Relevant bibliographies by topics / Grice's maxims for Literature

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Grice's maxims for Literature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Grice's maxims for Literature"

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Ni Made Ayu Purnami and Pande Agus Adiwijaya. "A GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS OF OBSERVANCE AND NON-OBSERVANCE OF CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN FRONT OFFICE STAFF’S SPEECH AT RESTAURANTS IN UBUD DISTRICT." Getsempena English Education Journal 8, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/geej.v8i1.1148.

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This study was intended to investigate, describe and explain how conversational maxims are observed by the Front Office staff at restaurants in Ubud when they handle table reservation and what types of non-observance are committed by the Front Office staff in observing conversational maxims. The subjects were the Front Office staff at restaurants in Ubud district. The data for this naturalistic qualitative study were collected through observation and audio-recording which were then analyzed by using Paul Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle theory. In this research, there were 30 conversations of taking table reservation via telephone which were conducted by the front office staff at restaurants in Ubud sub-district when they handle table reservation. Generally, both male and female front office staff produced more observance of maxims than non-observance of maxims. The highest frequency of observance and non-observance of Gricean maxims produced by male front office staff was maxim of quantity (100%), then followed by flouting of maxims (62.5%), and infringing maxims (25%). The highest frequency of observance and non-observance of Gricean maxims produced by female front office staff was maxim of quantity (100%), then followed by flouting of maxims (68.1%), and infringing of maxims (9.0%). Moreover, there was no opting out of maxims and suspending of maxims occurred in the conversation. The utterances were obtained from 30 data in restaurant setting. In general, both male and female front office staff produced more observance of maxims than non-observance of maxims.
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Rong Chen. "Conversational implicature and characterisation in Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men 1." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 5, no. 1 (February 1996): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709600500104.

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This article studies characterisation in Reginald Rose's three-act play, Twelve Angry Men (1955) in terms of Grice's theory of conversational implicature. It shows that characters' personalities and ideologies can be seen in their violations of particular conversational maxims, the motivations for such violations, and the implicatures thus produced. Although there is no one-to-one relationship between a type of implicature and a personality trait, looking at implicature in context enables literary critics and stylisticians to study how characters are portrayed and how the theme of the work is brought out.
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Priyantha Gamage, Upul, and Patrick Sadi Makangila. "Conversational Implicature, Humour Theory and the Emergence of Humour: A Pragmatic Analysis of Udurawana’s Stories in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.6p.67.

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‘Humour’ in the stories has been investigated in many ways while the prominence of the studies has been captured by the pragmatic analyses. The emergence of humour through language is an interesting conversational implicature that has attracted the academic interest in the recent past. This phenomenon is closely looked at using randomly selected ten stories of Udurawana in this article by applying the Grice’s theory of Conversational Implicature (CI) and the Conventional Theory of Humour in order to examine the ways of generating humour in the context of Grice’s theory by revealing the types of maxims flouted in the selected sample. The study concludes that the maxim mostly flouted in these joke stories is quality and sometimes two or three maxims flouted in a single-story on the surface level but at the deep level quality is the only maxim flouted in all stories under consideration while no evidence found to prove any violation of maxims. The previous conclusions made by the researchers in terms of maxim flouting and violation in the jokes are also not so certain in comparing with the findings of the present study. The study has found out that the humour aspect of almost all the stories under consideration is incongruity while all the stories have associated the particularized conversational implicature to produce the humour aspects. The study has further established that the Udurawana’s humour stories as intended humour stories in which the humour emerges by flouting maxims but not by violating maxims as previous researchers have concluded.
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Sattar, Farah M. "Persuasiveness in Tourism Brochures." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n1p107.

