Academic literature on the topic 'GRNNs'

The purpose of this survey is to analyze how civics teachers relate to freedom of speech in their classrooms. To examine this I want to study following questions a) What arguments for and against freedom of speech in the classroom do the teachers use? b) What strategies do the teachers use in class discussions to not risk result into conflicts or violating expressions? To analyze this, I have used a qualitative method in terms of interviews with six different teachers from both primary schools and secondary high schools. This was made on different locations in Sweden. The main theoretical points for this survey have been from Ulf Petäjäs freedom of speech theories how the western countries of democracy and its populations today doesn´t consider its value, but instead mostly talk about its boundaries. Also, Carsten Ljunggren and Ulrika Unemar Östs strategies amongst teachers when it comes to class discussions, what roles they choose to assume. For example, a moderator who let the students discuss freely, or an educator to maintain control over the classroom. And finally, Tomas Englunds deliberative discourse and Olga Dysthes dialogical dialogue regarding strategies how teachers engage in class discussions. The conclusions that I find are that the freedom of speech, teachers strategies and the teachers view towards the freedom of speech is never static but conditional to the climate of the discourse, depending on which subject they teach and how well they know their students. Which leads to my most definitive conclusion, that the freedom of speech among these teachers in this suvery is situation contingent.

Vetandets gräns är en epistemologisk fråga om vilken kunskap människan kan få och ha om allt runt omkring oss. Alla dessa ting som finns omkring oss, men även se på självet1 som objekt. Immanuel Kant skriver om kunskapens gräns i sin bok Kritik av det rena förnuftet och den 1400-tals Juris doktorn Nicolaus Cusanus2 skriver även han om vår vetandets gräns i sin bok ”Gudsseendet”.Det uppsatsen vill söka efter hos Kant och Cusanus är om människans tänkande har någon gräns. Det studiet söker är en större kunskap om vårt egna tänkande, vilket visar på en större kunskap om vår inre värld. ”Den primära världen” som påverkar allt handlande som människan gör i ”den sekundära världen”. Relevansen med detta studium är att människan kan få en mer detaljerad och fördjupad syn på människans tänkandes gränser.Under hela mitt vuxna liv har jag burit på frågan ”varför gör jag det jag gör?”. Under mitt första år som teologistuderande fick jag höra att Immanuel Kant anser att människan inte kan tänka utan tid och rum. Min naturliga reaktion blev att fråga, ”varför inte det?” och fick till svar att ”Det går men det är svårt”. Sedan den dagen har denna tanke varit ämne för reflektion.Detta studium vill se om det kan finna den bortre gräns som människans tänkande har, sin egna förståelse om sig själv och i slutändan kanske få en större kunskap om vad det är att vara en människa i denna tid och rum.

För att ett gemenskapsvarumärke ska kunna registreras krävs att märket uppfyller kravet på särskiljningsförmåga och därmed tillåts inte märken som endast är beskrivande att registreras. Deskriptiva varumärken anses inte kunna särskilja varor och kan därför inte uppfylla varumärkets grundläggande funktion, förmågan att ange ett kommersiellt ursprung. Vidare ska inte beskrivande termer kunna förbehållas enskilda näringsidkare eftersom det finns ett frihållningsintresse beträffande sådana beteckningar. Det är emellertid inte alltid helt enkelt att avgöra om ett figurmärke innehållande deskriptiv text bör anses uteslutande beskrivande eller ej. Logiskt sett ligger det nära till hands att utgå från att sådana märken bör tillåtas registrering i större mån än motsvarande ordmärken. Uppsatsens primära syfte är därför att utreda i vilken utsträckning det är möjligt att registrera gemenskapsfigurmärken delvis bestående av deskriptiva komponenter samt om det är möjligt att dra några slutsatser om särskiljningsförmågans nedre gräns i detta avseende. Utifrån en granskning av drygt 300 OHIM-fall kan jag konstatera att det under vissa omständigheter är möjligt att registrera beskrivande figurmärken, trots att korresponderande ordmärken säkerligen skulle ha nekats registrering. Deskriptiva figurmärken tycks dock endast undantagsvis beviljas registrering och i praktiken framstår det som att OHIM bedömer om ett figurmärke till störst del kommer att uppfattas som beskrivande, snarare än om det endast kommer att uppfattas på så vis. I regel verkar det krävas ”något extra” för att ett deskriptivt figurmärke ska tillåtas registrering, som ett visst mått av fantasifullhet, kreativitet eller åtminstone godtycklighet. Beträffande särskiljningsförmågans nedre gräns förefaller det sig inte möjligt att ange mer specifikt vad som krävs för att en deskriptiv text ska kunna varumärkesregistreras som en del av ett figurmärke, vilket bl.a. beror på att registreringsärenden oundvikligen präglas av ett visst mått av subjektivitet. Med det sagt går det ändå att skönja vissa egenskaper och faktorer som tillmäts stor vikt i registreringssammanhang.

