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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grid technology'
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Bertetti, Odilia. "Benchmarking of Smart Grid Conceptsin Low-Voltage Distribution Grids." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217979.
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Proser, Noah. "Energy Storage: Technology for a More Efficient Grid." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/264.
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Energy storage technologies have the potential to revolutionize the electric grid by allowing for the integration of renewable generation while increasing the utilization and efficiency of current grid assets. These technologies include pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheels, batteries, thermal energy storage (TES), super capacitors, and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). While energy storage has been implemented in some areas, its benefits are greatly undervalued by current regulatory frameworks leading to suboptimal outcomes for grid operators, utilities, and ratepayers. Large-scale adoption of storage technologies will require regulatory frameworks that recognize the benefits of grid-scale storage across generation, and transmission and distribution. This thesis discusses the need for storage, currently available and developing storage technologies, and the present regulatory environment.
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Raji, Atanda Kamoru. "Performance evaluation and improvement of grid-connected technology." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1198.
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Dissertation (DTech(Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012<br>The confluence of the limited resources of fossil fuels (e.g. coal, oil and natural gas), environmental degradations leading to climate change, security of supplies and fossil fuels high costs have demanded a tremendous efforts on humanity to seek for a sustainable and unlimited natural energy sources. Amongst these renewable energy sources stands out solar energy because of its ubiquitousness. Solar energy is converted to DC electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems installed in commercial and industrial buildings are a good example of distributed power generation. Here the energy consumption and production match and thus electricity taken from the grid during daytime peak hours can be reduced. This is beneficial as the transmission losses in the grid are avoided and also transmission need is reduced. The cost effectiveness of a solar energy system has hindered its wide adoption and deployment in terms of the initial capital cost even though it has a zero energy cost and very minimal operating and maintenance costs. Different governments have instituted many financial incentives for fast adoption of PV systems for both residential and commercial applications. However, all these incentives are not sustainable in the longer term forecast. For PV system to attain grid parity requires more than unsustainable approach of many governments providing time limited subsidies. The technical solution to the problem is to reduce the overall system cost through technical innovations. One such method is the adoption of transformerless inverter technology as the grid interface system. Transformerless inverter topology provides galvanic isolation through innovative inverter topology and switching strategies that eliminates problems created by not employing the service of transformer.
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Popuri, Vamsi. "Intrusion detection for grid and cloud computing." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70364.
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In today’s life providing security has become more cumbersome because of all the malicious possibilities in data transmission, so we need a system which makes data transmission more secure beyond encryption, passwords and digital signatures. The system that we are discussing in this thesis is an Intrusion Detection System, which is a platform that provides security in the distributed systems. This paper also attempts to explain the drawbacks in conventional system designs, which results in low performance due to network congestion and less data efficiency. We consider cloud and grid computing systems to improve the performance of the system. Cloud systems are characterized by a main server and other connected servers which provide certain services. Cloud systems, especially public cloud systems are prone to intrusions and care must be taken to secure the system. The emphasis in this thesis is to make cloud systems secure using intrusion detection system. Intrusion detection can be performed using either behaviour based or knowledge based techniques or both. We use UML as a tool to design the system, which helps in reducing the design complexity.
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Lochner, Frederick Christoffel. "The functionality grid as paradigm for management of technology." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17994.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>Technology is a critical component in modern society. Management of Technology (MOT) should be a major focus of management studies. At present the status of MOT is much less than it should be. Part of the reason is that there is little consensus about the body of knowledge for MOT. This can be traced down to as far as an inadequate consensus about the very nature of technology itself. There is a need for a simple and elegant conceptual foundation. There is a need for an accepted paradigm to govern MOT.
The paradigm discourse initiated by Thomas Kuhn allows for a comprehensive frame of reference about theory contestation and about the attributes required from a contesting theory to achieve the ultimate status of a paradigm. In order to help create a coherent and streamlined conceptual foundation for MOT, this research evaluates the functionality grid as a paradigm. To realise this goal, this study first assesses the functionality grid’s compliance with the theoretical requirements of a paradigm, and secondly its compliance with the empirical requirements of a paradigm.
The theoretical test uses a newly created format, the paradigm template, to establish the necessary criteria. The functionality grid is then subjected to a critical review using the said criteria. It is found that it meets the requirements of a valid paradigm. For measurement of empirical requirements, Kuhn’s own criteria are used. This second part of the study involves three practical exercises to examine the practical descriptive power of the functionality grid, and its ability to help first with the formation of a technology attuned mindset of participants, second with the improvement in technological knowledge and third with an increase in the technological literacy of participants. The outcomes of these tests are positive as well. The dissertation concludes that the functionality grid would be a viable paradigm to serve as a guide for the further development of MOT.
The functionality grid becomes confirmed as a paradigm for MOT, because it contains all the attributes to serve as a coherent and streamlined conceptual structure for this discipline. Given this outcome, it is recommended that more effort be invested to understand, promote and popularise the functionality grid; and the various analytical frameworks derived from it. It is recommended that it becomes an explicit part of the book of knowledge for MOT and that it constitutes the basis for an educational curriculum to be shared by every MOT professional and student.
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Ong, Sze Hwei 1979. "Grid computing : business and policy implications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30035.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86).<br>The Grid is a distributed computing infrastructure that facilitates the exchange of expertise and resources. It is somewhat analogous to the electric power grid in that it can potentially provide a universal source of IT resources that can have a huge impact on human capabilities and on the entire society. Currently the Grid is being deployed (in limited ways) in some research and academic institutions. As Grid computing technologies mature further, the commercial sector can also benefit. With Grid technologies enabling utility computing, enterprises will be able to access IT resources on-demand in a utility-like way. This thesis gives a brief introduction on Grids and looks back into the history of power grids for lessons learned. It suggests that the Grid and the power grid are both infrastructures and factors of reliability, standardization, universal access and affordability are necessary to ensure the success of any infrastructure. Once the Grid is successful, it can open up new opportunities in the field of utility computing and impact IT provision in the commercial sector. The new utility computing ecosystem would consist of five major players - the Grid resource supplier, the Grid infrastructure supplier, the utility service provider, the re-seller and the end user. Further industry analysis reveals that there are new roles for current players in the traditional IT provision industry and opportunities for new entrants in this new ecosystem. The thesis attempts to identify the characteristics of each of the five major players to help the IT industry better understand the requirements of these new roles. Current players in the IT provision industry would have to decide which of the above roles to play in this new utility computing ecosystem and to re-define their market strategies accordingly. New entrants to the field would likely be players in the telecommunication sector who want a share of this growing pie and whose existing relationship with bandwidth subscribers can be leveraged upon. This thesis concludes with recommendations on several policy issues: Grid standardization for inter-operability, decentralized Grid governance to encourage optimal resource sharing and mechanisms for transcending cultural/organizational barriers inhibiting the commercial adoption of Grid computing.<br>by Sze Hwei Ong.<br>S.M.
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Onyia, Chukwuebuka Louis. "Nanogrid For Renewable Off-Grid System." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397052.
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Power grids utilize large central generating stations which entails the use of long transmission lines to deliver power to consumers. This approach poses some challenges such as line loses and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into the environment from the burning of fossil fuels from such large generators. There is also little or no availability of electricity in the rural and isolated areas where the supply of power from the national grid may be considered uneconomical. Distributed generation proffers solutions to these challenges by generating power close to the point of consumption. A nanogrid is an important aspect of distributed generation in which electricity is generated for a single building. Nanogrids usually employ renewable sources of power such as solar and wind energy to generate electricity. Hence, reducing carbon dioxide emission. Also due to the versatility of nanogrids, people in the rural areas can generate their own electricity. However, the intermittent supply of power due to the variations of wind speed during the entire course of a day poses a major challenge in the use of nanogrids. This thesis focuses on the study of the interaction of the savonius wind turbine in an existing nanogrid with a particular load so as to have a better understanding of how the wind turbine parameters such as the wind speed and Tip Speed Ratio can affect the power generated from the turbine. This is achieved by modelling and measuring the power absorption of the savonius wind turbine operating in the nanogrid. From the results obtained in this project, it is glaring that the wind speed and Tip Speed Ratio of the wind turbine play a vital role in the total power harvested from the turbine. If the rotor blades spin too slowly, the wind will pass through the gap between the blades and no power will be generated. Whereas when the blades spin too fast, they act like a shield against the wind speed, creating turbulence in the air as they spin and so when the incoming blade arrives too fast, it hits the turbulent air created by the blade before it and thus, no power will also be generated in this situation. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to design the wind turbine with an optimal Tip Speed Ratio to obtain maximum power from the turbine and thus, improve the reliability and efficiency of the nanogrid technology.
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Junkert, Levi Daniel. "The grid overlay system model." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/junkert/JunkertL0509.pdf.
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The grid overlay system model is a new technique for forming a grid computing model for research computing. In this method we construct a grid that is dynamically allocated from a set of resources in a unique and progressive manner. This new system model allows for construction of virtual environments for execution of applications on many diverse shared resources. The system can dynamically scale to create a range of resources from a single machine to a virtual cluster of machines. This model provides a virtual container that can run legacy and customized software in an emulated environment or directly on the host's hardware through virtualization. Using this model on current consumer hardware allows for a unique blend of software containment with dynamic resource allocation. Our model, in combination with commercial off the shelf (COTS) hardware and software, is able to create a large grid system with multiple combinations of hardware and software environments. In our model we propose a unique set of abstraction layers for systems. The combination of our model with current consumer hardware and software provides a unique design principle for addressing grid implementation, hardware reusability, operating system deployment and implementation, virtualization in the grid, and user control techniques. This provides a robust and simple framework that allows for the construction of computational research solutions in which performance can be traded for flexibility, and vice versa. Our model can be applied to computational research grids, service oriented grids, and even scales to collections of mobile or embedded system grids.
