Journal articles: 'Gridshell structure'

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soheila, kookalani, and Htayaung Htay. "GFRP Elastic Gridshell Structures: A Review of Methods, Research, Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 7, no. 2 (2023): 71–94. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcema.2023.401834.1111.

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Gridshell structures have the potential to develop the construction process of free-form structures, offering numerous benefits. These include the minimum use of materials, light-weighting, the creation of a large span structure, structural efficiency, organic shapes, potential for quick and cost-effective construction, column-free spaces, maximum transparency, sustainability, and ease of deconstruction and recycling. Gridshells, regarding their architectural potential and intrinsic geometric rationality, are well-suited for creating complex shapes. Hence, the properties of gridshells depend on the equivalent pre-stress of the two-dimensional grid that was deformed. The mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), such as high elastic limit strain, strength, and Young’s modulus, can further enhance the potential of gridshell structures. Gridshell structures offer numerous opportunities for constructing double curvature shells. However, they also present challenges, particularly in the design and construction process, while minimizing stress and preventing breakages of elements under the influence of forces. This paper presents a review of GFRP elastic gridshell structures, including design and construction methods. Additionally, a case study of an existing gridshell structure, the Solidays gridshell, is presented. Finally, the opportunities and challenges associated with gridshell structures are discussed.

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Ghiyasinasab, Marzieh, Nadia Lehoux, and Sylvain Ménard. "Production phases and market for timber gridshell structures: A state-of-the-art review." BioResources 12, no. 4 (2017): 9538–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.ghiyasinasab.

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Timber gridshell is a structure with a doubly curved shape that is made of grid timber laths. Gridshell structure can be a solution of interest in modern free-form structures that are environmentally sustainable. However, there is a lack of academic research focusing on the potential markets and the production stages based on this construction technology. The aim of this literature review is to investigate the gridshell structure to identify its global production process, as well as the partners involved in the architectural examples studied. A review of both peer-reviewed scientific articles and grey literature resources (e.g., magazines, web pages, etc.) was conducted to gather information about timber gridshells. The design examples found were categorized as small, medium, and large gridshells. The categorization is based on the size and level of complexity of the design examples. Production phases and partners involved in the design and construction of these structures were identified for each category. Furthermore, the motivations and barriers to using gridshell designs in construction, and the potential market segments were determined.

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Goodarzi, Marjan, Mahshad Azimi, Ali Mohades, and Majid Forghani-elahabad. "Effects of different geometric patterns on free form gridshell structures." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (2023): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1698-1707.

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<p class="JIASSAbstract">Gridshells are commonly known as structures with the shape and rigidity of a double curvature shell consisting of a grid, not a continuous surface. In recent decades, these structures have attracted significant attention. The impact of various geometric patterns on free form gridshell structures is investigated here to demonstrate the necessity of collaboration between structural and architectural characteristics in enhancing structure efficiency. To that goal, a framework is proposed where three shells are first designed, and then six geometric patterns are formed on them. The main factors for evaluation of gridshells are decreasing the steel weight as an economic index and decreasing the displacement as a structural index, also, finite element method is used for structurally analyzing the gridshells, and the generated gridshells are compared to each other based on the mentioned indices. For the optimization process, an approach is suggested to find the most optimum gridshell, then numerical results show the efficiency of the proposed alternative approach.</p>

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Marjan, Goodarzi, Azimi Mahshad, Mohades Ali, and Forghani-elahabad Majid. "Effects of different geometric patterns on free form gridshell structures." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (2023): 1698–707. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1698-1707.

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Gridshells are commonly known as structures with the shape and rigidity of a double curvature shell consisting of a grid, not a continuous surface. In recent decades, these structures have attracted significant attention. The impact of various geometric patterns on free form gridshell structures is investigated here to demonstrate the necessity of collaboration between structural and architectural characteristics in enhancing structure efficiency. To that goal, a framework is proposed where three shells are first designed, and then six geometric patterns are formed on them. The main factors for evaluation of gridshells are decreasing the steel weight as an economic index and decreasing the displacement as a structural index, also, finite element method is used for structurally analyzing the gridshells, and the generated gridshells are compared to each other based on the mentioned indices. For the optimization process, an approach is suggested to find the most optimum gridshell, then numerical results show the efficiency of the proposed alternative approach.

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Dvořáková, Edita, and Bořek Patzák. "ISOGEOMETRIC BEAM ELEMENT EXTENDED FOR GRIDSHELL ANALYSIS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 15 (December 31, 2018): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2018.15.0025.

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The design of gridshell structures is a complicated process, as the resulting shape of structure depends on initial undeformed grid geometry as well as on the history of boundary conditions used to form the final structure. In practice, the physical model is often used to determine the shape of the structure and the initial grid at the same time. Introducing Isogeometric analysis into a design of gridshells simplifies the design process as the problem can be easily recalculated when initial grid or boundary conditions change and the resulting shape can be immediately illustrated. The presented paper discusses possibilities in isogeometric gridshell modeling and proposes possible solutions of identified problems.

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Venuti, Fiammetta. "Influence of pattern anisotropy on the structural behaviour of free-edge single-layer gridshells." Curved and Layered Structures 8, no. 1 (2021): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cls-2021-0011.

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Abstract Free-edge gridshells represent the majority of built gridshells. Indeed, the gridshell reference geometry usually needs to be trimmed in order to provide building access or to insert the gridshell within an existing building, giving rise to one or more elastic boundaries. Despite the current design practice, so far a very limited number of scientific studies has been devoted to investigate the influence of elastic boundaries on the overall structural behaviour of gridshells. This paper focuses on the effects of the orientation of the boundary structure with respect to the grid direction. This is done by studying the buckling behaviour of an ideal single-layer steel gridshell, for different grid layout (quadrangular, hybrid, triangular) and orientation. The results of the parametric study demonstrate that the sensitivity of free-edge single-layer gridshells to the free-edge orientation strongly depends on the grid pattern. In particular, isotropic gridshells have shown an almost negligible influence of the free-edge orientation in terms of buckling load, in opposition to orthotropic gridshells. Moreover, the change in free-edge orientation induces significant variations of the global structural stiffness for all the layouts, resulting in possibly unacceptable displacements in service conditions.

