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Journal articles on the topic 'Groin injuries'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Dowson, D. J. "Hip and groin pain in sub-elite South African footballers." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 4 (May 25, 2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i4a1265.

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Background. Groin injuries are common in football. This can be attributed to the nature of the sport involving rapid accelerations, decelerations, abrupt directional changes and kicking. Groin injuries require lengthy rehabilitation times and predispose players to further injuries. Previous groin injury is a risk factor for future groin injuries, suggesting players are inadequately rehabilitated or the original cause has not been addressed. Objectives. To describe the prevalence, nature and treatment patterns of groin injuries in sub-elite players, and to investigate differences in hip strength and range of motion between players with and without a history of groin injury. Method. Thirty sub-elite, senior university male players were interviewed and questioned regarding groin injuries sustained in the preceding three years. They were assessed using the HAGOS questionnaire, and underwent isokinetic hip flexion/extension strength, adductor squeeze and range of motion tests. Results. Seventeen players (57%) reported having a previous groin injury, with an average score of 83 (16) [mean (SD)] on the HAGOS, compared with 92 (5) for non-injured players. Of the previously injured players, 29% did not seek treatment from a medical professional. Injuries included adductor strain (35%), inguinal-related (18%), iliopsoas-related (12%) and hip joint pathology (6%). The average time off was 25 days. There were no significant differences in isokinetic hip flexion/extension strength, adductor strength and range of motion. Conclusion. The prevalence of groin injuries in this population is relatively high (57%) and requires lengthy rehabilitation time. The HAGOS is a suitable tool to identify groin pain in this population within the sports and recreation and quality of life subscales. Isokinetic hip strength and range of motion testing lacked sensitivity in detecting deficits in players with a previous groin injury. Only two-thirds of injured players consulted a medical practitioner, increasing the likelihood that rehabilitation was inadequate. It is therefore recommended that player/coach education regarding injury management improve in order to reduce subsequent injuries. Keywords. HAGOS, groin injury, prevalence, range of motion, isokinetic strength

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Trentacosta, Natasha, Dai Sugimoto, and Lyle J. Micheli. "Hip and Groin Injuries in Dancers: A Systematic Review." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 5 (August 7, 2017): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117724159.

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Context: Injury data on hip and groin injuries vary, and these injuries are often misrepresented or overlooked for more commonly seen injuries, such as those to the foot and ankle. Objective: To provide a systematic review of the injury rates of hip and groin pathology in dancers and look to establish a better understanding of the occurrence of hip and groin injuries in the dancer population. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed and CINAHL databases for articles published between 2000 and 2016. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) documentation of the number of hip and/or groin injuries, (2) study population consisting of dancers whose training included some level of ballet, and (3) studies of levels 1 through 3 evidence. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: A single reviewer identified studies that met the inclusion criteria. The number of overall injuries, hip/groin injuries, study participants, injured participants, training hours per week, mean age of study group, injury definition, injury reporting method, and study time frame were extracted. Results: Thirteen unique studies were included in the descriptive analysis. Of the 2001 dancers included in this study, 3527 musculoskeletal injuries were seen in 1553 dancers. Of these, 345 injuries were localized to the hip and groin region (overall rate, 17.2%). An incidence rate of 0.09 hip and groin injuries per 1000 dance-hours was seen in the selected cohort studies. Of 462 professional dancers, 128 hip/groin injuries were recorded, for an injury rate of 27.7%. Of the 1539 student dancers, 217 hip/groin injuries were recorded, for an injury rate of 14.1% ( P < 0.01). Conclusion: Data on hip and groin injuries have many limitations. However, these injuries represent an important health issue for dancers of all skill levels, encompassing 17.2% of musculoskeletal injuries seen in dancers. An increasing rate of hip/groin injuries is seen in professional dancers compared with students.

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3

Lynch, Scott A., and Per A. F. H. Renstr??m. "Groin Injuries in Sport." Sports Medicine 28, no. 2 (1999): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199928020-00006.

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4

Peck, David M. "Treating Atypical Groin Injuries." Physician and Sportsmedicine 26, no. 7 (July 1998): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1998.11440428.

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DUPRÉ, THOMAS, FILIP GERTZ LYSDAL, JOHANNES FUNKEN, KRISTIAN R. L. MORTENSEN, RALF MÜLLER, JAN MAYER, HARTMUT KRAHL, and WOLFGANG POTTHAST. "Groin Injuries in Soccer." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 6 (June 2020): 1330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002243.

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6

Karlsson, Jon, Leif Swärd, Peter Kälebo, and Roland Thomée. "Chronic Groin Injuries in Athletes." Sports Medicine 17, no. 2 (February 1994): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199417020-00006.

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7

Biomeley, N., and B. De Morton. "Examination techniques for groin injuries." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2009): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.12.185.

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8

Serner, Andreas, Johannes L. Tol, Nabil Jomaah, Adam Weir, Rodney Whiteley, Kristian Thorborg, Matthew Robinson, and Per Hölmich. "Diagnosis of Acute Groin Injuries." American Journal of Sports Medicine 43, no. 8 (May 14, 2015): 1857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546515585123.

