge profiles for wastewater flow and concentration, which were fed into InfoWorks® ICM to quantify the impacts within the sewer network. The model was validated using measured field data from a sewer system in Amsterdam serving 418 households. Wastewater concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), to

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18

Ren, Qing, Asim Zia, Donna M. Rizzo, and Nancy Mathews. "Modeling the Influence of Public Risk Perceptions on the Adoption of Green Stormwater Infrastructure: An Application of Bayesian Belief Networks Versus Logistic Regressions on a Statewide Survey of Households in Vermont." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102793.

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There is growing environmental psychology and behavior literature with mixed empirical evidence about the influence of public risk perceptions on the adoption of environmentally friendly “green behaviors”. Adoption of stormwater green infrastructure on residential properties, while costlier in the short term compared to conventional greywater infrastructure, plays an important role in the reduction of nutrient loading from non-point sources into freshwater rivers and lakes. In this study, we use Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) to analyze a 2015 survey dataset (sample size = 472 respondents) ab

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19

Hong, Yiseul, and Jooyoung Park. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of an Urban Water System in Korea: A case study of Paju city." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 45, no. 8 (2023): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.357.

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Objectives : This study assessed the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the urban water system from a life cycle perspective in the city of Paju. It serves as a case study to provide a quantitative basis for the net-zero water management.Methods : The scope of the study included the centralized local water supply and inter-basin water import system (water abstraction facilities, water treatment plants, pump stations, and water pipelines), wastewater system (wastewater pipelines, pump stations, and wastewater treatment plants, public industrial wastewater treatment plants, on-site wastewater tre

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20

Hamouda, Mohamed, Jamila Al Mansoori, Maitha Al Nuaimi, Muna Alsaedi, and Mouza Al Shamsi. "AN INVESTIGATION OF GREYWATER ONSITE REUSE POTENTIAL IN AN ARID ENVIRONMENT." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 8, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.2021.8(1).aaw-02.

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Wastewater originating from bathtubs, showers, hand basins, kitchen sinks, dishwashers and laundry machines is usually not as heavily polluted as toilet water and is thus given the name greywater. Greywater separation for onsite reuse has often been voiced as a viable option, particularly for areas suffering from water scarcity. Such areas include remote arid areas, such as desert cities and arid coastal zones. However, issues related to consistency in the quality and quantity of generated greywater were listed as challenges hindering the adoption of greywater reuse. Thus, the objective of thi

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21

Mir, Adfar Bashir, Faizan Tahir Bahadur, Mohammad Aasif Khaja, et al. "A sustainable design approach of a mega hostel: a study based at NIT, Srinagar, Kashmir, India." Water Practice & Technology, September 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.238.

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ABSTRACT In a sustainable building design, energy, water and resource optimization are key considerations, along with minimizing impacts on the ecology and environment. In this case study, water-related issues are considered from a sustainability perspective. The main objective of this study is to provide a sustainable design for a mega-hostel at the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar, with the aim of achieving an eco-friendly design which minimizes its dependence on external sources of energy. Rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse and the installation of a biogas plant are the th

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Khapra, Rajat, and Nirankar Singh. "Physical, chemical, and biological evaluation of domestic laundry greywater discharges to attract reclamation strategies and reuse applications in urban settings." Environmental Quality Management, October 5, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.22110.

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AbstractDue to increasing freshwater demand and limited availability of resources, conservation and recycling of greywater are getting attention worldwide. Greywater (GW) is considered a potential contender to different types of industrial wastewater in terms of recyclability, toxicity, and reusability. The reuse and treatment methodologies in the case of LGW mainly depend on parameters such as pH, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, ionic concentration, surfactants, and microbial growth. Availabl

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Mohan, S., Vineeth Manthapuri, and Santhoshi Chitthaluri. "Assessing factors influencing greywater characteristics around the world: a qualitative and quantitative approach with a short-review on greywater treatment technologies." Discover Water 4, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43832-024-00094-w.

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AbstractThe obsolete efficiencies in conventional centralized wastewater treatment systems call for implementation of source separation and treatment of wastewater. Approximately 60–75% of domestic wastewater is attributed to greywater, which could be reused to combat freshwater crisis. The present study investigates qualitative and quantitative attributes of greywater from different sources in High-Income Countries (HICs) and Low-Income Countries (LICs). The quantity of greywater generation is positively correlated with country’s per capita income, but feebly negatively correlated with temper

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Shaikh, Irshad N., and M. Mansoor Ahammed. "Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater from an Indian household." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194, no. 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09820-0.

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Handajani, Marisa, Indira Nathania Pamio, Mindriany Syafila, and Nur Novilina Arifianingsih. "CHARACTERISATION AND POLLUTANT LOAD OF GREYWATER CONTAINING PERSONAL CARE COSMETIC PRODUCTS (PCCPS) FOR BODY CARE." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY, June 11, 2023, 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v6i2.16833.

