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1
Rice-Rollins, Julie A. "The Cartographic Heritage of the Lakota Sioux." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 48 (June 1, 2004): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp48.458.
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This article serves as an introduction to traditional cartographic tools and techniques of the Lakota Sioux people of the northern Great Plains. The study reveals that the Lakota created maps and utilized other cartographic tools that, while not following a western system of coordinates, grids, and scales, were nonetheless accurate instruments for navigation to important routes, landmarks, hunting grounds, and sacred sites. The tools and techniques utilized included oral transmission of cartographic data, stories and songs in the oral tradition, stellar cartography, hide maps, petroglyphs, earth scratchings, and various other physical and spiritual markers.
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Eren, Şirin Gülcen. "Ancient Anatolian Grids." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-26-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> For as long as humans have existed, they have created specific legal structures and technical means of representation in order to situate themselves within the geographical space where they live, to find the right direction, to measure time and distance, to define property and to calculate gradients. With the progress of civilisation, maps came to be used as an instrument for controlling society, siting architectural structures, establishing towns and determining trade axes and property rights. As social structures and the needs and relationships embedded in them changed, and technical and technological methods became more advanced, cartography developed too, and the uses of maps increased. From their earliest discovery, the basic characteristics of maps were grids, isohypses (contours) and physical data. The geography and settlements of Anatolia provide some clues as to the types of grid that were used in ancient times. There are invisible grids compatible with Euclidean geometry. These can only be detected from the clues given by the settlement locations. These grids, which have determined the locations of settlements, the pattern of roads, the geostamps&reg; and the division of the land in Anatolia, are an unknown aspect of the ancient era. In response to the obscurity of the topic, this paper sets out to make a preliminary appraisal of the grids of the ancient era. With the aid of a multi-disciplinary approach, an inter-disciplinary methodology and the Google Earth software, it outlines some of the types of grid that it has been possible to identify from analyses and drawings of the geography of Anatolia, together with their measures and origins. The paper aims to make a contribution to the disciplines of cartography and spatial planning by presenting the invisible grids of the Anatolia.</p>
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Ivlieva, N. G., and V. F. Manukhov. "GIS Technologies in Course of Mathematical Cartography." Geodesy and Cartography 921, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-921-3-30-35.
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GIS are closely related to mathematical cartography, as they work with spatially coordinated data. Practical course in mathematical cartography should meet the requirements of time and include tasks involving the use of modern GIS technologies. The functionality of GIS packages allow you to easily create maps in a given map projection, draw graticules and measured grids, perform dimensions on maps. This article is devoted to the research of map projection properties on the basis of GIS technologies in a practical course of mathematical cartography. The focus is on visual way to display local and regional distortions on maps. To create lines of equal distortion should use special software tools that allow to build digital models of surface distortion distribution directly on formulas or be interpolated both discretely located nodal points and isolines.
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Roulier, Frédéric. "Geometric Morphometrics Applied to Cartography." Revue Internationale de Géomatique 32, no. 1 (December 12, 2023): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/rig.2023.045458.
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The morphological differences between two geographical maps can be highlighted by a polycentric distance cartogram resulting from a bidimensional regression. Beyond the communicational interest of the transformations thus produced, the method makes it possible to reveal the differences in structure and therefore constitutes a real research tool. However, bidimensional regression can only compare the shape of two maps. Since the 1990s, geometric morphometrics has revolutionized the morphological analysis of natural structures (and others). It has since been applied in many fields of research but not in cartography. This article describes the theoretical and methodological bases of a method combining bidimensional regression with a geometric morphometrics approach to compare the shape of several geographical maps. Geometric morphometrics and bidimensional regression indeed share common approaches of the statistical shape analysis like homologous landmarks and interpolation grids. However, there is no software in geometric morphometrics capable of directly reading geographical data, which would facilitate the work of cartographers accustomed to GIS software. That is why we present MapMorphy, a tool specifically developed for this task. An example on ancient maps illustrates the method.
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Bourchtein, Andrei, and Ludmila Bourchtein. "On Conformal Conic Mappings of Spherical Domains." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/840280.
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The problem of the generation of homogeneous grids for spherical domains is considered in the class of conformal conic mappings. The equivalence between secant and tangent projections is shown and splitting the set of conformal conic mappings into equivalence classes is presented. The problem of minimization of the mapping factor variation is solved in the class of conformal conic mappings. Obtained results can be used in applied sciences, such as geophysical fluid dynamics and cartography, where the flattening of the Earth surface is required.
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Varfolomeev, A. F., E. A. Kovalenko, V. F. Manukhov, and O. V. Syromyatnikova. "Design works at creating geodetic control grids using GIS-technologies." Geodesy and Cartography 945, no. 3 (April 20, 2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-945-3-20-25.
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During the last decades Geodesy and other Earth Sciences have undergone revolutionary changes concerning the use of Global Positioning Systems. Currently, traditional geodetic and topographic technologies are giving way to high-precision, productive and all-weather space systems. In 1995 the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography approved “the Concept of transiting topographic and geodetic production to autonomous methods of satellite coordinate definitions”. The transition to new technologies entails restructuring not only the methods of determining the coordinates, but also the stages of pre-design and design work. Currently, there has been intensive penetration of geoinformation technologies into sciences related to the analysis and processing spatially coordinated data, and geodetic data in particular. Specialized software products are developed but they are quite expensive and difficult for mastering. The authors describe the opportunities of using standard geographic information systems (for example, GIS ArcView V. 3.1) in the view of their spatial orientation for the analysis and optimal selection of the points of the initial geodetic framework and effective implementation of the complex of geodetic works, in order to accurately determine the coordinates of the points of the created geodetic reference network.
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Abuhmaidan, Khaled, Monther Aldwairi, and Benedek Nagy. "Vector Arithmetic in the Triangular Grid." Entropy 23, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030373.
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Vector arithmetic is a base of (coordinate) geometry, physics and various other disciplines. The usual method is based on Cartesian coordinate-system which fits both to continuous plane/space and digital rectangular-grids. The triangular grid is also regular, but it is not a point lattice: it is not closed under vector-addition, which gives a challenge. The points of the triangular grid are represented by zero-sum and one-sum coordinate-triplets keeping the symmetry of the grid and reflecting the orientations of the triangles. This system is expanded to the plane using restrictions like, at least one of the coordinates is an integer and the sum of the three coordinates is in the interval [−1,1]. However, the vector arithmetic is still not straightforward; by purely adding two such vectors the result may not fulfill the above conditions. On the other hand, for various applications of digital grids, e.g., in image processing, cartography and physical simulations, one needs to do vector arithmetic. In this paper, we provide formulae that give the sum, difference and scalar product of vectors of the continuous coordinate system. Our work is essential for applications, e.g., to compute discrete rotations or interpolations of images on the triangular grid.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Dataset compilation by GRASS GIS for thematic mapping of Antarctica: Topographic surface, ice thickness, subglacial bed elevation and sediment thickness." Czech Polar Reports 11, no. 1 (August 24, 2021): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2021-1-6.
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This paper presents the GRASS GIS-based thematic mapping of Antarctica using scripting approach and associated datasets on topography and geophysics. The state-of-the art in cartographic development points at two important aspects. The first one comprises shell scripting promoted repeatability of the GIS technique, increased automatization in cartographic workflow, and compatibility of GRASS with Python, PROJ and GDAL libraries which enables advanced geospatial data processing: converting formats, re-projecting and spatial analysis. The second aspect is that data visualization greatly influences geologic research through improving the interpretation between the Antarctic glaciation and surface. This includes the machine learning algorithms of image classification enabling to distinguish between glacier and non-glacier surfaces through automatically partitioning data and analysis of various types of surfaces. Presented detailed maps of Antarctic include visualized datasets from the ETOPO1, GlobSed, EGM96 and Bedmap2 projects. The grids include bed and surface elevation, ETOPO1-based bathymetry and topography, bed, ice and sediment thickness, grounded bed uncertainty, subglacial bed elevation, geoid undulations, ice mask grounded and shelves. Data show the distribution of the present-day glacier, geophysical fields and topographic landforms for analysis of processes and correlations between the geophysical and geological phenomena. Advances in scripting cartography are significant contributions to the geological and glaciological research. Processing high-resolution datasets of Southern Ocean retrieved by remote sensing methods present new steps in automatization of the digital mapping, as presented in this research, and promotes comprehensive monitoring of geological, permafrost and glacial processes in Antarctica. All maps have been plotted using GRASS GIS version 7.8. with technical details of scripts described and interpreted.
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Wu, Yihao, Yikai Qiu, and Hong Wang. "Urban cartography and spatial politics: Ethnic tensions, westernization, and decolonization in Hangzhou’s transformation within the global south." Journal of Geography and Cartography 6, no. 2 (October 19, 2023): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jgc.v6i2.2853.
