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Ni Made Ayu Purnami and Pande Agus Adiwijaya. "A GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS OF OBSERVANCE AND NON-OBSERVANCE OF CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN FRONT OFFICE STAFF’S SPEECH AT RESTAURANTS IN UBUD DISTRICT." Getsempena English Education Journal 8, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/geej.v8i1.1148.
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This study was intended to investigate, describe and explain how conversational maxims are observed by the Front Office staff at restaurants in Ubud when they handle table reservation and what types of non-observance are committed by the Front Office staff in observing conversational maxims. The subjects were the Front Office staff at restaurants in Ubud district. The data for this naturalistic qualitative study were collected through observation and audio-recording which were then analyzed by using Paul Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle theory. In this research, there were 30 conversations of taking table reservation via telephone which were conducted by the front office staff at restaurants in Ubud sub-district when they handle table reservation. Generally, both male and female front office staff produced more observance of maxims than non-observance of maxims. The highest frequency of observance and non-observance of Gricean maxims produced by male front office staff was maxim of quantity (100%), then followed by flouting of maxims (62.5%), and infringing maxims (25%). The highest frequency of observance and non-observance of Gricean maxims produced by female front office staff was maxim of quantity (100%), then followed by flouting of maxims (68.1%), and infringing of maxims (9.0%). Moreover, there was no opting out of maxims and suspending of maxims occurred in the conversation. The utterances were obtained from 30 data in restaurant setting. In general, both male and female front office staff produced more observance of maxims than non-observance of maxims.
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Rong Chen. "Conversational implicature and characterisation in Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men 1." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 5, no. 1 (February 1996): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709600500104.
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This article studies characterisation in Reginald Rose's three-act play, Twelve Angry Men (1955) in terms of Grice's theory of conversational implicature. It shows that characters' personalities and ideologies can be seen in their violations of particular conversational maxims, the motivations for such violations, and the implicatures thus produced. Although there is no one-to-one relationship between a type of implicature and a personality trait, looking at implicature in context enables literary critics and stylisticians to study how characters are portrayed and how the theme of the work is brought out.
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Priyantha Gamage, Upul, and Patrick Sadi Makangila. "Conversational Implicature, Humour Theory and the Emergence of Humour: A Pragmatic Analysis of Udurawana’s Stories in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.6p.67.
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‘Humour’ in the stories has been investigated in many ways while the prominence of the studies has been captured by the pragmatic analyses. The emergence of humour through language is an interesting conversational implicature that has attracted the academic interest in the recent past. This phenomenon is closely looked at using randomly selected ten stories of Udurawana in this article by applying the Grice’s theory of Conversational Implicature (CI) and the Conventional Theory of Humour in order to examine the ways of generating humour in the context of Grice’s theory by revealing the types of maxims flouted in the selected sample. The study concludes that the maxim mostly flouted in these joke stories is quality and sometimes two or three maxims flouted in a single-story on the surface level but at the deep level quality is the only maxim flouted in all stories under consideration while no evidence found to prove any violation of maxims. The previous conclusions made by the researchers in terms of maxim flouting and violation in the jokes are also not so certain in comparing with the findings of the present study. The study has found out that the humour aspect of almost all the stories under consideration is incongruity while all the stories have associated the particularized conversational implicature to produce the humour aspects. The study has further established that the Udurawana’s humour stories as intended humour stories in which the humour emerges by flouting maxims but not by violating maxims as previous researchers have concluded.
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Sattar, Farah M. "Persuasiveness in Tourism Brochures." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n1p107.
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This paper aims at examining the linguistic persuasiveness techniques based on Grice Maxims (1975) which are employed in Iraqi and Malaysian brochures, beside comparing the violations of Grice Maxims (1975) in Iraqi and Malaysian brochures. Beside that to verify a key hypothesis in this study that the violation of Grice Maxims is a basic pragmatic strategy in advertising to achieve persuasion. Qualitative method has been adopted while analyzing the data. The frequency of every violation has been counted and given a percentage. The results have shown a new dimension added to the previous literature, quantity maxim is frequently violated in Iraqi brochures. Quality maxim is the most violated maxim in Malaysian brochures. Furthermore ellipsis is highly used in Iraqi brochures while hyperbole is frequently used in Malaysian brochures to persuade the tourist. Furthermore the recent results confirm the key hypothesis through the instances of frequent violations of the maxims in both Iraqi and Malaysian brochures which persuade and tempt the reader to head to these destinations. The present study supports Leech’s (1966) goals of advertising. Memorability, Force and Participation exist in all the data in both contexts. Violations of Grice Maxims contribute to these goals. Simply because these violations strengthen the message of the brochures and give additional non-literal interpretation. The study suggests to carry out a further research on persuasion linguistic techniques used in tourism brochures about different cities and towns around the world adopting different theories.
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Gilbert, Anthony J. "Shakespearean self‐talk, the Gricean maxims and the unconscious." English Studies 76, no. 3 (May 1995): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138389508598969.
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Saeed, Yadgar Faeq, and Areen Ahmed Muhammed. "DYSFUNCTIONAL SEMANTIC ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN LITERARY TEXTS: A CASE STUDY ON HAROLD PINTER’S MOUNTAIN LANGUAGE." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i2.1978.
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Language and literature are two inseparable subjects, one of which cannot be fully functional with the absence of the second part. This article shows the dysfunction of semantics in Harold Pinter’s Mountain Language. For many years, scholars and linguists work separately on different cases regarding literary texts or linguistics obstacles. From this paper, a new path will be saved for future references and works to bring both cases together and show their roles on one another. Moreover, literary works pay less attention to grammatical rules and plenty of dysfunctional languages can be examined and seen. In addition, several external factors can be the obstacle of using functional and accurate language use semantically and systematically. Moreover, political or social violence have become major points in many literary topics in the modern era. This study deals with theoretical aspects of society starting from family up to community and government. Additionally, the absence of semantics in the language of this drama is not neglected arbitrarily; whilst, there is a loop of violence. There are some basic theories related to the topic that this paper will examine. It includes the theory of Grice’s maxims (Gricean maxims) and the role of semantics when it comes to politics and power. Finally, the paper alienates all the curtains and shows the role of power, gender differences, class status, and diversity on language use in many areas.
