Academic literature on the topic 'Grip strength – Testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grip strength – Testing"
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Waldo, Brain R. "Grip Strength Testing." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 18, no. 5 (1996): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1996)018<0032:gst>2.3.co;2.
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Hamilton, Ann, Ron Balnave, and Roger Adams. "Grip Strength Testing Reliability." Journal of Hand Therapy 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1130(12)80058-5.
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Maurissen, Jacques P. J., Brian R. Marable, Amanda K. Andrus, and Kenneth E. Stebbins. "Factors affecting grip strength testing." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 25, no. 5 (September 2003): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-0362(03)00073-4.
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Stevenson, Peter E., Todd R. Skochdopole, L. Cassady, Dennis Pihs, and Ajit D. Kelkar. "Testing of High Strength Fabrics: Reporting Modulus, Low Strain Properties, and Ultimate Tensile Strength." Journal of Industrial Textiles 29, no. 4 (April 2000): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152808370002900403.
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Measurement of the tensile properties of high strength woven and knit fabrics, including geotextiles and geogrids traditionally make use of roller grip-type clamping systems. These grips are designed to allow a sample to be pulled in tension without applying an excessive crimping or compressive force on the specimen, thus avoiding premature failure. Roller grips, also known as capstan grips, also have the advantage of allowing the specimen to align itself with the applied force therefore loading the specimen uniformly across the width. However, since the specimen tightens itself around the grip during testing, crosshead travel cannot be used to measure specimen strain, which makes the determination of low strain properties and the selection of modulus values difficult. Two issues that must be addressed in obtaining low strain properties are how to measure sample strain and how to get an accurate and repeatable starting point for the test. This paper will explore alternate methods of gripping systems, strain measurement and data analysis with the objective of accurately measuring and reporting low strain properties of woven and knit textiles.
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Bleeker, Margit L., and Sania Amr. "Clinical Update: Strength Testing–Grip and Pinch." Guides Newsletter 4, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.mayjun06.
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EL-SAIS, WALAA M., and WALAA S. MOHAMMAD. "BIOMECHANICAL EFFECT OF TESTING POSITIONS ON HAND GRIP STRENGTH." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 03 (May 2016): 1650026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500263.
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Hand grip strength (HGS) is a useful functional measure of the integrity of the upper extremities, however, many studies have examined it from selected positions (i.e., supine, sitting, standing), with no emphasis on other derived positions that are used in clinical setting. This study’s objective was to evaluate HGS in different body positions that are used in clinical setting by using a standard protocol. The study sample was a convenience sample of 40 healthy male participants with no history of psychiatric, neurological, or upper extremity orthopedic dysfunction. Grip strength in the dominant hand was measured with a Jamar Plus[Formula: see text] digital hand dynamometer in five positions: Supine, prone, side-lying, sitting, and standing. The HGS value in prone position was significantly lower than in standing position ([Formula: see text]) and sitting position ([Formula: see text]). However, no statistically significant difference was found in HGS among the supine, prone, and side-lying positions. Grip strength was moderately correlated with age ([Formula: see text]). This study provides useful evaluation for grip strength in different positions. In identical upper extremity positions, grip strength varies between different body positions. Grip strength is equivalent when tested from the supine, side-lying, or prone positions, thus the position can be adjusted according to the patient’s condition. Finally, age is an important determinant of hand grip evaluation, particularly when standing position is used.
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Savva, C., C. Karagiannis, and A. Rushton. "Test–retest reliability of grip strength measurement in full elbow extension to evaluate maximum grip strength." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 38, no. 2 (June 19, 2012): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412449804.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the test–retest reliability of measurement of grip strength in full elbow extension. The grip strengths of 19 healthy participants were measured using the Jamar dynamometer by the same rater on two occasions with an interval of 7 days between measures. Test–retest reliability of grip strength measurement was excellent in full elbow extension and associated with low values of standard error of measurement and small variations in the differences between the two measurements in both testing sessions.
