Academic literature on the topic 'Grippe russe'

Em janeiro de 2020 a OMS declarou a epidemia do Coronavírus, causador da doença Covid-19, uma emergência internacional de saúde. Entretanto, não é a primeira vez na história que um vírus se propaga de forma acelerada, causando pânico e transformando as relações espaciais. No cenário mundial, a gripe russa (1889-1890) e a gripe espanhola (1918-1919) acometeram grandes grupos populacionais e foram responsáveis por diversas transformações de caráter político, econômico e social. No Brasil, durante os séculos XIX e XX, grandes epidemias puderam ser relacionadas à falta de infraestrutura resultante do crescimento urbano desordenado, como a tuberculose (1850-1950), varíola (1886-1960) e febre amarela (1960-1962). Este artigo objetiva compreender aspectos relacionados à influência histórica entre as estratégias de mitigação da proliferação de epidemias e os processos de intervenção urbana de forma a sintetizar a cronologia da emergência dessas doenças no Brasil. Busca, assim, relacionar as transformações formais urbanas decorrentes. Para isso foi feita um busca em bibliografias diversas (como periódicos e revistas de arquitetura e urbanismo), especialmente aquelas disponíveis em bibliotecas virtuais. Através dessa síntese, pode-se perceber o papel fundamental que as doenças tiveram nas transformações espaciais, tanto do tecido urbano, como da própria arquitetura, refletindo o pensamento moderno de preocupação com a saúde do espaço construído e comportamentos humanos.

Sintetizando realidades de um mundo febril, o ensaio se acopla a variados conjuntos da sociedade humana em perigo. Numa espécie de holismo interpretativo, o texto começa pelo passado bastante atual da gripe espanhola até chegar ao presente da Covid-19. Presente salpicado de lições não aprendidas com a história. Examinando a montanha russa da pandemia que atordoa os ricos e os pobres, a narrativa mede o pulso de nações a espera da diagnose da derrota ou da vitória contra o vírus. O laudo será conhecido apenas no término da partida da vida contra morte. Em países cientes da gravidade, mas desconhecedores das causas das pestes e do nome dos antídotos, a prevalência da desinformação mutila ensaios por uma nova colegialidade nas relações internacionais. Criticando o uso do bode expiatório nas explicativas das desgraças pandêmicas, o ensaio assenta os excluídos entre os incluídos da arca de Noé.Abstract: Summarizing realities of a feverish world, the essay connects several groups of the human society in danger. In a sort of interpretative holism the text begins from the quite current past of the Spanish flu until it reaches the present of Covid-19. A present sprinkled with lessons which haven’t been learned from history. Examining the roller coaster of the pandemic which stuns rich and poor, the narrative measures the pulse of nations awaiting for the diagnosis of victory or defeat against the virus. The report will be revealed only at the end of the game between life and death. In countries aware of the severity, but unaware of the causes of the pestilences or the name of the antidotes, the prevalence of the misinformation mutilates the rehearsals for a new collegiality in the international relations. Criticizing the use of a scapegoat in the explanations of the pandemic disgraces, the essay sits the excluded among the included ones in Noah’s Ark.Keywords: Life; Health; Plague; Consensus; Cooperation; Privileges.

L’ambitieux projet Chronique de la vie et de l’œuvre de Boris Pasternak n’en est encore qu’au premier stade de son élaboration. Cette Chronique ne commence pas par la naissance du poète en 1890, mais par le mariage de ses parents en 1889. La décennie 1889-1900 nous fait découvrir la petite enfance du poète et les circonstances de la vie de Rozalija et Leonid Pasternak, respectivement musicienne et peintre. Bien que les documents pour une trame chronologique détaillée de cette période fassent défaut, les auteurs parviennent à réunir les événements qui jouent un rôle important dans l’éducation, la vie et l’œuvre du poète : la naissance de son frère Aleksandr, la visite de Lev Tolstoj chez les Pasternak, le travail du père sur les illustrations du roman Résurrection, les expositions de peinture, la musique de la mère et les premières impressions que la musique produit sur le poète. La vie quotidienne d’une famille d’artistes devient une nouvelle grille de lecture pour les événements historiques (par exemple, la mort d’Alexandre III ou le décret du 28 mars 1891) et la vie artistique de Moscou, et un moyen de percevoir l’atmosphère de l’Âge d’argent, le « bruit du temps ».