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Yolanda, Maya. "Grice's Maxims: Investigate the Intent of the Infringements in “The Prince And The Pauper” Conversational Discourse." Utamax : Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v2i1.3405.
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Grice coins 4 maxims to govern daily conversation as a general rule. The maxims are Quantity, Performance, Value and Manner. On this basis, the author intends to address the breaches of Grice's maxims in film and to investigate the intent of the infringements in the Prince and the Pauper conversational discourse. Many sections of the film contain violations of Grice's maxim characters. The writer formulates two work problems in order to achieve these goals: Which of Grice's maxims was violated in The Prince and the Pauper movie by the addressees?; For what reasons are the maxims infringed by the addresses?. . Based on the analysis, the author argues that the characters, in particular Duke, Tom Canty, King, and the Earl of Hertford, have violated Grice's four maxims in the film dialogue. If they fail to provide sufficient information, tell their addressees to lie, provide irrelevant glosses, and fail to be real, concise, univocal, and orderly, they violate the Quantity, Value, Relevance, and Manner maxims, respectively. In reality, the writer believes that characters are breaching the maxims to trick colleagues, to be sweet, to save face, to avoid discussion, and to show self-interest.
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Lo, Victor Ei-Wen, and Paul A. Green. "Development and Evaluation of Automotive Speech Interfaces: Useful Information from the Human Factors and the Related Literature." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2013 (March 7, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/924170.
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Drivers often use infotainment systems in motor vehicles, such as systems for navigation, music, and phones. However, operating visual-manual interfaces for these systems can distract drivers. Speech interfaces may be less distracting. To help designing easy-to-use speech interfaces, this paper identifies key speech interfaces (e.g., CHAT, Linguatronic, SYNC, Siri, and Google Voice), their features, and what was learned from evaluating them and other systems. Also included is information on key technical standards (e.g., ISO 9921, ITU P.800) and relevant design guidelines. This paper also describes relevant design and evaluation methods (e.g., Wizard of Oz) and how to make driving studies replicable (e.g., by referencing SAE J2944). Throughout the paper, there is discussion of linguistic terms (e.g., turn-taking) and principles (e.g., Grice’s Conversational Maxims) that provide a basis for describing user-device interactions and errors in evaluations.
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Gambrill, Eileen. "Ethical Aspects of Outcome Studies in Social, Behavioral, and Educational Interventions." Research on Social Work Practice 21, no. 6 (April 17, 2011): 654–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731511404437.
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The domain of outcome research is enormous and the consequences weighty. Ethical, practical, and political goals of evaluation have insured a multitude of outcome studies concerning social, behavioral, and educational interventions as well as critiques thereof and descriptions of how to conduct related research. We have a rich literature guiding the design, conduct, reporting, and dissemination of outcome studies as well as a rich literature showing that such studies are often flawed and often hype inflated claims of knowledge (or ignorance). Uncertainties are often ignored resulting in harm to clients. I suggest that a focus on avoidable ignorance and its harmful consequences as well as taking advantage of Grice’s maxims of discourse guided by ethical obligations of professionals to do more good than harm will increase the percentage of sound outcome studies and accurate reporting.
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Hadi, Hussam Aldeen Nidhal, and Raniah Shakir AL Anssari. "A Pragmatic Study of Sarcasm in Selected TV Shows." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.7.16.
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Sarcasm as a linguistic strategy is a universal property of all languages which means it can be found in any language. However, this research proposes a pragmatic study of sarcasm in the English Language, American TV shows. Sarcasm could also be pragmatically defined by linking it to Grice's Maxims which means that the utterance is violating one of Grice's maxims to communicate something indirectly. This approach suggests that sarcasm is a vital notion in spoken and written language. It shows that the utterance is used to achieve another purpose that is not literal. The research paper contains five sections. Section one deals with the definition of sarcasm pragmatically. Section two shows sarcasm as a pragmatic notion or phenomenon. Section three discusses Grice's Maxims and how they are considered a model that speakers should follow for successful communication. Section four talks about the types of violations of the maxims. Section five tackles how the utterances from a TV show under investigation are violating the maxims to carry out the indirect meaning. The research closes off with the conclusion reached which is followed by the bibliography.
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Ramsay, A., and D. Field. "Speech Acts, Epistemic Planning and Grice's Maxims." Journal of Logic and Computation 18, no. 3 (December 5, 2007): 431–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exm073.
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White, R. "Adapting Grice's maxims in the teaching of writing." ELT Journal 55, no. 1 (January 2001): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/55.1.62.
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White, R. "Adapting Grice's maxims in the teaching of writing." ELT Journal 55, no. 1 (January 2001): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eltj/55.1.62.
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Rundquist, Suellen. "Indirectness: A gender study of flouting Grice's maxims." Journal of Pragmatics 18, no. 5 (November 1992): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(92)90083-n.
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Igwedibia, Adaoma, Christian Anieke, and Ezeaku Kelechi Virginia. "Chinua Achebe’s Girls at War and other Stories: A Relevance-Theoretical Interpretation." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 3 (May 31, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.3p.78.