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Weinstock-Zlotnick, Gwen, Jane Bear-Lehman, Margaret Burdo, Jennifer Eisenberg, Laura Vasquez, and Tzu-Ying Yu. "Grip Strength Testing- Does Visual Feedback Impact Scores?" Journal of Hand Therapy 21, no. 4 (October 2008): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2008.07.015.
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TREDGETT, M. W., and T. R. C. DAVIS. "Rapid Repeat Testing of Grip Strength for Detection of Faked Hand Weakness." Journal of Hand Surgery 25, no. 4 (August 2000): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2000.0433.
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This study assessed the use of rapid, repeated measurement of grip strength to detect feigned hand weakness. Normal participants, performing with maximum effort or feigning hand weakness, and patients recovering from carpal tunnel surgery were asked to grip a Jamar dynamometer alternately with each hand on ten occasions. The results showed that grip strength fatigued by an average of 23% during the test in the normal participants, 18% in participants faking weakness, and increased by 2% in the carpal tunnel decompression patients. An increase in grip strength after the first effort was found in 39% of normal participants, 52% of participants faking hand weakness and in 69% of the carpal tunnel decompression patients. These results suggest that rapid, repeated measurement of grip strength is not a reliable discriminator of true and faked hand weakness.
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Vollert, Jan, Carina Pasqualicchio, Mike Papenhoff, Burkhard Heitmann, Frank Müller, and Christoph Maier. "Grip strength feigning is hard to detect: an exploratory study." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 43, no. 2 (August 30, 2017): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193417728409.
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Detecting submaximal effort when testing grip strength is difficult. Research so far has focused on the discrimination between sincere and feigning healthy participants, whereas the clinically relevant distinction is between injured patients and feigning participants. The aim of our study was to compare rapid exchange grip and isometric grip strength testing in 41 participants feigning weakness with 39 patients with decreased hand function. Various parameters that describe grip strength were recorded and tested for differences between the groups. Only the maximum grip strength during rapid exchange grip was found to be significantly higher in feigning participants compared with patients, but this cannot be used for decision-making on an individual basis. We found no parameters that are useful for the detection of feigned weakness in an individual case. Level of evidence: III
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grip strength – Testing"
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Clerke, Anita. "FACTORS INFLUENCING GRIP STRENGTH TESTING IN TEENAGERS." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3553.
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The aims of the Thesis were: to investigate and quantify the factors influencing the production of maximum isometric grip strength force in a sample of Australian teenagers when using JamarTM-like handgrip dynamometers; to determine the reliability of this measure over long and short retest intervals; to establish a database of anthropometric and strength values for this group and prediction equations for premorbid strengths to aid assessment of recovery in those with upper limb pathologies. The history of these handgrip dynamometers demonstrates that they have been employed in one form or another for over three hundred years and are still widely used today in hand rehabilitation and medical examinations. Many new types of dynamometers have been constructed subsequent to the ubiquitous JamarTM and have all been briefly reviewed here. Handedness (dominance) was thought to be a possible factor influencing grip strength performance and was later evaluated. But first, the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory was tested with 658 teenagers and 64 adults and confirmed to be a valid tool for assessing handedness. Its validity was improved by substituting the tasks of sweeping and opening the lid of a box for hammering and use of a screwdriver. Its excellent reliability (ICC = .78, p < 0.01) was confirmed with 45 teenagers and 45 adults. There were 235 teenagers who performed maximal isometric grip strength tests and from the results a local database was created. It was confirmed that the grip strength difference in males and females becomes significant after the age of 13 years, and that the average teenaged male is stronger than the average teenaged female by 11.2 Kg force (p < .01). Height, weight, BMI, hand dimensions, past upper limb injuries, degrees of handedness and exercise levels were measured and compared with known norms to establish that the grip strength tested sample of teenagers was representative of urban teenagers in Australia. The influence of handedness on maximal grip strength in dominant and non-dominant hands was unable to be completely ascertained due to the vast majority of the sample of teenagers being right-handed. Only 13 of the 235 teenagers used their left hand for most tasks, with another 20 using their left hands for a small majority of tasks. There was a grip strength bias towards the dominant hand of 