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Baek, Changyeob, Andrew O. Sageman-Furnas, Mohammad K. Jawed, and Pedro M. Reis. "Form finding in elastic gridshells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (2017): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713841115.

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Elastic gridshells comprise an initially planar network of elastic rods that are actuated into a shell-like structure by loading their extremities. The resulting actuated form derives from the elastic buckling of the rods subjected to inextensibility. We study elastic gridshells with a focus on the rational design of the final shapes. Our precision desktop experiments exhibit complex geometries, even from seemingly simple initial configurations and actuation processes. The numerical simulations capture this nonintuitive behavior with excellent quantitative agreement, allowing for an exploration of parameter space that reveals multistable states. We then turn to the theory of smooth Chebyshev nets to address the inverse design of hemispherical elastic gridshells. The results suggest that rod inextensibility, not elastic response, dictates the zeroth-order shape of an actuated elastic gridshell. As it turns out, this is the shape of a common household strainer. Therefore, the geometry of Chebyshev nets can be further used to understand elastic gridshells. In particular, we introduce a way to quantify the intrinsic shape of the empty, but enclosed regions, which we then use to rationalize the nonlocal deformation of elastic gridshells to point loading. This justifies the observed difficulty in form finding. Nevertheless, we close with an exploration of concatenating multiple elastic gridshell building blocks.

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Charest, Philippe, André Potvin, Claude M. H. Demers, and Sylvain Ménard. "Assessing the complexity of timber gridshells in architecture through shape, structure, and material classification." BioResources 14, no. 1 (2019): 1364–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.1364-1378.

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New possibilities offered by recent modelling software allow the design of organic shapes that are appealing to architects and engineers but may encompass serious issues such as an overconsumption of materials. In this context, there is a renewed interest in systems allowing the materialization of curved surfaces such as timber gridshells, which can be defined as shells with their structures concentrated in strips. However, gridshell design becomes highly challenging if complex grid configurations and new material possibilities are combinedly explored with form generations. These upheavals highlight the need for a classification system to seize the potential and the limitations of timber gridshells to address complex geometries. The classification of 60 timber gridshells enables a critical examination in the course of the ceaseless quest for complexity in architecture by evaluating current building possibilities and predict future building opportunities in terms of form, structure, and materiality.

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Charnele ; Anastasia Maurina, Charnele. "CONSTRUCTION EXPLORATION OF RECIPROCALDEPLOYABLE BAMBOO IN GRIDSHELL STRUCTURE SYSTEM." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 4, no. 03 (2020): 205–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v4i03.3929.205-233.

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Abstract - Existence of the need for a semi-permanent or temporary shelters that are easily and quickly built for certain events, for this reason this study explored the potential of transformative wide-span structures with the development and development of usable and reciprocal structural systems in the form of bamboo gridshell roof structures, into an independent arrangement composed of configuration modules with computational assistance according to architectural design needs. This is done by knowing the adequante potential of structural systems, design patterns, and connection systems in several study objects that are evaluated by comparative methods on system structure, connections, trunk character, distribution load, structure locking system, and application. The benefits of research on bamboo research for new materials in the engineering of bamboo materials that can increase the value of Indonesian locality by being able to be used by the community are needed in using bamboo materials for the development of permanent permanent shade. In result, discussion of the criteria for structural systems according to research objectives analysis of the objects of the study where transformation structures based on character structures that can be used as reciprocal structures are supporting systems to provide stability and an independent locking system. both of these structures are flexible and easily duplicated structural systems so that according to the wide span structure, the structural system is designed to make a gridshell. this gridshell form is processed with computational help to effectively create reciprocaldeployable structure systems. The research was explored, experiments were carried out on reciprocal patterns to find the most stable patterns and change the character of straight rods into reciprocal rods that could be deployed using elements such as scissors, which then developed the connection type with potential analyzers and displacement of each connection. The experiment produced a new structural system by collecting the second structural system obtained by a structure that can be transformed, has an independent locking system, and can stretch wide with a gridshell shape. Keywords : reciprocal, deployable, dome, gridshell, transformable

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Hashem Al-Tameemi, Esmail Adnan, Mohd Khairul Azhar Mat Sulaiman, and Sudharshan N Raman. "Construction Material Selection Criteria for Timber Gridshell Application: A Literature Review." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 35, no. 5 (2023): 991–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2023-35(5)-01.

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Timber gridshells have the potential to be a sustainable and cost-effective solution for long-span applications and free-form architecture. Despite this, their overall use has been limited, and there is a lack of research focusing on their construction materials. This literature review aims to investigate timber gridshells and their construction materials to identify the criteria used in selecting suitable materials for gridshell applications. A review of peerreviewed scientific articles, books, and theses was conducted to gather information on timber gridshells, construction materials used in gridshells, timber used in active bending structures, and building standards. The research findings identified six main factors that are important when selecting a suitable material for timber gridshell application: structural strength and strength grading, bending strength and behaviour, bending strength/bending elasticity ratio, durability, commercial availability, and cost. These findings are also discussed to identify the characteristics that make a material suitable for timber gridshell applications, depending on the gridshell’s context, whether in a tropical or international context. This review serves as a necessary reference for architects and engineers when selecting materials for their timber gridshell projects, providing insight into the selection criteria for construction materials and sharing information on the material properties of suitable timber gridshell materials.

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Avelino, Ricardo Maia, Olivier Baverel, and Arthur Lebée. "Design Strategies for Gridshells with Singularities." Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures 60, no. 3 (2019): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2019.201.023.