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Urban morphologies in the global south are shaped by a complex interplay of historical imprints, from colonial legacies and ethnic tensions to waves of modernization and decolonization efforts. This study delves into the urban morphology of Hangzhou during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, unraveling its transformative patterns steered by a convergence of spatial politics, economic forces, and cultural dynamics. Drawing upon a unique blend of historical map restoration techniques, we unearth pivotal morphological nuances that bridge Hangzhou’s transition from its pre-modern fabric to its modern-day urban layout. We uncover key shifts such as the movement from intricate street layouts to systematic grids, the strategic integration of public spaces like West Lakeside Park, and the city’s evolving urban epicenter mirroring its broader socio-political and economic narratives. These insights not only spotlight Hangzhou’s distinct urban journey in the context of ethnic conflicts, Western influences, and decolonization drives but also underscore the value of context-sensitive urban morphological research in the global south. Our findings emphasize the criticality of synergizing varied methodologies and theoretical perspectives to deepen our comprehension of urban transitions and to sculpt place identities and invigorate public imagination in global urban planning.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Okinawa Trough geophysical and topographic modeling by GDAL utilities and GRASS GIS." Podzemni radovi, no. 38 (2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/podrad2138087l.
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This paper presents using GDAL utilities and GRASS GIS for topographic analysis of the raster grids based on GEBCO DEM as NetCDF file at 15 arc-second intervals. The focus study area encompasses the area around Okinawa Trough, Ryukyu trench-arc system, southern Japan, East China Sea and the Philippine Sea, West Pacific Ocean. Several GDAL utilities were applied for data processing: gdaldem, gdalwarp, gdalinfo, gdal_translate. The data were imported to GRASS GIS via r.in.gdal. Data visualization highlighted high resolution and accuracy of GEBCO grid, enabling topographic modelling at the advanced level. The algorithm of DEM processing, implemented in GDAL utility gdaldem, was used for generating multi-purpose topographic models: aspect, hillshade, roughness and topographic indices, such as Topographic Position Index (TPI), Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI). Thematic maps (topography, geoid, marine free-air gravity) were visualized using GRASS GIS modules for raster (d.rast, r.colors, r.contour) and vector (d.vect, v.in.region, d.legend) data processing. The results demonstrated smoother bathymetry in the East China Sea and rugged relief in the Philippine Sea which corresponds to their different geological and geophysical settings. The presented methodology of the topographic analysis based on DEM demonstrated technical aspects of GDAL and GRASS as scripting approach of advanced cartography.
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Altafini, Diego, Andrea da Costa Braga, and Claúdio Ugalde. "Mapping Urban Flood-Prone Areas’ Spatial Structure and Their Tendencies of Change: A Network Study for Brazil’s Porto Alegre Metropolitan Region." Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cart-2023-0003.
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Historically, the main cause of urban disasters in Brazil is flooding events, which are becoming more recurrent due to climate changes and intensive urbanization, causing extensive infrastructure, economic and life losses. The formation of Brazilian Metropolitan Areas goes back to the early twentieth century, with urban expansion following river basins, as regional transportation relied on inland navigation. The transition to road-based transport structured further urban sprawl from the mid-twentieth century onward, as road-circulation axes expanded across flood-prone areas. Mapping those hydrogeological risks is important to understand their effect on the existent road-circulation network structure cohesiveness. From the hydrogeological risk assessment data, this article evaluates potential changes imposed by extreme flood events on the road infrastructure at municipal and metropolitan scales. Space Syntax methods applied to an empirical case – the Porto Alegre Metropolitan Region – allow for comparative analyses between the urban network of current and flooding-event simulations and depict (a) the urban grids’ structural transformations under flooding, (b) the road elements at risk, and (c) the system’s spatial integrity and circulation disruptions. The resulting cartography can subside governance and urban planning strategies to cope with floodings at different territorial scales, addressing changes on local–regional circulation patterns, system breaking points and tendencies of urban land parcelling on vulnerable areas.
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Osipov, Viktor Ivanovich, Oleg Konstantinovich Mironov, and Valeriy L’vovich Belyaev. "Constantly operating geoinformation system for geoenvironment as a tool for pre-project investigations in city infrastructure development (on the example of moscow)." Vestnik MGSU, no. 2 (February 2016): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.2.159-172.
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The concept of a geoinformation system for urban geoenvironment is concerned. Geological data is necessary for the sustainable development of city infrastructure. The municipal departments should use geological and environmental information for perspective planning, selecting the location for important infrastructure objects, solving ecologycal problems, and in decision making. The concept includes a preliminary list of system’s users, their informational needs, main functionalities, methodical approaches to the system design and development. Geological data must contain source documents from geological archives “as is” and geodata based on its interpretation for various tasks. These data must be checked carefully and updated with new engineering-geological investigations. Geoinformation system must integrate various geological, engineering-geological, hydrogeological, and environmental data. Sophisticated procedures must be provided to check complicated logical dependences in the system database and to analyze contradictions between source documents. 3D modeling is an adequate language for presenting geological data, therefore, the considered system must include 3D models of various scales. In the suggested concept 3D modeling is considered as a tool for investigations, not only for presentations. The end users should have possibilities to get results of their queries in various formats: tables, geological and thematic maps, geological cross-sections, 2D and 3D grids as source data for mathematical modeling, etc. In conclusion, the paper briefly describes IEG RAS activities in GIS technologies for geological cartography and 3D modeling.
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Faria, Debora Raquel, Claudia Robbi Sluter, Alessandro Filla Rosaneli, and Silvana Philippi Camboim. "Defensive Architecture Mapping: a case study in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-73-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In Brazil, some aspects of the urban reality are not in the official maps. Those aspects are either informal urban elements, built without conventional parameters, or exclusive and exclusionary elements build by a privileged part of society, such as in gated communities. Informal or not, a significant part of these elements does not hold building permits. Furthermore, they are difficult to be represented in maps. The disconnection between the formal and the informal city results in a considerable amount of information that is not represented in official cartography. Thus, the lack of representation of certain urban elements in maps and urban plans is also a socio-spatial segregation symptom. One of the most representative features of Brazilian socio-spatial segregation is the so-called macro urban segregation, in which the higher-class neighborhoods are concentrated in some specific regions, completely separated from the poor communities (VILLAÇA, 2000). This fact explains the reason why the informal settlement areas, like slums, are excluded from many urban zoning plans and formal cartographic representations.</p><p>In addition to the irregular settlements, the urban landscape is endowed with smaller scale elements that also generate social exclusion and interfere in the urban and public space, both in material and immaterial ways. Immaterial aspects, such as civility, democracy, and the use of space, are difficult and complex to represent in maps. In turn, the material aspects that cause segregation are not in the maps either. Among the urban reality aspects that are difficult to be mapped, defensive architecture, also named hostile architecture, is the focus of the research work presented here. We consider defensive architecture any construction or object used to control or segregate the urban space, especially the common public space, defining who is allowed to use or access certain areas. Therefore, the elements deployed for this purpose are present in the urban landscape in different forms: protective iron grids, gates, metal spikes, sprinklers, thorn bushes or any other material strategy to control the space.</p><p>All these strategies are related to the physical and social segregation of the territory and they assured the use of public space only by some selected groups of people. Nevertheless, the traditional mapping does not follow the fast spread of defensive strategies, making difficult their monitoring and the understanding of their effect on the city. As already mentioned, the architectural elements responsible for exclusionary practices are not registered neither in building permits nor urban plans. Consequently, they are not in any official mapping. Considering that official cartography depicts and represents established policies for the territory occupation – the retrenchment and control to the access and the rights to the territory do not occur only on international borders, the discussion about territorialization, also, implicates excluding or including people within particular boundaries, such as within urban spaces (PETER VANDERGEEST and NANCY LEE PELUSO, 1995).</p><p>Motivated by these issues, this research is oriented by how cartography can operate as a spatial analysis instrument to understand the hostile architecture consequences in the public space. Once traditional mapping practices do not include informal elements, such as defensive architecture, our research hypothesis is that the study, classification, and mapping of these elements require diverse arrangements, besides the official ways of representation, such as collaborative mapping and in situ data surveying. The work is in progress and it started in 2017, with the study on the advance of defensive elements over Curitiba city landscape. Curitiba is a municipality in the south of Brazil. In this study, a small area in the city center was defined, and the defensive elements were inventoried and mapped. The region chosen for data surveying was the <i>Sete de Setembro</i> Avenue which has a particular architectural type: public galleries &ndash; originally projected to assure the pedestrians a safe walk and to extend sidewalks and public space as well. However, currently, the galleries host many forms of hostile architecture, especially large flowerpots and iron gates that completely close the covered sidewalk. The initial research work results stimulated us to propose a research project about exclusionary architecture and authoritarianism in the center city of Curitiba. Therefore, in 2018, the fieldwork was redone more systematically. At that point, we designed and generated a group of maps. The purpose of this work is to act as a pilot for a larger analysis, throughout the extended center of the city.</p><p>The design and generation of the maps were developed by the theory of thematic mapping. We firstly defined the map users and their needs. Based on the users’ needs and the spatial analysis they will perform when the maps are ready, we established which urban features would be depicted on the maps. Knowing the urban features to be mapped we could determine the maps’ scales, thus, the level of map generalization. The next step was to defined the features classification. In the end, we developed the cartographic language to design the maps’ symbols, and we built the maps. As some results, we understand that the main user of those maps is the researcher responsible for the study "Architecture of exclusion and authoritarianism: control of the use of public space in the city center of Curitiba." The main objective of the research is to evaluate how design, architecture and urban planning contribute to the conformation of exclusionary public spaces in the center of Curitiba. Thus, a GIS software helped to evaluate the positioning of hostile elements, and it allowed understanding which places are most prone to be modified with exclusionary architecture.</p><p>The GIS also helps in achieving some specific objectives, such as identifying where the current legal structure influences on the landscape and on the limitation of public space use; verifying how the advance of private spaces over common use spaces, such as residential or commercial buildings, and galleries contribute to the quality of the public space; inventorying elements of hostile architecture (pines on benches, flowerpots on facades, railings) under the galleries of the avenue; and classifying the elements and the degree of restriction they exert under the public space. In order to improve the analysis and data mapping, two groups of hostile architecture classes were defined. The first refers to the type of hostile element, based on the 2017 survey: (1) blockages or private appropriations of public space, private appropriations of covered walks, with tables and chairs used in a restricted and commercial way, as an extension of commercial establishments; (2) hostile furniture, urban furniture placed in front of commercial establishments and residential condominiums (waste bins, bicycle racks, plants pots, skewers and sprinklers); and (3) the gates or grids, which close the galleries partially or totally. The second group os classes is related to the exclusion level that each element provokes: high, medium or low.</p><p>As a result of the map design, four maps were created. The thematic maps titles are “covered galleries location”, “defensive equipment location”, “hostile and defensive equipment”, and “degree of exclusion”. As an in-progress study, the pilot project described here is fruitful with regards to the possibility of its application in wider study areas, such as entire neighbourhoods. Among the processes that most aided in the studies, the possibility of easy inclusion of points in virtual platforms, like MyMaps or OpenStreetMap was the most productive. This has motivated the creation of collaborative maps (still in development), which enables any person to insert points on them. We also consider that the collaborative process brings benefits not only to facilitate the mapping of elements of exclusion, but to involve the academic community in the research and, at the same time, to raise questions about the process of construction of public space. Furthermore, the official mapping is tied to some agendas, despite the new tools available to democratize cartography. Thus, collaborative mapping is a form of enabling collective construction of a database, besides allowing the integration of several media (text, video, images and audios) with the traditional mapping.</p>
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Trofimov, Ivan L., and Leonid N. Trofimov. "Developing a New Software Tool for Research of Interstate Power Grids Expansion." E3S Web of Conferences 209 (2020): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020904004.