2.63 kg force (p < .01). The most accurate way to predict the grip strength of one hand is by knowing the grip strength of the other hand. Prediction models found that 90% (R2 adj .902) and 70% (R2adj .702) of the variance in one hand could be accounted for by the grip strength of their other hand for male and female teenagers, respectively. Prediction equations were also created to assist in estimating the pre-morbid grip strength of teenagers suffering from bilateral hand injuries. If for the males, measurements for height and hand surface area were entered into these models, the grip strength of the dominant and non-dominant hands could be estimated with 62.6 and 63.5% of the variance between the real and predicted scores accounted for, respectively. For the females the prediction models using height and hand surface area could only account for 33.9 and 42.8% of the variances, with no other independent variables improving the prediction equations. The reliability of the maximal grip strength performance of 154 of these teenagers was retested after one or four weeks. A number of sub-group permutations were created for age, gender, retest time interval and handedness groups. The measures of grip strength for males were highly reliable with ICC (3,1) values ranging from .91 to .97. These measures were significantly higher than that obtained from the females, where reliability values ranged from .69 to .83. Handedness played a significant part in grip strength reliability. The dominant hand of right-handed teenagers achieved an ICC (3,1) of .97, as contrasted with the non-dominant hand of left-handers who attained a very poor ICC (3,1) of .27. The shape of the hands of the males did not influence their grip strength or their reliability values, which ranged from .954 to .973. The shape of female hands did not affect their ability to generate maximal grip strength, only its reliability. The females with hands shaped squarer-than-average had mean grip strength reliability values of ICC (3,1) at only .48, in contrast to those with longer-than-average hands who achieved a mean ICC (3,1) of .92. The handle shape of the dynamometer may disadvantage square-handed females, and this should be further investigated.
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Clerke, Anita. "FACTORS INFLUENCING GRIP STRENGTH TESTING IN TEENAGERS." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3553.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>The aims of the Thesis were: to investigate and quantify the factors influencing the production of maximum isometric grip strength force in a sample of Australian teenagers when using JamarTM-like handgrip dynamometers; to determine the reliability of this measure over long and short retest intervals; to establish a database of anthropometric and strength values for this group and prediction equations for premorbid strengths to aid assessment of recovery in those with upper limb pathologies. The history of these handgrip dynamometers demonstrates that they have been employed in one form or another for over three hundred years and are still widely used today in hand rehabilitation and medical examinations. Many new types of dynamometers have been constructed subsequent to the ubiquitous JamarTM and have all been briefly reviewed here. Handedness (dominance) was thought to be a possible factor influencing grip strength performance and was later evaluated. But first, the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory was tested with 658 teenagers and 64 adults and confirmed to be a valid tool for assessing handedness. Its validity was improved by substituting the tasks of sweeping and opening the lid of a box for hammering and use of a screwdriver. Its excellent reliability (ICC = .78, p < 0.01) was confirmed with 45 teenagers and 45 adults. There were 235 teenagers who performed maximal isometric grip strength tests and from the results a local database was created. It was confirmed that the grip strength difference in males and females becomes significant after the age of 13 years, and that the average teenaged male is stronger than the average teenaged female by 11.2 Kg force (p < .01). Height, weight, BMI, hand dimensions, past upper limb injuries, degrees of handedness and exercise levels were measured and compared with known norms to establish that the grip strength tested sample of teenagers was representative of urban teenagers in Australia. The influence of handedness on maximal grip strength in dominant and non-dominant hands was unable to be completely ascertained due to the vast majority of the sample of teenagers being right-handed. Only 13 of the 235 teenagers used their left hand for most tasks, with another 20 using their left hands for a small majority of tasks. There was a grip strength bias towards the dominant hand of 2.63 kg force (p < .01). The most accurate way to predict the grip strength of one hand is by knowing the grip strength of the other hand. Prediction models found that 90% (R2 adj .902) and 70% (R2adj .702) of the variance in one hand could be accounted for by the grip strength of their other hand for male and female teenagers, respectively. Prediction equations were also created to assist in estimating the pre-morbid grip strength of teenagers suffering from bilateral hand injuries. If for the males, measurements for height and hand surface area were entered into these models, the grip strength of the dominant and non-dominant hands could be estimated with 62.6 and 63.5% of the