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This article discusses design strategies to improve the mechanical behavior of elastic gridshells with singularities. The advantage of meshing with one or more singularity is to allow a wider range of surfaces to be meshed with equal-length, quadrilateral meshes, known as Chebyshev nets. However, the application of this meshing process will influence the fabrication and the mechanical behavior of the structures. The erection process is simulated by means of the dynamic relaxation method, bending the bars to their final position. This simulation shows that a facetted shape is found instead of a smooth surface. This deformed shape makes the structure softer under applied gravity load. Two strategies are investigated in this paper to enable the construction of gridshells with singularities. The first consists in extending the bars close to the singularities edge-lines to have a smother gridshell after the erection process. The second strategy applies post-tension cables to the patches to increase the local curvature in the faceted zones. Both strategies increase the stiffness and buckling load of the final structure.

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Roig, Antonio, Antonio José Lara-Bocanegra, José Xavier, and Almudena Majano-Majano. "Design Framework for Selection of Grid Topology and Rectangular Cross-Section Size of Elastic Timber Gridshells Using Genetic Optimisation." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010063.

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This work presents a design framework for the selection of the topology and cross-section size of elastic timber gridshells, taking as constraints the shape of the structure and the maximum value of bending stress that can be reached in a given area of the gridshell. For this purpose, a parametric design environment and a genetic optimisation algorithm are used, which provides a set of solutions (optimal and near-optimal) that can be examined by the designer before adopting the final solution. The construction of the parametric mesh model is based on a geometric approach using an original adaptation of the Compass Method by developing two algorithms. The first one plots geodesic curves on a surface given a starting point and a direction. The second algorithm adapts the accuracy of the Compass Method to the local curvature of the surface, substantially minimising the computation time. The results show that the optimisation process succeeds in significantly reducing the initial bending stresses and offers an interesting solution space, consisting of a set of solutions with sufficiently diverse topologies and cross-section sizes, from which the final solution can be chosen by the Decision Maker, even according to additional non-programmed structural or aesthetic requirements. The design framework has been successfully applied and verified in the design of the PEMADE gridshell, an innovative elastic timber gridshell recently realised by the authors. Finally, the most relevant details of its construction process carried out to ensure the exact position of the timber laths are presented.

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Pronk, Arno, Qingpeng Li, and Elke Mergny. "Structural Modelling, Construction and Test of The First 3D-printed Gridshell in Ice Composite." Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures 61, no. 3 (2020): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2020.001.

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In the past, record breaking large shell structures with ice composites were successfully realized by spraying cellulose-water mixture on an inflatable mould. This paper presents the application of a new, production technique for ice composites by extrusion instead of spraying. With this additive manufacturing technique, the world's first gridshell in fibre-reinforced ice was designed, constructed, and tested. To increase the stiffness of the gridshell the floorplan of the inflatable mould was designed with an anti-clastic curvature at the supports of the structure. Concerning the pattern of the grid different options were developed and compared and verified in ABAQUS®. The size of the struts were determined by an iterative process. The gridshell was realized in a cold environment by printing multiple layers of cellulose-water mixture on the inflatable mould using piping bags. After the substance has been extruded, the mixture froze at temperatures of minus eight degrees Celsius or lower. The realized structure was tested on-site with a dead load to prove its strength.

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Buzalo, Nina, Sergej Versilov, Irina Platonova, and Nadezhda Tsaritova. "ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING STRUCTURES BASED ON GRIDSHELL." Construction and Architecture 8, no. 1 (2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2020-8-1-5-10.

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To reduce energy resource consumption in construction industry and housing and utilities infrastructure, it is necessary to maximize the use of new structural solutions for buildings and structures. Separation of the functions of the bearing and enclosing structures allows the use of optimal design scheme with minimal steel spread for the supporting structures and effective modern thermal insulation materials for the enclosure. The advantages of gridshell structural system are durability, seismic stability, easily built, dismantling, transportation, re-installation without the use of heavy equipment, it is also can be used in remote and hard-to-reach places. The authors propose modules that can be used as exhibition pavilions, shops, cafes with the height of the room up to 6 m. Mass production of gridshell domes became possible with the advent of computer-aided design, allowing to perform the calculation and design of a three-dimensional model of the structure.

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Correa, Cristobal. "Jewel Changi Airport: a destination in its own right." Structural Engineer 100, no. 9 (2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/pale2228.

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Jewel Changi Airport, Singapore, is a pioneering project in airport design. The distinctive Jewel building creates a new civic centre, combining landside airport operations with expansive indoor gardens and waterfall leisure facilities, retail, restaurants and a hotel, as well as other spaces for community activities, all contained within the world’s largest gridshell-enclosed building. This article describes the design and construction of the building, focusing on the steel-and-glass gridshell roof structure and its toroidal centre accommodating a waterfall. The complex geometry of the gridshell required advanced modelling and analysis, as well as modern 3D printing technologies for the fabrication of the components, all of which are unique. Building information modelling was used to create digital plans of the construction process, tracking each component individually to ensure correct placement. The project received a Platinum rating from Singapore’s Green Mark certification scheme for environmentally sustainable buildings.

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Chen, Man‐Tai, Wenkang Zuo, Yuner Huang, Bin Cheng, and Jincheng Zhao. "Novel Paradigm for Steel Joints in Gridshell Structures: from Structural Optimization to Advanced Construction." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (2023): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2714.

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AbstractNovel integrated computer‐aided paradigm/workflow for the topology optimization (TO) and additive manufacturing (AM) of steel joints in gridshell structures is proposed. The architecture scheme of gridshell structure was first established and numerically analyzed through Grasshopper parametric platform. Based on the extracted joint geometric parameters and the corresponding loading conditions, the initial joint structures were parametrically modelled using the subdivision surface method. Further parametric TO design was accomplished by the bi‐directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method on the basis of cloud computing server. A series of mesh smoothing and reverse modelling algorithms were applied to the optimized joint to obtain a closed smooth surface in the NURBS form, which was then output as STL file for additive manufacturing. One typical optimized joint was additively manufactured using selective laser melting. The proposed workflow can be extended to a much wider range of spatial structures with various joint types.