Empathy is the ability to understand another person's subjective condition, including emotions. Depending on culture, emotions are expressed differently, hence there might occur difficulties for one person to understand emotions in another if they belong to different cultures. This study explores how depression is described in western psychiatry, compared to alternative cultural forms of similar conditions. Building on how the understanding of the client's emotions is shaped in the psychiatric meeting, the limit of empathy is discussed as well as what might influence the understanding of another person's emotions. Two limits of empathy are revealed, both depending on differences in the individuals relation to the surrounding world. The first limit is found in differences between emotions, the second limit is related to differences in experience due to when they are based in either emotional or cognitive conceptions. The conclusion of this study is that the scientific thinking and the cognitively based understanding of emotions changes the comprehension of them – from being interpreted as a way to relate to the world to being interpreted more as characteristics within the individual. Consequently, the possibility to empathetically understand the other's emotions diminishes.

La tesi Cases grans. Interiors nobles a Barcelona 1739-1761 té com eix fonamental estudiar el que podem convenir en denominar "l'art de la casa", durant el període de Ferran VI, a la ciutat de Barcelona. Intenta dibuixar la configuració interna de les arquitectures particulars, percebudes aquestes sempre com espais ocupats en constant evolució, com a reflex de personalitats, gustos i modes d'una època determinada, com escenaris polièdrics d'accions, deures, desitjos i funcions, en definitiva com "obra composada". Per tant, Cases grans. Interiors nobles a Barcelona no ha pretès ser mai un estudi acabat i tancat sinó la confecció d'una sòlida trama on sustentar futures línies de recerca. <br/><br/>Metodològicament el corpus teòric es fonamenta amb l'anàlisi d'uns vuitanta, concretament 85 inventaris post-mortem de personatges nobles per tal d'accedir a la descripció dels espais domèstics que havien ocupat. Molta rellevància han tingut en la confecció del discurs i les conclusions les notícies que ofereixen els fons familiars i patrimonials, on cal destacar les despeses domèstiques, o la relectura de documentació sobre afers sanitaris, o gremials, entre altres. Informacions, que en darrera instància van ser posades en relació a un gruix considerable d'assumptes consignats davant notari, on podem destacar la revisió de les voluntats testamentàries, els contractes matrimonials, àpoques o acords comercials <br/><br/>La tesi s'estructura en deu capítol amb un seguit d'annexos documentals i gràfics. A banda de l'introducció que correspon al primer capítol, en el segon, s'analitzen i valoren les diferents fons documentals emprades. En el tercer, titulat Barcelona entre dos tractats de pau, hi ha una aproximació als aspectes que defineixen l'elit barcelonina i la pròpia ciutat. Perfilar la configuració dels seus interiors domèstics amb correcció sols era factible construint la imatge de la família en les múltiples vessants que la conformen, - ocupacions, llinatge, patrimoni- perquè no oblidem que la casa i el seu agençament esdevé un univers simbòlic únic i particular del món clos de la família. En el següent, Figurar, construir i habitar, la mirada es centra en dibuixar les possibles imatges de la ciutat. Per una banda, aquella puntual, que s'engalana, es transforma i s'emmascara en aconteixements importants, com pot ser l'estada d'un monarca, i la ciutat real, considerant especialment el paper de l'administració municipal. El cinquè aborda les dues tipologies de casa emprades per la noblesa, la casa gran en la ciutat i, la casa torre en l'heretat així com la seva estructura compositiva i d'organització. En L'evolució de les mentalitats. Imatges d'ornato i atrezzo, que correspon al sisè capítol es marca el panorama general i internacional dels temes vinculats amb la sociabilitat del moment i la seva correspondència en el cas barceloní. Així s'aborden temes com la creació d'una imatge artificiosa a partir de la màscara, la perruca o el maquillatge o, la posta en escena i funcions familiars, és a dir rebre a casa, el tema de l'oci i el menjar, la festa o actes com casar-se o entrar en un convent. Un cop coneguts aquests aspectes el setè capítol estableix com eren decorativament aquests interiors, quins mobles tenien, quines imatges guarnien les parets, la importància dels tèxtils per configurar ambients,etc. Articles sumptuosos: manufactures, demanda i mecanismes de producció, és on s'explica les maneres de produir i adquirir els artefactes i objectes que vestien cossos i estances, intentant establir com era la manufactura del luxe a Barcelona i l'arribada de productes estrangers. Finalment i, abans de les pertinents conclusions, s'aborda alguns casos concrets com les compres del duc de Sessa o els comptes domèstics de la família Aparici, sota el títol de Noblesa obliga. Apunts sobre les despeses de la clientela.<br>The main purpose of Cases grans. Interiors nobles en Barcelona 1739-1761 is the study of what we can consider "the art of the house" during the period of Fernando VI, in the city of Barcelona. This dissertation tries to draw the internal configuration of the private architectures, always conceived as living areas in constant evolution reflection of the owners, tastes and fashion of a concreted period, as polihedry stages of actions, obligations, desires and function, definitively as a "compound work"<br/><br/>Is for this, the house, its location, contents and their arrangements, but also its activities are the theme of the present study, they were discuss from the intersection of different methodological points of view, in order to found a more complex perspective, and with the aim to built a detailed and wide map of the "fact of living" in a limited period defined by the Catalan 1700s. Besides the importance of the noble homes and in their typology of "casa gran" as a model of private architecture belonging the wealthy class, it doesnt' affect, in any rate from seeing the dwellings of the rest of the population.<br/><br/>The methodology of the theory corpus is based in 85 inventory post-mortem from aristocratic personalities in order to have a description of the domestic spaces that were inhabited for them, the furniture that they may used, the eating habits, their activities, etc. For the elaboration of this argument and its conclusions were very important the family resources found and equity documents, the domestic expenses or the review of documentation about publish health, or guild related matters among others. Information that lately have been consider in relation to a large amount of notary official documentation, were we can highlight the revision of wills, marriage and commercial agreements.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793214.pdf: 3440329 bytes, checksum: a1f2782e77d62d5a88db6f0fc87f53e8 (MD5)<br>Após a reestruturação da indústria de eletricidade, a energia elétrica tornou-se uma mercadoria que pode ser comprada e vendida nos mercados de eletricidade. Dentro deste contexto, novas ferramentas para previsão de cargas e preços de eletricidade ainda são objetos de estudo. Redes Neurais Artificiais são bastante usadas para previsão de preços juntamente com outras técnicas estatísticas. Nesta pesquisa apresenta-se um método para a previsão de preço do dia seguinte, usando uma Rede Neural de Regressão Generalizada (GRNN) e Perceptron Multicamadas (MLP) com algoritmo de treinamento Levenberg – Marquardt. Os preços nodais são determinados resolvendo um DC-OPF (fluxo de potência ótimo), gerando os preços para todas as barras do sistema elétrico, denominado Locational Marginal Prices (LMP). Para treinar a rede neural, foram gerados vários cenários carga-preço e variando aleatoriamente a carga em cada barra do sistema elétrico. Os resultados são analisados através do erro percentual médio absoluto, uma medida muito comum encontrada na literatura. Os resultados foram comparados com literatura especializada com o caso base bem como com o Erro Máximo que varia de 3% a 8 %. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, dentro das margens encontradas na literatura, conforme apresentado na seção de resultados. A presente proposta foi aplicada no sistema teste IEEE 24- RTS.<br>After the electricity industry restructuring, electric energy has become a commodity that can be bought or sold in electricity markets. Within this context, new tools to predict loads and electricity prices are yet to be devised. Neural networks have been typically used for price forecasting, among other statistical-based techniques. This work presents a method for day-ahead price forecasting using a generalized regression neural network where nodal prices are determined by solving a DC optimal power flow. In order to train the neural network several load-price scenarios are generated by randomly varying the loads in each bus of the electric energy system. The results are validated by analyzing the mean absolute percentage error, a common measure adopted in the technical literature as well as the base case and the maximum error which are within those found in the literature. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to the IEEE 24-RTS system.