variance between the real and predicted scores accounted for, respectively. For the females the prediction models using height and hand surface area could only account for 33.9 and 42.8% of the variances, with no other independent variables improving the prediction equations. The reliability of the maximal grip strength performance of 154 of these teenagers was retested after one or four weeks. A number of sub-group permutations were created for age, gender, retest time interval and handedness groups. The measures of grip strength for males were highly reliable with ICC (3,1) values ranging from .91 to .97. These measures were significantly higher than that obtained from the females, where reliability values ranged from .69 to .83. Handedness played a significant part in grip strength reliability. The dominant hand of right-handed teenagers achieved an ICC (3,1) of .97, as contrasted with the non-dominant hand of left-handers who attained a very poor ICC (3,1) of .27. The shape of the hands of the males did not influence their grip strength or their reliability values, which ranged from .954 to .973. The shape of female hands did not affect their ability to generate maximal grip strength, only its reliability. The females with hands shaped squarer-than-average had mean grip strength reliability values of ICC (3,1) at only .48, in contrast to those with longer-than-average hands who achieved a mean ICC (3,1) of .92. The handle shape of the dynamometer may disadvantage square-handed females, and this should be further investigated.
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Zhang, Jing. "The correlation among three hand srength [sic] measurement methods : hand dynamometer." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020143.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation among three hand strength measurement methods: Hand dynamometer, MDD (Middle Digital Extension Isokinetic Dynamometer), and Cybex. Five students (2 males, 3 females) from Ball State University were asked to participate in this study. Both right and left lower arm data were collected from these subjects. A Cybex 340 (Lumax Cor.) was employed to determine wrist flexion and extension isokinetic peak torque, total work, and power at 30 degrees/second and 60 degrees/second. A MDD was used to determine third digit eccentric torque, work, and power. A hand dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument Co., Model 76618) was used to determine grip force. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were used to determine correlation among these variables. Significant correlations were noted between isometric grip strength and isokinetic 30 and 60 degrees/second wrist flexion power, as well as between isometric grip strength and isokinetic 30 degrees/second wrist extensor power. The results of this study indicate there is very little relationship between the three clinically used measurement tools.<br>School of Physical Education
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Stout, Molly L. "Discrimination between sincere and deceptive isometric grip response using Segmental Curve Analysis." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040415/.
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Lau, Wai-shing Vincent, and 劉偉誠. "Comparison of power grip and lateral pinch strengths between the dominant and non-dominant hands for normal Chinese male subjects ofdifferent occupational demand." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970138.
Full textBooks on the topic "Grip strength – Testing"
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Reliability and grip strength profiles for Texas high school males using an electronic hand dynamometer. 1988.
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Reliability and grip strength profiles for Texas high school males using an electronic hand dynamometer. 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grip strength – Testing"
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Anane-Fenin, Kwame, Esther Titilayo Akinlabi, and Nicolas Perry. "Optimization Methods for Minimizing Induced Stress During Tensile Testing of Prosthetic Composite Materials." In Design, Development, and Optimization of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering Products, 180–206. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8235-9.ch008.
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The application of composite materials for prosthetic applications is the norm in recent times. Accurately characterizing the principal stresses during tensile testing is therefore essential. The low transverse compressive strength of most composite materials limits high clamping forces during tensile testing. Tabs are consequently critical for cushioning against grip pressure and surface damage. However, tabs tend to introduce induced stress concentrations. In this chapter, the induced stress concentrations are minimized via the optimization of tab design configurations. Stress concentration obtained via finite element analysis were used to develop a full factorial design for statistical analysis and compared with a Taguchi, Taguchi-multi response and Taguchi-genetic algorithm optimizations. It was established that to minimize the stress concentrations, low values of tab stiffness, thickness, and taper angle were required while the adhesive thickness was increased. The Taguchi and hybrid approaches were efficient and reduced the number of simulations from 32 to 8 (75% reduction).