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Soheila, Kookalani, and Cheng Bin. "Structural Analysis of GFRP Elastic Gridshell Structures by Particle Swarm Optimization and Least Square Support Vector Machine Algorithms." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 5, no. 3 (2021): 139–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5801317.

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The gridshell structure is a kind of freeform structure, which is formed by the deformation of a flat grid and the final shape is a double curvature structure. The structural performance of the gridshell is usually obtained by finite element analysis (FEA), which is a time-consuming procedure. This paper aims to present a framework for structural analysis based on the machine learning (ML) model in order to reduce computational time. To this aim, design parameters including the length, width, height, and grid size of the structure are taken into consideration as inputs. The outputs are the member-stresses and the ratio of displacement to self-weight. Therefore, a combination of two algorithms, least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), is considered. PSO-LSSVM hybrid model is applied to predict the results of the structural analysis rather than the FEA. The results show that the proposed hybrid approach is an efficient method for obtaining structural performance.

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Huang, Weixin, Chenglin Wu, Jingyuan Hu, and Wen Gao. "Weaving structure: A bending-active gridshell for freeform fabrication." Automation in Construction 136 (April 2022): 104184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104184.

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Tayeb, F., J. F. Caron, O. Baverel, and L. Du Peloux. "Stability and robustness of a 300m2 composite gridshell structure." Construction and Building Materials 49 (December 2013): 926–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.036.

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Rahbek, L. W., C. R. Terp, U. Alibrandi, and P. H. Kirkegaard. "Stock Optimization of Naturally Curved Wood Logs on Freeform Truss Structures." Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures 64, no. 4 (2023): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2023.029.

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This paper presents an optimization method for incorporating discarded naturally curved wood logs onto a freeform gridshell with a predefined topology. Though still little explored, the research field of reusing structural elements is experiencing increasing attention owing to its significant potential to reduce the environmental impact of building design. However, several constraints must be considered as the optimal structure depends on stock availability and the corresponding geometry and material properties of that given stock. Therefore, the focus is on determining the best configuration of stock elements considering the defined design objectives and constraints. The proposed method is a top-down approach, as the global topology of the structure is predetermined. Multi- objective optimization is conducted using the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) and a modified genetic algorithm with permutation encoding in the form of ordered crossover and scramble mutation. Furthermore, this paper introduces a Team-Based Repair (TBR) algorithm that increases the likelihood of each solution being valid for analysis. The performance of the optimization method is demonstrated on a curved gridshell structure, and the effect of the different design objectives and stock sizes on the final design is analyzed and discussed.

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Goodarzi, Marjan, Ali Mohades, and Majid Forghani-elahabad. "Improving the Gridshells’ Regularity by Using Evolutionary Techniques." Mathematics 9, no. 4 (2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9040440.

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Designing and optimizing gridshell structures have been very attractive problems in the last decades. In this work, two indexes are introduced as “length ratio” and “shape ratio” to measure the regularity of a gridshell and are compared to the existing indexes in the literature. Two evolutionary techniques, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, are utilized to improve the gridshells’ regularity by using the indexes. An approach is presented to generate the initial gridshells for a given surface in MATLAB. The two methods are implemented in MATLAB and compared on three benchmarks with different Gaussian curvatures. For each grid, both triangular and quadrangular meshes are generated. Experimental results show that the regularity of some gridshell is improved more than 50%, the regularity of quadrangular gridshells can be improved more than the regularity of triangular gridshells on the same surfaces, and there may be some relationship between Gaussian curvature of a surface and the improvement percentage of generated gridshells on it. Moreover, it is seen that PSO technique outperforms GA technique slightly in almost all the considered test problems. Finally, the Dolan–Moré performance profile is produced to compare the two methods according to running times.

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Melchiorre, Jonathan, Stefano Invernizzi, and Amedeo Manuello Bertetto. "Investigating the Influence of the Improved Multibody Rope Approach on the Structural Behavior of Dakar Mosque Gridshell Structure." Buildings 14, no. 3 (2024): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030598.

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Gridshell structures are characterized by an impressive strength-to-weight ratio, allowing their application in large-span roofing structures. However, their complex construction process and maintenance limited their widespread application. In recent years, the development of parametric and computational design tools has rekindled interest in this type of structure. Among these techniques, the Multibody Rope Approach (MRA) is a form-finding method based on the dynamic equilibrium of a system of masses (nodes) connected by ropes, which allows optimizing the structural shape starting from the dual geometry of the funicular network. To optimize the construction process, an improved version of the MRA, i-MRA, has been recently developed by the authors with the goal of uniforming the size of the structural components. To investigate the impact of the i-MRA method on the structural behavior of gridshell structures, the practical case of the design of a mosque roof is here analyzed. The comparison is carried out in terms of structural performance with respect to permanent and equivalent quasi-static loads. In addition, free-vibration natural-frequency shift is obtained by performing linear modal analysis. Finally, the global behavior with respect to buckling and elastic instability is assessed solving the relevant eigenvalue problem. The results demonstrate that for the roofing of the Dakar mosque, the structural configuration obtained through i-MRA is superior in terms of both construction efficiency and structural performance. The achieved shape exhibits a more uniform distribution of stresses induced by the applied loads together with very limited structural element typologies.

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Dyvik, Steinar Hillersøy, Bendik Manum, and Anders Rønnquist. "Gridshells in Recent Research—A Systematic Mapping Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (2021): 11731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411731.

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Gridshells are shells where the structural system is some kind of grid of linear members rather than a surface. With today’s focus on environmentally friendly solutions, gridshells have gained increased relevance as inherently material-efficient structures. This paper investigates the recent research on gridshells, who performs it and what their contributions are, and will thus provide an overview of the research field of gridshells. This study is performed as a systematic mapping. The articles were categorised by research type, motivation, contribution, gridshell type, material, and scientific field. The study shows that most articles are within structural engineering, whereas contributions from architecture were hard to find. The typical study was theoretical studies performing analyses on a specific load or structural behaviour. Some possible knowledge gaps were also identified, including review articles on loads and behaviour, research on bending active metal gridshells and development of gridshell nodes.