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The aim of our research is to develop a new software tool – the Computing and Geo-information System for study of prospective interstate power grids expansion. The new software tool developed by the authors consists of several functional parts (software modules): graphic module for visual analysis of processed data, geo-information and cartographic module, module for working with the integrated ORIRES model (model for optimization of power systems expansion and their operating modes). In this paper, we consider features and technical description of the new software tool. The obtained results of the integrated ORIRES model in tabular, graphic and cartographic forms are presented.
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Matvieieva, Y., I. Myroshnychenko, S. Kolosok, and R. Kotyuk. "GEOSPATIAL, FINANCIAL, HUMAN, AND TEMPORAL FACTORS IN THE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SMART GRIDS." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-9.
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Balanced development of smart grids is becoming an increasingly important issue for the energy sector's successful operation. This article provides a bibliographic review of publications in the study of renewable energy and smart grids' deployment parameters. A sample of works for 2009-2020 from the Scopus® database, which contains bibliographic information about scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals, books, and conferences, was selected for analysis. The authors identified three clusters of research areas using VOSviewer (version 1.6.15) in the context of the impact of geospatial parameters on smart grids' development. The first cluster consists of the financial, human, and temporal components of the geospatial factor of smart grid deployment. The authors found the largest number of links in the first cluster in terms of "costs" (a total of 29 links with an average impact of 9). The second cluster coincides with concepts related to geospatial information systems (GIS), digital storage, information systems, and cartographic information use. Research on renewable energy also belongs to the second cluster of publications. And the third cluster highlights all the concepts of smart grids by their technical types and in the context of optimization. The third cluster focuses on the ideas with the strongest link power. The results of the analysis of the Scopus® database allowed to determine the level and dynamics of scientific interest in the geospatial factors of the development of smart grids over the past 10 years. It is established that research in the field of geospatial factors of smart grid development is carried out by different countries, but the most active analysis of the impact of geospatial parameters on the development of smart grids in the following countries: USA, Canada and China. Based on the use of the Scopus® database, the article identified institutions and organizations that fund the study of geospatial factors and smart grids and made a significant contribution to the development of this topic.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Gobi Altai, Khangai and Khentii Mountains mapped by a mixed-method cartographic approach for comparative geophysical analysis." Mongolian Geoscientist 26, no. 52 (June 23, 2021): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v26i52.1512.
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Geologic and geophysical mapping has been so far limited to the traditional single-method GIS-based mapping. A new approach combining integrated analysis of data on geology, gravity, topography and geomorphology is presented for regional characterization of the geophysical setting in Mongolia: the Gobi Altai Mountains, the Khangai Mountains and Khentii Mountains with surrounding areas. Nine new maps have been produced from the high-resolution datasets: GEBCO, gravity raster, USGS geological data and SRTM-90 DEM geomorphological grid. Methodology includes three tools for cartographic data visualization: i) Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), ii) R programming language (‘raster’ and ‘tmap’ libraries); iii) QGIS. The results demonstrated strong agreement between the estimated values in gravity and topography grids, distribution of geological units and provinces over the country and geomorphological landforms with respect to the mountain ranges: Altai, Khangai and Khentii Mountains. The highest values in the gravity anomalies correspond to the mountain ranges in the Altai Mountains and Khangai Mountains (<80 mGal); high values correspond to the Khentii Mountains (20–60 mGal). Contrariwise, the basins of the Uvs Nuur and Khyargas Nuur show negative values (<-80 mGal). The NE- to NNE-oriented faulting and rift basins are clearly visible in the geophysical grids and geologic maps. The geomorphometric analysis performed based on the SRTM-90 DEM using R scripting demonstrated (1) slope, (2) aspect, (3) hillshade and (4) elevation models of Mongolia supported by histograms of data distribution and frequency. The study contributed to the cartographic methods and regional geological studies of Mongolia.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Geophysical Mapping of Ghana Using Advanced Cartographic Tool GMT." Kartografija i geoinformacije 20, no. 36 (February 15, 2022): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.20.36.2.
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Ghana is a country exceptionally rich in geologic mineral resources with contrasting topographic relief and varied geophysical setting. This paper evaluated the geological and geophysical setting of Ghana with a special focus on the impact of the geologic setting and topography on gravity. Specifically, it assessed how variations in geology, topography, landscapes and the environment control the geophysical parameters and how these vary among the major regions of the country – the Volta Basin, Northern Plains, Ashanti-Kwahu (Kumasi) and Coastal Plains in the Accra surroundings. Previous studies utilizing traditional Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches have documented the geologic evolution of Ghana evolved as a part of the West African Craton. As a contribution to the existing research, this paper presents a regional analysis of Ghana by integrated mapping of geology, geophysics and topography of the country. The technical approach of this research focuses on utilizing the console-based scripting cartographic toolset Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) integrated with QGIS for processing and mapping the datasets: General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008), gravity grids. The theoretical background is based on the geologic research of West Africa supported by high-resolution data. The paper defines a conceptual cartographic framework for integrated geologic and geophysical visualization in a regional-scale mapping project on Ghana.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Data-driven insights into correlation among geophysical setting, topography and seafloor sediments in the Ross Sea, Antarctic." Caderno de Geografia 31, no. 64 (December 9, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2021v31n64p1.
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Detailed mapping based on the high-resolution grids, such as GEBCO, ETOPO1, GlobSed, EGM-2008 is crucial for various domains of Earth sciences: geophysics, glaciology, Quaternary, sedimentology, geology, environmental science, geomorphology, etc. The study presented a GMT-based scripting techniques of the cartographic data processing aimed at the comparative analysis of the bathymetry, sediment thickness, geologic objects and geophysical settings in the study area based on various datasets. The study area is located in the Ross Sea, Antarctic. The highest values of the sediment thickness over 7,500 m are dominating in the southwest segment of the Ross Sea closer to the Victoria Land, followed by the region over the Ross Ice Shelf with values between 5,500 to 7,000 m (170°-175°W). The increased sediment thickness (2,500 to 3,000 m) was also mapped seen in the region NE off the Sulzberger Bay (70-75°S to 140-155°W), caused by the closeness of the Marie Bird Land ice coasts. A remarkable correlation between the gravity and the topography of the sea-land border in the Marie Bird Land area is well reflected in the coastal line and a set of the higher values in the free-air gravity. On the contrary, negative values (–60 to -80 mGal) are notable along the submarine toughs stretching parallel in the western part of the basin: e.g. the trough stretching in NW-SE direction in the 170°W-175°E, 65°S-68°S, between the 167°W-175°W, 70°S-72°S. Such correlations are clearly visible on the map, indicating geological lineaments and bathymetric depressions correlating with gravity grids. The paper contributes to the regional studies of the Ross Sea, the Antarctic and Polar region, and development of the cartographic technical methodologies by presenting an application of the GMT for thematic mapping.
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Dekker, Elly. "Cartographic Grids from Iran: An Early Version of the Retro-Azimuthal Orthographic Projection?" Cartographic Journal 37, no. 2 (December 2000): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.2000.37.2.109.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "A Script-Driven Approach to Mapping Satellite-Derived Topography and Gravity Data Over the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran." Artificial Satellites 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 110–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2022-0006.