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Rashid, Adnan, and Osman Hasan. "Formal Verification of ZigBee-Based Routing Protocol for Smart Grids." In Research Anthology on Smart Grid and Microgrid Development, 942–57. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3666-0.ch042.
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Smart grids provide a digital upgradation of the conventional power grids by alleviating the power outages and voltage sags that occur due to their inefficient communication technologies and systems. They mainly tend to strengthen the efficiency, performance, and reliability of the traditional grids by establishing a trusted communication link between their different components through routing protocols. The conventional methods, i.e., the computer-based simulations and net testing, for analyzing these routing network protocols are error-prone and thus cannot be relied upon while analyzing the safety-critical smart grid systems. Formal methods can cater for the above-mentioned inaccuracies and thus can be very beneficial in analyzing communication protocols used in smart grids. In order to demonstrate the utilization and effectiveness of formal methods in analyzing smart grid routing protocols, we use the UPPAAL model checker to formally model the ZigBee-based routing protocol. We also verify some of its properties, such as, liveness, collision avoidance and deadlock freeness.
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Rashid, Adnan, and Osman Hasan. "Formal Verification of ZigBee-Based Routing Protocol for Smart Grids." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition, 1002–17. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch069.
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Smart grids provide a digital upgradation of the conventional power grids by alleviating the power outages and voltage sags that occur due to their inefficient communication technologies and systems. They mainly tend to strengthen the efficiency, performance, and reliability of the traditional grids by establishing a trusted communication link between their different components through routing protocols. The conventional methods, i.e., the computer-based simulations and net testing, for analyzing these routing network protocols are error-prone and thus cannot be relied upon while analyzing the safety-critical smart grid systems. Formal methods can cater for the above-mentioned inaccuracies and thus can be very beneficial in analyzing communication protocols used in smart grids. In order to demonstrate the utilization and effectiveness of formal methods in analyzing smart grid routing protocols, we use the UPPAAL model checker to formally model the ZigBee-based routing protocol. We also verify some of its properties, such as, liveness, collision avoidance and deadlock freeness.
Conference papers on the topic "Grip strength – Testing"
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UPADHYAY, SHAILEE, FRANCISCO MESQUITA, BABAK FAZLALI, LARISSA GORBATIKH, and YENTL SWOLFS. "OPTIMIZATION OF TAB GEOMETRY TO MINIMIZE LONGITUDINAL STRESS CONCENTRATION DURING TENSILE TESTING OF UNIDIRECTIONAL CFRP." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35923.
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A uniaxial tensile test is a useful method for determination of material properties, especially longitudinal tensile strength. To accurately derive the longitudinal tensile strength, it is desired that the specimen fails in in the gauge section defined here as ‘working zone’. Unidirectional (UD) composites require use of end tabs during this tensile testing to avoid damage to the specimen due to grip serrations. The grip pressure, along with sudden geometry change at the edge of end tabs leads to longitudinal stress concentrations. The conventionally used rectangular and tapered end tabs suffer from these longitudinal stress concentrations under the edge of end tabs, causing premature failure of specimen outside of the working zone. In the present paper, a simulation study is performed for comparison of conventional end tabs with hybrid specimen geometry [1] and a novel arrow-shaped end tab geometry to determine the effect of end tab geometry on longitudinal stress concentrations. The study is focused on high modulus carbon fibre HS40/epoxy UD (0°) composite. The numerical model replicates the actual set-up for uniaxial tensile testing, including contact interactions between testing machine components. The simulation results are used to further optimise the geometry and provide recommendations to eliminate or minimise longitudinal stress concentrations.
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Lo, Jeffery, Dennis Lau, S. W. Ricky Lee, Simon Chan, Frank Chan, and K. C. Chau. "A New Method for the Solder Ball Pull Test Using a Shape Memory Alloy Tube." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62321.