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Kuda, Daniel, and Monika Petříčková. "Modular Timber Gridshells." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.28.1.27617.

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Needs of considering environmental impacts and growing emphasise on using renewable resources is discussed also in the field of architecture and construction. Timber, as a key element, provides certain benefits with less negative environmental impact than non-renewable resources, represented by commonly used materials (e.g. concrete). Nevertheless, using the timber as a core element for constructing of multi-storey or large hall buildings can be more difficult due to limits of the wood. New task for architects and engineers therefore arises and the target is to come up with a feasible solution for using the timber as a core material, despite its features. One of the key requirements for wide use of load bearing timber structure systems is “modularity”. Many different forms of structures can be achieved by repeating the basic module to fulfil architect’s intentions. This article focuses on a large-span structure, based on gridshell type systems. Such modules could be simply prefabricated and connected to another module. Modules can be pretty small, which contributes to easy and cost-effective transportation. Nevertheless, technical requirement and limitation of such modules needs to be taken into consideration. Problems come up with using the same universal element in parts of structure with different character of load and stress. Also, universal element should fulfil various space and form requirements set by architect. Suggested construction system is based on “fractality”. The goal of the system is to fulfil requirement of final structure and space requirements by replacing the standard module by a predetermined number of sub-modules. Structure is then denser in exposed areas and sparser in others. Design module is than expected to be tested and put into practice for wide usage in construction projects where wood is desired as the core material.

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Charest, Philippe, Paul Shepherd, Richard Harris, André Potvin, Claude Demers, and Sylvain Ménard. "Patchwork Gridshells: Using Modularity to Facilitate Prefabrication and Simplify Construction." Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures 60, no. 3 (2019): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2019.201.025.

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Modern architectural design has seen a shift towards iconic doubly-curved envelopes enclosing large column-free spaces. Gridshells have long been considered an efficient solution to such designs, but their actual use in practice has not spread worldwide. For elastic gridshells, their advantages in terms of substantial material savings can often be overshadowed by the significant challenges associated with their construction. Similarly, for rigid gridshells, the manufacture of a large number of different members and nodal connections is often a barrier to their implementation. This paper proposes an effective way of designing, fabricating and erecting gridshells. The "Patchwork Gridshell" consists of a number of efficient elastic gridshell patches assembled using rigid gridshell frames. It can easily generate a number of different configurations, use a wide range of materials, and allows more architectural expression of practical long-span forms. The benefits of combining the ingenuously simple efficiency of elastic lattices and the power of digital fabrication are demonstrated by digitally rebuilding four alternative configurations of the Japan Pavilion of the Hanover Expo 2000 as a case study. The result is a flexible digital workflow which creates large column-free spaces that are capable of being constructed efficiently by non- specialist contractors.

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Ismailiyah Al Athas, Syarifah. "Parametric Design in Timber Gridshell Tectonics." SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184105004.

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This paper begins with a simple proposition: rather than mimicking the geometric structures found in nature, perhaps the most effective modes of sustainable fabrication can be found throughunderstanding the nature of materials themselves. The material becomes a design parameter through the constraints of fabrication tools, limitations of material size, and most importantly the productivecapacity of material resistance a given material’s capacity and tendencies to take shape, rather than cutting shape out of material. Gridshell structures provide an intriguing case study to pursue this proposition. Not only is there clear precedent in the form finding experiments of frei Otto and the institute for lightweight structures, but also the very nurbs based tools of current design practices developed from the ability of wood to bend. Taking the bent wood spline quite literally, gridshells provide a means that is at once formally expressive, structurally optimized, materially efficient, and quite simply a delight to experience. The the larger motivation of this work anticipates a parametric system linking the intrinsic material values of the gridshell tectonic with extrinsic criteria such as programmatic needs and environmental response. Through an applied case study of gridshells, the play between form and material is tested out through the author’s own experimentation with gridshells and the pedagogical results of two gridshell studios.The goal of this research is to establish a give and take relationship between top down formal emphasis and a bottom-up material influence.

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Kalfa, Gökalp, Mauricio Morales-Beltran, Elif Kir, Ece Hepmutlu, and Ecenur Kizilörenli. "Learning from Failure: Hybrid Fabrication of a Gridshell Canopy Structure Using Timber Battens and 3D Printers." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 18, no. 1 (2025): 143–60. https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2025-0011.

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Abstract Construction courses are fundamental to architectural education, and prototyping is an effective way to engage students in hands-on learning and one of the most effective methods for teaching practical skills. Furthermore, these courses must incorporate digital technologies, as current professional trends increasingly demand their use. But how can we integrate these elements into lecture-based courses that are constrained by limited time and resources? This paper describes the design, fabrication, and assembly of a free-form gridshell structure as part of an undergraduate course at the Faculty of Architecture, Yaşar University. The prototype was constructed using a hybrid fabrication technique that combines timber battens with 3D-printed connections, facilitating both assembly and potential disassembly. Over the course of 14 weeks, students developed the structure through an iterative design-build process, gaining a unique, hands-on learning experience in experimental construction. The paper highlights how the development of the structure proceeded deliberately, with reflections on failures between iterations. This approach not only facilitated learning but also led to relevant research findings. The final prototype serves as a proof of concept for the advantages of hybrid fabrication, making it suitable for temporary structures within architectural and engineering curricula. The insights gained from this practical experience can contribute to both structural engineering and architectural education by providing valuable knowledge on digital production and structural design processes. Additionally, the study contributes to the ongoing discussion about the performance of 3D-printed nodes under challenging structural conditions, highlighting both the potential and the limitations of this emerging technology.

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du Peloux, Lionel, Frédéric Tayeb, Olivier Baverel, and Jean-François Caron. "Construction of a Large Composite Gridshell Structure: A Lightweight Structure Made with Pultruded Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Tubes." Structural Engineering International 26, no. 2 (2016): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686616x14555428758885.