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Liang, Hongwei. "Development of microwave and millimeter-wave pin grid array and ball grid array packages." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14867.
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Kellner, Philip. "Off-grid eller självförsörjande fjällby- en fallstudie." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217338.
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Шендрик, Віра Вікторівна, Вера Викторовна Шендрик, Vira Viktorivna Shendryk та ін. "Створення віртуального конструкторського бюро з використанням основ GRID-технологій". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7204.
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Москаленко, В`ячеслав Васильович, Вячеслав Васильевич Москаленко, and Viacheslav Vasylovych Moskalenko. "Information-extreme technology for load estimation of telecommunication GRID-system nodes." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33532.
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GRID-system is considered as poorly formalized control object that is functioning in conditions of uncertainty and unguided random factors. Due to inefficiency of traditional methods of parametric control, the usage of a learning control system by functional state is promising approach. The report considers increase functional effectiveness of management by GRID-system within information-extreme intelligent technology (IEI-technology) of analysis and synthesis of learning systems, that is based on machine learning and pattern recognition.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33532
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Levi, Patricia Janet. "Feasibility of grid compatible microgrids." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108215.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 133-139).<br>There are 1.1 billion people in the world who lack access to electricity, mostly in rural areas. The expansion of the central grid has been slow in many developing countries, hampered by a lack of supply, poor finances, and politics. Distribution companies in these countries are often cash strapped, in a tremendous amount of debt and are unable to make adequate investments in infrastructure. Off-grid technologies can be the most cost-effective choice in remote areas, and they also can offer a solution for communities that will not receive reliable centralized electricity for many years. These solutions include solar home systems and microgrids. However, investment in microgrids has been discouraged by the risk of the central grid expanding into the service area of a microgrid. An attractive solution is to create technical standards for microgrids such that they are able to connect to the grid if or when it arrives, and to provide regulations for the integration of these systems into the operation of the main grid. This arrangement could reduce the risk to microgrid investors significantly. While existing literature speculates on the value of such a system, the costs and benefits have not been quantified. This analysis uses the Reference Electrification Model, a tool developed in collaboration by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and IIT Comillas - Madrid, to assess the costs and benefits that might arise when using grid compatible microgrids. These results and an assessment of the regulatory context and forthcoming regulations show that grid compatible microgrids can provide significant social value, but only if supported by sufficient subsidies and a recognition of the costs imposed on society by depriving so many people of electricity.<br>by Patricia Janet Levi.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Vormedal, Pål Kristian Myhrer. "Voltage Source Converter Technology for Offshore Grids : Interconnection of Offshore Installations in a Multiterminal HVDC Grid using VSC." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11243.
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This master thesis has investigated the possible application of voltage source converters (VSC) for the interconnection of offshore installations, i.e. wind farms and petroleum platforms, in a multiterminal DC (MTDC) grid. The master thesis is written at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electric Power Engineering and is a continuation of the project written during the autumn of 2009. The work has been carried out in cooperation with Statnett SF, the Norwegian TSO, as a contribution to an ongoing research and development program on offshore electrification. The motivation behind this thesis is the possibilities the VSC technology bring about for the realization of renewable wind energy far from shore and supplying petroleum installations from the main onshore grid, thus reducing emissions. A theoretical study has been conducted, describing the VSC technology from basic operation to topics related to the implementation of a high power rated offshore MTDC grid. A suggested model of a small power system was established in the simulation program PSS®E. The model consisted of a four converter MTDC connecting three separate AC systems. One of the AC systems was a simplified representation of a main onshore grid, and the other two were small offshore AC grids made up of a wind farm and a petroleum platform. The MTDC was modeled using ABBs HVDC Light Open model v 1.1.9-2, developed for use in PSS®E. A series of dynamic simulations have been performed using the model to demonstrate and analyze the principles of operation for a MTDC and the interaction between the AC systems and the MTDC. The dynamic simulations demonstrate the basic operation of a MTDC with a master-slave control scheme for the active power control, as implemented in the HVDC Light model. The simulation results confirm the functionality of a MTDC as described in the theoretical analysis of the technology.The analysis based on both the literature and simulations conclude that VSC technology is a realistic solution for an offshore grid with the objective of supporting passive network installations far from shore. Simulation results conclude that an advanced control system for the active power control operation (Poption) of all the converters in a MTDC may greatly improve the performance of the system following a disturbance. Both theoretically and through simulations it has been demonstrated that the VSC MTDC provides stability improvements to the connected AC grid, by actively controlling the injected active and reactive power to the grid. The possibility to use the MTDC as an alternative path for transferring large amounts of power has been investigated, and this was found to be beneficial for the system. The difficulties related to fault protection in a MTDC have been highlighted, and a theoretical analysis concluded that the protection scheme using IGBT circuit breakers is the preferred solution with present available technology.
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Phalke, Vidyadhar 1968. "Strategies for managing business disruption due to grid computing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16998.
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Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-45).<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>In the technology centric businesses disruptive technologies displace incumbents time and again, sometimes to the extent that incumbents go bankrupt. In this thesis we would address the issue of what strategies are essential to prepare for and to manage disruptions for the affected businesses and industries. Specifically we will look at grid computing that is poised to disrupt (1) certain Enterprise IT departments, and (2) the software industry in the high-performance and web services space. In this thesis, we will present an analysis for addressing this disruption on a segment by segment basis across the distributed computing and application software value chain.<br>by Vidyadhar Phalke.<br>S.M.M.O.T.
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Packiriswamy, Premkumar. "Improving Power Grid Economy Using Windpower Generation." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1312907157.
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Sarrafi, Ali. "Peer to Peer Grid for Software Development : Improving community based software development using community based grids." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91054.
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Today, the number of software projects having large number of developers distributed all over the world is increasing rapidly. This rapid growth in distributed software development, increases the need for new tools and environments to facilitate the developers’ communication, collaboration and cooperation. Distributed revision control systems, such as Git or Bazaar, are examples oftools that have evolved to improve the quality of development in such projects. In addition, building and testing large scale cross platform software is especially hard for individual developers in an open source development community, dueto their lack of powerful and diverse computing resources.Computational grids are networks of computing resources that are geographically distributed and can be used to run complex tasks very efficiently by exploiting parallelism. However these systems are often configured for cloud computing and use a centralized structure which reduces their scalability and fault tolerance. Pure peer-to-peer (P2P) systems, on the other hand are networks without a central structure. P2P systems are highly scalable, flexible, dynamically adaptable and fault tolerant. Introducing P2P and grid computing together tothe software development process can significantly increase the access to more computing resource by individual developers distributed all over the world. In this master thesis we evaluated the possibilities of integrating these technologies with software development and the associated test cycle in order to achieve better software quality in community driven software development. The main focus of this project was on the mechanisms of data transfer, management, and dependency among peers as well as investigating the performance/overhead ratio of these technologies. For our evaluation we used the MoSync Software Development Kit (SDK), a cross platform mobile software solution, as a case study and developed and evaluated a prototype for the distributed development of this system. Our measurements show that using our prototype the time required for building MoSync SDK’s is approximately six times shorter than using a single process. We have also proposed a method for near optimum task distribution over peer to peer grids that are used for build and test.<br>Idag är antalet programvaruprojekt med stort antal utvecklare distribueras överh ela världen ökar snabbt. Denna snabba tillväxt i distribuerad mjukvaruutveckling, ökar behovet av nya verktyg och miljöer för att underlätta utvecklarnas kommunikation, samarbete och samarbete. Distribuerat versionshanteringssystem,såsom Git och Bazaar, är exempel påverktyg som har utvecklats för att för bättra kvaliteten påutvecklingen i sådana projekt. Dessutom, bygga ochtesta storskalig programvara plattformsoberoende är särskilt svrt för enskilda utvecklare i en öppen källkod utvecklingsgemenskap, pågrund av deras brist påkraftfulla och mångsidiga datorresurser. Datorgridd är nätverk av IT-resurser som är geografiskt f¨ordelade och kan användas för att köra komplexa uppgifter mycket effektivt genom att utnyttja parallellitet. Men dessa system är ofta konfigurerade för molndator och användaen centraliserad struktur vilket minskar deras skalbarhet och feltolerans. En ren icke-hierarkiskt (P2P-n¨atverk) system, åandra sidan är nätverk utan en central struktur. P2P-systemen är skalbara, flexibla, dynamiskt anpassningsbar och feltolerant. Introduktion P2P och datorgridd tillsammans med mjukvaruutveckling processen kan avsevärt öka tillgången till merdatorkraft resurs genom enskilda utvecklare distribueras över hela världen. I detta examensarbete har vi utvärderat möjligheterna att integrera dessa tekniker med utveckling av programvara och tillhörande testcykel för att uppnåbättre programvara kvalitet i samhället drivs mjukvaruutveckling. Tyngdpunkten i detta projekt var på mekanismerna för överföring av data, hantering,och beroendet bland kamrater samt undersöka prestanda / overhead förhllandet mellan dessa tekniker. För vr utvärdering använde vi MoSync SoftwareDevelopment Kit (SDK), en plattformsoberoende mobil programvara lösning,som en fallstudie och utvecklat och utvärderat en prototyp f¨or distribueradutveckling av detta system. Våra mätningar visar att med hjälp av vår prototypden tid som krävs f¨or att bygga MoSync SDK är cirka sex gånger kortare änmed en enda process. Vi har också föreslagit en metod för nära optimal uppgiftf¨ordelning ¨over peer to peer nät som används f¨or att bygga och testa.
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Eglowski, Skylar. "CREATE: Clinical Record Analysis Technology Ensemble." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1771.