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This paper aims at examining the linguistic persuasiveness techniques based on Grice Maxims (1975) which are employed in Iraqi and Malaysian brochures, beside comparing the violations of Grice Maxims (1975) in Iraqi and Malaysian brochures. Beside that to verify a key hypothesis in this study that the violation of Grice Maxims is a basic pragmatic strategy in advertising to achieve persuasion. Qualitative method has been adopted while analyzing the data. The frequency of every violation has been counted and given a percentage. The results have shown a new dimension added to the previous literature, quantity maxim is frequently violated in Iraqi brochures. Quality maxim is the most violated maxim in Malaysian brochures. Furthermore ellipsis is highly used in Iraqi brochures while hyperbole is frequently used in Malaysian brochures to persuade the tourist. Furthermore the recent results confirm the key hypothesis through the instances of frequent violations of the maxims in both Iraqi and Malaysian brochures which persuade and tempt the reader to head to these destinations. The present study supports Leech’s (1966) goals of advertising. Memorability, Force and Participation exist in all the data in both contexts. Violations of Grice Maxims contribute to these goals. Simply because these violations strengthen the message of the brochures and give additional non-literal interpretation. The study suggests to carry out a further research on persuasion linguistic techniques used in tourism brochures about different cities and towns around the world adopting different theories.
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Gilbert, Anthony J. "Shakespearean self‐talk, the Gricean maxims and the unconscious." English Studies 76, no. 3 (May 1995): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138389508598969.

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Saeed, Yadgar Faeq, and Areen Ahmed Muhammed. "DYSFUNCTIONAL SEMANTIC ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN LITERARY TEXTS: A CASE STUDY ON HAROLD PINTER’S MOUNTAIN LANGUAGE." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i2.1978.

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Language and literature are two inseparable subjects, one of which cannot be fully functional with the absence of the second part. This article shows the dysfunction of semantics in Harold Pinter’s Mountain Language. For many years, scholars and linguists work separately on different cases regarding literary texts or linguistics obstacles. From this paper, a new path will be saved for future references and works to bring both cases together and show their roles on one another. Moreover, literary works pay less attention to grammatical rules and plenty of dysfunctional languages can be examined and seen. In addition, several external factors can be the obstacle of using functional and accurate language use semantically and systematically. Moreover, political or social violence have become major points in many literary topics in the modern era. This study deals with theoretical aspects of society starting from family up to community and government. Additionally, the absence of semantics in the language of this drama is not neglected arbitrarily; whilst, there is a loop of violence. There are some basic theories related to the topic that this paper will examine. It includes the theory of Grice’s maxims (Gricean maxims) and the role of semantics when it comes to politics and power. Finally, the paper alienates all the curtains and shows the role of power, gender differences, class status, and diversity on language use in many areas.
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Yolanda, Maya. "Grice's Maxims: Investigate the Intent of the Infringements in “The Prince And The Pauper” Conversational Discourse." Utamax : Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v2i1.3405.

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Grice coins 4 maxims to govern daily conversation as a general rule. The maxims are Quantity, Performance, Value and Manner. On this basis, the author intends to address the breaches of Grice's maxims in film and to investigate the intent of the infringements in the Prince and the Pauper conversational discourse. Many sections of the film contain violations of Grice's maxim characters. The writer formulates two work problems in order to achieve these goals: Which of Grice's maxims was violated in The Prince and the Pauper movie by the addressees?; For what reasons are the maxims infringed by the addresses?. . Based on the analysis, the author argues that the characters, in particular Duke, Tom Canty, King, and the Earl of Hertford, have violated Grice's four maxims in the film dialogue. If they fail to provide sufficient information, tell their addressees to lie, provide irrelevant glosses, and fail to be real, concise, univocal, and orderly, they violate the Quantity, Value, Relevance, and Manner maxims, respectively. In reality, the writer believes that characters are breaching the maxims to trick colleagues, to be sweet, to save face, to avoid discussion, and to show self-interest.
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Lo, Victor Ei-Wen, and Paul A. Green. "Development and Evaluation of Automotive Speech Interfaces: Useful Information from the Human Factors and the Related Literature." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2013 (March 7, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/924170.