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Relevance Theory (RT), which is a theory that takes the Gricean approach to communication as a starting point of linguistic or literary analysis, is an influential theory in Pragmatics that was developed by D. Sperber and D. Wilson (1986, 1995). As a cognitive theory of meaning (which claims that semantic meaning is the result of linguistic decoding processes, whereas pragmatic meaning is the result of inferential processes constrained by one single principle, Principle of Relevance), its main assumption is that human beings are endowed with a biologically rooted ability to maximize the relevance of incoming stimuli. RT unifies the Gricean cooperative principle and his maxims into a single principle of relevance that motivates the hearer’s inferential strategy. Based on the classic code model of communication and Grice’s inferential model, RT holds that ‘every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance’. Literary texts which present us with a useful depth of written data that serve as repositions of language in use can be analyzed linguistically. This is because writers use language in a particular way in their works to reveal their concerns. A literary work, just like the spoken language, contains information that enables the reader or hearer to get the intended message. The use of language is therefore not mode specific. It can be in a text or can be spoken, and either mode can portray the practices, values and aspirations of a particular speech community. With the analysis of Achebe’s Girls at War and Other Stories in the frame of RT, this paper shows that literary text communication ‘communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance’. The deployment of the relevance theory in the interpretation of Achebe’s Girls at War and Other Stories will certainly yield new insights in the understanding of the language and literary elements of the works. Chinua Achebe is regarded as the father of African modern literature.His works are being read in many schools and universities. It is therefore important to open new doors of interpretation for a better understanding of these works.
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Tischer, Ute. "manifestus error? Falsches Zitieren und literarische Kommunikation (zu Gel. 15.6)." Mnemosyne 66, no. 3 (2013): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852512x617579.
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Abstract This paper examines a statement of Aulus Gellius about a misleading attribution in Cicero’s De gloria to explore the conditions and possibilities of misquotation in an ancient text. To do this, it draws on the conversational maxims of Paul Grice and analyzes the modern solutions presented for the passage as well as the opinions Gellius implicitly expresses. Its thesis is that the interpretation of misquotations, both ancient and modern, follows similar principles and is determined by assumptions of intention made by the interpreter. It will be argued that Gellius’ way of presenting the misquotation is a rhetorical strategy to provoke critical consideration of quotations by the recipient.
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Alba Juez, Laura. "Verbal irony and the Maxims of Grice's cooperative principle." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 8 (1995): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.1995.8.02.
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Betti, Mohammed Jasim, and Noor Sattar Khalaf. "A Pragma-Stylistic Study of Implicature in Shakespeare's Hamlet and Twelfth Night." International Linguistics Research 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v4n3p12.
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Implicature is commonly defined as the dissimilarity between what is said and what is meant. The variance lies between the conspicuous meaning of written and spoken words and the meaning that lies beneath what is said. This study aims at analyzing and discussing Shakespeare's Hamlet and Twelfth Night in terms of generalized and particularized conversational and conventional implicature. The model used in the analysis is coined from a variety of pragmatic theories, implicature, Grice's maxims, irony, indirect speech acts, context, and hedges. It is hypothesized that the number of implicature cases in Twelfth Night is bigger than that in Hamlet, generation of implicatures by the characters in the two plays is highly determined by social factors, Hamlet and Cesario use implicature more than other characters, the most used implicature is the particularized one, the purpose of using implicatures differs in the plays, implicature is generated from flouting Grice's maxims and most implicatures are made by violating the relation maxim. The study concludes that the implications in Hamlet are more than those in Twelfth Night, that Shakespeare uses two implicatures generalized and particularized, and that Implicature in Hamlet and Twelfth Night is generated mostly by violating the maxims of quality. As for the least flouted maxim in the two plays is the maxim of quantity.
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Kwarteng, Michael. "Pragmatic Analysis of ex-President Donald Trump’s interviews and its relation with the Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle." Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2021.3.3.4.
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This analytical-descriptive paper investigates the violation and the keeping of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) in an interview between some American Journalists and former President Donald Trump. The study involved the observation and analysis of ten Donald Trump’s interviews in the context and content of racism, coronavirus, election, politics, leadership and social relation that were randomly selected via YouTube. Its aim was to assess critically the violation and the keeping of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) and its maxims, the speech act theory, and also improve upon interlocutor’s communication skills. Also, pragmatically, the current study examines the perlocutionary effect of utterances on interlocutors and listeners in general, and further investigates a new way of understanding speakers' non-cooperative and cooperative attitude and their violation of Cooperative Principles and its maxims throughout the communication process. The research sample was solely analyzed through conversational implicature and the consideration of Grice’s four propounded maxims under cooperative principle, as well as the speech act theory. According to the results, speakers' uncooperative attitude is mostly influenced by psychological factors like frustration, irritation, nervousness, anxiety, conflict of interest, and other factors such as politeness, cheap praise, lack of adequate information, entertainment, and sometimes deliberate violation. It was also revealed that language users do sometimes cooperate most often than not due to the perlocutionary effect on listeners and themselves. Besides, interlocutors sometimes violate some maxims, because they have least or no idea about the consequences of their responses on their listeners as well as themselves. Also, it was evident that, albeit speakers might not be aware of Grice’s maxims and its Cooperative principles yet they habitually conform to it in communication process. The study recommends a deeper way for readers understanding of Paul Grice’s CP and its maxims, the speech act theory, and also improve upon their communication skills. In summary, it recommends that communicators, language learners, teachers and linguists are to be mindful about their diction and its consequences on their participants and the society as a whole.
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Kaul, Asha, and Anuradha Pandit. "Playing the Game of Communication: Enhancing Skills through a Reading of Literature." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080201.