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Abstract Integrated geophysical mapping benefits from visualizing multi-source datasets including gravity and satellite altimetry data using 2D and 3D techniques. Applying scripting cartographic approach by R language and GMT supported by traditional mapping in QGIS is presented in this paper with a case study of Iranian geomorphology and a special focus on Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, a unique landform of the country affected by complex geodynamic structure. Several modules of GMT and ’tmap’ and ’raster’ packages of R language were shown to illustrate the efficiency of the console-based mapping by scripts. Data sources included high-resolution raster grids of GEBCO/SRTM, EGM-2008, SRTM DEM and vector geologic layers of USGS. The cartographic objective was to visualize thematic maps of Iran: topography, geology, satellite-derived gravity anomalies, geoid undulations and geomorphology. Various cartographic techniques were applied to plot the geophysical and topographic field gradients and categorical variations in geological structures and relief along the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. The structures of Elburz, Zagros, Kopet Dag and Makran slopes, Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut and Great Salt Desert were visualized using 3D-and 2D techniques. The geomorphometric properties (slope, aspect, hillshade, elevations) were modelled by R. The study presented a series of 11 new maps made using a combination of scripting techniques and GIS for comparative geological-geophysical analysis. Listings of R and GMT scripting are provided for repeatability.
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Alessandri, Luca, Valerio Baiocchi, Felicia Monti, Luca Cusimano, Angelica Fiorillo, Virginia Gianni, Caterina Rossi, Peter A. J. Attema, and Mario Federico Rolfo. "Low-cost GPS/GNSS Real Time Kinematic receiver to build a cartographic grid on the ground for an archaeological survey at Piscina Torta (Italy)." Acta IMEKO 12, no. 4 (December 11, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/actaimeko.v12i4.1561.
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The collection of samples and finds for archaeological surveys is traditionally based on the establishment of grids that allow the area under study to be discretized into generally square cells in order to allow a statistical assessment of the highest or lowest concentration of finds. Currently, such grids are implemented in a local coordinate system established by means of total stations or tape measures. We validated the capabilities of a low-cost GPS/GNSS Real Time Kinematic (RTK) receiver to build a grid during the intensive archaeological survey of the Piscina Torta site (Italy), in the framework of the Salt and Power project of the University of Groningen. We also tested not using a local grid but a cartographic grid (WGS84 UTM zone 33 N) and naming the single cells with the coordinates of one of its vertices. This approach is greatly facilitated by the recent availability of inexpensive RTK receivers with few centimetres accuracy, very small in size and weight and with hardware protected enough to be used in the field. This would facilitate the use and exchange of the data (e.g. about the materials collected in the cell) among the scientific community and can be thought of as a proposal for standardization.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Mapping Submarine Geomorphology of the Philippine and Mariana Trenches By an Automated Approach Using GMT Scripts." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 76, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2022-0039.
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Abstract This paper presents a geospatial analysis of two oceanic trenches using a GMT (Generic Mapping Tools) cartographic method that exploits the scripting approach to visualisation of their geometric shapes. To this end, the research applies the high-resolution datasets GEBCO and ETOPO1 and ETOPO5 for modelling of the submarine relief. This allows taking into account the 2D and 3D shape deviations in the geomorphology of the two selected segments of the trenches by transecting a series of the cross-section profiles. A scripting algorithm of spatial data processing based on the GMT techniques visualised the topography of the submarine objects in 2D and 3D forms and extracted the topographic data from raster grids for statistical analysis of depth using the cross-section transect profiles of both trenches. The bathymetry of the Mariana Trench was evaluated in the southern segment located near the Challenger Deep area, southwest of Guam Island, in comparison with the segment of the Philippine Trench, which was transected in the surroundings of Mindanao Island. The study presented a comparative submarine geomorphic modelling and spatial analysis of the Philippine Sea basin area. The bathymetric analysis of the relief in the Mariana and Philippine trenches showed effective performance of the GMT scripting toolset in advanced cartographic data analysis and visualisation.
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Kim, Pavel. "About the geographic grid of the three-dimensional hypersphere." E3S Web of Conferences 223 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022302005.
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According to the Poincaré conjecture (1904) proved by Grigory Perelman (2002-2003) that any simply connected compact three- dimensional manifold without edges is homeomorphic to a three- dimensional hypersphere [1], to solve the problems of visualizing four- dimensional objects in three-dimensional space [2], it is proposed to choose a suitable manifold, in in this case, a ball, establishing a homeomorphism between objects located in different spaces by technological means of cartography. As a result of this work, it seems possible to build a dynamic video of the population distribution process on a map of the globe, which provides informational four-dimensional data flow, following the ideas embodied in 4D Anatomy [3]. The proposed technology opens up new ways of visualizing four-dimensional space This work was performed within the framework of the state assignment of the ICM MG SB RAS (project 0315-2019-0003).
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Budzhak, Vasyl, and Olena Miskova. "Grid map of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.02.245.
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Modern approaches to the use of grid mapping in studies of biodiversity at the level of distinct countries and local territories are described. Information on the territory of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park as a significant element of the National Ecological Network, the Emerald Network in Ukraine and the regional ecological network, and on its functional zoning is given. The cartographic basis of the territory of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park is created via MapInfo program. When designing the grid map of the park, the experience of developing grid maps for Cheremosh National Nature Park, Vyzhnytsky National Nature Park, Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park, Khotynsky National Natural Park was used. It is based on application of a grid of 1×1-km squares, which is consistent with the accepted in Atlas Florae Europaeae grid, following the UTM coordinate system. Operational layer of the generated map comprises 1193 squares, fully (876) or partially (317) covering the study area. Each square is assigned an individual number (ID), consisting of alphanumeric notation that allows to easily find information and operate it. For each of the plant species, there is created a separate layer, stored in an electronic database and containing information about the location of the species in a certain square. Synthesis of information using the algorithm of creating thematic maps will help to identify the locations of concentration of floristic diversity in the study area, and its combination with zoning maps will provide an opportunity to correct functional zoning of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park. The information collected and organized in this way will clearly display the dynamics of the number of individual species, which is especially relevant for rare species and alien flora fraction of the park. Cartographic material will be the basis for further monitoring studies within the territory of Seymskiy Regional Landscape Park.
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Lemenkova, Polina, and Olivier Debeir. "Coherence of Bangui Magnetic Anomaly with Topographic and Gravity Contrasts across Central African Republic." Minerals 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2023): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13050604.
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The interactions between the geophysical processes and geodynamics of the lithosphere play a crucial role in the geologic structure of the Earth’s crust. The Bangui magnetic anomaly is a notable feature in the lithospheric structure of the Central African Republic (CAR) resulting from a complex tectonic evolution. This study reports on the coherence in the geophysical data and magnetic anomaly field analysed from a series of maps. The data used here include raster grids on free-air altimetric gravity, magnetic EMAG2 maps, geoid EGM2008 model and topographic SRTM/ETOPO1 relief. The data were processed to analyse the correspondence between the geophysical and geologic setting in the CAR region. Histogram equalization of the topographic grids was implemented by partition of the raster grids into equal-area patches of data ranged by the segments with relative highs and lows of the relief. The original data were compared with the equalized, normalized and quadratic models. The scripts used for cartographic data processing are presented and commented. The consistency and equalization of topography, gravity and geoid data were based using GMT modules ‘grdfft’ and ‘grdhisteq’ modules. Using GMT scripts for mapping the geophysical and gravity data over CAR shows an advanced approach to multi-source data visualization to reveal the relationships in the geophysical and topographic processes in central Africa. The results highlighted the correlation between the distribution of rocks with high magnetism in the central part of the Bangui anomaly, and distribution of granites, greenstone belts, and metamorphosed basalts as rock exposure. The correspondence between the negative Bouguer anomaly (<−80 mGal), low geoid values (<−12 m) and the extent of the magnetic anomaly with extreme negative values ranging from −1000 to −200 nT is identified. The integration of the multi-source data provides new insights into the analysis of crustal thicknesses and the average density of the Earth in CAR, as well as the magnitude of the magnetic fields with notable deviations caused by the magnetic flux density in the Bangui area related to the distribution of mineral resources in CAR.
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Titov, G. S., and P. E. Kargashin. "Big spatial data modeling using data cube based on discrete global grid system." Geodesy and Cartography 996, no. 6 (July 20, 2023): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2023-996-6-19-29.
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The authors describe an approach to modeling large volumes of heterogeneous spatial data in the form of a hypercube based on discrete global grid systems. Bibliometric analysis and literature review of academic publications, mapping and explanation of the scientific landscape on the subject of big data and data cubes in Earth sciences are carried out. The mentioned phenomenon is interpreted in Earth sciences in the view of the spatial data life cycle. The results show that its transformative impact on cartography and geoinformatics is mutual, and the resulting methodological problem is their heterogeneity, not volume. To model them, it is proposed to use a data cube in which the spatial dimension is represented using discrete global grid systems with advantages over raster and vector models in application to that phenomenon. The content of the data cube is analysis-ready information.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Handling Dataset with Geophysical and Geological Variables on the Bolivian Andes by the GMT Scripts." Data 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7060074.