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Personal Care Cosmetic Products (PCCPs) are used on the exterior of the body, such as the skin, nails, hair, lips, external genitalia, teeth, and oral membranes. Greywater from a bathing activity is a significant contributor to domestic wastewater quantity. The greywater contains residual substances from the rinsing process of body care products. Aim: This study will focus on the characteristic and the specific pollutant load of greywater generated from the usage of shower gel. Methodology and Results: The characterization and specific pollutant loads are conducted based on artificial greywate

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Suhandi, Rio Andi, and Eka Wardhani. "Penghematan Air di Hotel X Kota Batam Provinsi Kepulauan Riau dengan Menerapkan Daur Ulang Air Limbah." Jurnal Serambi Engineering 6, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32672/jse.v6i3.3116.

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Hotel X is a hotel located in the city of Batam, the province of the Riau Islands, which is expected to be visited by tourists on holiday in the city of Batam. As the main means of providing comfort and health to guests, Hotel X should plan a good clean water supply system in terms of quality, quantity, and continuity. Currently available clean water sources are limited, such that sufficient efforts must be made to recycle clean water. This research aims to plan water savings at Hotel X using the Green Building concept in the aspect of water conservation. The concept of this research is to rec

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Samudro, Ganjar, Harida Samudro, and Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo. "Wastewater Quality Determines the Quantity of Offsite Sanitation Based on Downstream Standards." International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology 14, no. 4 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.30880/ijscet.2023.14.04.019.

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Offsite sanitation describes the wastewater management in the chain of generation sources to its disposal into the environment. While the user manages the onsite sanitation system for greywater, blackwater requires offsite treatment. In practice, offsite sanitation management implements scoping service areas for centralised, decentralised, and combined hybrid. This study aims to provide feasibility criteria for the offsite small scale sanitation servicesand formulate a method compatible with existing methods to accelerate sanitation services. The method used is a downstream approach by assessi

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Kipkirui, Edwin, Jianfu Zhao, Tao Wang, Jean Pierre Bavumiragira, Joseph Cirily James, and Yves Ndizeye. "The implications of food loss on East Africa's environment and water resources." Journal of Water and Climate Change, September 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2023.085.

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Abstract Food losses threaten food security and sustainability in East Africa, a region that faces recurrent droughts and socio-economic shocks. The research utilized the water footprint method and the carbon emission factor to quantify the water footprint and the carbon footprint of food losses of five plant-based food kinds: cereals, vegetables, oil crops, fruits, and pulses. The study focused on the actual food losses in East Africa – Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania – obtained from the enhanced food balance sheets in 2017. The study finds that the volume of the water wasted associated with the

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29

Al Khoury, Ibrahim, Sophia Ghanimeh, Dima Jawad, and Maya Atieh. "Synergetic Water Demand and Sustainable Supply Strategies in GCC Countries: Data-driven Recommendations." Water Resources Management, February 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-023-03464-6.

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AbstractThe Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, characterized with limited water resources and high oil/gas revenues, rely heavily on energy-intensive seawater desalination and non-renewable groundwater abstraction. The need to shift solutions to demand-side practices and sustainable supply alternatives has been long advocated; yet this study is the first to “quantify” the impacts of such solutions on the water management system of Qatar – considered a study case of GCC countries. In this research, a scenario-based approach was utilized to predict the impact of water demand control and w

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30

Imam, Mohamed, Alesandros Glaros, Cheney Chen, Ajwal Dsouza, Amy Brander, and Robert Ferguson. "A carbon-centric evaluation framework for building-integrated agriculture: a comparison of three farm types and building standards." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 9 (March 19, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1533433.

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This paper explores the potential of Building-Integrated Agriculture (BIA) as a strategy to align urban agriculture systems with building lifecycle sustainability goals. BIA systems such as indoor vertical farms, rooftop greenhouses, and soil-based urban farms promise to bolster urban food security and resource circularity. However, their environmental impacts can be further optimized via integration with building resources and strategic design, which requires a standardized framework for evaluating life-cycle metrics. This study develops a cross-industry Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework

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Palliyaguru M.P.G.N.M., Navaratne C.M., Wickramasinghe D.D., and Nanayakkara C.M. "Product Water Footprint on Rice Cultivation in Intermediate Zone, Sri Lanka: A Case Study in Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka." Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium 26 (June 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v26.5738.

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Water consumption by crops for ensuring food security for a growing population has become a threat to the limited natural resource of freshwater. In order to consume water in a sustainable manner for food productions, the concept of Water Footprint came into practice. Since the rice is the most water consuming crop compared to other food crops, a study was conducted to quantify the total water footprint: the volume of freshwater (m3) that needs to grow a tonne of rice including freshwater volume needed to assimilate polluted water of rice fields due to the application of chemical fertilizers.

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