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In this thesis, we describe an approach that won a psychiatric symptom severity prediction challenge. The challenge was to correctly predict the severity of psychiatric symptoms on a 4-point scale. Our winning submission uses a novel stacked machine learning architecture in which (i) a base data ingestion/cleaning step was followed by the (ii) derivation of a base set of features defined using text analytics, after which (iii) association rule learning was used in a novel way to generate new features, followed by a (iv) feature selection step to eliminate irrelevant features, followed by a (v) classifier training algorithm in which a total of 22 classifiers including new classifier variants of AdaBoost and RandomForest were trained on seven different data views, and (vi) finally an ensemble learning step, in which ensembles of best learners were used to improve on the accuracy of individual learners. All of this was tested via standard 10-fold cross-validation on training data provided by the N-GRID challenge organizers, of which the three best ensembles were selected for submission to N-GRID's blind testing. The best of our submitted solutions garnered an overall final score of 0.863 according to the organizer's measure. All 3 of our submissions placed within the top 10 out of the 65 total submissions. The challenge constituted Track 2 of the 2016 Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science (CEGS) Neuropsychiatric Genome-Scale and RDOC Individualized Domains (N-GRID) Shared Task in Clinical Natural Language Processing.
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Mata, Yandiola Cristina. "Feasibility Analysis of the Use of Hybrid Solar PV-Wind Power Systems for Grid Integrated Mini-grids in India." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-218023.
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Giannelos, Spyridon (Spyros). "Option valuation of smart grid technology projects under endogenous and exogenous uncertainty." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/45309.
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Electricity demand and renewables penetration are set to increase worldwide over the coming decades as part of the global decarbonisation effort. As a result, distribution networks are expected to face challenges related to increased peaks and undesirable voltage excursions. Hence, significant network reinforcements may be required over the next decades. However, a very significant challenge in realizing this transition is the increased uncertainty that surrounds future distributed generation and load connections in terms of size, location and timing. This uncertainty inadvertently will give rise to the prospect of inefficient investments and stranded assets given that current planning practices remain deterministic. It follows that new planning frameworks are needed that allow the quantification of option value and achieve reduction of stranding risk by encouraging cost-efficient strategic investments through smart technologies under both endogenous and exogenous sources of uncertainty. This thesis presents multi-epoch stochastic optimization models, for the distribution network planning problem, that consider a set of investment options with different techno-economical characteristics so as to reflect the multitude of choices available to planners in a realistic setting characterized by endogenous or exogenous uncertainty. These optimization models are rendered tractable through the use of novel decomposition schemes that effectively help manage the associated increased computational burden. The corresponding simulation results validate that smart technologies constitute valuable options for enabling cost effective integration of distributed generation units and underline the importance of early investment in such assets under decision-dependent uncertainty. In addition, the results emphasize that deterministic approaches systematically undervalue the flexibility that smart assets provide, thereby posing a barrier to the advent of the flexible smart grid paradigm.
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Dimobi, Ikechukwu Samuel. "Transactive Distribution Grid with Microgrids Using Blockchain Technology for the Energy Internet." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102216.
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The changing nature of the energy grid in recent years has prompted key stakeholders to think of ways to address incoming challenges. Transactive energy is an approach that promises to dynamically align active grid elements coming up in the previously inactive consumers' side to achieve a reliable and smarter grid. This work models the distribution grid structure as a combination of microgrids. A blockchain-in-the loop simulation framework is modelled and simulated for a residential microgrid using power system simulators and transactive agents. Blockchain smart contracts are used to coordinate peer-to-peer energy transactions in the microgrid. The model is used to test three market coordination schemes: a simple auction-less scheme, an auction-less scheme with a normalized sorting metric and an hour ahead single auction scheme with penalties for unfulfilled bids. Case studies are presented of a microgrid with 30 homes, at different levels of solar and energy storage penetration within the microgrid, all equipped with responsive and unresponsive appliances and transactive agents for the HVAC systems. The auction-less scheme with a normalized sorting metric is observed to provide a fairer advantage to smaller solar installations in comparison to the simple auction-less method. It is then concluded that the auction-less schemes are most beneficial to users, as they would not need sophisticated forecasting technology to reduce penalties from bid quantity inaccuracies, as long as the energy mix within the microgrid is diverse enough.<br>Master of Science
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Isaac, Nithin. "Economic impact of captive solar technology and an ideal grid penetration level." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59842.
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Since the 2008 energy crisis, the national utility has been under stress to meet the country's electrical demand. Moreover, the costs of building new conventional power stations and the operation and maintenance costs of existing ones are taking a toll on the economy. The utility has hence resorted to hiking electricity tariffs. This combination of rising electricity prices and decreasing costs of photovoltaic (PV) technology have hence led a number of households to cover part of their electricity demand by self-produced captive solar PV technology. Reliable supply of energy is the backbone of a growing economy, hence the integration of captive solar PV technology, and self-generation seems to be growing on the back of an impending energy crisis. Although the integration of cleaner energy sources is good, uncontrolled or over penetration of captive solar technology could become a threat to the utility.<br>Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>nk2017<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>MBA<br>Unrestricted
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Kharchenko, M., Світлана Віталіївна Подолкова, Светлана Витальевна Подолкова, and Svitlana Vitaliivna Podolkova. "A usage of grid-technology for modeling physical phenomena in modern science." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77836.
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It is well known that modern scientific problems are very complicated and can not be solved by pen and paper without computers. The main reason for usage computer resources is a lot of equations need to be solved and huge amount of data need to be used for corresponding computations. Nowadays scientists use HPC clusters (high-performance computing cluster) for solving their complicated scientific problems instead of low productive PC (personal computer).
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Al-Enezi, F. Q. "Optimal cost versus efficiency configuration of a grid-connected photovoltaic system exploiting the weighted-sum method with focus on Kuwaiti National Grid." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/379244/.
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An overview of the production and consumption of Kuwait electrical energy, installed capacity and peak loads is presented in this research. The results show that Kuwait has a serious problem because of insufficient electrical energy installed and load peaking, which is considered unacceptable. The research also identifies and analyses the geographical and temporal variability of solar energy inside Kuwait. The fundamental solar models are modified to estimate and identify daily and hourly global (direct-beam) and total solar radiation (SR) on horizontal surfaces on the basis of the more readily available meteorological data such as latitude angle, longitude angle, clearness index, solar time and corresponding hour angle. The presented results demonstrate that Kuwait has an abundance of solar energy capability in terms of almost cloudless atmosphere for nine months and twelve hours solar time a day throughout the year. The daily global and monthly averaged solar intensity have been computed. This research shows that the knowledge of SR data is essential for design and sizing of the photovoltaic (PV) systems. A specific type of PV module has been modelled and its characteristics such as I-V and P-V curves for each month of the year have been calculated and analysed using MATLAB/Simulink to determine the amount of DC current, voltage and power. These results form the basis of the grid-connected PV system (GCPV) design from array construction to the reliability of electrical supply. A technical sizing procedure based on sizing algorithm using iterative manual approach (SAIMA) for meeting specific amount of GWh output required by a potential PV system sponsor in Kuwait is presented. SAIMA has been implemented to determine the configuration of the PV array, inverter-to-PV array sizing factor and efficiency of the system according to previous PV module and inverter database. A novel methodology for approximating Pareto front multi-criteria cost-efficiency optimization problem for a proposed GCPV system has been constructed using system planning constraints. The proposed algorithm is based on bi-objective weighted-sum (BoWS) method to maximize the system efficiency and minimize the system cost. A main objective function of both GCPV system cost and efficiency has been stated as function of PV output power and inverter rated power. The proposed function is performed with the Sequential Quadratic Programing (SQP). The results presented in this research have been acquired through simulation of the proposed GCPV to a specific section of Alsabyia generation station part of Kuwait national grid with efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm incorporated into a DC-DC boost converter. The simulations were performed using Power Simulation Software (PSIM). The analytical model of the PV module has been combined with a ‘perturb and observe’ (P&O) method so that MPP is achieved with the external temperature and SR also considered. An inverter is used to track the output voltage of the converter and interface the PV array with the grid. The results show that the model not only achieves the MPP function but also improves the output of the inverter by reducing the ripples in the sine waveforms. Moreover, this research involved using the software package ERACS to analyze the impact of penetrating approximately 100 MW of the proposed PV generation to a part of the generation unit at Alsybia electrical station in Kuwait. The one-line diagram of the network was modeled in ERACS and it’s used to conduct power flow and fault studies. Four network locations were chosen as potential sites to connect the PV system. Power flow studies were conducted on the network for every hour that the PV array contributed power to the network and for 35 different network configurations for each daylight hour. Computer programs were created to conduct all of these power flow studies and to help analyze the data. Fault studies were then carried out on the network, with the PV array connected at all of the potential locations. There were a few faults that caused a fault level greater than 40 kA to flow through the 13.8 kV busbars.
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Xu, Yang. "Analysis of on-grid and off-grid cost for rural electrification in developing countries." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247889.