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In this paper, an integrated mapping of the georeferenced data is presented using the QGIS and GMT scripting tool set. The study area encompasses the Bolivian Andes, South America, notable for complex geophysical and geological parameters and high seismicity. A data integration was performed for a detailed analysis of the geophysical and geological setting. The data included the raster and vector datasets captured from the open sources: the IRIS seismic data (2015 to 2021), geophysical data from satellite-derived gravity grids based on CryoSat, topographic GEBCO data, geoid undulation data from EGM-2008, and geological georeferences’ vector data from the USGS. The techniques of data processing included quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the seismicity and geophysical setting in Bolivia. The result includes a series of thematic maps on the Bolivian Andes. Based on the data analysis, the western region was identified as the most seismically endangered area in Bolivia with a high risk of earthquake hazards in Cordillera Occidental, followed by Altiplano and Cordillera Real. The earthquake magnitude here ranges from 1.8 to 7.6. The data analysis shows a tight correlation between the gravity, geophysics, and topography in the Bolivian Andes. The cartographic scripts used for processing data in GMT are available in the author’s public GitHub repository in open-access with the provided link. The utility of scripting cartographic techniques for geophysical and topographic data processing combined with GIS spatial evaluation of the geological data supported automated mapping, which has applicability for risk assessment and geological hazard mapping of the Bolivian Andes, South America.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Seafloor and Ocean Crust Structure of the Kerguelen Plateau from Marine Geophysical and Satellite Altimetry Datasets." Geomatics 3, no. 3 (August 10, 2023): 393–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geomatics3030022.
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The volcanic Kerguelen Islands are formed on one of the world’s largest submarine plateaus. Located in the remote segment of the southern Indian Ocean close to Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau is notable for a complex tectonic origin and geologic formation related to the Cretaceous history of the continents. This is reflected in the varying age of the oceanic crust adjacent to the plateau and the highly heterogeneous bathymetry of the Kerguelen Plateau, with seafloor structure differing for the southern and northern segments. Remote sensing data derived from marine gravity and satellite radar altimetry surveys serve as an important source of information for mapping complex seafloor features. This study incorporates geospatial information from NOAA, EMAG2, WDMAM, ETOPO1, and EGM96 datasets to refine the extent and distribution of the extracted seafloor features. The cartographic joint analysis of topography, magnetic anomalies, tectonic and gravity grids is based on the integrated mapping performed using the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) programming suite. Mapping of the submerged features (Broken Ridge, Crozet Islands, seafloor fabric, orientation, and frequency of magnetic anomalies) enables analysis of their correspondence with free-air gravity and magnetic anomalies, geodynamic setting, and seabed structure in the southwest Indian Ocean. The results show that integrating the datasets using advanced cartographic scripting language improves identification and visualization of the seabed objects. The results include 11 new maps of the region covering the Kerguelen Plateau and southwest Indian Ocean. This study contributes to increasing the knowledge of the seafloor structure in the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
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Shinkarenko, S. S., O. Yu Kosheleva, and D. A. Solodovnikov. "Forecast‐Cartographic Modeling of Pasture Production of the Volgograd Region Based on Remote Sensing." South of Russia: ecology, development 15, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2020-1-69-78.
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Aim. The work is devoted to identifying the productivity of pasture landscapes in the Volgograd region. The aim was to determine the direction of trends and the values of the coefficients of proportionality which would permit the definition of areas where the productivity of natural zonal vegetation has increased or decreased from 2000 until today. Material and Methods. Pasture productivity assessment is based on the analysis of the NDVI vegetation index, which is widely used in such studies. For analysis, specific pasture areas were identified in accordance with Global Land Cover, divided into egular grids and given overlays corresponding with the boundaries of municipalities and landscapes. Results. The largest areas of natural zonal pastures are located in the Trans‐Volga region and on the sandy massifs of the Don River valley. About 60% of pasture land has an average weighted average long‐term NDVI value from 0.3 to 0.4, and approximately a quarter – from 0.4 to 0.5. In most parts of the region there are negative NDVI trends. The highest rate of degradation is noted in the Trans‐Volga region. This is associated with larger pasturing loads than in the rest of the region, as well as with the regular occurrence of steppe fires. Conclusion. In summation: the productivity trends of zonal pastures in the Volgograd region have been determined, as have areas with different NDVI directions and dynamics. The application of these results in practice should make it possible to predict pasture productivity in various municipal districts and landscapes of the region, and thus assist in the regulation of pasture loads and the mitigation of risks of vegetation degradation.
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Paweł, Pędzich. "Conformal projections of a tri-axial ellipsoid based on isometric coordinates: history, methodology, and examples." Polish Cartographical Review 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcr-2022-0004.
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Abstract The paper presents a review of the conformal projections of a tri-axial ellipsoid and the methodology of creating these projections with the use of isometric coordinates. The concept is very simple and has been known for a long time; if isometric coordinates are introduced on the surface of the original and on the plane of the image, then any analytical function of the complex variable, i.e. a function that has a continuous derivative, creates a conformal projection. The introduction presents the history of conformal projections. Then, existing projections are presented, including the Bugayevskiy projection and several projections developed by the author that apply selected functions of the complex variable. Scripts were prepared in the Octave software with the use of the presented methodology. Programming in Octave offers a possibility of a simple implementation of complex variable functions, which is also briefly discussed in the paper. The developed scripts were then used to perform calculations and to draw cartographic grids and distortion isolines in the selected conformal projections. The test object was the tri-axial ellipsoid that represents Phobos.
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Tovar Plata, Lizbeth, and Raquel Hinojosa Reyes. "The modifiable areal unit problem in the analysis of the demand for urban freight transport." Revista Cartográfica, no. 105 (July 19, 2022): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.35424/rcarto.i105.1383.
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This document diagnoses the effects of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) in the study of the demand for urban freight transport, by means of a comparison of different analysis scales to determine the relevance of working with different levels of detail. It is recommended to analyze the number of retail businesses, because they are the ones that mainly attract urban freight transport, and other variables of a socio-territorial type, considering three different spatial units: basic geostatistical area, electoral section, and regular 500-by-500-meter grids. For each scale, descriptive statistics parameters, correlation between variables, as well as global and local spatial autocorrelation (Moran-LISA’s I) were obtained to determine the impact of the MAUP. The results obtained show that the electoral sections do not result in an adequate scale, unless it is used as a complementary scale, since the statistical results indicate a greater variation. However, its cartographic representation allows seeing spatial groupings that are not observed in the other scales, which can be a valuable contribution. In the case of the Basic Geostatistical Area (BGA) scale and the 500-by-500-meter grids, data show less dispersion. The variables analyzed show a greater correlation and present a greater global spatial autocorrelation, which is why it is determined that they may be the most appropriate scales to model the transport of merchandise in the study area. The site that had no discrepancy, regardless of the scale of analysis, was the historic downtown of the city of Toluca, so it can be considered a priority site based on its demand for merchandise and territorial characteristics, where regulation and transport control alternatives can be incorporated, as well as the creation of infrastructure to make deliv-eries more efficient and to mitigate its negative impacts.
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Zhou, Weifeng, Yingxue Li, Juan Hou, Wei Fan, Liangqi Xu, and Weiping Xiao. "Automated Cartography of Fisheries Oceanographic Atlas Using ArcPy Based on Global Time Series Grid Data of Marine Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 234 (March 8, 2019): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/234/1/012023.
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Lukovic, Jelena, Branislav Bajat, Milan Kilibarda, and Dejan Filipovic. "High resolution grid of potential incoming solar radiation for Serbia." Thermal Science 19, suppl. 2 (2015): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150430134l.
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Solar radiation is a key driving force for many natural processes. At the Earth?s surface solar radiation is the result of complex interactions between the atmosphere and Earth?s surface. Our study highlights the development and evaluation of a data base of potential solar radiation that is based on a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 90 m over Serbia. The main aim of this paper is to map solar radiation in Serbia using DEM. This is so far the finest resolution being applied and presented using DEM. The final results of the potential direct, diffuse and total solar radiation as well as duration of insolation databases of Serbia are portrayed as thematic maps that can be communicated and shared easily through the cartographic web map-based service.
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Titov, German, Anna Prasolova, and Pavel Kargashin. "Web-mapping of solar energy potential in Yakutia." InterCarto. InterGIS 27, no. 3 (2021): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2021-3-27-210-220.
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It is cost effective and environmentally rational to develop renewable energy source in sthe territories of decentralized energy supply, since it allows replacing diesel power generation. Yakutia has a high potential for the development of solar energy and 64 % of its area is in the zone of decentralized energy supply. The features of web mapping—interactivity, multiscale and availability—are useful for assessment of big multi-temporal data on solar resources at the regional scale. Web mapping shows one parameter for Yakutia—all sky insolation incident on a horizontal surface per day per square meter. The parameter is used to assess the potential of solar energy resources in the territory. Initial data comes from the Surface meteorology and Solar Energy archive of the NASA Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource—SSE NASA POWER project. It includes monthly and annual average global grids for each year from 1984 to 2018. The web application allows users to map the data by grid points, by administrative units and by watersheds. Users can interactively set a period with an accuracy of a month and a territorial division for drawing up a map. The web-based mapping application allows users to create about 50,000 web maps in total. The number based on query combinations available to the user. A large amount of data used for web mapping requires the development of an information system for the dynamic delivery of data at the user’s request. Data preprocessing algorithm helps efficiently aggregate data “on-the-fly” for various territorial units. The DeckGL cartographic library gives high-performance visualization of big spatial data in the browser. We use PostgreSQL and Flask software to develop the information system. Web mapping is useful for the assessment of solar energy resources specifically at the regional level. Interactive tools provided by the web-based mapping applications deepen the analytical content of the cartographic work. There are notable changes in the data preparation through the design of web-based mapping applications in comparison with regular maps.