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Managerial communication⁄conversation in organizations is difficult to capture in its complexities. Even if attempts are made, the outcome is rarely, if ever, natural and spontaneous. How then do we proceed with an understanding of: the principles to be followed the conversational goals adhered to/violated the goals of conversationalists? A noveau approach can be to study the nuances relating to conversation by using drama as a heuristic device to gain an understanding of the complexities governing structure of communication, goals of participants, and application of conversational principles. We argue that there is little difference between simulated and naturally occurring talk in managerial situations. Researchers have been skeptical about the use of literature for an understanding of conversation in the managerial context. To validate the feasibility of our discussion, we borrow from the arguments postulated by literary critics who state that irrationalities in life can best be explored by reading of literature which paints on its canvas, life in its multiple facets. We have narrowed our focus from life to communication and have presented an understanding of managerial conversation through reading of dialogue in plays. Some researchers hold a divergent view (Mura, 1983) and argue in favour of the significance of pragmatics that is, the use of language to communicate: not the linguistic competence of the ideal speaker but the practical use of language in communication. Similarly, we extend our understanding beyond the syntactical and semantic comprehension of conversation by observing the interplay of two well-established principles of conversation: Cooperative (Grice, 1975) and Politeness (Leech, 1983). Through application of these principles to three different plays— The Zoo Story, Endgame, and The Chairs— we demonstrate how the approach can suitably be used for an understanding of managerial communication. Application of the principles to the plays reveals that: The purpose of the talk determines the adherence to or violation of the Principles. The context or situation is equally important in determining the adherence to or violation of the Principles. The “repair” mechanism always follows violation of the Principles. This mechanism ascertains that there is a need⁄desire for the conversation to proceed. In naturally occurring talk within the managerial context, the purpose for the exchange can be either task or relationship centric⁄oriented. In the former, the emphasis is on accuracy of details— the factual correctness with the right quantum of information. Maxims of politeness, in such scenarios, can be forsaken as the ultimate goal is achieving cooperation. If, on the contrary, the purpose is relationship orientation, politeness and its maxims are perforce adhered to. The strategy of “repair” is applied in instances where and when the need for exchange is higher than the desire to “save face.” As it is difficult to recreate a conversational situation, the reading of the same through plays provides great depth and insight into effective and ineffective strategies. This paper provides an alternative method of looking at managerial conversation and understanding the nuances governing talk in the organizational setup. For further understanding, managers and practitioners can: view stylistic devices as question-answer sequences, repetition, etc., in plays study the use and efficacy of stylistic devices extrapolate the findings to managerial talk devise a model for effectiveness in naturally occurring talk using managerial backdrop.
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Lauer, Sven. "On the status of 'Maximize Presupposition'." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 26 (December 12, 2016): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v26i0.3947.
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Heim (1991) postulated the principle MAXIMIZE PRESUPPOSITION (MP), which has proven useful in the explanation of a range of phenomena But what kind of principle is MP? Is it a normative constraint on language use, akin to a rule in a game? Or is it similar to Grice's MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION, which capture defeasible tendencies in behavior motivated by general considerations about cooperative communication? I argue that either construal faces significant challenges, and provide an alternative conception of MP as a 'linguistic preference'—a (selfish) preference between linguistic forms that speakers happen to have. In this view, MP is neither a normative rule nor a Gricean maxim, but it functions like, and interacts with, such maxims in pragmatic reasoning.
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Ghazal, Ansam. "A Pragmatic Analysis of Some Qur'anic Verses: A Gricean Approach." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i1.10818.
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The study highlights the implicature in the Holy Qur'an that mainly leads to misconception. To achieve the purpose of this study, seven Qur'anic verses are analyzed adopting Grice's theory of implicature. Undoubtedly, using metaphorical language has been difficult to be understood, as what it is metaphorically said is different from what it is intentionally meant. Consequently, the study tries to shed light on the importance of the Qur'anic rhetorical style when addressing people. The study has shown that floating one or more of Grice's maxims does mean that these verses are misunderstandable; however, it reflects the highly elevated style of the Holy Qur'an’s eloquence. The study has also found that floating more than one maxim enriches the Qur'anic verse and enables the reader figures out the implied meaning.
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Tang, Yi. "Evaluating Argumentative English Writings in the Light of Grice's "Cooperative Principles"." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 2, no. 4 (September 5, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v2i4.398.
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Argumentative English writing is an important touchstone of Chinese advanced English learners' English competence. Herbert Paul Grice's "cooperative principles" (including maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner), as "lubricant" of human communication, would help build up harmonious and friendly atmosphere for the communication between the Chinese writers and their target readers, thereby providing them, as well as their instructors, with feasible evaluative criteria for judging the effectiveness of their argumentative English writing.
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Abdulla, Ismail Abdulrahaman, and Suhayla H. Majeed. "A Pragmatic Analysis of Some Quranic Verses in Light of Grice's Cooperative Principle." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n3y2019.pp127-133.
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The present paper is an attempt to evaluate the applicability of Grice’s Co-operative Principle and Conversational Maxims, as one of the outstanding models in Pragmatics, to some selected Quranic conversations. Grice’s model is regarded as template for the flow of conversations and interactions held between people. Quran, as a Holy Text in Islam, contains many speech events, i.e., situations wherein conversations take place. In the stories narrated in Quran, there are situations in which, as the ordinary life of the human beings, participants converse with one another. In this study , the researchers examine the applicability of the conversation model of Grice to the Quranic conversations. To this end, the researchers have quoted some verses from Quran, first in Arabic along with their translations in English , and analysed them in light of Grice’s model of conversation analysis. Findings indicate that in the Quranic conversations there are occasions where the maxims of conversation are observed and in some other cases not observed. This fact attests the universality of Grice’s model.
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Statham, Simon. "‘A guy in my position is a government target … You got to be extra, extra careful’: Participation and strategies in crime talk in The Sopranos." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24, no. 4 (November 2015): 322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015605442.
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This article reflects the trend within the stylistics of drama towards the analysis of film and television discourse by examining dialogue from HBO’s popular organised crime drama The Sopranos. A major theme of the series focuses on the consistent attempts of the authorities to bring Soprano gang members to justice for their crimes. To gather evidence, investigators rely on electronic surveillance and surreptitious listening devices worn by collaborating witnesses who agree to testify for the government against their former associates. FBI agents are additional participants in recorded conversations and they perform a range of discourse roles in these encounters. Cooperating witnesses employ a range of conversational strategies to accommodate FBI ‘eavesdroppers’, whilst the major criminal characters adopt tactics of conversational vigilance in their ‘crime talk’. Gangsters exercise a level of caution in their interactions which has important implications for conversational cooperation. This article will use Goffman’s (1981) participation framework to analyse how recorded crime talk is affected by the presence of investigating authorities and cooperating witnesses. The divergent conversational intentions of targets and cooperators also affect adherence to Grice’s (1975) conversational maxims. These seminal models will be applied to selective dialogue extracts from The Sopranos in order to demonstrate that criminal topics of conversation can have a significant effect on the structure and strategies of interactions in a television drama. Characters employ conversational caution when addressing incriminating acts which they consider it unwise to discuss explicitly. In many cases the external television audience is accommodated by being shown these crimes whilst internal overhearers are frustrated by the tactical vigilance adopted in characters’ talk.