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The solder ball shear test is a commonly used method to evaluate the attachment strength of solder balls. However, some previous studies indicated that the solder ball shear test may not be suitable for showing the effect of intermetallic compound (IMC) growth due to thermal aging. This is because the IMC layer is thin and not susceptible to the shear loading. Since the IMC layer consists of brittle materials, the ball pull test should be a better method to evaluate the solder ball attachment strength. The major challenge of conducting a solder ball pull test is how to grip the solder ball. This paper presents an innovative method for conducting the solder ball pull test. A shape memory alloy (SMA) tube is used to grip the solder ball and pull it off from the substrate. The inner diameter of the SMA tube is originally smaller than the diameter of the solder ball under testing. Once the temperature is raised to higher than the switching temperature of SMA, the SMA tube will expand radially, resulting an inner diameter larger than the solder ball. After the SMA tube cools down, the tube contracts and grips the solder ball firmly. The solder ball can then be pulled off from the attached substrate by frictional force. A prototype of the aforementioned solder ball pull test device has been developed. Some preliminary testing results are presented in this paper.
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Hirschberg, Paul, Mark Sindelar, Maher Kassar, and Ron Haupt. "Vibration Testing of Compression Joints." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65043.
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The use of compression joints in ASME Nuclear Class 2 and 3 small diameter piping systems has become increasingly popular because their installation does not require welding, and therefore saves time, money, and radiation dose. An important question is whether these types of joints can be a practical alternative to socket welds in piping systems subject to vibration. There have been numerous operating experience events where socket welds have developed cracks due to high cycle fatigue. On the other hand, parts of compression joints plastically deform the pipe to grip and create their sealing connection; the application of a high cycle vibration load to an already plastically strained pipe might lead to premature failure. It is desired to know whether at least one type of compression joint would perform better or worse than socket welds in such an environment. In this paper, a testing methodology is described, in which one supplier’s coupling joint design was tested for vibration loading in tubing assemblies of varying sizes. The intended application for these joints is in an Electro-Hydraulic Control system at a northeastern Boiling Water Reactor plant. Industry experience reports have identified past vibration problems in this system at other plants. A test setup was devised, in which multiple specimens could be tested simultaneously by adjusting specimen natural frequency, shake table speed, and input acceleration. Fatigue Strength Reduction Factors were derived, allowing the resistance to fatigue failure to be quantified. Both compression joints and socket welds were tested using the same procedures, in order that the fatigue damage resistance could be compared between the two types of joints.
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Barnett, Ralph L., and Adam A. E. Ziemba. "Water Sport Tow Ropes." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10051.
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With the exception of tubing, towed water sports are afflicted by “wipeouts” that cause the athlete to release the handle of the tow rope. Once released, the resilience of the tow rope allows the rope and handle to spring toward the motorboat with the potential for overtaking the craft and impacting its crew. This paper examines this safety problem; specifically, it analyzes the wakeboard which subsumes water skiing, slaloming, kneeboarding and barefooting. A first order formulation is developed for describing the tow handle trajectory in terms of the system geometry, the skier’s grip strength and the mechanical properties of the tow rope. A rope stiffness criterion is established that guarantees the released tow handle will fall harmlessly into the water as opposed to striking the motorboat. The handle fight time and maximum impact speed are predicted for a worst case scenario. Further, the formulation provides a guideline for refining its conservative predictions by testing rope candidates.
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Šumiga, Barbara, Igor Karlovits, and Boštjan Šumiga. "Adhesion strength of temperature varied nanocellulose enhanced water based paper and cardboard adhesives." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p19.
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Water-based dispersion adhesives consist of a solid adhesive dispersed in an aqueous phase. These adhesives contain water-soluble additives such as surfactants, emulsifiers, and protective colloids, which act as links between the solid adhesive particles and the aqueous phase. They prevent the adhesive particles from sticking together and separating during storage. During drying, these additives evaporate or are absorbed into the adhesive. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) are further examples of ethylene copolymers. PVAc is used as an emulsion adhesive for production of bags, sacks and cartons. Recently there have been some preliminary investigations concerning the addition of nanocellulose as adhesion improver. Nanocellulose is a term that refers to nanostructured cellulose. It can be either cellulose nanocrystal (CNC or NCC), cellulose nanofibres (CNF) also called nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), or bacterial nanocellulose, which refers to nanostructured cellulose produced by bacteria. CNF is a material consisting of nanofibrillated cellulose fibrils with a high aspect ratio (length to width ratio). In this study, we tested the adhesion strength of two PVAc adhesives by adding 0,5, 1 and 2% [wt.%] of two types of nanocellulose to two commercial adhesives. The adhesive was applied to the cardboard with a rod coater. To test the influence of temperature, we varied the mixture at two different temperatures (23 and 45°C). The adhered samples were tested for z-direction tensile strength (according to ISO 15754:2009) and T-peel test (ASTM D1876-08) on a mechanical testing device. The results showed no significant improvement in adhesion strength compared to pure adhesive, indicating that further optimization of the adhesive mixture and testing procedure is required.