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Drivers often use infotainment systems in motor vehicles, such as systems for navigation, music, and phones. However, operating visual-manual interfaces for these systems can distract drivers. Speech interfaces may be less distracting. To help designing easy-to-use speech interfaces, this paper identifies key speech interfaces (e.g., CHAT, Linguatronic, SYNC, Siri, and Google Voice), their features, and what was learned from evaluating them and other systems. Also included is information on key technical standards (e.g., ISO 9921, ITU P.800) and relevant design guidelines. This paper also describes relevant design and evaluation methods (e.g., Wizard of Oz) and how to make driving studies replicable (e.g., by referencing SAE J2944). Throughout the paper, there is discussion of linguistic terms (e.g., turn-taking) and principles (e.g., Grice’s Conversational Maxims) that provide a basis for describing user-device interactions and errors in evaluations.
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Gambrill, Eileen. "Ethical Aspects of Outcome Studies in Social, Behavioral, and Educational Interventions." Research on Social Work Practice 21, no. 6 (April 17, 2011): 654–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731511404437.

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The domain of outcome research is enormous and the consequences weighty. Ethical, practical, and political goals of evaluation have insured a multitude of outcome studies concerning social, behavioral, and educational interventions as well as critiques thereof and descriptions of how to conduct related research. We have a rich literature guiding the design, conduct, reporting, and dissemination of outcome studies as well as a rich literature showing that such studies are often flawed and often hype inflated claims of knowledge (or ignorance). Uncertainties are often ignored resulting in harm to clients. I suggest that a focus on avoidable ignorance and its harmful consequences as well as taking advantage of Grice’s maxims of discourse guided by ethical obligations of professionals to do more good than harm will increase the percentage of sound outcome studies and accurate reporting.
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Hadi, Hussam Aldeen Nidhal, and Raniah Shakir AL Anssari. "A Pragmatic Study of Sarcasm in Selected TV Shows." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.7.16.

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Sarcasm as a linguistic strategy is a universal property of all languages which means it can be found in any language. However, this research proposes a pragmatic study of sarcasm in the English Language, American TV shows. Sarcasm could also be pragmatically defined by linking it to Grice's Maxims which means that the utterance is violating one of Grice's maxims to communicate something indirectly. This approach suggests that sarcasm is a vital notion in spoken and written language. It shows that the utterance is used to achieve another purpose that is not literal. The research paper contains five sections. Section one deals with the definition of sarcasm pragmatically. Section two shows sarcasm as a pragmatic notion or phenomenon. Section three discusses Grice's Maxims and how they are considered a model that speakers should follow for successful communication. Section four talks about the types of violations of the maxims. Section five tackles how the utterances from a TV show under investigation are violating the maxims to carry out the indirect meaning. The research closes off with the conclusion reached which is followed by the bibliography.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grice's maxims for Literature"

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Al-Saedi, Hayder Tuama Jasim. "A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AND GRICE'S MAXIMS IN LOIS LOWRY'S THE GIVER." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1288.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the language of literary texts based on the pragmatic theories; Cooperative Principle and Grice's maxims. The researcher collected data from a science fiction novel, The Giver by Los Lowry. The findings reveal that most of the time, Lowry made the characters disobey Grice's maxims and the Cooperative Principle. Observance of the maxims was less than failure to observe the maxims. Lowry had her characters fail to observe the maxims for specific purposes such as generating new implicatures, hiding the truth for a period, or persuading and convincing the readers about a message Lowry wanted to convey.
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Leonardi, Barbara. "An exploration of gender stereotypes in the work of James Hogg." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20351.