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Electricity is a fundamental energy carrier for modern life and for economic prosperity. All kinds of equipment use electricity as their power source, including domestic and industrial applications. There is a trend to adopting more electricity-based equipment in all areas. The modern power infrastructures can sufficiently supply most cities and developed areas. However, certain rural areas are still unable to get access to electric power due to the inconvenient locations or less developed economy. This makes the living conditions in such areas extremely inconvenient and further hinders the economic development in those areas.Electrification for rural areas has been a critical task for some developing countries. To accomplish this task, the options are limited to build a stand-alone power system or construct a power transmission line for the chosen location. A stand-alone power system has commonly been based on fossil fuel, such as a diesel generator, with low capital cost compared to a long connection, but with significant running cost of fuel. Recent improvements of renewable sources and storage, and more efficient loads, have made renewable sources much more competitive than before for a stand-alone electricity supply. The choice between different renewable energies depends on the local natural resources. It is a more flexible way to providing the electricity and a more efficient and environmental-friendly way since the energy loss caused by transmission is eliminated. On the other hand, the grid connection option involves building a transmission line to connect the rural area to the national grid, which is a more traditional approach to provide power. The cost of this method depends on the relative distance between the rural area and the nation grid.The choice between the above two mentioned electrification options is the first step when considering providing power to the rural area. This thesis focuses on the electrification for rural areas and comparing the above two methods, finding out the break-even point. It is of current interest as the technology for both options is changing, and the break-even is also changing.In this thesis, a mathematical model for on-grid electrification is proposed and simulated on MATLAB. The off-grid option is simulated by HOMER. The results show how the LCOE of on-grid and off-grid electrification as well as the off-grid configuration are affected by different parameters like the distance to grid, load demand level, PV cost, WT cost, storage cost, the diesel price and so on. By comparing the results, the break-even point of two options is also presented.<br>Elektricitet är den viktigaste energibäraren för det moderna livet och för ekonomiskt välstånd. Många typer av utrustning använder el som sin kraftkälla, i hushållet såväl som I industrin, och det finns en tendens att öka användning av el inom alla områden. Moderna elnät levererar till de flesta städer och utvecklade områden. Dock har vissa landsbygdsområden fortfarande inte elförsörjning, på grund av svårtillgängliga områden och mindre utvecklade ekonomier. Detta gör att levnadsförhållandena i sådana områden är lägre än om man hade haft tillgång till el, och ytterligare hindrar den ekonomiska utvecklingen i dessa områden.Elektrifiering för landsbygdsområden har varit en viktig uppgift för vissa utvecklingsländer. Två extrema fall är att bygga ett fristående lokalt kraftsystem, eller att bygga nya kraftledningar för att ansluta till ett befintligt elnät. Ett fristående kraftsystem har historiskt sett typiskt berott på fossila bränslen, till exempel med en dieselgenerator, vilket ger lägre kapitalkostnad än en lång ledning, fast med betydande driftskostnader för bränsle. De senaste förbättringarna av förnybara källor och lagring, samt effektivare laster, har gjort förnybara källor mycket mer konkurrenskraftiga än tidigare för en fristående elförsörjning.Valet mellan de två ovannämnda alternativen är det första steget när man elektrifierar ett landsbygdsområde. Denna uppsats fokuserar på elektrifiering för landsbygdsområden och jämför dessa två metoder. Det är av aktuellt intresse eftersom tekniken för båda alternativen är i förändring.I denna uppsats, en matematisk modell för on-grid elektrifiering är föreslås och simuleras på MATLAB. Alternativet off-grid simuleras av HOMER. Resultaten visar hur LCOE av on-grid och off-grid elektrifiering såväl som nätverkskonfigurationen påverkas av olika parametrar som avståndet till rutnätet, lastbehovsnivå, PV kostnad, WT kostnad, lagerkostnad, dieselpriset och så vidare. Genom att jämföra resultaten, jämnpunkten av två alternativ är också presenterad.
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Reynolds, Peggy E. "Depth Technology: Remediating Orientation." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354298228.
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Björklund, Lars. "The Repertory Grid Technique:Making Tacit Knowledge Explicit : Assessing Creative Work and Problem Solving Skillls." Linköpings universitet, Lärande, Estetik, Naturvetenskap (LEN), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69231.
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This third volume in the International Technology Education Series provides insights into developments in technology education research in terms of methods and techniques. The importance of the book is that it highlights the uniqueness of the area of technology education in terms of content, and learning and teaching processes, and the need to provide methods and techniques to capture this uniqueness when undertaking research. The book comprises research methods and techniques being used by a range of current researchers. Each chapter includes details of the method or technique, but does so in terms of a project where it was used. This provides important contextual material that will help researchers when developing research projects. The book contains research methods and techniques that are new in general as well as ones new to technology education and ones that are variations to existing methods and techniques to make them suitable for use in technology education research. This book should be of interest to research students, teacher educators, researchers and policy-makers who are involved in technology education.
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Green, Henrik, and Daniel Lauri. "Form Finding of Grid Shells - a Parametric Approach using Dynamic Relaxation." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209586.
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The rapid development of computational capacity in recent years has expanded the possibilities of digital modelling in architectural design. Parametric design has emerged from these possibilities with a capacity to generate complex geometries which call for advanced structural systems. Especially for form found structures, where the geometry is determined by structural mechanics, collaboration between architects and structural engineers is crucial in early design. In this master thesis a form finding algorithm for grid shells has been developed. The algorithm is based on dynamic relaxation with kinetic damping coupled with a structural evaluation by the finite element method. The algorithm is applied to steel and glass grid shells, first with arbitrary boundary geometry and then in case studies where two shells are analysed in greater detail. The algorithm is capable to form find grid shells with arbitrary boundary geometry. Convergence of dynamic relaxation is studied to ensure that a structure with a high degree of membrane action is found. Verification of the case study forms show that the algorithm produces grid shells with sufficient structural performance as long as the grid is sparse. However, the algorithm fails to provide structural stability for denser grid patterns, as shown by geometrically nonlinear analysis. Deviations from the conditions used to form find the grid shells are shown to adversely affect structural performance. Finally, an attempt to reduce the number of unique elements in grid shells is made using prescriptive dynamic relaxation. This is shown to be a difficult task for the case of complex geometry. Structurally meaningful geometry can be achieved by a parametric modelling approach where constraints limit the solution space even if multiple parameters are included. The direct link between computational procedures and software commonly used in architectural design enables successful collaboration between architect and structural engineer.
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Karlsson, Per. "Hybrid Particle-Grid Water Simulation using Multigrid Pressure Solver." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105547.
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This thesis involves an evaluation of the multigrid method for solving systems of differential equations in hybrid particle-grid fluid simulations. The work in this thesis is focused on inviscid incompressible liquid and water simulations and the method of choice is Fluid Implicit Particle (FLIP). Equations and algorithms are presented in but not restricted to a two-dimensional domain, and can easily be extended to three dimensions. The results of the multigrid pressure solver in this thesis shows that the method is sufficient for non real-time simulations in computer graphics. A comparison between multigrid and the traditional preconditioned conjugate gradient method showed similar results in tests for correctness.
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Elkady, Yasser Ahmed Suhling J. C. Knight Roy Ward. "Thermal performance of ball grid arrays and thin interface materials." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/doctoral/EL-KADY_YASSER_48.pdf.
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Foo, Xueyuan. "Design and Implementation of A Smart Grid System Based on Blockchain Smart Contract Technology." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-40851.
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Under de senaste åren har blockchain-tekniken fått mer och mer uppmärksamhet. Det har visat speciella fördelar i digital valuta, eftersom det distribueras och dess data inte kan ändras. Med fler länder som presenterar idén om kraftsysteminnovationen har ett stort antal distribuerade kraftkällor dykt upp. Nätanslutningen för dessa distribuerade kraftkällor leder till instabil nätdrift och ökar svårigheten att hantera kraftigt. Därför finns det ett akut behov av en lösning som kan realisera direkt transaktion av distribuerad kraftförsörjning. Denna artikel gör en fördjupad analys av blockchain-tekniken, inklusive hasalgoritm, konsensusmekanism, Merkle-träd, smart kontrakt etc. Och sedan studeras Ethereum och smarta nät. Den här artikeln realiserar automatisering och intelligens för mätning av eltransaktioner genom smart kontraktsteknik som tillhandahålls av Ethereum. En blockchain privat kedja skapas och sedan distribueras det smarta kontraktet i den privata kedjan. Med fördelarna med blockchaintekniken ovan kommer lagring av kraftdata och krafttransaktioner att vara mer trovärdig och mer transparent. Sammantaget designar och bygger detta papper ett smart grid-system baserat på blockchain-smarta teknik. Systemet kan inte bara användas för smarta nätsystem utan även för andra energisystem. Denna artikel ger en referens för tillämpning av blockchain-teknik.<br>In recent years, blockchain technology has received more and more attention. It has shown special advantages in digital currency, because it is distributed and its data cannot be altered. With more countries put forward the idea of the power system innovation, a large number of distributed power sources have emerged. The grid connection of these distributed power sources will lead to unstable grid operation and greatly increase the difficulty of management. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a solution that can realize direct transaction of distributed power supply. This article makes an in-depth analysis of the blockchain technology, including hash algorithm, consensus mechanism, Merkle tree, smart contract, etc. And then the Ethereum and smart grids are studied. This article realizes automation and intelligence of the electricity transaction measurement through the smart contract technology provided by Ethereum. A blockchain private chain is created and then the smart contract is deployed into the private chain. With the advantages of blockchain technology aforementioned, the storage of power data and the power transactions will be more credible and more transparent. All in all, this paper designs and builds a smart grid system based on the smart contract technology of blockchain. The system can be used not only for smart grid systems but also for other energy trading systems. This article provides a reference for the application of blockchain technology.
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Back, Erik. "A new DC-DC converter technology suitable to support grid connection of wave power energy converter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182937.
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Since 2002, the department of electricity at Uppsala university has pushed the Lysekil project. The project has a number of wave energy converters installed in the sea southwest of Lysekil. The purpose of this work is to design, build and test a DC-DC converter, which will later be used as a necessary part of the grid connection of a wave energy converter. Since a wave energy converter does not generate electricity at a constant frequency, it is not possible to use a gearbox. Instead, power is rectified and, if there are several wave power energy converters, are put together with the others before it is inverted and transformed to the correct voltage level, and finally connected to the grid [1]. The designed DC-DC converter is a converter of the type "inverting buck-boost", i.e. a converter that can both lower and raise the voltage, and inverts the polarity of the output. Although the voltage in normal circumstances will only be increased, the simulations showed that the efficiency and cost of components did not differ much between a "boost" and "buck-boost" converter, thus considered flexibility to be able to lower the voltage if needed. The project also includes a small part to the construction of a bridge rectifier, but as the most difficult moment in the project is the DC-DC converter, the greatest focus will be there.