Plusieurs études ont démontré l’impact de divers facteurs sur l’espérance de vie, dont les caractéristiques liées à l’environnement dans l’enfance et à l’âge adulte. L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de déterminer si l’exposition à une épidémie durant la période fœtale ou pendant la première année de vie a un impact sur la survie après 40 ans pour les Québécois nés entre 1885 et 1901. Durant cette période, nous avons relevé des épidémies de variole et de scarlatine, ainsi qu’une pandémie de grippe, la grippe russe. L’influence d’autres facteurs sur l’âge au décès est également étudiée, celle du sexe, de l’année et de la saison de naissance, du lieu de résidence à la naissance (urbain ou rural) et des régions d’habitation dans l’enfance et à l’âge adulte. Les données sur les Canadiens français nés au Québec à la fin du XIXe siècle, soit l’échantillon de 5% des ménages du recensement canadien de 1901 (Sager 2001) recueilli par le Canadian Families Project, jumelées aux dates de décès à partir de l’index des décès de 1926 à 1996 de l’Institut de la statistique du Québec (ISQ) et de la Société de généalogie du Québec (Pilon-Marien et al. 2009; Gagnon et Bohnert 2012) ont été analysées. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons effectué une analyse descriptive de la population étudiée, puis une analyse multivariée à l’aide de modèles de Cox et de modèles de Gompertz. Il en résulte qu’une exposition à une épidémie avant l’âge d’un an augmente significativement le risque de décéder après l’âge de 40 ans. L’exposition pendant la période fœtale a également un effet négatif sur la longévité, toutefois cet effet n’est pas significatif dans les modèles fournissant le meilleur ajustement aux données. Enfin, une naissance pendant une épidémie, donc une exposition in utero et durant la première année de vie n’a pas d’impact négatif significatif sur l’âge au décès pour ceux qui survivent jusqu’à 40 ans.
Numerous studies have shown the effects on longevity of early life and adult conditions. The purpose of our study is to analyze the impact of exposure to an epidemic disease during the fetal stage or the first year of life on survival after age 40 for people born in Quebec between 1885 and 1901. During this period, we identified epidemics of smallpox and scarlet fever, and the Russian influenza pandemic. The effects on age at death of other environmental conditions have been studied such as the sex, the season of birth and the year of birth, the urban-rural status at birth, the region of residence in early life and the region of residence at death. The dataset used in this study is based on the 5 percent sample of the 1901 Canadian Census, gathered by the Canadian Family Project (Sager 2001). Individuals were matched to their deaths records through the Quebec Consolidated Deaths Index from the Société de Généalogie du Québec and the Index des décès from the Institut de la statistique du Québec (Pilon-Marien and al. 2009). A descriptive analysis of the population studied has been done and a statistical analysis with Cox models and Gompertz models was made. We observe that individuals who were exposed to an epidemic disease during their first year of life had an increased mortality after age 40. In utero exposure to an epidemic hints at an increase of mortality after age 40 but the effect is not significant. Also, a birth during a pandemic, and therefore exposure both in utero and in the first year, apparently has no significant negatives impacts on longevity.