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Karlovits, Igor, Gregor Lavrič, and Urška Kavčič. "Bacterial nanocellulose enhanced cardboard adhesion joint tested with Y-peel and T-peel testing methods." In 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p17.
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The demands on the adhesive joints for packaging are important during conversion, transport, storage, shelf exposure, and end-of-life operations of paper-based packaging. During this lifecycle, the adhesive joint is under constant loading from environmental conditions (e.g. forces from the surroundings such as other packaging units, dynamical forces from the machines, and/or climate changes such as temperature and relative humidity). The contribution from mechanical bonding can be particularly important for solid boards where the adhesive bonding is achieved through the mechanical interlocking of the adhesive into irregularities and pores of the carton-board surface. The formation of an adhesive joint with dispersion adhesives is affected by the rheological properties of the adhesive layer, the structure and absorption properties of the board surface. There are many test methods intended to determine the strength of an adhesive including peel, shear, cleavage and tension tests. Peel tests are common for tapes, labels, coatings and other bonded materials. The most common methods include T peel, Y peel and angle peel tests using tensile test machines. The cardboard adhesives that are currently in use have a large share of dispersion adhesives (PVAC, EVA, acrylic and PU) which are water-based adhesive systems that form bonds through physical hardening when the water evaporates. Sustainability issues require replacement of these chemicals with bio-based ones. Based on our previous research, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) can increase the bonding strength of adhesive joints for different kinds of materials. In this study, 3 different cardboards with dispersion adhesive which had the addition of 7% of BNC were used. Zwick multitester with two methods (Y peel and T peel) was used to determine the strength of the cardboard joints. The results indicate differences in force elongation results due to different testing methods, where some of the cardboard properties and BNC had a positive effect on the overall adhesion joint strength.
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Vargas, Pedro, Ben Crowder, and David Roberts. "Zap-Lok® Connection Testing and Axial Strength Design." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50209.
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Zap-Lok® is a pipe joining technology which relies on radial-interference elastic strain and surface friction to join pipes. The connection consists of a “bell” (expanded end) into which a “pin” (the straight end of the adjoining pipe) is forcefully inserted to provide an interference fit (See Figure 1). Joining is accomplished via a specialized hydraulic joining press provided by Zap-Lok® which grips both pipe sections and forces them together. A thin layer of the patented epoxy is applied internally to the bell end, and externally to the pin end, to provide lubrication for the insertion. The joining operation takes approximately ten seconds. Both the bell and the pin are formed to specified tolerances per specification by Zap-Lok® technicians, and may be done in the field or shop. Typical applications include gathering and distribution systems, transmission lines and specialized pipe installations on land and offshore. Of particular interest is the ability to withstand corrosive products with the application of an internal coating that does not sustain damage during the joining operation. To qualify this technology for use extensive testing and analyses was performed. We found that: • In sour service applications the plastic deformation of the bell necessitated a heat treatment to insure that the connection remained NACE compliant. • The axial strength capacity was found to be somewhat less than that of a welded joint. • Burst capacity of the joint was robust. • The joint did not leak even after several cycles of significant plasticity. • Fatigue performance of the joint rivaled that of a lower-end girth weld (i.e. F2 S-N curve). A design method was developed to correctly account for the axial strength using basic ASME-type design concepts. In this presentation we summarize the connection mechanics, testing results, analytical models and design method for the Zap-Lok® connection.