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Tendolkar, Chaitanya. "An Analysis of Geospatial Factors in Medium Voltage Grid Distribution Network Routing." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264248.
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To provide electricity access to the population currently deprived of it, is one of the sustainable development goals. Although the number is decreasing and is below 1 billion people without access to electricity for the first time in the year 2017, there is still much to be done. At the current rate of electrification an additional approximately 550 million people of those deprived now would have access to electricity by the year 2030, but 650million would still be without electricity access. This report studies the spatial factors that affect how MV network expansion occurs. The motivation for this report comes from studying previous research work using GIS and studying the Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) which is developed by the division of Energy Systems Analysis at KTH. The objective of this tool is to aid electrification planning by examining options ranging from national grid expansion to off-grid resources such as solar, wind, hydro based on spatial analysis of data. The study is conducted into two parts. First by undertaking a literature review of relevant GIS based electrification and utility planning articles, to identify the factors that contribute to the costs of grid network extension. Thereafter, existing grid networks in Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda have been analyzed to examine the correlation to the different factors identified in the literature review. A qualitative comparison is conducted between the different countries to aid the development of spatial analysis tools such as OnSSET. The observations made studying the countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa region are noted down in the results section depicting similarities in planning and implementation of the grid network. Finally, necessary suggestions are made that might supplement and help the efforts in geospatial electrification network planning tools like OnSSET. The differences between literature review and practical geospatial analysis tools is also mentioned including the challenges faced during this thesis.<br>Att kunna förse el till befolkningen som för närvarande ej har tillgång till det är ett av de globala hållbarhetsmålen. Även om andelen av befolkningen som inte har tillgång till el sjunker och befinner sig under 1 miljard för första gången år 2017, behöver mer göras. Vid nuvarande tillväxt av antalet människor som får tillgång till el kommer ytterligare 550 miljoner ha tillgång år 2030, men 650 miljoner kommer fortfarande vara utan. Denna rapport studerar de rumsliga faktorerna som påverkar sättet som utbyggnad av MV-nätverk sker. Motiveringen till denna rapport härrör från tidigare forskning med GIS och undersökningar av Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) vilket är utvecklat av enheten för Energisystemanalys på KTH. Syftet med detta verktyg är att bistå planering för elektrifiering genom att analysera såväl utbyggnad av det nationella elnätet som fristående alternativ som sol-, vind- och vattenbaserade resurser med hjälp av spatiala dataanalyser. Denna undersökning genomförs i två delar. Den första delen behandlar litterära studier av relevanta GISbaserade studier för elektrifikations och nätverksplanering,, för att identifiera faktorer som bidrar till kostnaden av nätverkets expansion. Den andra delen behandlar existerande nätverk i Malawi, Nigeria och Uganda som har analyserats för att analysera korrelationen mellan de faktorer som identifierats i den litterära undersökningen. En kvalitativ jämförelse genomförs mellan de olika länderna för att bidra till utvecklingen av rumsliga analytiska verktyg som OnSSET. Observationerna som gjorts vid undersökningen i delen av Afrika söder om Sahara är noterade i resultatsektionen som skildrar likheter i planering och implementering av rutnätverken. Slutligen är nödvändiga förslag gjorda som möjligen kan bidra till och hjälpa i arbetet för geospatial elektrifikations planeringsverktyg som OnSSET. Skillnader mellan litterära undersökningen och praktiska geospatiala analysverktyg är också nämnd inklusive utmaningarna inför denna avhandling.
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Davis, Wesley O'Brian Sr. "Intelligent street lighting application for electric power distribution systems the business case for smartgrid technology." Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9189.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering<br>Anil Pahwa<br>This research project builds upon previous work related to intelligent and energy efficient lighting in modern street and outdoor lighting systems. The concept of implementing modern smart grid technologies such as the proposed Street & Outdoor Lighting Intelligent Monitoring System (SOLIMS) is developed. A random sample of photocells from two municipal electric power systems is used to collect data of the actual on/off times of random photocells versus Civil Twilight (sunrise/sunset) times. A business case was developed using the data collected from the observations to support an electric utility company’s implementation of SOLIMS as an alternative to current operations. The goal of the business case is to demonstrate energy and capacity savings, reduced maintenance and operating costs, and lower carbon emissions.
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Rahnama, Roxanne. "Essays on the attitudes, behavior, and decision-making of income-constrained electricity consumers : implications for integrative grid and off-grid business model planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117795.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2018.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged student-submitted from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 116-126).<br>Electrification rates in a number of low income and developing countries have faced steady improvements in the last few decades, with impressive technological advancements in both the grid and off-grid sectors. There are nonetheless vast swaths of the planet - largely concentrated in India and sub-Saharan Africa - that continue to face troublesome gaps, along both extensive and intensive margins, in progress toward the goal of universal electricity access by 2030. In spite of widespread technical developments, growth of digital platforms for stakeholder engagement, and improvements in technocratic optimization tools for planning, stubborn challenges remain in the distribution sector of LIDCs, placing persistent constraints on equitable growth, private investment, and development for the 1.6 billion rural citizens living in the dark during an era of rapid urbanization. Attaching particular focus to India, which houses 300 million of the global energy poor, this thesis will argue that inadequate attention to consumer attitudes, behavior, and decision-making patterns perpetuates gridlocks in surpassing the final frontiers of global electrification. This overarching argument will be developed over a series of standalone, yet intellectually connected essays that derive from a mixture of applied political economy methods: first, an in-depth context analysis of electricity distribution in India will be introduced. The second essay extends beyond the Indian context and is largely organized as a state-of-knowledge paper that examines the complex relationship between ability-to-pay, willingness-to-pay, and welfare, and the ways in which nuanced socioeconomic, behavioral, and technical dynamics endogenously interact with these variables. In doing so, several hypotheses and case study analyses will be presented and deficiencies in this nascent literature which merit more academic engagement will be highlighted. The ultimate paper will conclude by offering different sets of consumer engagement and behavioral design recommendations that can advance an integrative approach to grid and off-grid business model planning. In holistically examining the complex nexus between electricity access and the consumer psyche, this thesis aims to provide deeper insights into the lives of the energy poor and advance a human-centered design approach to electrification planning in developing contexts.<br>by Roxanne Rahnama.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Williams, Jennifer M. "An Application of Digital Video Recording and Off-grid Technology to Burrowing Owl Conservation Research." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699953/.
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Through this research, engineering students and conservation biologists constructed an off-grid video system for observing western burrowing owls in El Paso, Texas. The burrowing owl has a declining population and their range decreasing, driving scientists' interest to see inside the den for observing critical nesting behavior. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) biologists wanted videos from inside the dark, isolated hillside owl burrows. This research yielded a replicable multi-camera prototype, empowering others to explore applications of engineering and wildlife monitoring. The remote station used an off-the-shelf video recording system, solar panels, charge controller, and lead acid batteries. Four local K-12 science educators participated in system testing at Lake Ray Roberts State Park through the Research Experiences for Teachers (RET, NSF #1132585) program, as well as four undergraduate engineering students as senior design research.
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Aslan, Murad. "Implementering av solceller vid busshållplats." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298373.
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Idag är människor i behov av Wi-Fi, eluttag samt belysning och samtidigt är kollektivtrafiken en stor del av människors vardag. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka huruvida en implementering av solceller kan gynna samhället utifrån ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala perspektiv. Studien beskriver även hur prisskillnaden mellan On-Grid och Off-Grid kan variera på grund av komponenter som används i implementeringen. I genomförandet undersöks energibehovet för Wi–Fi, LED-belysning och eluttag och detta har lett till att batteristorleken för systemet är 150 Ah. Däremot har Sverige få soldagar vilket leder till att antal mörka nätter approximeras till två och batteristorleken fördubblas därför till 300 Ah. Resultatet uppvisar att anslutande av elnät till busshållplatsen betingar ett pris av 100 000 kr men att implementera Off-Grid system på busshållplatsen kostar 23 653 kr för huvudkomponenter exklusive pris av montering, säkring och kablar. Genom att implementera solceller på On-Grid systemet kan elkostnader för bolaget minskas och återbetalningstiden förkortas. Studien kom fram till att två paneler av Midsummer BOLD med 195 Wp kommer täcka systemets behov. Dessa paneler är svensk tillverkad från 100% förnyelsebar el och har lågt koldioxidutsläpp med runt 90% lägre än traditionella solceller.<br>Today, people need Wi-Fi, electrical outlets, and lighting, and at the same time public transport is a large part of people's everyday lives. The purpose of the work is to investigate whether the implementation of solar cells can benefit society from an economic, ecological, and social perspective. The study also describes how the price difference between On-Grid and Off-Grid can vary due to components used in the implementation. The implementation examines the energy needs for Wi-Fi, LED lighting and electrical outlets and this has led to the battery size for the system being 150 Ah. On the other hand, Sweden has few sunny days, which leads to the number of dark nights being approximated to two and the battery size therefore doubling to 300 Ah. The results show that connection of the electricity network to the bus stop requires a price of SEK 100,000, but implementing Off-Grid systems at the bus stop costs SEK 23,653 for main components excluding the price of assembly, fuse, and cables. By implementing solar cells on the On-Grid system, electricity costs for the company can be reduced and the repayment period shortened. The study concluded that two panels of Midsummer BOLD with 195 Wp will cover the system's needs. These panels are Swedish made from 100% renewable electricity and have low carbon dioxide emissions with around 90% lower than traditional solar cells.