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Hösle, Vittorio. "Success Criteria for Different Forms of Dialogue." Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie 60, no. 1 (February 26, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nzsth-2018-0001.
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SummaryThe article proposes a typology of the forms of dialogue, which is influenced by Schleiermacher's triadic subdivision and distinguishes dialogues oriented toward agreement of wills, dialogues experienced as ends in themselves, and dialogues oriented toward agreement on truth. Each of these three types has different success criteria; particularly I show why Grice's maxims of conversation are not valid for all dialogues: In conversations, for example, irony is legitimate and enriching. The general reflections are then applied to the specific case of the intercultural dialogue.
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Aziz, Rana Naji, and Abbas Deygan Darweesh Al-Duleimi. "The Pragmatic Strategies of Concealment in Bush’s Speech of Announcing War Against Iraq in 2003." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 4 (April 25, 2018): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n4p216.
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Concealment is the act of intentionally withholding information for some purposes. It is the mode of using language to hide information and intentions. The current study aims at finding out the pragmatic aspects of concealment. In accordance with the aim of the paper, it is hypothesized that the phenomena of concealment basically targets achieving persuasion and self- defense. The most important findings yielded by the analysis reveal that the main pragmatic aspects utilized in issuing concealment are breaching Grice's maxims, pragma-rhetorical devices, deictic expressions and positive politeness strategies.
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Kukkonen, Karin. "Flouting figures: Uncooperative narration in the fiction of Eliza Haywood." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 22, no. 3 (August 2013): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947013489238.
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Eliza Haywood’s narrators often display what could be termed ‘uncooperative narration’ in that they defy the smooth course that fictional narration is supposed to take, and claim to be unable to narrate strongly emotional states (in Love in Excess, 2000; first published 1719) or precipitate readers’ reactions to future events (in The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, 1998; first published 1751). Haywood’s strategies of uncooperative narration are based on rhetorical figures which flout the cooperative principle underlying human communication according to Grice: the denial of narration, adynaton, flouts the maxim of quantity; the time-based playing with readers’ meaning-making, prolepsis, flouts the maxim of manner. This article will develop an account of uncooperative narration on the basis of Gricean pragmatics (Grice, 1989) and Tomasello’s work on communication and cooperation in human evolution (Tomasello, 2008), which extends the traditional narratological focus on unreliable narration. Uncooperative narration challenges readers to find the communicative purpose behind flouting figures like adynaton and prolepsis, contributes to the characterisation of the narrator and, in Eliza Haywood’s fiction, often holds up a mirror to readers themselves.
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Hampton, Andrew J., and Valerie L. Shalin. "Sentinels of Breach: Lexical Choice as a Measure of Urgency in Social Media." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 4 (February 13, 2017): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817691612.
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Objective This paper identifies general properties of language style in social media to help identify areas of need in disasters. Background In the search for metrics of need in social media data, much of the existing literature ignores processes of language usage. Psychological concepts, such as narrative breach, Gricean maxims, and lexical marking in cognition, may assist the recovery of disaster-relevant metrics from altered patterns of word prevalence. Method We analyzed several hundred thousand location-specific microblogs from Twitter for Hurricane Sandy, Oklahoma tornadoes, and the Boston Marathon bombing along with a fantasy football control corpus, examining the relative frequency of words in 36 antonym pairs. We compared the ratio of words within these pairs to the corresponding ratios recovered from an online word norm database. Results Partial rank correlation values between observed antonym ratios demonstrate consistent patterns across disasters. For Hurricane Sandy data, 25 antonym pairs have moderate to large effect sizes for discrepancies between observed and normative ratios. Across disasters, 7 pairs are stable and meet effect size criteria. Sentiment analysis, supplementary word frequency counts with respect to disaster proximity, and examples support a “breach” account for the observed results. Conclusion Lexical choice between antonyms, only somewhat related to sentiment, suggests that social media capture wide-ranging breaches of normal functioning. Application Antonym selection contributes to screening tools based on language style for identifying relevant content and quantifying disruption using social media without the a priori specification of content keywords.
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Sullivan, Karen. "Genre-dependent metonymy in Norse skaldic poetry." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 17, no. 1 (February 2008): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947007085051.
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This article describes a metonymic process which is common in skaldic verse, but rare in everyday language. This process allows one member of a category to stand for another (for example, SEA is referred to by the name of another member of BODIES OF WATER, such as `river' or `fjord'). This process has previously been called `metaphor' (cf. Fidjestøl, 1997). However, I show that the process lacks several characteristics of metaphor as defined in cognitive linguistics, including multiple mappings and the creation of target-domain inferences. I suggest that the process is more similar to metonymies such as Category for Member (cf. Radden and Kövecses, 1999), and should be called `Member for Member' metonymy. I argue that Member for Member metonymy is rare in conversational language because it fails to generate the inferences and cognitive benefits provided by most metaphors and metonymies. However, Member for Member is abundant in skaldic verse, because the aesthetic and sociolinguistic goals of this genre outweigh the considerations of clarity and efficiency imposed on conversation by the Gricean Maxims. I furthermore propose that Member for Member metonymy is a defining feature of classical skaldic poetry, and one that distinguishes this genre from later, more naturalistic styles such as hrynhent. The observation that Member for Member occurs in a specific literary genre like skaldic poetry — even though it is normally barred from conversational language — indicates that cognitive linguists must study the full range of linguistic genres in order to document the cognitive processes that underlie language use.
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Tajabadi, Azar, Hamidreza Dowlatabadi, and Ehsan Mehri. "Grice's Cooperative Maxims in Oral Arguments: The Case of Dispute Settlement Councils in Iran." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 98 (May 2014): 1859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.616.