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Sharpe, William N., Kevin Turner, and Richard L. Edwards. "Electrostatic Mechanical Testing of Polysilicon." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1273.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Polysilicon, which is vapor deposited, is by nature only a few microns thick. In typical MEMS applications, the structural features may also be only a few microns wide. Establishing the elastic and strength properties using specimens that are similar in size is quite a challenge. This paper describes a tensile test system that grips a large ‘paddle’ on the end of a tensile specimen with electrostatic force; this enables the testing of polysilicon specimens that have cross-sections as small as 1.5 × 2 microns. Polysilicon is a linear, brittle material and it is not difficult to measure its tensile strength, which is measured here to be on the order of 1.3 GPa. It is considerably more difficult to measure Young’s modulus, and two approaches are used here. In the first, strain is extracted from the force-displacement plot of the tensile test. The second uses two gold lines for laser interferometry to measure strain directly on the tensile specimen. Both approaches yield similar results, but the measured values are lower than the 169 GPa measured earlier on wider polysilicon specimens. Specimens 3.5 microns thick had a modulus of 142 ± 25 GPa, and those 1.5 microns thick showed 136 ± 14 Gpa. The techniques and procedures along with preliminary results are presented here.
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Ram, Siddharth Mohan, and Hong-Tae Kang. "Investigation of Hole Expansion Characteristics of DP 600 With Testing and Modeling." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39455.
Full textAbstract:
The automotive industry utilizes stretch flanges in sheet metal components which become load carrying members providing strength to the body or they are subsequently joined with other components in vehicle structures. Failures often occur at the edge of these flanges. The Hole Expansion Test is designed specifically for characterizing the deformation of sheet steels in the flange. The test is performed for DP 600 sheet steel with the guideline of ISO standard 16630: 2009. Strains developed during the tests were measured using a non-contact strain measurement system and square grid method. This study also compared those results with finite element simulation results.
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Meyer, Nico. "Interacting Threats Mitigated: Carbon Composite System’s Ability to Restore/Increase Pipeline Strength." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63790.
Full textAbstract:
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs), a qualified structural building material for several industries, have recently demonstrated additional validation in pressure pipeline applications. With validated durability’s of their own, glass and carbon fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP and CFRP) have demonstrated significant ability to prevent and arrest corrosion in steel and concrete applications while increasing/renewing structural capacities of corroding elements. Although other coatings prevent deterioration of ferrous materials, CFRP and GRFP applications can reinforce and/or effectively replace the pipeline using the existing pipe as a composite form. GFRP and CFRP applications have proven ability in external applications of dented and artificially corroded pressure pipelines with interacting threats of girth and seam welds. The repair systems received cyclic loading up to 72% of the specified minimum yield strength and tested beyond 100,000 and 370,000 pressure cycles without failure for dents and simulated corrosion, respectively. This paper will provide a quick overview of relevant testing on GFRP and CFRP application for corrosion mitigation/rehabilitation with more detail on the recent validation of FRP applications for dented and corroded pressure pipes.
Reports on the topic "Grip strength – Testing"
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SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF NOVEL DEMOUNTABLE BOLTED SHEAR CONNECTOR FOR PREFABRICATED COMPOSITE BEAM. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.4.2.
Full textAbstract:
Bolted shear connectors offer alternatives to achieve steel-concrete composite action instead of conventional welded headed studs especially for prefabricated constructions and demountable composite structures. This paper firstly proposed a new type of demountable steel-concrete bolted shear connectors based on the double-nut friction-grip high strength bolted connector, which modify the upper nut into conical locking nut. This paper performed ten full scale push-out tests to study shear behaviors of the developed new type of connectors. Testing parameters included bolt configuration, strength, diameter of bolts and strength of infilled grout. Test results indicate that shear behaviors and slip capacity of the conventional bolted connectors are significantly improved when the bolted connector incorporating with conical locking nut. The influences of these studied parameters on shear behaviour of novel bolted shear connectors are revealed and discussed. The developed novel demountable connector exhibits an average 25% improvement in ultimate shear resistance over conventional bolted connectors. Moreover, the shear stiffness of the developed bolted connectors is about six times of the conventional bolted connector through eliminating the clearance between steel flange hole and bolt shank.