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Song, Fubin. "Experimental investigation on testing conditions of solder ball shear and pull tests and the correlation with board level mechanical drop test /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202007%20SONG.
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Jordy, Daniel Edward. "Computational drop testing of printed circuit boards with BGA components." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Salomonsson, Fredrik. "PIC/FLIP Fluid Simulation Using Block-Optimized Grid Data Structure." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70794.
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This thesis work will examin and present how to implement a Particle-In-Cell and a Fluid-Implicit-Particle (PIC / FLIP) fluid solver that takes advantage of the inherent parallelism of Digital Domain's sparse block optimized data structure, DB-Grid. The methods offer a hybrid approach between particle and grid based simulation. This thesis will also discuss and go through different approaches for storing and accessing the data associated with each particle. For dynamically create and remove attributes from the particles, Disney's open source API, Partio is used. Which is also used for saving the particles to disk. Finally how to expose C++ classes into Python by wrapping everything into a Python module using the Boost.Python API and discuss the benets of having a script language.
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Naseer, Aisha. "Grid-based semantic integration of heterogeneous data resources : implementation on a HealthGrid." Thesis, Brunel University, 2007. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7899.
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The semantic integration of geographically distributed and heterogeneous data resources still remains a key challenge in Grid infrastructures. Today's mainstream Grid technologies hold the promise to meet this challenge in a systematic manner, making data applications more scalable and manageable. The thesis conducts a thorough investigation of the problem, the state of the art, and the related technologies, and proposes an Architecture for Semantic Integration of Data Sources (ASIDS) addressing the semantic heterogeneity issue. It defines a simple mechanism for the interoperability of heterogeneous data sources in order to extract or discover information regardless of their different semantics. The constituent technologies of this architecture include Globus Toolkit (GT4) and OGSA-DAI (Open Grid Service Architecture Data Integration and Access) alongside other web services technologies such as XML (Extensive Markup Language). To show this, the ASIDS architecture was implemented and tested in a realistic setting by building an exemplar application prototype on a HealthGrid (pilot implementation). The study followed an empirical research methodology and was informed by extensive literature surveys and a critical analysis of the relevant technologies and their synergies. The two literature reviews, together with the analysis of the technology background, have provided a good overview of the current Grid and HealthGrid landscape, produced some valuable taxonomies, explored new paths by integrating technologies, and more importantly illuminated the problem and guided the research process towards a promising solution. Yet the primary contribution of this research is an approach that uses contemporary Grid technologies for integrating heterogeneous data resources that have semantically different. data fields (attributes). It has been practically demonstrated (using a prototype HealthGrid) that discovery in semantically integrated distributed data sources can be feasible by using mainstream Grid technologies, which have been shown to have some Significant advantages over non-Grid based approaches.
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Orebrand, Idah, Max Rosvall, and Melissa Eklund. "Microgeneration of PV power and its impact on power quality in the distribution grid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324313.
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This bachelor thesis examines the impacts of installed microgeneration of PV power in the distribution grid. The thesis examines the selected distribution grids power quality and how it is affected in terms of exceeding currents, voltages and reverse power flows and how the future trend of microgeneration of PV power will develop. A case study is made on Gotland with the support of the distribution grid owner, GEAB. Three of GEAB's distribution grids with different customer configurations and grid structures are being used to create different case scenarios. The production from the PV plants is calculated with production data from a project that GEAB performed with PV plants but dismantled in 2016. The Newton-Raphson power flow method is used to run the simulations of the grids with different amount of installed PV power. The results show that exceeding maximum current is the first parameter to limit and affect the power quality for all grids. After this the three grids can handle different amounts of installed PV power with respect of the remaining parameters. The simulations also show that losses in the grid are reduced due to installations of PV plants, although their small magnitude do not make them a significant aspect to consider when evaluating microgeneration in the distribution grid. When comparing to future scenarios it is concluded that the grids are dimensioned to handle a various amount of installed microgeneration without the power quality being affected. To analyse the sensitivity of the results a sensitivity analysis is performed on the slack node voltage by alternating the voltage level. The result indicates that a higher slack node voltage gives more exceeding voltages for the city power grid and the two rural grids.
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Zaker, Nima. "Fiber-wireless Sensor Broadband Access Network Integration for the Smart Grid." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23804.
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During the last century, the significant increase in electricity demand, and its consequences, has appeared as a serious concern for the utility companies, but no essential change has been applied to the conventional power grid infrastructure till now. Recently, researchers have identified efficient control and power distribution mechanisms as the immediate challenges for conventional power grids. Hence, the next step for conventional power grid toward Smart Grid is to provide energy efficiency management along with higher reliability via smart services, in which the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is inevitable. ICT introduces powerful tools to comply with the smart grid requirements. Among various ICT properties, the telecommunication network plays a key role for providing a secure infrastructure. The two-way digital communication system provides an interaction between energy suppliers and consumers for managing, controlling and optimizing energy distribution. We can also define the smart grid as a two-way flow of energy and control information, where the electricity consumers can generate energy using green energy resources. The main objective of this thesis is to select an effective communication infrastructure to support the smart grid services by considering wireless and optical communication technologies. Fiber-wireless (FiWi) networks are considered as a potential solution to provide a fast and reliable network backbone with the optical access network integration and the flexibility and mobility of the wireless network. Therefore, we adopt the integration of the wireless sensor network (WSN) to Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) as a broadband access network to transmit smart meter data along with the Fiber To The Home/Building/Curb (FTTX) traffic through the shared fiber. Finally, we present and analyze the simulation results for the aforementioned infrastructure based on our adopted priority-based FTTX-WSN integration model.
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Ono, Masahiro S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Energy-efficient control of a smart grid with sustainable homes based on distributing risk." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70413.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-145).<br>The goal of this thesis is to develop a distributed control system for a smart grid with sustainable homes. A central challenge is how to enhance energy efficiency in the presence of uncertainty. A major source of uncertainty in a smart grid is intermittent energy production by renewable energy sources. In the face of global climate change, it is crucial to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and shift to renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar. However, a large-scale introduction of wind and solar generation to an electrical grid poses a significant risk of blackouts since the energy supplied by the renewables is unpredictable and intermittent. The uncertain behavior of renewable energy sources increases the risk of blackouts. Therefore, an important challenge is to develop an intelligent control mechanism for the electrical grid that is both reliable and efficient. Uncertain weather conditions and human behavior pose challenges for a smart home. For example, autonomous room temperature control of a residential building may occasionally make the room environment uncomfortable for residents. Autonomous controllers must be able to take residents' preferences as an input, and to control the indoor environment in an energy-efficient manner while limiting the risk of failure to meet the residents' requirements in the presence of uncertainties. In order to overcome these challenges, we propose a distributed robust control method for a smart grid that includes smart homes as its building components. The proposed method consists of three algorithms: 1) market-based contingent energy dispatcher for an electrical grid, 2) a risk-sensitive plan executive for temperature control of a residential building, and 3) a chance-constrained model-predictive controller with a probabilistic guarantee of constraint satisfaction, which can control continuously operating systems such as an electrical grid and a building. We build the three algorithms upon the chance-constrained programming framework: minimization of a given cost function with chance constraints, which bound the probability of failure to satisfy given state constraints. Although these technologies provide promising capabilities, they cannot contribute to sustainability unless they are accepted by the society. In this thesis we specify policy challenges for a smart grid and a smart home, and discuss policy options that gives economical and regulatory incentives for the society to introduce these technologies on a large scale.<br>by Masahiro Ono.<br>S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Lui, Hoi Wai. "Experimental evaluation of board level solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array assemblies with eutectic Pb-Sn and Pb-free solders /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202003%20LUI.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-114). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Hariharan, Ganesh Lall Pradeep. "Models for thermo-mechanical eliability trade-offs for ball grid array and flip chip packages in extreme environments." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Theses/HARIHARAN_GANESH_55.pdf.
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Altowaijri, Saleh. "Grid and cloud computing : technologies, applications, market sectors, and workloads." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42944.
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Developments in electronics, computing and communication technologies have transformed IT systems from desktop and tightly coupled mainframe computers of the past to modern day highly complex distributed systems. These ICT systems interact with humans at a much advanced level than what was envisaged during the early years of computer development. The ICT systems of today have gone through various phases of developments by absorbing intermediate and modern day concepts such as networked computing, utility, on demand and autonomic computing, virtualisation and so on. We now live in a ubiquitous computing and digital economy era where computing systems have penetrated into the human lives to a degree where these systems are becoming invisible. The price of these developments is in the increased costs, higher risks and higher complexity. There is a compelling need to study these emerging systems, their applications, and the emerging market sectors that they are penetrating into. Motivated by the challenges and opportunities offered by the modern day ICT technologies, we aim in this thesis to explore the major technological developments that have happened in the ICT systems during this century with a focus on developing techniques to manage applied ICT systems in digital economy. In the process, we wish to also touch on the evolution of ICT systems and discuss these in context of the state of the art technologies and applications. We have identified the two most transformative technologies of this century, grid computing and cloud computing, and two application areas, intelligent healthcare and transportation systems. The contribution of this thesis is multidisciplinary in four broad areas. Firstly, a workload model of a grid-based ICT system in the healthcare sector is proposed and analysed using multiple healthcare organisations and applications. Secondly, an innovative intelligent system for the management of disasters in urban environments using cloud computing is proposed and analysed. Thirdly, cloud computing market sectors, applications, and workload are analysed using over 200 real life case studies. Fourthly, a detailed background and literature review is provided on grid computing and cloud computing. Finally, directions for future work are given. The work contributes in multidisciplinary fields involving healthcare, transportation, mobile computing, vehicular networking, grid, cloud, and distributed computing. The discussions presented in this thesis on the historical developments, technology and architectural details of grid computing have served to understand as to how and why grid computing was seen in the past as the global infrastructure of the future. These discussions on grid computing also provided the basis that we subsequently used to explain the background, motivations, technological details, and ongoing developments in cloud computing. The introductory chapters on grid and cloud computing, collectively, have provided an insight into the evolution of ICT systems over the last 50+ years - from mainframes to microcomputers, internet, distributed computing, cluster computing, and computing as a utility and service. The existing and proposed applications of grid and cloud computing in healthcare and transport were used to further elaborate the two technologies and the ongoing ICT developments in the digital economy. The workload models and analyses of grid and cloud computing systems can be used by the practitioners for the design and resource management of ICT systems.