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Al-Hindawi, Fareed Hameed, and Nesaem Mehdi Al-Aadili. "The Pragmatics of Deception in American Presidential Electoral Speeches." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 5 (July 29, 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n5p207.
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Language is used for influencing people. Various means, whether honest or dishonest, are appealed to for achieving this purpose. This means that people fulfill their goals either through telling their interlocutors the truth or through deceiving and misleading them. In this regard, deception is a key aspect of many strategic interactions including bargaining, military operations, and politics. However, in spite of the importance of this topic, it has not been pragmatically given enough research attention particularly in politics. Thus, this study sets itself the task of dealing with this issue in this genre from a pragmatic perspective. Precisely, the current work attempts to answer the following question: What is the pragmatics of deception in American presidential electoral speeches? Pragmatics, here, involves the speech acts used to issue deceptive utterances, deceptive strategies resulting in the violation of Grice's maxims, as well as cognitive strategies.In other words, this study aims at finding out the answer to the question raised above. In accordance with this aim, it is hypothesized that American presidential candidates use certain deceptive/misleading strategies to achieve their goals. In this regard, they utilize certain strategies which violate Grice's maxims such as ostensible promise, equivocation, fabrication, and dissociation. Moreover, they make use of certain cognitive strategies like: metaphor, presupposition, and positive self-representation/ negative other representation.In order to achieve the aim of the study and verify or reject its hypothesis, a model is developed for the analysis of the data under examination. Besides, a statistical means represented by the percentage equation is used to calculate the results. The most important finding arrived at by this study is that American presidential candidates most often resort to the strategies of giving an ostensible promise, equivocation, presupposition, and positive self/negative other representation to fulfill their goals.
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Kleinke, Sonja. "Speaker activity and Grice's maxims of conversation at the interface of Pragmatics and Cognitive Linguistics." Journal of Pragmatics 42, no. 12 (December 2010): 3345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.008.
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Kim, HyeJeong. "A study of Authenticity of Conversation in Along Came Polly Based on Grice's Four Maxims." STEM Journal 13, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.16875/stem.2012.13.1.1.
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Marlisa, Rofa, and Didin Nuruddin Hidayat. "THE ANALYSIS OF FLOUTING MAXIM IN GOOD MORNING AMERICA (GMA) TALKSHOW." Englisia: Journal of language, education, and humanities 7, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v7i2.6630.
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The present study is an analysis of the flouting maxim in Good Morning America (GMA) talk show in which Jackie Chan was invited as the guest star. The goals of this research are to find out the performed flouted maxim(s) by the hosts and the guest and to reveal the reason(s) behind the occurrence of the maxim(s). In this study, the researchers employed the qualitative method, and data were collected from a video. The transcript text of the utterances between the hosts and Jackie Chan as a guest consisting of flouting maxim was the instrument of this research. Then, to find and analyze the flouting maxim showed in the video, the researchers used Grice's (1975) theory Cooperative Principles consisting of four maxim types: quality, quantity, relation, and manner. The result showed that all four types of maxim flouting were committed by both Jackie Chan and the two hosts of the GMA talk show. The highest flouting maxims found were flouting the maxim of quantity and manner. Further, the study also revealed the rationales behind maxims flouting, which were beneficial to build fun communication and to elaborate more explanations.
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Albiansyah, Albiansyah, Didin Nuruddin Hidayat, and Alek Alek. "An Analysis of Maxims Violation Acted by the Main Characters in the "Tilik" Short Film." OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v15i1.4146.
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The maxims violation often occurred intentionally or unintentionally in daily human conversation. This study analyzes the maxim violation in one of the Indonesian short films, 'Tilik,' in which Bu Tejo and Yu Ning were the main characters. This present study aims to describe the phenomena of maxim violation by the main characters. It is qualitative descriptive research. The technique used in collecting speech was the note-taking technique, and data were taken from the transcript of the main characters' utterances. Then, to analyze the maxim violation revealed in the short film, the researchers used the Cooperative Principles from Grice's theory, which has four kinds: quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. The findings indicated that the main characters carried out all four maxim types violations. The highest maxim violation found were the quantity and quality maxim. Some certain implicatures were contained when the main character of this short film reckoned to convey the implicit message, ensure the hearer, award astonishment, take for concern, and evade the problem. The study also exposed the rationales behind violating maxims, which helped create more straightforward communication and developing further explanations. Further studies can include more extensive data to obtain more robust findings.
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Juansah, Dase Erwin, and Emzir Emzir. "The Implementation of Cooperative Principle in Class Group Discussion." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.021.03.
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This study is aimed to understand the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principle in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The research was conducted through ethnographic study. Data of the research were collected through observation and transcription of documentation which investigated into the analysis of domain, taxonomy, componential, and cultural themes. The result of study showed that the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principles was found in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The maxim that mostly occurred was maxim of quantity, continued by maxim of relevance, maxim of quality, and maxim of manner. The result also showed that the use of cooperative principles in class group discussion could not be separated from the influence of students’ origin culture and mother tongue which reflected into the use of formal language, politeness, tone, sense of respect and focus on the discussion, and the use direct speech.
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Juansah, Dase Erwin, and Emzir Emzir. "The Implementation of Cooperative Principle in Class Group Discussion." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.021.13.
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This study is aimed to understand the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principle in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The research was conducted through ethnographic study. Data of the research were collected through observation and transcription of documentation which investigated into the analysis of domain, taxonomy, componential, and cultural themes. The result of study showed that the implementation of Grice’s cooperative principles was found in class group discussion at Indonesian Language and Literature Study Program of Faculty of Teachers Training and Education of UNTIRTA Serang. The maxim that mostly occurred was maxim of quantity, continued by maxim of relevance, maxim of quality, and maxim of manner. The result also showed that the use of cooperative principles in class group discussion could not be separated from the influence of students’ origin culture and mother tongue which reflected into the use of formal language, politeness, tone, sense of respect and focus on the discussion, and the use direct speech.