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Morales-Beltran, Mauricio, Esra Karatepe, Kaan Çetin, and Berk Selamoğlu. "Hybrid Materiality." International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment 10, no. 2 (2021): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdibe.2021070104.

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One of the most recognisable aspects of the digitalization of the design process is the increasing use of 3D printers and robots in the construction phases. When combining with analogue techniques, hybrid materiality in construction and architecture opens up significant application opportunities, but also challenges to the design process and production. In this study, the design and hybrid fabrication of a freeform gridshell structure, placed as a temporary installation in a public park, is presented. The structure was materialized in a hybrid combination of 129 wooden battens and 68 PLA 3D printed nodes, spanning 5 meters and reaching 2.5 m height. The examination of the challenges posed by the hybrid fabrication of the structure suggests that pre-conceived perceptions on production and installation stages should be reconsidered, and it highlights the importance of integrating material constraints and time limitations in the earliest phases of the design process.

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Nykyforchyn, H. M., A. O. Kutnyi, O. Z. Student, H. V. Krechkovs’ka, O. I. Zvirko, and I. M. Kurnat. "Structure and Properties of the Steels of Hyperboloid Gridshell shukhov’s Towers After Long-Term Operation." Materials Science 49, no. 6 (2014): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11003-014-9675-x.

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Haskell, Charles, Nicolas Montagne, Cyril Douthe, Olivier Baverel, and Corentin Fivet. "Generation of elastic geodesic gridshells with anisotropic cross sections." International Journal of Space Structures 36, no. 4 (2021): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09560599211064099.

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Geodesic gridshells are shell structures made of continuous elements following geodesic lines. Their properties ease the use of beams with anisotropic cross-sections by avoiding bending about their strong axis. However, such bending may arise when flattening arbitrary geodesic grids, which forbids their initial assembly on the ground. This study provides a process to design elastic geodesic gridshells, that is, gridshells that minimise bending moments in both formed and near-flat configurations. The generation process first brings a target geodesic network onto a plane by maintaining arc lengths. The flat mesh is then relaxed to minimise its main curvatures and hence bending moments in its members. The result is an elastic geodesic gridshell that can be assembled flat on the ground and then lifted up into its target surface. The method is applied to the design of six geodesic gridshells made of reclaimed skis.

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Ahn, Jin-Ho, Nam-Hyuk Ham, Ju-Hyung Kim, and Jae-Jun Kim. "Additive Manufacturing Oriented Parametric Design Automation of Adaptive Joint System for an Irregular Form Gridshell Structure." Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (2024): 11038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142311038.

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In architectural engineering, triangular tessellation using polygon mesh topology is one of the commonly used computational geometric approaches to simplify a free curved building façade into flat triangular facets and their subsequent straight edges. In such a façade system, exterior panels are supported by a network of profiles that correspond to their edges hidden behind the panels at an offset distance. A group of profiles, derived from the edges common to a node point of tessellated panels (i.e., the outermost panels enveloping the building), may dislocate from each other when offset from their original locations due to non-coplanar alignment and unique offset directions and distances. This dislocation problem gives rise to geometric complications in nodal connector design in addition to varying in the connected profile count and orientations. Design considerations regarding the effects of ’offset vertex dislocation’ (i.e., the dislocation of the edges when it offsets from the original topology due to incoherent normal direction) should incorporate proper variables in the correct sequence based on a fundamental understanding that causes the dislocation problem. However, it is very often these topological problems pertaining to offset that are neglected, leading to subsequent design flaws. Such oversights diminish the inherent strengths of DfMA (design for manufacture and assembly) and design automation. This study develops a computational mathematical approach aimed at addressing the geometric complexities in nodal connector design. It focuses on two main areas: the precise positioning of substructure profiles essential for the design and a design automation approach that minimizes the length of the nodal connector arms to enhance 3D printing productivity. A life-scale proof-of-concept structure based on an automated parametric design process that implements the research findings demonstrates the application, incorporating 3D-printed PA12 (Polyamide-12) nodal connectors.

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Wang, Yifan, and Qing Chun. "BAMBOO CANOPY: TOWARDS A LIGHT CONSTRUCTION OF BAMBOO." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 3 (2020): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.15.3.215.

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ABSTRACT Despite the abundance of highly sustainable bamboo, people tend to overlook its structural performance for construction purposes. This paper therefore explores the potential of bamboo architecture to develop light-weight building systems and also to create an effect of lightness. Developed by a team at the School of Architecture of Southeast University, Bamboo Canopy is an outdoor stage canopy in Anji, China, that pushes the boundaries of bamboo as a material for building woven gridshell structure. The work is designed as a long-lifespan bamboo structure, with the design team and locals participating in its construction. Positioned on a public stage, Bamboo Canopy experiments with the combination of sustainable construction and local craftsmanship to produce a highly engaging architectural intervention that activates the existing place. With its wing-like form, it invites visitors to join the performance scene—as they approach the shell, the structure reveals itself—with a 12.4-metre span and 6-metre roof overhang, the canopy covers more than 150 square metres with only 1.2 square metres touching the ground. Through analysing the form, structure and details of this experimental project, this paper clarifies not only the potentiality but also the feasibilities in using bamboo for light construction.

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Stefańska, Anna, and Ewelina Gawell. "Contemporary free-form pavilions with the Delaunay gridshell patterns." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001077.

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The design of unique gridshell forms has become a key factor in effective interdisciplinary designing solutions, both architecturally aesthetic and structurally efficient. Modern bionic tendencies allow designers to implement organic shapes through proportion and mimicking the biological, developmental process by understanding the logic of the structural forms occurring in Nature. The improvement of digital tools based on algorithmic codes has enabled architects to implement their bold designs based on Nature’s technologies’ logic. The purpose of the research was to identify how the mathematical algorithms found in Nature collaborate with parametric designing influence structural optimization of the free-form structures. The Delaunay divisions used in the gridshells form-finding were obtained through various generative modeling algorithms. The case studies demonstrate how mathematical algorithms, such as structural dynamic relaxation, can support architectural aesthetic and structural optimization processes. The paper concludes that proper generative algorithmic design can compromise design diversity and search for efficiency.