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Haikola, Matilda, and Malin Söderberg. "Grid Tariff Design for Efficient Utilisation of the Distributor Grid : A qualitative study with actors on the Swedish electricity market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279515.
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The Swedish electricity system is transitioning due to the establishment of climate policy goals and trends related to technology and demographics. The transition has resulted in an increased demand for electricity. The increased demand for electricity in combination with lack of forecasts, planning and coordination between actors in the electricity sector has led to the occurrence of grid congestion. Extending the network is time-consuming and requires substantial investments. Instead, an alternative is to utilise the available grid capacity more efficiently by implementing flexibility solutions. Flexibility can be achieved by implementing incentives such as grid tariffs. This solution has recently gained much attention in Sweden, but it is not apparent how grid tariffs should be designed. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how distribution grid tariffs could be designed to incentivise different actors to contribute to flexibility in a way that results in an efficient use of the electrical grid. A qualitative study was performed, collecting empirical data through semistructured interviews with actors in the Swedish electricity market. The aim is that the results from this thesis will act as a basis for DSOs planning to design grid tariffs with the purpose to utilise the grid more efficiently. The findings present a ToU capacity charge with off-peak periods that are free of charge as the preferable main price signal in the tariff to achieve efficient utilisation of the grid. It is further argued that other structural elements can complement the ToU capacity charge. A small fixed charge could be added in order to contribute to the cost reflectiveness of the grid tariff. A small energy charge could be incorporated in order to provide consumer with incentives to be flexible below the current metered maximum power and strengthen the signal from the ToU capacity charge. A small energy charge can avert difficulties related to providing incentives below the current metered maximum, as it still can provide some incentives to be flexible, or strengthen the signal from the ToU capacity charge. Further, the energy charge can ensure sustainability if customers respond well to a ToU capacity charge and to compensate solar PV customers. Furthermore, recommendations to further enable the grid tariffs potential to provide price signals include shifting the focus of the revenue cap from CapEx to OpEx and exploring the hampering signals of the energy tax as well as contradicting price signals from the wholesale electricity price.<br>Det svenska elsystemet genomgår en förändring till följd av införandet av klimatmål och trender relaterade till teknik och demografi. Denna förändring har resulterat i ett ökat effektbehov. Ett ökat effektbehov i kombination med bristande prognostisering, planering och samordning mellan aktörer inom elsektorn har lett till uppkomsten av kapacitetsbrist. Att bygga ut elnätet är tar tid och kräver större investeringar. Ett alternativ är att istället utnyttja det befintliga elnätet mer effektivt genom att implementera flexibilitetslösningar. Flexibilitet kan uppnås genom att införa incitament i form av elnätstariffer. Denna lösning har nyligen fått mycket uppmärksamhet i Sverige, men det är inte klart inte hur dessa elnätstariffer ska utformas. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur distributionsnätets tariffer kan utformas för att stimulera olika aktörer att bidra med flexibilitet på ett sätt som resulterar i en effektiv användning av det befintliga elnätet. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes där empiriska data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer på den svenska elmarknaden. Syftet är att resultaten från detta arbete ska fungera som ett underlag för nätägare som planerar att utforma elnätstariffer med syftet att utnyttja nätet mer effektivt. Resultaten visar att en ToU-effektavgift med gratis off-peak perioder bör vara den huvudsakliga prissignalen i en elnätstariff som ämnar att utnyttja det befintliga nätet mer effektivt. Det visar även att andra strukturella element kan komplettera ToU-effektavgiften. En mindre fast avgift kan adderas i syfte att göra elnätstariffen mer kostnadsriktig. En mindre energiavgift kan införas för att ge kunder incitament att vara flexibla även under den nuvarande uppmätta maximala effekten och stärka signalen från ToU-effektavgiften. Vidare kan energiavgiften säkerställa tillräckliga intäkter för nätägaren om kunderna svarar bra på en ToU-effektavgift och för att kompensera kunder med solceller. Ytterligare rekommendationer för att möjliggöra prissignaler genom elnätstariffer inkluderar att skifta fokus på intäktsramen från CapEx till OpEx och utforska de hämmande prissignalerna från energiskatten och de motstridiga prissignalerna från elhandelspriset.
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Westén, Annelie. "On the Profitability of Large-scale PV Plants in Sweden : Site Selection, Grid Connection and Design." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265672.
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The market for large scale PV plants in Sweden is growing, with six PV plants of 1 MWp or more beinginstalled today. The size of the newly installed plants has increased from 1 MWp to 5.5 MWp during thelast 5 years. As the market and size of the plants continue to grow, larger investments, risks and possibleprots will be built into the project. The site selection will aect the project in terms of power production,grid connection, plant design, land lease, among many things. This report focuses on how these early choicesin the development of the project aect the protability of the PV plant.A literature study has been conducted for in-depth knowledge of PV plants as well as the most importantaspects of a pre-feasibility study. The literature study has a specic focus on the components and designof a PV plant, the grid connection, economy and future changes of the electricity price in Sweden. Oneimportant conclusion from the literature study is that the company which develops a new PV plant shouldcontact the grid company in the area of interest as soon as possible, due to the time-consuming process ofgetting an approval for the new connection as well as that a major reinforcement of the grid may ruin theprospect of the PV plant project. Another conclusion is that the site should be selected to maximize thesolar irradiation, meanwhile minimizing the costs for upgrading or reinforcing the power grid. The economiccase of a PV plant project can generally be improved by choosing a site in the southern part of Sweden.Benets are gained from both higher solar irradiation compared to the northern part of Sweden as well ascompensations from the grid company for reducing losses in the power grid. The land should preferably havea dual purpose, meaning that the same land can be used for both the PV plant and another purpose suchas a wind farm, airport, landll or feeding small lively stocks of sheep, etc.A case study has been conducted at three sites in the southern part of Sweden, located on Oland, Skurup,and Stenungsund. The sites are compared by evaluating the prospect of two dierent sizes of PV plants. ThePV plant performance is evaluated by a model developed in the program MATLAB. Hourly data of the solarirradiation is gatherer for the three sites for 2017 and 2018, using the system STRANG which is given bythe Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). Hourly data of the temperature is gatheredfrom the closest weather station to the site, also from SMHI. The sites are compared by power productionand resulting LCOE values, including specic grid taris, land leasing costs and typical investment costs forPV plants. The investment costs are gathered from recent reports, cross-checked with costs for the largestPV plants built in Sweden.The case study results in the conclusions of the solar irradiation having a high impact on the power productionfrom the PV plants, however lower than a 1:1 ratio of the power production and solar irradiation. The PVplants can have the same designed for similar sites, except for the distance between the rows which dependson the latitude of the site. Two dierent aspects of a possible future were investigated, the rst one beinghighly uctuating electricity prices with a low or zero price during midday. The investigation focuses oncomparing if the PV plants would be more economically protable with an east-west orientation instead ofbeing oriented due south. The results showed that even with a four hour long period of a zero price duringmidday, the PV plants oriented due south were still more protable. In the second future scenario, PV plantsare protable when selling electricity to the spot market in Sweden. The investigation focuses on how muchthe spot prices need to increase and/or the investment cost for the PV plants decrease. The results dependon assumptions of how much the spot price will increase during the lifetime of the PV plant. If the spotmarket could meet an LCOE value of 0.5 SEK/kWh, the investment cost would need to be reduced to 5000SEK/kWp.<br>Marknaden för storskalig solkraft växer i Sverige. Idag finns det 6 stycken solparker av storleken 1 MWp eller större. Storleken av de nya solparkerna har växt från 1 MWp to 5.5 MWp under de senaste 5 åren. Med en växande marknad och storlek på solparkerna, växer även investeringskostnaden, risker och möjliga fördelar i projekten. Platsvalet för solparken påverkar produktionen, nätanslutningen, designen av parken samt markkostnader. Denna rapport fokuserar på hur dessa tidiga val i projektet påverkar projektets lönsamhet.En litteraturstudie har genomförts för att öka förståelsen av en solpark och de viktigaste delarna i en lönsamhetsanalys. Litteraturstudien fokuserar på komponenter i en solpark, nätanslutning, platsval, ekonomi och framtida förändringar av elpriset i Sverige. En viktig slutsats från litteraturstudien är att ett företag som utvecklar en ny solpark bör kontakta nätbolaget så tidigt som möjligt. Processen för att få en godkänd nyanslutning till nätet kan vara tidskrävande samt att en omfattande förstärkning av nätet kan vara så dyrt att projektet inte längre blir aktuellt att genomföra. En annan slutsats är att platsvalet bör fokusera på att maximera solinstrålningen och minimera kostnader för kraftnätet och infrastruktur. Lönsamheten för solparksprojektet kan generellt sätt ökas genom att välja en plats i södra Sverige, både för den högre solinstrålningen jämfört med norra Sverige samt att det ger fördelar med nätkompensationer för minskade förluster i nätet. Marken kan med fördel användas med ett dubbelt syfte, vilket syftar till att den används både för solparken samt ett ytterligare syfte så som vindkraft, en flygplats, deponier, eller som betesmark för får eller liknande.Tre potentiella platser för solparker har analyserats i södra Sverige. Specifik mark är vald på Ö land, i Skurup och i Stenungsund. Produktionen från två olika storlekar av solparker har utvärderats på de tre platserna med hjälp av en modell som utvecklats i MATLAB. Timdata för solinstrålning från 2017 och 2018 har hämtats från systemet STRÅNG som ägs av SMHI. Timdata för temperaturen har hämtats från den närmsta väderstation till respektive plats, även denna data kommer från SMHI. Platserna jämförs med avseende på kraftproduktionen från solparkerna samt det resulterande LCOE värdet. LCOE värdet inkluderar specifika nättariffer, markkostnader och investeringskostnader för solparker från rapporter somäven jämförts med kostnaderna för de två största solparkerna i Sverige.Några slutsatser från jämförelsen mellan de tre platserna är att solinstrålningen har en stor betydelse för lönsamheten för en solpark, dock lägre än ett 1:1 samband mellan ökad solinstrålning och ökad produktion från solparken. En optimering av ett antal designparametrar för solparkerna resulterade i liknande värden för de tre platserna, med undantag för avståndet mellan raderna av moduler som beror på den lokala latituden.En undersökning har gjorts av hur skiftande elpriser kan påverka framtida solparker. Fluktuerande elpriser under ett dygn med låga eller noll-pris perioder mitt på dagen implementerades för timproduktionen från olika solparker. Detta användes för att undersöka frågan om ifall det skulle vara bättre att rikta solcellernaöst-väst istället för mot söder. Resultatet visade ett entydigt svar om att en öst-väst riktning inte blev mer lönsamt för något av de undersökta fallen. Ytterligare ett framtida scenario har undersökts, detta fokuserade på vilka förändringar som krävs innan en solpark är lönsam genom att endast sälja el till spotpris. Resultatet beror på antaganden för både framtida elpriset samt investeringskostnaderna. För antagandet att spotpriserna kan möta ett LCOE värde på 0.5 SEK/kWh, skulle investeringskostnaden behöva sjunkal 5000 SEK/kWp.