On a mid-October evening, a group of fathers gathered around a conference table and met each other for the first time. None of the men had ever thought of himself a "support group kind of guy" and each felt entirely out of place. In fact, nothing about their lives felt normal anymore. The Group: Seven Widowed Fathers Reimagine Life chronicles the challenges and triumphs of seven men whose wives died from cancer and were left to raise their young children entirely on their own. Brought together by tragedy, the fathers - Neill, Dan, Bruce, Karl, Joe, Steve, and Russ - forged an uncommon bond. Over time, group meetings evolved into a forum for reinvention and transformed the men in unexpected ways. Through the fathers' poignant interactions, The Group illustrates that while some wounds never fully heal, each of us has the potential to construct a new and meaningful future. Rosenstein and Yopp, co-leaders of the support group, weave together the fathers' stories with contemporary research on grief and adaptation. The Group traces a compelling journey of healing and personal discovery that no book has ever captured before. The men's touching efforts to care for their families, grieve for their wives, and reimagine their futures will inspire anyone who has suffered a major loss.

Whereas the emergence of the classical gold standard (1870‒1914) has attracted considerable attention in the economic literature, only very few authors have inquired into the protracted confidence crisis of silver. Building on the results of Calomiris, Oppers, and Flandreau, this book explores the evolution of management practice in exchange banks in Asia. Using ‘forensic accounting’, it attempts to show that contemporaries were aware of problems caused by the gyrations of the silver price after 1870, and that they sought to actively remedy their harmful effects on trade between gold and silver using countries. It describes how the experiment with financial instruments, although originally mishaps, eventually led to success. Next, and contrary to the commonly held belief that nineteenth-century bankers did not have a sophisticated understanding of hedging strategies, it shows, in a quantitative way, that hedging strategies existed, impacting banks’ operations in profound ways. More specifically, it uses the mostly unexplored accounting data and archives of the Yokohama Specie Bank (YSB; the world’s third largest exchange bank before World War II) to describe the bank’s wrought management history in the tumultuous years around the turn of the twentieth century. YSB had to come to grips with Japan’s effort at adopting the gold standard (1897), the difficult expansionary ‘postbellum administration’ after the Sino-Japanese War (1894‒5), and the consolidation of the country’s imperialism (after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904‒5)—all events shaping not only the bank’s operations and expansion in Asia, but also affecting the organization of its branch network and management of its flow-of-funds.

This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1800 to 1830. As Napoleon's grip extended across Continental Europe, the restrictions on Continental travel for British citizens led to an enhanced bias towards the Mediterranean, circuitously approached through northern routes such as the German states or even Russia, or by sea via Gibraltar. Once Napoleon took control of Corfu from a Russo-Turkish occupation of that island as a springboard for further French expansion, the British tentatively began to experiment with a counter-stake of their own in western Greece. This meant establishing a relationship with Ali Pasha, the warlord with a local empire based in Yannina in northwestern Greece. From this flowed the sinuous part played by the British government in the fate of the Orthodox Christian community of the Souliotes in Epirus.

From the beginning the men had known, better than we did, that six sessions would not be enough. Changing the group to an open-ended format had been the right move, but we hadn’t resolved the question of when the group should end. The fathers were clearly piecing their lives back together and the reasons for continuing to meet were becoming less clear. As the group approached the three-year mark, attendance lagged. We wondered if it had run its course. One evening, we asked the men whether they wanted to keep meeting or if it was time to stop. We acknowledged that our work together had become increasingly collaborative but wanted them to know that they were not beholden to us. We never intended for the group to continue in perpetuity. Our focus had been to help them grieve and move forward. If they had reached that point, then they should to feel free to leave. The fathers seemed surprised when we raised this topic. They quickly dismissed the idea that they felt obligated to remain in the group. Uncharacteristically, Russ spoke first, “I’ve never felt pressured. I come because it helps.” The topic of discussion during that session was whether it was time to stop meeting. Each father knew that he would eventually leave but up until that moment Steve’s departure had been the only other occasion on which we discussed endings. Bruce reframed the issue: “Unless getting engaged and moving across state lines is the only ticket out the door, I guess we need to figure this out.” Karl approached the subject with his typical analytical style. “It sounds like there are two issues on the table. First, how does any one of us know when it’s time to stop coming? For Steve, it was easy: He got married and moved away. For the rest of us, the decision comes down to whether coming here is still helpful. Obviously, each of us has to answer that for ourselves. The second question is whether it’s time for the group as a whole to end.