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Rombouts, Jef, Geert Lombaert, Lars De Laet, and Mattias Schevenels. "A novel shape optimization approach for strained gridshells: Design and construction of a simply supported gridshell." Engineering Structures 192 (August 2019): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.101.

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Grönquist, Philippe, Prijanthy Panchadcharam, Dylan Wood, Achim Menges, Markus Rüggeberg, and Falk K. Wittel. "Computational analysis of hygromorphic self-shaping wood gridshell structures." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 7 (2020): 192210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192210.

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Bi-layered composites capable of self-shaping are of increasing relevance to science and engineering. They can be made out of anisotropic materials that are responsive to changes in a state variable, e.g. wood, which swells and shrinks by changes in moisture. When extensive bending is desired, such bilayers are usually designed as cross-ply structures. However, the nature of cross-ply laminates tends to prevent changes of the Gaussian curvature so that a plate-like geometry of the composite will be partly restricted from shaping. Therefore, an effective approach for maximizing bending is to keep the composite in a narrow strip configuration so that Gaussian curvature can remain constant during shaping. This represents a fundamental limitation for many applications where self-shaped double-curved structures could be beneficial, e.g. in timber architecture. In this study, we propose to achieve double-curvature by gridshell configurations of narrow self-shaping wood bilayer strips. Using numerical mechanical simulations, we investigate a parametric phase-space of shaping. Our results show that double curvature can be achieved and that the change in Gaussian curvature is dependent on the system’s geometry. Furthermore, we discuss a novel architectural application potential in the form of self-erecting timber gridshells.

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Pronk, Arno, Peng Luo, Qingpeng Li, et al. "Success factors in the realization of large ice projects in education." International Journal of Space Structures 36, no. 1 (2021): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956059921990996.

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There has been a long tradition in making ice structures, but the development of technical improvements for making ice buildings is a new field with just a handful of researchers. Most of the projects were realized by professors in cooperation with their students as part of their education in architecture and civil engineering. The following professors have realized ice projects in this setting: Heinz Isler realized some experiments since the 1950s; Tsutomu Kokawa created in the past three decades several ice domes in the north of Japan with a span up to 25 m; Lancelot Coar realized a number of fabric formed ice shell structures including fiberglass bars and hanging fabric as a mold for an ice shell in 2011 and in 2015 he produced an fabric-formed ice origami structure in cooperation with MIT (Caitlin Mueller) and VUB (Lars de Laet). Arno Pronk realized several ice projects such as the 2004 artificially cooled igloo, in 2014 and 2015 dome structures with an inflatable mold in Finland and in 2016–2019, an ice dome, several ice towers and a 3D printed gridshell of ice in Harbin (China) as a cooperation between the Universities of Eindhoven & Leuven (Pronk) and Harbin (Wu and Luo). In cooperation between the University of Alberta and Eindhoven two ice beams were realized during a workshop in 2020. In this paper we will present the motivation and learning experiences of students involved in learning-by-doing by realizing one large project in ice. The 2014–2016 projects were evaluated by Sanders and Overtoom; using questionnaires among the participants by mixed cultural teams under extreme conditions. By comparing the results in different situations and cultures we have found common rules for the success of those kinds of educational projects. In this paper we suggest that the synergy among students participating in one main project without a clear individual goal can be very large. The paper will present the success factors for projects to be perceived as a good learning experience.

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Sokolova, Lidia Nataly Somarriba, and Evgenia Vladimirovna Ermakova. "Gridshell Structures in Moscow: A Review of Design, Construction, and Applications." E3S Web of Conferences 457 (2023): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345703014.

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Gridshell structures have gained significant attention in recent years due to their remarkable architectural flexibility, sustainable construction techniques, and aesthetically pleasing designs. This article explores the application of gridshell structures in the city of Moscow. The study begins with an introduction to the concept, construction methods, and advantages of gridshell structures. It further investigates their utilization in various architectural projects in Moscow, highlighting their contributions to the city's urban landscape and sustainability goals.

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Schleicher, Simon, and Michael Herrmann. "Constructing hybrid gridshells using bending-active formwork." International Journal of Space Structures 35, no. 3 (2020): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956059920924189.

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Aiming to promote a more sustainable approach to material utilization in architecture, this article presents an alternative construction method for lightweight and efficient concrete structures. The strategic focus is placed on building wide-spanning roof structures like vaults, domes, and freeform shells with the lowest possible input of raw materials and energy. To achieve this objective, the article explores the novel idea of using bending-active structures, made from millimeter-thin carbon fiber strips, as lost formwork and structural reinforcement for the production of hybrid gridshells. After a general introduction to the state-of-the-art in concrete construction, the authors discuss opportunities and challenges related to flexible formwork designs and their possible impacts on the building industry. Relying on the example of a built prototype, the authors present a promising design methodology and analyze the gridshell’s geometrical and structural characteristics throughout different stages of the construction process. The article concludes by discussing the added value of this research and identifying the key aspects that need to be considered in the further development of this construction method.

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Pellis, Davide. "Alignable Lamella Gridshells." ACM Transactions on Graphics 43, no. 6 (2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3687898.

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Alignable lamella gridshells are 3D grid structures capable of collapsing into a planar strip. This feature significantly simplifies on-site assembly and also ensures compactness for efficient transport and storage. However, designing these structures still remains a challenge. This paper tackles the inverse design problem of alignable lamella gridshells leveraging concepts from differential geometry and Cartan's theory of moving frames. The study unveils that geodesic alignable gridshells, where lamellae are disposed tangentially to the surface, are limited to forming shapes isometric to surfaces of revolution. Furthermore, it demonstrates that alignable gridshells with lamellae arranged orthogonally to a surface can be realized only on a specific class of surfaces that meet a particular curvature condition along their principal curvature lines. Finally, drawing on these theoretical findings, this work introduces novel computational tools tailored for the design of these structures.