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Korte, Annika, Julian Keil, and Frank Dickmann. "Investigating the relation of path integration performance and using cartographic cues inspired by grid cell properties." Abstracts of the ICA 6 (August 11, 2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-6-126-2023.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "GEBCO and ETOPO1 gridded datasets for GMT based cartographic Mapping of Hikurangi, Puysegur and Hjort Trenches, New Zealand." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica, no. 19 (December 30, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1427-9711.19.01.
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The study focused on the comparative analysis of the submarine geomorphology of three oceanic trenches: Hikurangi Trench (HkT), Puysegur Trench (PT) and Hjort Trench (HjT), New Zealand region, Pacific Ocean. HjT is characterized by an oblique subduction zone. Unique regional tectonic setting consist in two subduction zones: northern (Hikurangi margin) and southern (Puysegur margin), connected by oblique continental collision along the Alpine Fault, South Island. This cause variations in the geomorphic structure of the trenches. PT/HjT subduction is highly oblique (dextral) and directed southwards. Hikurangi subduction is directed northwestwards. South Island is caught in between by the “subduction scissor”. Methodology is based on GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools) for mapping, plotting and modelling. Mapping includes visualized geophysical, tectonic and geological settings of the trenches, based on sequential use of GMT modules. Data include GEBCO, ETOPO1, EGM96. Comparative histogram equalization of topographic grids (equalized, normalized, quadratic) was done by module ’grdhisteq’, automated cross-sectioning – by ’grdtrack’. Results shown that HjT has a symmetric shape form with comparative gradients on both western and eastern slopes. HkT has a trough-like flat wide bottom, steeper gradient slope on the North Island flank. PT has an asymmetric V-form with steep gradient on the eastern slopes and gentler western slope corresponding to the relatively gentle slope of a subducting plate and steeper slope of an upper one. HkT has shallower depths < 2,500 m, PT is <-6,000 m. The deepest values > 6,000 m for HjT. The surrounding relief of the HjT presents the most uneven terrain with gentle slope oceanward, and a steep slope on the eastern flank for PT, surrounded by complex submarine relief along the Macquarie Arc. Data distribution for the HkT demonstrates almost equal pattern for the depths from -600 m to ₋2,600 m. PT has a bimodal data distribution with 2 peaks: 1) -4,250 to -4,500 m (18%); 2) -2,250 to -3,000 m, < 7,5%. The second peak corresponds to the Macquarie Arc. Data distribution for HjT is classic bell-shaped with a clear peak at -3,250 to -3,500 m. The asymmetry of the trenches resulted in geomorphic shape of HkT, PT and HjT affected by geologic processes.
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Gruzdev, R., and I. Rylsky. "THE USE OF AIRBORNE LIDARS IN HIGH-PRECISION GRAVITY PROSPECTING (ON THE EXAMPLE OF EASTERN TRANSBAIKALIA)." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 2 (2022): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-2-6-18.
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In the production of high-precision gravimetric studies at ore deposits, an important factor is the methodical correctness of the work, which directly affects the subsequent costs and life cycle of a geological exploration enterprise. It is known, that gravimetric survey, in addition to the actual stage of measurements on the ground, includes the stage of eliminating errors introduced into the measurements by external fields and objects, in particular, the terrain. Methods existing and adopted at the state level involve the use of materials from cartographic funds (topographic maps at a scale of 1:100,000 - 1:25,000 and larger). It is also allowed to use open (free) terrain models. These materials are distinguished by a common characteristic feature - the lack of detail in thedisplay of the microrelief and steep inclined surfaces (slopes, walls, faults, incisions). These elements have a significant effect on the field values, measured by gravimeters, especially when measurements, are taken at points located at a small distance from the specified forms. In addition, the existing methods do not involve calculations using digital elevation models built from initial data with a high density of elevations (with a step of a few meters or more). All this creates the prerequisites for an insufficiently complete consideration of corrections in gravimetric measurements. At the same time, the technical capabilities of modern aviation remote sensing equipment make it possible to quickly obtain a high-precision digital model of the terrain over large areas. The most accurate, versatile and promising technology in this respect is the method of airborne laser (lidar) scanning. In this paper, the authors consider a methodology for performing work using both airborne laser scanning of the relief and other types of data (topographic maps 1:25,000, open data models). As part of the research, calculations were also made of the final corrections for the influence of the terrain and a comparison of the results obtained with each other. With the help of mathematical modeling and cartographic algebra, matrices (grids) of design parameters were constructed. The results of the study are clearly demonstrated in diagrams and diagrams, substantiating and illustrating the high information content of the study
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He, Yuan, Yuan Zhang, Yaowei Zhang, Caishen Fang, Kun Huang, and Xiao Han. "Design and Implementation of Real-time Power Grid WebGIS Visualization Framework Based on New Generation Dispatching and Control System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2087, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2087/1/012073.
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Abstract With the strengthening of the integrated characteristics of power grid and the construction of the New Generation Dispatching and Control System with “physical distribution, logical integration”, the demand for global monitoring and analysis of power grid has gradually increased. On the basis of understanding of design of the new generation real-time dispatching and control data platform system, with the principles of componentization and servitization, the real-time power grid WebGIS visualization framework is designed and implemented. And this paper further introduces the design of the front-end secondary development interface and examples, as well as the cartographic generalization of the power grid WebGIS visual map. This framework has successfully supported the construction and online operation of several real-time power grid WebGIS visualization applications.
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Shekhunova, S. B., N. P. Siumar, O. P. Lobasov, and S. M. Stadnichenko. "ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL PATTERNS OF LANDSLIDE FORMATION WITH GIS TOOLS (ZAKARPATSKA OBLAST)." Ukrainian geographical journal 2022, no. 3 (November 2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2022.03.011.
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To identify the primary and derived geological factors determining the spread and activation of landslides within Zakarpatska Oblast, a database of 2.575 landslides were collected and integrated into GIS, with a total area of 385.21 km2 covered. Using the ArcView Spatial Analyst environment, the factors of landslide formation represented by the constructed grids of the relief, its derivatives, and the density of structural-tectonic heterogeneities have been examined. It has been established that landslide development maximum occurs at heights with hypsometric marks of 280–730 m, slopes of 7.5–22.4° steepness, oriented to the west, south-west, south, and south-east and located at a distance of up to 500 m from watercourses. Two-thirds of all analyzed landslides are located within a kilometer zone along structural-tectonic disturbances and at a distance of up to 1250 m to disorders with the 90–180° azimuth. The approach applied made it possible to establish for the first time ever the patterns of landslide occurrence, relying on the results of processing a large array of primary cartographic information, and to obtain probable limit values characterizing landslide formation factors, as well as build an iterative regional predictive model for forecasting landslide hazards occurrence. Mapping of areas with characteristic values of the factors determined will be used for local landslide forecasts. It will be implemented in the development of measures to reduce the risk of hazardous landslide processes in Zakarpatska Oblast.
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Goncharenko, O., V. Kukol, and S. Mikheli. "THE PECULIARITIES OF MAPS IN NATO." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 1 (43) (2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2020.43.43-50.
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The article describes basic data about the features of creating and operating of NATO maps. The article provides informationabout scale standards for NATO topographic maps. The structure of topographic maps, the order of their creation, mainpurposes, tasks, requirements according to NATO standards are considered. Topographic maps at scales of 1:25 000, 1:50 000and 1: 100 000 are created by NATO countries in accordance with national requirements while maintaining their traditionaltransition to the creation of topographic maps, but adhering to a single NATO standard for mandatory mapping of WGS -84 andUTM grids, the printing of explanation symbols and abbreviations in English and application of geographical names in Latin. Atpresent, there is a coherent NATO geopolitics for the creation of topographic special maps (including digital maps), the basicprinciple of which is that each NATO member is responsible for providing the necessary cartographic materials to its troops andNATO forces on its territory and to the globe. for planning and conducting military operations. A 1: 250,000 scale map is used tostudy and evaluate in detail individual, relatively small but important areas, when crossing water obstacles, during hostilities inlarge settlements, as well as when designing and constructing large engineering structures. Projections of topographic maps ofscale 1: 250 000 are considered, specifics of delineation and designations adopted for the map, features of the content of th etopographic map according to NATO standards. The maps are created in the Universal Transversal Mercator Projection (UTM),the Universal Polar Stereographic Projection (UPS) and the Lambert Conformal Conic Projection. The article presents a system ofgraphic symbols and symbols of NATO.
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Lemenkova, Polina, and Olivier Debeir. "Seismotectonics of Shallow-Focus Earthquakes in Venezuela with Links to Gravity Anomalies and Geologic Heterogeneity Mapped by a GMT Scripting Language." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 15966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315966.