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A self-educated shepherd, Scottish writer James Hogg (1770-1835) spoke from a position outside the dominant discourse, depicting issues of his age related to gender, class, and ethnicity by giving voice to people from the margins and, thus (either consciously or unconsciously), revealing gender politics and Britain's imperial aims. Hogg’s contemporary critics received his work rather negatively, viewing his subjects such as prostitution, out-of-wedlock-pregnancy, infanticide, and the violence of war as violating the principles of literary politeness. Hogg’s obstinacy in addressing these issues, however, supports the thesis that his aim was far more significant than challenging the expectations of his contemporary readers. This project shows that pragmatics can be applied productively to literature because its eclecticism offers the possibility of developing a detailed discussion about three aspects of literary communication—the author, the reader and the text—without prioritising any of them. Literature is an instance of language in use (the field of pragmatics) where an author creates the texts and a reader recreates the author’s message through the text. Analysis of Hogg’s flouting of Grice’s maxims for communication strategies and of his defying the principles of politeness enables a theoretically supported discussion about Hogg’s possible intentions, as well as about how his intentions were perceived by the literary establishment of his time; while both relevance theory and Bakhtin’s socio-linguistics enriched by a historically contextualised politeness shed new light on the negative reception of Hogg’s texts.
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Lööf, Johan. "Gricean Maxims in the TV Series The Office : An analysis of the character Dwight regarding failure to observe Gricean maxims." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-69397.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the rule breaking of Gricean conversational Maxims and how it is used in the TV series The Office. The character Dwight has been in focus, and the main goal of this study is to find out if and how he violates the Gricean Maxims in conversations. The study is based on written transcripts from four episodes of this TV series. The character Dwight's conversations from these episodes have been analyzed in order to see how one or more of the four conversational maxims (quantity, quality, manner and relation) were dealt with. The maxim that Dwight turned out to break the most was the maxim of relation. Dwight is a character that contributes to this series by repeatedly breaking the conversational maxims.
Syftet med denna studie är att analysera överträdelser av Grices samtalsmaximer och hur de används in tv-serien The Office. Karaktären Dwight är i fokus och målet med studien är att ta reda på om och hur han bryter mot Grices samtalsmaximer. Studien baseras på fyra transkriberade avsnitt från denna tv-serie. Dwights konversationer i dessa fyra olika avsnitt har analyserats för att se hur en eller flera av konversationsmaximerna (kvantitet, kvalitet, uppförande och relation) har behandlats. Den maxim som Dwight visade sig bryta mot mest var relationsmaximen. Dwight är en karaktär som bidrar till denna humorserie genom att frekvent bryta mot samtalsmaximerna.
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Cavill, Paul. "Maxims in Old English poetry." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11063/.

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The focus of the thesis is on maxims and gnomes in Old English poetry, but the occasional occurrence of these forms of expression in Old English prose and in other Old Germanic literature is also given attention, particularly in the earlier chapters. Chapters 1 to 3 are general, investigating a wide range of material to see how and why maxims were used, then to define the forms, and distinguish them from proverbs. The conclusions of these chapters are that maxims are ‘nomic’, they organise experience in a conventional, authoritative fashion. They are also ‘proverbial’ in the sense of being recognisable and repeatable, but they do not have the fixed form of proverbs. Chapters 4 to 7 are more specific in their focus, applying techniques from formulaic theory, paroemiology and the sociology of knowledge to the material so as to better understand how maxims are used in their contexts in the poems, and to appreciate the nature and function of the Maxims collections. The conclusions reached here are that the maxims in Beowulf 183b-88 are integral to the poem, that maxims in The Battle of Maldon show how the poet manipulated the social functions of the form for his own purposes, that there is virtually no paganism in Old English maxims, and that the Maxims poems outline and illustrate an Anglo-Saxon world view. The main contribution of the thesis is that it goes beyond traditional commentary in analysing the purpose and function of maxims. It does not merely focus on individual poems, but attempts to deal with a limited aspect of the Old English oral and literary tradition. The primary aim is to understand the general procedures of the poets in using maxims and compiling compendia of them, and then to apply insights gained from theoretical approaches to the specifics of poems.
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"Using Grice's Cooperative Principle and its maxims for analyzing coherence: A study on academic writing." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605358/index.pdf.