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Eriksson, Erica. "An assessment of the solar and battery storage potential in Hammarby Sjöstad and its grid impact." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289378.
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Urbanization, technological development, increasing population and fast transition towards electricity in both industries and the car sector bring challenges to the Swedish power network. The increasingdemand of both electricity and capacity within the cities create demand of the networks. The Swedish power system has a history to be secure, reliable and sustainable. That there was lack of power and grid was news for many people in 2019. It is not tomorrow’s problem that can be solved easily, but rather todays’ tough challenge that will affect the development of cities in Sweden. The local network owner in Stockholm have already faced the problem, they can’t soak enough capacity from the transmission network in order to fulfill their customers’ demands. Reinvestments and developments of the transmission network are the main solutions, but it takes years before the power system have cached up with the fast growing demand. Local actions, within the city boundaries, that decrease the capacity demand from the transmission network are required for a sustainable development of the Swedish cities. At the same time is it a high interest from both cities and property owner to become self-sufficient by produce, utilize and store renewable energy locally. This study aims to evaluate the potential of solar and battery storage in Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, and its grid impact. Key areas within the city district that have highest potential are identified. It is also evaluated to what extent Hammarby Sjöstad can be self-sufficient and how much of the produced electricity that can be self-consumed. The two technologies impact on the power and energy demand as well as if it can help alleviate the capacity problem are analyzed. An estimation of the suitable roof area for solar were made for each building to evaluate the potential of PV and storage. Three scenarios were developed, Reference scenario, which only included loads, Sun in Sjöstan that had 5.57 MW of PV and PV-BESS in Sjöstan, which also included 3.72 MW of storage. A dispatch strategy was developed to decrease the peak power demands. From power flow analysis of Hammarby Sjöstads power network and real based electricity data was results of how the power grid was affected received. The potential to reduce power and energy demand in order to have a positive effect on the challenge of grid capacity were also evaluated for a week in May and October. The potential of PV in Hammarby Sjöstad is large, where some areas are more beneficial than others. During spring months when there are good weather conditions can both the power and energy demands be reduced significantly. With PV can the high morning peaks be decreased. Together with storage is it possible to decrease the demand of bought electricity during times when the PV doesn’t produce any electricity. Evening peaks, that occur when the sun has set, can only be reduced by storage. The reduction of power and energy are less in October since the weather conditions are worse for PV then. Less sunshine hours and lower irradiation lead to that less electricity are produced. With PV can only the smaller morning peaks be reduced, when it’s actually the evening peaks that are the main challenge. Due to very high power demands are almost all solar power utilized onsite and selfconsumption of nearly 100% in both May and October. Because of this won’t the batteries increase the self-consumption or reduce the bough energy. Instead, together with PV have it a high potential to reduce the peaks, which are the challenge of today’s power system. Even if all suitable roofs are covered with solar and all produced electricity is utilized can only a fraction of the total electricity demand in Hammarby Sjöstad be covered. It takes more measures than PV and storage in order to become a more sustainable and self-sufficient city district. The conclusion of this thesis are that there is high potential for PV and battery in Hammarby Sjöstad and together can it reduce the power peaks and help alleviate with capacity demand. For future recharge is it recommended to develop other discharge strategies of the batteries and size them for each network area. By scaling up the result for the entire Stockholm is it possible to evaluate the potential to help alleviate the capacity problem on a higher level.<br>Urbaniseringen, den teknisk utveckling, populationsökningen och den snabba övergången till elektricitet inom både industrier och bil flottan medför stora utmaningar för Sveriges elsystem. Det ökade behovet av både elektricitet och kapacitet i städerna sätter stor press. Historiskt sett har det svenska elsystemet alltid varit säkert, tillförlitligt och hållbart. Bristen av effekt och nätkapacitet är inte morgondagens problem, som enkelt kan lösas, utan effekterna märks av i våra städer redan idag. För att fortsätta en hållbar utveckling och inte låta dess följder bli allt för stora krävs åtgärder redan nu. Ellevio, det lokala nätbolaget i Stockholm, har märkt effekterna av ett förlegat elsystem. De kan inte ta ut tillräckligt stor kapacitet från det övre tranmissionsnätet för att möta deras kunders behov. Investeringar och utbyggnad av tranmissionsnätet är lösningar på problemen, men dessa lösningar tar lång tid att genomföra. Det är många år till dess att elnäten har utvecklats tillräckligt för att kunna möta det allt ökade behovet. Därför krävs det lokala åtgärder inom städernas regionala och lokala elnät som minskar behovet av nät kapacitet från transmissionsnätet. Det finns för bli själv försörjande på energi genom att producera, använda och lagra förnybar energi lokalt. Syftet med studien är att utvärdera potentialen för solceller och batterilager i Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm, samt analysera vilka effekter det har på elnätet. Vilka områden som är mest lämpade för systemen utvärderas. Egenanvändningen av solel samt stadsdelens potential till att bli självförsörjande utvärderas också. Till sist utvärderas ifall två teknologier kan minska nätkapacitetsbristen. För att beräkna potentialen av solceller och batterilager i Hammarby Sjöstad gjordes en sammanställning över vilka tak som var lämpliga för solceller. Tre olika scenarier utformades; Reference scenario som endast innefattade elkonsumtion, PV in Sjöstan som inkluderade 5.57 MW solceller samt PV-BESS in Sjöstan där 3.72 MW batterier också ingick. Strategi för urladdning av batterierna togs fram och modellerades. Genom simuleringar för elnätet i Hammarby Sjöstad med riktig data för elbehovet, kunde resultat för hur elsystemet påverkades i de olika scenarierna påvisas. Potentialen till att minska effekt- och energibehovet i syfte att ha en positiv effekt på nätkapacitetsbristen utvärderades därefter för de olika scenarierna för en vecka i maj och oktober. Potentialen för solceller i Hammarby Sjöstad är väldigt stor, där några områden lämpar sig mer än andra. Under vår och sommaren när vädret är gynnsamt för solceller minskas både effekt- och energibehovet avsevärt. Denna tid på året kan några av de problematiska effekttopparna reduceras med endast solceller. Under hösten är förutsättningarna för produktion av solel sämre vilket gör att minskningen av effekt och el är mindre. Färre soltimmar och lägre sol instrålning leder till lägre produktion av effekt och energi. Under denna tid på året kan endast mornarnas effekttoppar reduceras med bara solceller, när det stora problemet är de höga effekterna kvällstid. Effekttoppar som sker tider då solen inte är uppe kan endast reduceras med batterilager. På grund av högt effektbehov året runt så är egenanvändningen nästintill 100 procent i både maj och oktober. Därför så bidrar inte batterilagren till lägre energibehov, istället så reducerar de behovet av effekt vid hög last. Något som egentligen är ett av de stora problemen i dagens elsystem. Trots att solceller installeras på alla lämpliga tak kan endast en väldigt liten andel av det totala elbehovet täckas av solel. Detta påvisar att det krävs många fler åtgärder än endast solceller och batterilager för att bli en självförsörjande stadsdel. Om solceller och batterilager installeras i stor skala i hela Stockholm kan de bidra till att dämpa följderna av följderna av nätkapacitetsbristen. Det rekommenderas att i framtida forskning ta fram och studera resultateten av andra strategier för urladdning av batterierna samt att välja storlek på batterierna utifrån varje nätverksområde. Genom att skala upp resultaten från denna studie till hela Stockholm är det möjligt att utvärdera potentialen att lokalt kunna bidra till att minska effekterna av nätkapacitetsbristen.