Orientador: Anna Diva Plasencia Lotufo<br>Co-orientador: Maria do Carmo G. da Silveira<br>Banca: Lilian Yuli Isoda<br>Banca: Maria de Fátima Ribeiro Raia<br>Resumo: Após a reestruturação da indústria de eletricidade, a energia elétrica tornou-se uma mercadoria que pode ser comprada e vendida nos mercados de eletricidade. Dentro deste contexto, novas ferramentas para previsão de cargas e preços de eletricidade ainda são objetos de estudo. Redes Neurais Artificiais são bastante usadas para previsão de preços juntamente com outras técnicas estatísticas. Nesta pesquisa apresenta-se um método para a previsão de preço do dia seguinte, usando uma Rede Neural de Regressão Generalizada (GRNN) e Perceptron Multicamadas (MLP) com algoritmo de treinamento Levenberg - Marquardt. Os preços nodais são determinados resolvendo um DC-OPF (fluxo de potência ótimo), gerando os preços para todas as barras do sistema elétrico, denominado Locational Marginal Prices (LMP). Para treinar a rede neural, foram gerados vários cenários carga-preço e variando aleatoriamente a carga em cada barra do sistema elétrico. Os resultados são analisados através do erro percentual médio absoluto, uma medida muito comum encontrada na literatura. Os resultados foram comparados com literatura especializada com o caso base bem como com o Erro Máximo que varia de 3% a 8 %. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, dentro das margens encontradas na literatura, conforme apresentado na seção de resultados. A presente proposta foi aplicada no sistema teste IEEE 24- RTS.<br>Abstract: After the electricity industry restructuring, electric energy has become a commodity that can be bought or sold in electricity markets. Within this context, new tools to predict loads and electricity prices are yet to be devised. Neural networks have been typically used for price forecasting, among other statistical-based techniques. This work presents a method for day-ahead price forecasting using a generalized regression neural network where nodal prices are determined by solving a DC optimal power flow. In order to train the neural network several load-price scenarios are generated by randomly varying the loads in each bus of the electric energy system. The results are validated by analyzing the mean absolute percentage error, a common measure adopted in the technical literature as well as the base case and the maximum error which are within those found in the literature. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to the IEEE 24-RTS system.<br>Mestre