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This paper presents a cartographic framework based on algorithms of GMT codes for mapping seismically active areas in Venezuela. The data included raster grids from GEBCO, EGM-2008, and vector geological layers from the USGS. The data were iteratively processed in the console of GMT, converted by GDAL, formatted, and mapped for geophysical data visualisation; the QGIS was applied for geological mapping. We analyzed 2000 samples of the earthquake events obtained from the IRIS seismic database with a 25-year time span (1997–2021) in order to map the seismicity. The approach to linking geological, topographic, and geophysical data using GMT scripts aimed to map correlations among the geophysical phenomena, tectonic processes, geological setting, seismicity, and earthquakes. The practical application of the GMT scripts consists in automated mapping for the visualization of geological risks and hazards in the mountainous region of the Venezuelan Andes. The proposed method integrates the approach of GMT scripts with state-of-the-art GIS techniques, which demonstrated its effectiveness as a tool for mapping spatial datasets and rapid data processing in an iterative regime. In this context, using GMT and GIS to find similarities between the regional earthquake distribution and the geological and topographic setting is essential for hazard risk assessment. This study can serve as a basis for predictive seismic analysis in geologically vulnerable regions of Venezuela. In addition to a technical demonstration of GMT algorithms, this study also contributes to geological and geophysical mapping and seismic hazard assessments in South America. We present the full scripts used for mapping in a GitHub repository.
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Lemenkova, Polina, and O. Debeir. "Satellite Altimetry and Gravimetry Data for Mapping Marine Geodetic and Geophysical Setting of the Seychelles and the Somali Sea, Indian Ocean." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0026.
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Abstract Evaluation of the representative cartographic techniques demonstrated that there are still considerable challenges facing the methods of marine geodetic, geophysical and bathymetric data visualisation. In an oceanic seafloor formation, the interaction between the geological structural elements and topographical relief can be analysed by advanced mapping. In present study, a correlation between geodesy, geophysics and topography has been examined including the following variables: geological structure, coastal topography and bathymetry, geophysical fields, free-air gravity anomalies and geoid undulation, sediment thickness, bathymetric patterns, and extension of the transform faults. The variables were visualised on the high-resolution raster grids using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) scripting toolset. The study area is located in the Seychelles and the Somali Sea segment of the Indian Ocean. The data incorporates satellite-derived gravity grid, EGM-2008, geological structures, topography from GEBCO grid and GlobSed sediment thickness, processed by GMT scripts. The results demonstrated that western continental slope of Somalia is wide, gently declining to the seafloor at depths exceeding -5000 m. Kenya and Tanzania present a wide continental foot with depths ranging from -3500 to -5000 m. The Somali Sea basin shows low sedimentation lower than 500 m, while ridges and island chains have higher sediment influx (1,000-2,000 m). The Mozambique Channel has dominating values at 2,500-3,500 m. Higher values are noted near the Reunion and Mauritius islands until the Seychelles via the Mascarene Plateau (500-1,000 m) against the <500 m in the areas of the Mid-Indian Ridge, Carlsberg Ridge and open water.
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Specht, Sebastian, and Bernd Kramer. "Detail or Disclosure – Towards a Visualisation of Confidentiality Related Spatial Damage to Demographic Grids." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-14-2020.
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Abstract. Statistical data on demography is the basis for many population-related scientific questions, economic questions of health care and questions of planning public services. Population data in equal-area cartographic grid cells appears to be a good basis, especially for use cases in inter-municipal contexts of administration and planning (Specht et al. 2019). Census results have been used, since the 2011 census made available small-scale population data for the entire Federal Republic of Germany on a 100m grid for the first time. Unfortunately, this data is not updated by the statistical offices.This presentation describes a use case of demographic grids implemented in a context of inter-municipal cooperation in the region of Bremen. As the calculation of population forecasts was an objective, small-scale data on migration was required. Similar to the approach in the census, demographic data and data on migration are recorded in the residents' registration offices (EMA) of the cooperating municipalities. However, since outside the census other legal frameworks apply, the process cannot be adopted as is. In the EMAs, individual-related micro-data are available, serving as a base file. Under the respective legal framework, the data is anonymised, geo coded and converted into an aggregated tabular form on site.Aggregated data may still contain individual cases worthy of protection. The higher the number of queried characteristics (region, gender, age, nationality etc.) and their differentiation (100m grid or 1km grid, age years or age groups, etc.), the higher the probability to encounter such cases. A number of procedures for statistical disclosure control are available, of which the SAFE procedure (Höhne 2015) (used in the 2011 census) is currently implemented in the project. As other methods or strategies are up for consideration, how can they be evaluated in a specific regional context? From the perspective of confidentiality, space is at first just one feature dimension among others, although there are approaches that explicitly take spatial interrelation into account (Young, Martin, and Skinner 2009).From a geographical point of view, however, high resolution data, especially in sparsely populated areas, can generally be expected to show high before-and-after deviations as a result of confidentiality procedures. Depending on the subject matter, these spatial errors can have different degrees of relevance and thus be ultimately relevant for the selection of the confidentiality strategy. To support a decidedly spatial comparison of the effects of different classification, aggregation and confidentiality strategies, a set of indicators together with an interactive visualization for the project area under consideration is presented for discussion.
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Ngadiman, Norhayati, Masiri Kaamin, Nor Baizura Hamid, Suhaila Sahat, Mardiha Mokhtar, AslilaAbd Kadir, and Ahmad Hakimi Mat Nor. "Production of Orthophoto Map Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Photogrammetry." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 4925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8543.
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Orthophoto is a part of the process of concept of photogrammetry in map production. Orthophoto image is a specific scaled photographic image produced from perspective images in which distortion errors originating from the attitude differences and the tilt of image are eliminated while orthophoto map is an orthophoto that has cartographic information on it (legend, grids, contours, labels, etc.). The development of current technology has introduced the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) as an alternative to conventional photogrammetry in creating orthophoto map. Purpose of this paper is to identify the potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) as an alternative to conventional photogrammetry which uses aircraft in creating orthophoto map. The area of the study is UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Pagoh Campus within Pagoh Educational Hub. UAV photogrammetry based on a photogrammetricmeasurement platform, which operates remotely controlled, semi-autonomously, or autonomously, without a pilot sitting in the vehicle. The large format aerial camera in conventional photogrammetry is replaced with small format digital camera in UAV photogrammetry. For general area, the amount of forward overlap and side overlap is 75% and 60% respectively. For forest area, the amount of forward overlap and side overlap is 85% and 70% respectively as the UAV flight altitude will be higher. The whole workflow is introduced in the paper, where 461 images were collected with DJI Phantom 4 Pro with camera model FC6310. The flight mission was completed using PIX4D Capture. An orthophoto map covering an area of 250458 m2 was produced using AgisoftPhotoScan. The result from this study produces a better quality orthophoto map of UTHM Pagoh Campus. This map will shows the overview of the campus area with the most updated information.
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Karpachevskiy, Andrey, and German Titov. "Spatio-temporal database design for backbone power grid of Russia." InterCarto. InterGIS 27, no. 2 (2021): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2021-2-27-306-314.
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Backbone power lines in Russia have a complex spatial structure. There are no systematized and topologically consistent spatio-temporal data about them. however, the study of their evolution requires not only data mining, but also a comprehensive design of the structure of the spatio-temporal database. The structure should provide effective data storage, be convenient for filling the database and editing data, provide the ability to reconstruct the network for a given period and apply spatial analysis methods. Open sources like power grid operator reports, schemes and programs of power grid development, public cadastral map, information from Situational and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Energy and very high spatial resolution remote sensing data are the main data sources. Users do not have direct access to the database but refer to it using queries. Interaction with the database is carried out through Application programming Interface (API). This allows downloading data from the database as well as embedding them into external systems, for example, connecting analysis tools to them, creating cartographic web applications with this data. Data preprocessing is performed in python using the Arcpy module, the database is created with PostgreSQl, the API works on PostgREST. Consistent multi-temporal spatial database serves as the basis for analyzing the structural features of electrical networks, makes it possible to visualize the history of the development of the power grid of the territory in an interactive web-based mapping application, allows to apply geoprocessing tools and special network analysis tools. The detailed study of the evolution of backbone power grids is crucial in long-term strategies for the development of the power grid. Abroad, studies of the evolution of electrical networks usually operate with a schematic graph of a network without reference to real spatial geometry, therefore, there is no problem of designing the structure of spatio-temporal database. yet, ignoring topomorphological relationships in the network leads to the loss of information about electrical networks, which leads to a loss in the quality of spatial analysis.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Topographic surface modelling using raster grid datasets by GMT: example of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, Pacific Ocean." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 108, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0008.