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Mugair, Sarab Kadir. "A Comparative Study of Euphemism and Dysphemism in English and Arabic with Special Reference to Political Discourse." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 4, no. 1 (May 18, 2014): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v4i1.5206.
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This study aims at analyzing euphemisms in English and Arabic. Euphemisms address culturally sensitive areas and this is why they have not received a lot of academic attention from applied linguists in general and sociolinguists in particular. The study begins by listing the ways of forming euphemism in both English and Arabic. Then it sheds light on English Political euphemism for being a tool for political leaders to control information transmission. Based on some examples, this paper summarises three features which distinguish political euphemism from others. Then, it discusses pragmatically how political euphemism violates all the maxims of Grice's cooperative principle. We briefly discuss dysphemism and in which way its formation process is similar and different from euphemism. Such study of this linguistic phenomenon provides a proof that language is not only a reflection of the objective world but a process of social construction.
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Saifudin, Akhmad. "Implikatur Percakapan dalam Studi Linguistik Pragmatik (Conversational Implicature in Pragmatic Linguistic Studies)." JALABAHASA 16, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/jalabahasa.v16i1.423.
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Tulisan ini membahas implikatur percakapan, yakni sebuah studi dalam ilmu linguistik pragmatik yang mengkaji maksud penutur dalam percakapan. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan apa itu implikatur percakapan, bagaimana mengidentifikasi dan memaknai implikatur, serta mengapa penutur menggunakan implikatur dalam tuturannya. Untuk mengkaji permasalahan digunakan teori Grice tentang prinsip kerja sama (PK), maksim percakapan (MP), dan implikatur percakapan. Data percakapan diperoleh dari observasi percakapan natural antara penulis dan mahasiswa, serta percakapan di antara mahasiswa yang terjadi di lingkungan kampus. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pada dasarnya dalam setiap percakapan digunakan implikatur. Implikatur digunakan bukan karena tidak ingin bekerja sama dalam percakapan, tetapi ada alasan yang lebih diprioritaskan dan alasan tersebut tidak dapat mematuhi semua maksim dalam MP. Implikatur percakapan digunakan untuk tujuan efisiensi verbal, pengalihan tanpa berbohong, kesopanan, dan tujuan estetika, serta ironi. This paper discusses the conversational implicature, which is a study in pragmatic linguistics that examines the intent of speakers in conversation. The purpose of this paper is to describe what the conversational implicature is, how to identify and interpret the implicature, and why do speakers want to engage in implicature. To study the problem Grice's theory of the cooperative principle, maxims of conversation, and the conversational implicature are used. Conversation data is obtained from observations of natural conversations between writers and students, as well as conversations between students that occur on campus. The results of the analysis show that basically in every conversation the implicature is used; The implicature is used not because they do not want to cooperate in conversation, but because there are prioritized reasons and those reasons cannot comply with all maxims in maxims of conversation. The conversationalimplicature is used for the purpose of verbal efficiency, misleading to lying, politeness, and aesthetic purposes, as well as irony.
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Ariel, Mira. "Interpreting anaphoric expressions: a cognitive versus a pragmatic approach." Journal of Linguistics 30, no. 1 (March 1994): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700016170.
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Levinson (1985, 1987a & b, 1991) and Ariel (1985a & b, 1987, 1988a & b, 1990a, 1991) have each proposed to anchor discourse and sentential anaphora within a more general theory of communication. Levinson chose a general, extra-linguistic pragmatic theory. He uses Grice's Quantity maxim to account for the distribution of zeros, reflexives, pronouns and lexical NPs, claiming that coreferent readings are preferred, unless a disjoint reading is implicated (by the revised Gricean maxims he offers). I have proposed a specifically linguistic, cognitive theory, whereby speakers guide addressees' retrievals of mental representations corresponding to all definite NPs (coreferent as well as disjoint) by signalling to them the degree of Accessibility associated with the intended mental entity in their memory. An examination of actual data reveals that Levinson's predictions regarding definite NP interpretations are often not borne out. In addition, his proposals cannot account for many anaphoric patterns actually found in natural discourse. Accessibility theory, it is argued, can account for both types of problematic data.
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Rountree, Catherine. "You Should Dance on One Foot: The Saramaccans and Wisdom Literature." Missiology: An International Review 22, no. 4 (October 1994): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969402200404.
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All people seek wisdom to explain and cope with life. Many of them preserve their ‘wisdom’ in maxims which they use extensively in their formal and informal speech. They are very important teaching tools which cannot be ignored by those who are seeking to teach them the message of God. But simply memorizing them and using them here and there is not enough. In fact, it could be detrimental. Therefore, careful study of the maxims and the context in which they are used is necessary. And if they are mastered, they are very effective for teaching. Translating the Wisdom Literature of the Bible or composing new maxims to teach biblical truths presents further problems. This paper addresses the problems of translating, composing, and using maxims cross-culturally.
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Bal, Mieke. "Masterly Maxims." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 129, no. 3 (May 2014): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.3.491.
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Unlike most others teaching (English) literature, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is intimately knowledgeable about philosophy, especially German. Her deep knowledge of Kant, Marx, and Gramsci is a red thread running through her many books. And, given her interest in what we call less and less happily “postcolonial” theory (the hesitation coming from an awareness of the problematic meaning of the prefix post-), her discussions of such canonical and inexhaustible philosophical texts never lose sight of the sociopolitical implications of the ideas gleaned from the encounter. Thus, she brings a philosophical tradition to bear on contemporary social issues of a keen actuality. This solid philosophical background does not make her texts always easy to read for literary and other cultural scholars eager to get ideas—preferably quickly—about “how to do” postcolonial literary studies. Spivak's work is as challenging to read, understand, and absorb as it is important in content.
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Suryatin, Eka. "ASPEK PENYIMPANGAN PRAGMATIK DALAM ACARA HUMOR MAHALABIU DI DUTA TV." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 10, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v10i1.8393.