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Buzalo, N. A., S. O. Versilov, I. D. Platonova, and N. G. Tsaritova. "Energy efficient building structures based on gridshell." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 698 (December 18, 2019): 022010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/698/2/022010.

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Douthe, C., J. F. Caron, and O. Baverel. "Gridshell structures in glass fibre reinforced polymers." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 9 (2010): 1580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.037.

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Mesnil, Romain, and Olivier Baverel. "Pseudo-geodesic gridshells." Engineering Structures 279 (March 2023): 115558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115558.

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Lara-Bocanegra, Antonio José, Almudena Majano-Majano, Juan Ortiz, and Manuel Guaita. "Structural Analysis and Form-Finding of Triaxial Elastic Timber Gridshells Considering Interlayer Slips: Numerical Modelling and Full-Scale Test." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (2022): 5335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115335.

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Elastic timber gridshells are lightweight structures whose stiffness is highly dependent on multiple factors, such as boundary conditions and the semi-rigidity and eccentricity of the joints. Their structural analysis requires calibrated numerical models that incorporate all aspects influencing stiffness. Unfortunately, very little research on experimentally verified numerical models can be found. This paper focuses on the structural behaviour of a novel concept of triaxial elastic long-gridshells supported only on their short sides, called by the authors TEL-gridshells. First, the most relevant details of the construction process and the load test of a full-scale laboratory prototype are presented. Then, two finite element models for structural analysis and form-finding are proposed. Both are based on the modelling of the joints using a series of aligned couplings that allow the integration of the actual joint eccentricity and the interlayer slip by means of springs in all shear planes. The first model replicates the geometry of the prototype built from experimental measurements, focusing on stiffness calibration. The results of the load test are used to verify the proposed model and to analyse the most influential aspects on the stiffness of the structure. The second is a form-finding model that reproduces the construction process of the laboratory prototype, focusing on the residual stresses generated during the deformation process of the structural elements. From the numerical results, the structural behaviour of the prototype is discussed and some of the main aspects to be considered in the design and structural analysis of TEL-gridshells are established.

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Regalo, Maria Luisa, Stefano Gabriele, Valerio Varano, and Ginevra Salerno. "Equivalent Shell Model of Elastic Gridshells Including the Effect of the Geometric Curvature." Applied Mechanics 2, no. 3 (2021): 630–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech2030036.

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In this work, an equivalent continuum of a barrel gridshell is introduced. Constitutive identification procedures based on periodic homogenization are provided in the literature for this purpose, based on a flat Representative Element Volume (REV), notwithstanding that the geometry of the structures concerned is curved. Therefore, the novelty of the present study is the selection of a curved REV to obtain the equivalent elastic constants. The numerical validation of the identification procedure is made comparing gridshell response to that of the equivalent shell under homogeneous load conditions. Finally, in order to highlight the effect of the curved geometry on the constitutive law of the continuum, the response of the proposed model is also compared to that of a continuum obtained from a flat REV.

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Lefevre, Baptiste, Frédéric Tayeb, Lionel du Peloux, and Jean-François Caron. "A 4-degree-of-freedom Kirchhoff beam model for the modeling of bending–torsion couplings in active-bending structures." International Journal of Space Structures 32, no. 2 (2017): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266351117714346.

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Gridshells are lightweight structures made of interconnected slender beams. Due to large displacements, high interaction between the beams, and bending–torsion coupling, modeling gridshells requires specific non-linear numerical tools to reach convergence within a reasonable time. In this article, the development of such a tool is presented. It is based on the Kirchhoff beam theory and uses the dynamic relaxation method. First, from Kirchhoff’s equations, the internal forces and moments acting on a beam are obtained. Once this mathematical work is done, the dynamic relaxation method is used in order to get the static equilibrium configuration of the beam. This new approach is tested on several examples and validated for slender beams with arbitrary rest-state configuration and cross sections. In particular, results for ribbons with high bending–torsion coupling are presented. Finally, this process enables the fast and precise modeling of gridshells including bending–torsion coupling.

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Harris, Richard, Oliver Kelly, and Michael Dickson. "Downland gridshell—an innovation in timber design." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 156, no. 1 (2003): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.2003.156.1.26.

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Rudolph, Enrico, Christian Müller, Andreas Ehrlich, Sandra Gelbrich, and Lothar Kroll. "Development of a Variable Gridshell for Application in Mobile Architecture." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.541.

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Within the research project a variable gridshell in lightweight design was developed that permit the building of free-formed mobile architectures. The construction consists of a large number of straight length-adjustable bars pin-jointed via so-called knots and enables extremely efficient and stable support structures with high potential for lightweight construction.

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Montagne, Nicolas, Cyril Douthe, Xavier Tellier, Corentin Fivet, and Olivier Baverel. "Voss Surfaces: A Design Space for Geodesic Gridshells." Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures 61, no. 4 (2020): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2020.008.

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The design of envelopes with complex geometries often leads to construction challenges. To overcome these difficulties, resorting to discrete differential geometry proved successful by establishing close links between mesh properties and the existence of good fabrication, assembling and mechanical properties. In this paper, the design of a special family of structures, called geodesic shells, is addressed using Voss nets, a family of discrete surfaces. The use of discrete Voss surfaces ensures that the structure can be built from simply connected, initially straight laths, and covered with flat panels. These advantageous constructive properties arise from the existence of a conjugate network of geodesic curves on the underlying smooth surface. Here, a review of Voss nets is presented and particular attention is given to the projection of normal vectors on the unit sphere. This projection, called Gauss map, creates a dual net which unveils the remarkable characteristics of Voss nets. Then, based on the previous study, two generation methods are introduced. One enables the exploration and the deformation of Voss nets while the second provides a more direct computational technique. The application of theses methodologies is discussed alongside formal examples.

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Seifi, Hamed, Anooshe Rezaee Javan, Shanqing Xu, Yang Zhao, and Yi Min Xie. "Design optimization and additive manufacturing of nodes in gridshell structures." Engineering Structures 160 (April 2018): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.036.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gridshell structure'

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