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AbstractThe study area is focused on the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, North Pacific Ocean. This region is geologically complex, notable for the lithosphere activity, tectonic plates subduction and active volcanism. The submarine geomorphology is complicated through terraces, slopes, seamounts and erosional processes. Understanding geomorphic features of such a region requires precise modelling and effective visualization of the high-resolution data sets. Therefore, current research presents a Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) based algorithm proposing a solution for effective data processing and precise mapping: iterative module-based scripting for the automated digitizing and modelling. Methodology consists of the following steps: topographic mapping of the raster grids, marine gravity and geoid; semi-automatic digitizing of the orthogonal cross-section profiles; modelling geomorphic trends of the gradient slopes; computing raster surfaces from the xyz data sets by modules nearneighbor and XYZ2grd. Several types of the cartographic projections were used: oblique Mercator, Mercator cylindrical, conic equal-area Albers, conic equidistant. The cross-section geomorphic profiles in a perpendicular direction across the two selected segments of the trench were automatically digitized. Developed algorithm of the semi-automated digitizing of the profiles enabled to visualize gradients of the slope steepness of the trench. The data were then modelled to show gradient variations in its two segments. The results of the comparative geomorphic analysis of northern and southern transects revealed variations in different parts of the trench. Presented research provided more quantitative insights into the structure and settings of the submarine landforms of the hadal trench that still remains a question for the marine geology. The research demonstrated the effectiveness of the GMT: a variety of modules, approaches and tools that can be used to produce high-quality mapping and graphics. The GMT listings are provided for repeatability.
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Pakhnуts, Ivan, Sofiia Khrustalova, and Kirill Khrustalev. "SYSTEM FOR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE OBJECTS IN OPEN AREA." Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, no. 2 (20) (June 30, 2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/itssi.2022.20.106.
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The subject of this research is the methods, means and systems for detecting potentially dangerous military objects in open terrain. The purpose of the study is to develop a system for the detection and identification of potentially explosive military objects using an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone), which includes a system for detecting an explosive object using a metal detector with the technology of adjusting the flight height and the detection method using a thermal imager. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: a review and analysis of modern methods and systems for the detection and identification of potentially explosive military objects was carried out, the classification of identifiable explosive objects was determined, system components were selected, a structural diagram and an algorithm of the software control tool were developed system of identification of potentially explosive objects in an open area, a software tool for detection and identification of potentially explosive objects in an open area was created. The following methods are used in the work: the mathematical method of constructing cartographic grids, the method of recording infrared radiation, the method of eddy currents, methods and means of data collection and processing. The following results were obtained: the components of the system were selected, the structure, diagram and algorithm of the software tool for the identification of potentially explosive objects in the open area were developed, and the corresponding software was created. Conclusions: the application of the proposed system makes it possible to increase the accuracy of finding or the absence of a potentially explosive object in a certain area due to the use of two methods of detecting potentially explosive objects at once, and provides the opportunity to identify a sufficiently wide range of objects. The developed system is safe, as it is controlled by an operator who is at a safe distance, allows you to get special maps with terrain markings with information about the possible presence of potentially explosive objects in certain areas of the terrain and, in general, maps of metal detector and thermal imager signals.
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Lemenkova, Polina, and Olivier Debeir. "Correlations between the Topography-Induced Gravity, Terrain Structure and the Seismicity in the Gulf of Panama." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 79, no. 2 (July 18, 2023): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.79.2.33500.
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This study presents new maps of the topographic and geophysical setting and seismicity in the region of the Gulf of Panama. The spatial analysis is based on the comparative analysis of the datasets on geoid, free-air gravity anomaly, topography and earthquakes. The cartographic framework is developed using the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) scripting toolset. Seismic activity in the Central America is high due to the complex geologic setting, tectonic activity and lithosphere plate subduction. The data include the Earth Gravitational Model (EGM2008), the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) and gravity grids. The seismicity data were collected from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) catalogue on 1970–2021. The variations in data were compared to analyse correlations between the geophysical, seismic and topographic parameters. Free-air gravity, geoid and topographic data derived from the high-resolution datasets were used to investigate their effects on the main seismic sources in the region. The comparison of the maps showed that the distribution of the shallow earthquakes in the Pacific segment of Panama coincides with negative free-air anomalies and lower geoid values. The results revealed high values of geoid in the high mountainous regions of Panama (Cordilliera de Talamanca, southern coast of Peninsula de Azuero and eastern Panama, 77.5–78.5°W), which correspond to the topographic roughness in the highlands. Negative values of geoid are found over the Caribbean Sea basin (−4 to 0 m). The analyses of seismicity showed 1740 earthquake events varying by magnitudes from 2.9 to 7.8 at the depths up to 225 m (near the west coast of Colombia). A high concentration of the earthquakes is in the western region of the Panama’s shelf waters (~82–83.5°W), and on the border with Colombia (~77–78.5°W). High gravity anomalies (over 220 mGal) are found in the mountainous regions which match the geodynamic processes associated with the Earth structure and geodetic and geophysical effects. The regions of the high seismicity were defined in the Gulf of Chiriqui and eastern part of the Gulf of Panama.
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Jedou, Eslemhoum, Mamoudou Ndongo, Mohamed Mahmoud Ali, Kaan Yetilmezsoy, Boudy Bilal, Cheibany Cheikhe Ebeya, Cheikh Mohamed Fadel Kébé, Papa Alioune Ndiaye, Emel Kıyan, and Majid Bahramian. "A cartographic approach coupled with optimized sizing and management of an on-grid hybrid PV-solar-battery-group based on the state of the sky: An african case study." Solar Energy 227 (October 2021): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.08.079.
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Raposo, Paulo. "Geovisualization of complex origin-destination flow maps using Discrete Global Grid Systems." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-308-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Flow maps, where counts of people or things are shown travelling between origin-destination pairs with paths or arrows, are difficult to draw well, mostly because they rapidly get cluttered as more and more paths are added. Researchers in cartographic and information visualization fields have sought to mitigate these problems in various ways, including cluster detection and edge bundling (Buchin, Speckmann, & Verbeek, 2011; Guo, 2009), force-directed path placement (Holten & van Wijk, 2009; Jenny et al., 2017), use of network topological space instead of planimetric space (Xiao & Chun, 2009), interactive spatial filtering of flows (Vrotsou, Fuchs, Andrienko, & Andrienko, 2017), and by changing the drawing medium to accommodate flows that arc through 3D space (Raposo, 2017; Yang et al., 2019; Zhang, Zhang, Li, & Li, 2018). Other geovisualization techniques recently developed involve and use of matrixes or grids to store and visualize flows; Wood, Dykes, & Slingsby (2010) use spatial tessellation and a set of small multiples of the same tessellation representing origin and destination spaces, respectively, creating a sort of travel heat map when tiles are colored as a choropleth. A comparable approach is taken by Yang et al. (2017) in a system that combines an abstract matrix of flow records with inflow and outflow maps.</p><p>This early-stage project builds on previous matrix-based flow visualization methods while leveraging the power of Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS), which present a naturally Earth-oriented hierarchical tessellation upon which a matrix of origins and destinations can be stored and visualized. DGGS (Sahr, White, & Kimerling, 2003; Raposo, Robinson, & Brown, in press) partition the round Earth into nested tiles in a manner similar to quad-trees, and have the desirable properties of covering the whole spherical globe in equal-area (or near equal-area) tiles, and of being hierarchical to an arbitrary number of levels. The hierarchical quality allows flows in a DGGS to be naturally bundled by origin and destination points as a function of grid size; greater or lesser detail (i.e., more or less bundling) in the overall pattern of flows is effected by descending or ascending DGGS levels. As DGGS are becoming increasingly popular for geospatial data computation and collection in movement analysis (Brodsky, 2018), the present work provides a natural bridge to the visualization of such data when it pertains to movement phenomena.</p><p>The present research will develop a suite of flow visualization techniques upon an existing open-source DGGS rendering platform (Raposo, Robinson, & Brown, in press): 1) grid facet coloring in a choropleth scheme to indicate magnitudes of flow into or out of a particular facet; 2) vertical-space cubic spline flow arcs, and 3) tabular representation of the flow data. All three visualization techniques will function across multiple spatial resolutions, corresponding to each of the hierarchical levels of our chosen DGGS, so that users can interact both with each of the three visualizations of the data as well as the spatial granularity to which the data are displayed. All views will be interactive and linked.</p><p>We use Dutton’s (1999) quaternary triangular mesh (QTM), being a DGGS based on recursively subdividing the faces of an octahedron over the globe (Figure 1). Our method begins by finding, at many nested QTM levels, the facets of the QTM with which each origin and destination point intersects; in practice, we use up to 16 levels, as the triangles at that level in the QTM are small enough to address typical individual buildings. Importantly, point-in-polygon intersection is calculated geodetically, and not in 2D projected space, since failing to do this can cause topological errors (Raposo, Robinson, Brown, in press). At each QTM facet and at each level, we build two lists: one of all the other facets at that level that contain an origin point for a flow that arrives at this facet, and another of those that contain a destination point for flows originating in this facet. These lists are stored to each facet as polygon attributes. A flow path curving through vertical space via a cubic spline is also derived for each origin-destination pair and stored as a renderable 3D solid.</p><p>The QTM is then plotted in our software on a virtual globe using NASA’s World Wind application programming interface. As users select any one QTM facet, its attributes are read to find all the other facets either contributing or receiving flows to or from the selected facet; these are then colored according to a choropleth scheme to visualize magnitudes of flow (Figure 2). Coloration is controlled for various descriptive statistics on the flows (e.g., total, mean, maximum, etc.). Linear paths curving up and around the globe (Figure 3) will also be available to be toggled on or off, giving users multiple redundant symbolizations of travel paths.</p>