There were many ways of bordering manliness during the historical period covered by my research. Borders have been metaphorically understood as those invisible, often non-enunciated limits that have safeguarded manliness. There were borders separating masculinity from femininity and from childishnes, but there is also a more distant border, separating masculinity from the bestial. The term un-manliness is a useful concept for this analysis, for it can be used to illuminate the different ways in which masculinity has been interrogated. The concept can also be used in comparative analyses of how tolerance towards men deviating from ideas of ideal masculinity has differed according to situation and culture. It has been my ambition to elucidate the particular attitudes, values, customs, knowledge and requirements that influenced the view of masculinity at both individual and the group level. The clearest-cut aspects of manliness and un-manliness expressed in court proceedings were those having to do with sexuality, relations within the household, and the subordinate and dominant masculinities displayed by different court-room actors. The latter, in turn, reflected contemporary social structures, including the social gap that divided the Livonian peasantry’s serfs or former serfs from the ruling Baltic-German elite. Records from the court proceedings have shown the subordinate masculinity of the defendants, subordinate not only to that of the officers of the court but to that of the witnesses. This subordination was an inevitable consequence of the nature of the accusations, regardless of whether they were deemed well-founded or false.  The defendants were placed in a situation where they were forced constantly to be on the alert, ready to defend themselves and show their best sides. As a result, they would often give extremely clear expression to their views of proper masculinity. Such actors stressed, consciously or unconsciously, certain manly traits and behaviour patterns that characterised themselves and others. Their arguments provide insights into what they thought of each other and how they conceived a man should generally be, behave and act in different situations. By the same token, they clearly showed what kinds of behaviours were considered undesirable or outright unmanly. The positioning of the borders of manliness was linked both to time and to space. Deviations have helped different societies set the borders for what they considered acceptable behaviour. There was a clear cultural and geographical border between Sweden as such, and the Swedish province Livonia. This emerges clearly when one compares Livonian results with earlier studies on bestiality in Sweden. This shows that the view of manliness and the tolerance towards certain kinds of behaviour changed as one moved East.

The relationship between Objective Metrics (OM) and Subjective Assessments (SA) has been analyzed by people using different methods. This paper continues Gaspar Gil Gómez’s research over test method development by use of SOM-GRNN, aiming to find correlations between OM and SA. In this paper, CAE simulation is performed to analyze the relationship between OM and vehicle parameters. First impression test is refined and one more dataset has been added in order to populate SOM-GRNN map. This paper also conducts analysis over SOM and GRNN algorithms, and explores several possible applications using SOM-GRNN map. Finally the whole SOM-GRNN system is integrated and a User Interface is built in GUI for future research and application. The system can still be improved by populating database, refining SA evaluation method and optimizing SOM-GRNN training algorithms.<br>Relationen mellan målmetri (OM) och subjektiv bedömning (SA) har analyserats av personer som använder olika metoder. I detta dokument fortsätter Gaspar Gil Gómezs forskning kring testmetodutveckling med hjälp av SOM-GRNN, som syftar till att finna korrelationer mellan OM och SA. I detta papper utförs CAE-simulering för att analysera förhållandet mellan OM och fordonsparametrar. Första intryckstestet är raffinerat och ytterligare en dataset har lagts till för att fylla i SOM-GRNN-kartan. I detta dokument analyseras även SOM- och GRNN-algoritmer, och undersöker flera möjliga tillämpningar med hjälp av SOM-GRNN kartan. Slutligen är hela SOM-GRNN-systemet integrerat och ett användargränssnitt är byggt i GUI för framtida forskning och tillämpning. Systemet kan fortfarande förbättras genom att fylla i databasen, förädla SA utvärderingsmetod och optimera SOM-GRNN träningsalgoritmer.