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Roscoe, Brett. "Sagacious Liminality: The Boundaries of Wisdom in Old English and Old Norse-Icelandic Literature." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/12183.

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This dissertation examines the relationship between wisdom and identity in Old English and Old Norse-Icelandic literature. At present, the study of medieval wisdom is largely tangential to the study of proverbs and maxims. This dissertation makes wisdom its primary object of study; it sees wisdom not just as a literary category, but also as a cultural discourse found in texts not usually included in the wisdom canon. I therefore examine both wisdom literature and wisdom in literature. The central characteristic of wisdom, I argue, is its liminality. The biblical question “Where is wisdom to be found?” is difficult to answer because of wisdom’s in-between-ness: it is ever between individuals, communities, and times (Job 28:12 Douay-Rheims). As a liminal discourse, wisdom both grounds and problematizes identity in Old English and Old Norse-Icelandic literature. After a preliminary chapter that defines key terms such as “wisdom” and “wisdom literature,” I examine heroic wisdom in three characters who are defined by their wise traits and skills and yet who are ultimately betrayed by wisdom to death or exile. The implications of this problematic relation to wisdom are then examined in the next chapter, which analyzes the composition of wisdom in proverb poems. Like the wise hero, the poets represented in these poems blend their own voices with the voice of community, demonstrating that identity is open and therefore in need of constant revision. Next I examine how the liminality of wisdom is embodied in the figure of the wise monster, who negatively marks the boundaries of society and its desires. This then leads to a study of the reception of wisdom in chapter six, which focuses on instruction poems. Like narratives of wise monsters, these texts present lore as the nostalgic remnant of a tradition that defines identity, in this case the identity of a community. However, nostalgia assumes loss, and these texts also reveal an underlying fear that wisdom, the basis of the community’s identity, will be forgotten. Whether communal or individual, identity in this literature is both formed and threatened by liminal wisdom.
Thesis (Ph.D, English) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-08 15:35:46.885
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Scheckle, Linda Ann. "The relevance of the speech act theory to Buzani Kubawo." Diss., 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17671.

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Austin's Speech Act Theory is a valuable tool for the analysis of a literary text. In interaction, the intentionand purpose-success of linguistic communication can be gauged by establishing whether participants have met felicity conditions and have respected maxims. When the Co-operative Principle is ignored, special effects are achieved and receivers can only make sense of utterances through implicature and inferences based on background knowledge and mutual contextual beliefs. In the drama, Buzani kubawo, characters interact on four levels of time in space and place. They reveal themselves and convey theme through their speech and actions. Conflict is entrenched by lines of force drawn between opposing characters and between sub-worlds contrasted. Cohesion, determined by plot structure, and form, expressed on the endophoric and exophoric levels, give meaning to the drama. The micro-analysis of the wedding scene illustrates how communication can misfire should the playwright allow it!
African Languages
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Books on the topic "Grice's maxims for Literature"

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Shakespeare's legal maxims. Clark, N.J: Lawbook Exchange, 2007.

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1955-, Warner Stuart D., and Douard Stéphane 1969-, eds. Maxims. South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press, 2001.

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François, La Rochefoucauld. Moral maxims. Newark, Del: University of Delaware Press, 2003.

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Yu lin guan zhi. Shanghai: Xue lin chu ban she, 2011.

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Ming yan zeng yan ji cui. Hangzhou: Zhejiang shao nian er tong chu ban she, 2000.

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Cavill, Paul. Maxims in Old English poetry. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: D.S. Brewer, 1999.

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Shakespeare's dramatic maxims: A politics of rhetoric and irony. Palo Alto, California: Academica Press, 2016.

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Sefer Otsar ha-yediʻot: He-ḥadash. Yerushalayim: Yeḥiʼel Mikhl ben M.A. Shṭern, 2010.

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V, Shkraba R., ed. Krynichnae slova: Belaruskii͡a︡ prykazki i prymaŭki. Minsk: "Mastatskai͡a︡ lit-ra", 1987.