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Abstract Pragmatic Aspects of Forming Humor in Mahalabiu on Duta TV. This Pragmatic Aspects of Forming Humor in Mahalabiu on Duta TV research reveals the pragmatic aspects that form the deviation of the principle of cooperation in forming the humor show Mahalabiu on TV Ambassador. Suggestions in this study are qualitative. The research data consisted of expensive humor in the Mahalabiu show on TV Ambassador episodes 1--18, from July 2015 to December 2017. The data source was in the form of video recordings obtained from the youtube.com site Mahalabiu program aired by Duta TV station. Data collection methods with conversation and listening techniques. Step analysis by transcribing, analyzing, classifying, and categorizing data. The results showed that the pragmatic aspect in the formation of Mahalabiu's humor was the deviation of the principle of Grice's cooperation which contained deviations of maxims, deviations of quality maxims, deviations of ways of maxim, and deviations of relevance maxims. Adjustment of relevance maxim is the most widely used in the formation of humor. Key words: deviation of the principle of cooperation, humor, mahalabiu Abstrak Aspek Penyimpangan Pragmatik dalam Acara Humor Mahalabiu di Duta TV. Penelitian Aspek Pragmatik dalam Acara Humor Mahalabiu di Duta TV ini bertujuan mengungkapkan keterlibatan aspek-aspek pragmatik berupa penyimpangan prinsip kerja sama pembentuk humor acara Mahalabiu di Duta TV. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Data penelitian berupa tuturan humor mahalabiu dalam acara Mahalabiu di Duta TV episode 1--18, dari bulan Juli tahun 2015 hingga bulan Desember 2017. Sumber data berupa rekaman video yang diperoleh dari situs youtube.com acara Mahalabiu yang ditayangkan oleh stasiun Duta TV. Metode pengumpulan data dengan teknik dokumentasi dan teknik simak. Langkah analisis dengan mentranskripsi, menganalisis, mengklasifikasi, dan mengategori data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek pragmatik dalam pembentukan humor acara Mahalabiu yaitu adanya penyimpangan prinsip kerja sama Grice yang meliputi penyimpangan maksim kuantitas, penyimpangan maksim kualitas, penyimpangan maksim cara, dan penyimpangan maksim relevansi. Penyimpangan maksim relevansi yang paling banyak digunakan dalam pembentukan humor. Kata-kata kunci: penyimpangan prinsip kerja sama, humor, mahalabiu
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Suleimanova, Olga A., Albina A. Vodyanitskaya, Natalia N. Beklemesheva, and Vera I. Yaremenko. "BOOSTING COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN STUDENTS." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_4_125_132.
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The article focuses on training students' speaking skills thus helping them integrate academically and socially. In the current information and social context, speaking competence and confidence are crucial for professional success, which makes the task of leading students to successful communication especially relevant. Various formats and strategies described in the article have proved to be effective through years of foreign language teaching. Extensive experience gives us enough grounds to argue that combining theory (e. g. Grice's maxims) and practice (helping students structure their speeches, taking part in Public speaking forums, revealing anchoring techniques) results in enhanced communication skills. As these teaching strategies appear to be only rudimentary in the Russian educational landscape, looking into their potential might be really instrumental. The development of the following skills can be seen as particularly beneficial: (i) neurolinguistic programming for capturing and keeping listeners' attention, decoding neurolinguistic mechanisms of other language speakers (including manipulation techniques), (ii) structuring speech in accordance with the international standards, (iii) building a discussion around a current event that has received massive coverage in the media.
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Gautam, Kripa, and Manjula Sharma. "Dialogue inWaiting for Godotand Grice's Concept of Implicature." Modern Drama 29, no. 4 (December 1986): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md.29.4.580.
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Mandarani, Vidya, and Nur Muhammad Ardiansyah. "A Cooperative Principle: Gricean Maxim Analysis upon a Japanese Light Novel of ‘Shūmatsu Nani Shitemasu Ka? Isogashii Desu Ka? Sukutte Moratte II Desu Ka?”." LEKSIKA 12, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/lks.v12i1.2303.
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This article describes the study of discourse analysis in a specified domain of maxim upon a selected work of Japanese literature, in form of light novel written by Akira Kareno and illustrated by Ue, entitled equals in English as ‘What Do You Do at the End of the World? Are You Busy? Will You Save Us?’. Several objectives are deduced by the researcher in quest of finding the forms of these cooperative principles within the passage. Briefly, maxim itself is a maxim is a compact expression of a general truth or rule of conduct. Also known as a proverb, saying, adage, sentential, and precept, which emphasized the use of formulaic ways of conveying the common wisdom of the people. In our analysis of ‘WorldEnd’ light novel, the varieties of Gricean maxim: maxim of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, are discussed in order in relation with true meaning discovery behind each cooperative principles properties.
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Aulia, Sela Wildaan, and Nurhayati. "Meme Implicature Using the Word 'Tenggelamkan'." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 6, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.6.2.1634.173-177.
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The majority of Indonesians who are known to use social media as a means of communication and entertainment are certainly familiar with the term meme. A meme phenomenon popular is the use of the word 'tenggelamkan' at the end of the discourse popularized by Susi Pudjiastuti, the former minister of fisheries and maritime affairs. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to determine the language style used in memes that use the word ‘tenggelamkan’ and (2) to determine the implicature of memes using the word ‘tenggelamkan’. The data source of this research is taken from various pictures on the internet, amounting to 15 memes. The data collection used is the method capture. The research method is descriptive qualitative, the analysis used is Grice's theory of conversational maxims. The results of this study indicate the themes used in memes using the word ‘tenggelamkan’ include the themes of love, friendship, corruption, worship, and food. The use of language styles that are reflected, such as 9 memes of cynicism, 5 memes of paradox, and 1 meme of rhetoric. The implicatures of meme data using the word ‘tenggelamkan’ are as follows: satire, suggestion, satire and suggestion.
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Cavill, Paul. "Beowulf andAndreas: Two maxims." Neophilologus 77, no. 3 (July 1993): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00999689.
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Spackman, Barbara. "Machiavelli and Maxims." Yale French Studies, no. 77 (1990): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2930151.
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