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Phillips, Michael R. Good things to remember: 333 wise maxims you don't want to forget. Minneapolis, Minn: Bethany House Publishers, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grice's maxims for Literature"

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"Legal Maxims in the Literature of Fatwā, Nawāzil and Uṣūl al-Fiqh." In Legal Maxims in Islamic Law, 266–79. Brill | Nijhoff, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004444676_014.

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Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. "Legal Maxims of Fiqh." In Shariah and the Halal Industry, 200–204. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0020.

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Legal maxims of fiqh are epithetic statements giving the essence of a detailed legal chapter or issue in a brief sentence or two. This chapter puts together a number of such legal maxims of concern to halal and haram for better understanding, especially for nonspecialists. The maxims are presented in bare skeletal forms and confined to the actual text in English translation, with their equivalent Arabic appearing in Appendix 2. The main purpose is to see how the subjects of concern find expression in this genre of the fiqh literature. The maxims presented are self-explanatory for the most part and endorse the information contained in this volume, though they may occasionally add new points.
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"MAXIMS OF CONDUCT INTO LITERATURE: JONATHAN SWIFT AND POLITE CONVERSATION." In The Crisis of Courtesy, 81–91. BRILL, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004247024_008.

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"“It Takes More Love to Kill a Son than to Vindicate Him”: How Maxims May Contribute to Affiliation." In The Rhetoric of Unity and Division in Ancient Literature, 127–46. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110611168-006.

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Ocan, Johnson. "Enhancing the English Language Ability of Postgraduate Research Students." In Postgraduate Research Engagement in Low Resource Settings, 84–96. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0264-8.ch005.

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The chapter discusses opinions about grammar as a prescriptive diction in academic writing. It also argues that the problem of personal pronouns can be used to analyze the language used by post-graduate students in low-resource setting and others whether in speech or writing, in non-literally discourse or literature. The chapter analyzes four maxims of good writing: Make your language easy to follow; be clear; be economical; and be effective. To successfully create knowledge, especially at postgraduate level, authors must communicate concisely to present their sense.
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Kaufmann, Lena. "Reference Models for Transmitting Knowledge." In Rural-Urban Migration and Agro-Technological Change in Post-Reform China. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729734_ch03.

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This chapter describes one specific verbal medium of paddy field knowledge transmission, farming proverbs, discussing the role these proverbs play at the nexus of rice farming and rural-urban migration in China. Based on two anthologies of oral vernacular literature, the chapter asserts that these agricultural maxims provide evidence for the transformation of farming technology and the system of knowledge transmission. In addition, it argues that, first, the strength of these sayings lies precisely in their flexibility, which has made them a platform of knowledge negotiation between peasants and the state; and, second, that these proverbs have the potential to serve as a back-up resource for retaining paddy field knowledge.
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Tufanova, Olga A. "The Parables in Ivan Timofeev’s Temporary: Typology and Artistic Specific." In Hermeneutics of Old Russian Literature: Issue 20, 292–313. А.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/horl.1607-6192-2021-20-292-313.

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The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of the parable’s genre form in the Temporary by Ivan Timofeev. Among the full-text “parables- narrations” in the text we can distinguish parables-stories, parables-reflections, parables-instructions. The parables-stories (The Parable of the Tsar’s Roman Son ... and two parables about the widowhood of the Muscovy) are distinguished by a developed plot and represent vital examples told in order to edify and clarify the author’s attitude to historical events and persons. All parables have a two- part structure. The first part is a plot, the second is an interpretation. The technique of abstraction is appeared in the absence of a portrait and nature in many of the characters and in the absence of the historical and geographical realities. At the same time, didacticism is skillfully combined with amusement. For example, in The Parable of the Tsar’s Roman Son... the plot is entertaining with an element of the miraculous, there are elements atypical for the “classical” genre form: various kinds of the motivation for the characters’ actions, as well as a conventional portrait. The second part in the parables-stories is an interpretation that doesn’t contain a detailed disclosure of the allegory, and a prayer to the Lord, returning to the events of the Time of Troubles. An intermediate position between “parables-narrations” and “parables-maxims” is occupied by the parable of two friends. Being an example from life in content, it is close in form to apothegms. The interpretation of the plot situation is not singled out in a parable-reflection in a separate part, it is organically woven into the plot, drawing in the potential possibility of the events development. The plot of the parable about simple natural affairs reminds the instruction of how a person should act when he wants to travel to some city or another country. A laconic interpretation testifies to the fact that the parable-instruction about the completion of the path is applicable, according to Timofeev, to the creative process of writing a historical essay. In general, the parables scattered in many fragments of the text, given in full or only indicated, are a kind of companions that help not only create an extensive historical work, but also comprehend the unusual events of the Time of Troubles.
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8

Kukkonen, Karin. "The Novel as a Lifeworld Technology." In 4E Cognition and Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 197–216. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913045.003.0007.

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This chapter makes the proposal to conceive of the novel as a lifeworld technology. It bases this argument on the ways in which the eighteenth-century novel has been shown to integrate contemporary media (such as letters, books of maxims, the theatre and educational literature) into its narratives and to reflect on its workings, in particular through embodied uses of language and its modulations in literary style. Such aspects of the lifeworld technology are proposed to constitute the feeling of the “real” in the novel in the period. Beyond the historically situated analyses and arguments of the case studies, the notion of the novel as a lifeworld technology is also shown to open new conversations between literary studies based on 4E cognition, actor-network theory, media archeology and posthuman approaches.
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9

"In the same way that religious texts can be said to be literature in terms of both prose and poetry, so the law report can also be considered as a literary text. The illustrations and aside comments made by judges in their judgments may be complex, relating to politics, history, art, religion, literature and so on. Quotations may be given in different languages and reports can sometimes be liberally peppered with Latin legal maxims (see Figure 4.10, below, for some of the most common). Law reports are complex pieces of written English and, therefore, of double difficulty to students in terms of their legal content and, generally, in terms of their sophisticated English usage. All judges have different ways of expressing themselves but they all share seniority within the English legal system. Unlike other jurisdictions there is no such concept as the career judge. Promotion to the ‘bench’ occurs as recognition of years of proven ability, usually, as a barrister. However, lower ranks of the judiciary are now appointed from successful solicitors. Therefore, although law students are very new to the enterprise of law, they are called upon to engage in sophisticated evaluation of the highly competent analysis of the English legal system’s most senior judges, who combine years of successful practice with excellent skills in language usage and technical substantive law ability. These judges may discuss several complex issues simultaneously, applying and interpreting the law to the facts of specific disputes. The student is, therefore, confronted by excellent and sophisticated written texts. What is required is for the student to obtain: • a good grasp of the relevant area of substantive law; • an appreciation of issues relating to language usage; • an understanding of the doctrine of precedent in practice; • a familiarity with statute; • a sound foundation in the mechanics of argument construction to make initial sense of the text. Judges are social actors with their own preferences who attempt to act fairly in judgment despite themselves and their natural inclinations. However, at root a judgment is a subjective text and a student’s or a lawyer’s interpretation of that text is also subjective. Any interpretation should be tested against the text and evaluated to see if it is a plausible reading. As noted already in Chapter 2, the language of the law tries to be injected with scientific objectivity, but flounders because of the imprecision of language. 4.5.2A case study of George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds [1983] 2 All ER 732–44 One law report will now be considered in depth in order to demonstrate one method of reading, note taking, evaluating and using a case to construct arguments. It will, initially, be approached as a sophisticated English comprehension exercise. This will demonstrate how far one can get by meticulous reading in the absence of detailed knowledge of a particular area of law (in this case, the law of contract). No assumptions will be made concerning the reader’s knowledge of the law of contract." In Legal Method and Reasoning, 91. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843145103-68.

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