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9

Tyler, Timothy F., Holly J. Silvers, Michael B. Gerhardt, and Stephen J. Nicholas. "Groin Injuries in Sports Medicine." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2, no. 3 (April 29, 2010): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738110366820.

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Context: An in-season groin injury may be debilitating for the athlete. Proper diagnosis and identification of the pathology are paramount in providing appropriate intervention. Furthermore, an adductor strain that is treated improperly can become chronic and career threatening. Any one of the 6 muscles of the adductor muscle group can be involved. The degree of injury can range from a minor strain (grade 1), where minimal playing time is lost, to a severe strain (grade 3), in which there is complete loss of muscle function. Persistent groin pain and muscle imbalance may lead to athletic pubalgia. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant studies were identified through a literature search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane database from 1990 to 2009, as well as a manual review of reference lists of identified sources. Results: Ice hockey and soccer players seem particularly susceptible to adductor muscle strains. In professional ice hockey and soccer players throughout the world, approximately 10% to 11% of all injuries are groin strains. These injuries have been linked to hip muscle weakness, a previous injury to that area, preseason practice sessions, and level of experience. This injury may be prevented if these risk factors are addressed before each season. Conclusion: Despite the identification of risk factors and strengthening intervention for athletes, adductor strains continue to occur throughout sport. If groin pain persists, the possibility of athletic pubalgia needs to be explored, because of weakening or tears in the abdominal wall muscles. A diagnosis is confirmed by exclusion of other pathology.

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Schilders, E. "(iii) Groin injuries in athletes." Current Orthopaedics 14, no. 6 (November 2000): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/cuor.2000.0148.

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11

Morelli, Vincent, and Victor Weaver. "Groin Injuries and Groin Pain in Athletes: Part 1." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.011.

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Morelli, Vincent, and Luis Espinoza. "Groin Injuries and Groin Pain in Athletes: Part 2." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.012.

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Mosler, Andrea B., Adam Weir, Cristiano Eirale, Abdulaziz Farooq, Kristian Thorborg, Rod J. Whiteley, Per Hӧlmich, and Kay M. Crossley. "Epidemiology of time loss groin injuries in a men’s professional football league: a 2-year prospective study of 17 clubs and 606 players." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 5 (June 30, 2017): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097277.

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Background/AimGroin injury epidemiology has not previously been examined in an entire professional football league. We recorded and characterised time loss groin injuries sustained in the Qatar Stars League.MethodsMale players were observed prospectively from July 2013 to June 2015. Time loss injuries, individual training and match play exposure were recorded by club doctors using standardised surveillance methods. Groin injury incidence per 1000 playing hours was calculated, and descriptive statistics used to determine the prevalence and characteristics of groin injuries. The Doha agreement classification system was used to categorise all groin injuries.Results606 footballers from 17 clubs were included, with 206/1145 (18%) time loss groin injuries sustained by 150 players, at an incidence of 1.0/1000 hours (95% CI 0.9 to 1.1). At a club level, 21% (IQR 10%–28%) of players experienced groin injuries each season and 6.6 (IQR 2.9–9.1) injuries were sustained per club per season. Of the 206 injuries, 16% were minimal (1–3 days), 25% mild (4–7 days), 41% moderate (8–28 days) and 18% severe (>28 days), with a median absence of 10 days/injury (IQR 5–22 days). The median days lost due to groin injury per club was 85 days per season (IQR 35–215 days). Adductor-related groin pain was the most common entity (68%) followed by iliopsoas (12%) and pubic-related (9%) groin pain.ConclusionGroin pain caused time loss for one in five players each season. Adductor-related groin pain comprised 2/3 of all groin injuries. Improving treatment outcomes and preventing adductor-related groin pain has the potential to improve player availability in professional football.

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Mosler, Andrea B., Adam Weir, Andreas Serner, Rintje Agricola, Cristiano Eirale, Abdulaziz Farooq, Arnhild Bakken, et al. "Musculoskeletal Screening Tests and Bony Hip Morphology Cannot Identify Male Professional Soccer Players at Risk of Groin Injuries: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 6 (March 27, 2018): 1294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518763373.

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Background: Musculoskeletal hip/groin screening tests are commonly performed to detect at-risk individuals. Bony hip morphology is considered a potential intrinsic risk factor but has not been examined prospectively. Purpose: To evaluate the association between intrinsic risk factors identified from musculoskeletal and radiographic screening tests and hip/groin injuries leading to time loss from training and/or match play in professional male soccer players. Study Design: Prospective cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Male professional soccer players, aged ≥18 years, underwent screening specific for hip/groin pain during 2 consecutive seasons of the Qatar Stars League. The screening battery included pain provocation, range of motion, and strength tests as well as a hip radiographic examination. The radiographic examination included an anteroposterior pelvic view and 45° Dunn view, with bony hip morphology determined using quantitative methods. Time-loss (≥1 day) hip/groin injuries and individual player exposure (training and match play) were recorded prospectively, and injuries were categorized as adductor-related, inguinal-related, iliopsoas-related, pubic-related, or hip-related groin pain, or “other,” as recommended in the Doha agreement. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) from univariate and multivariate Cox regression models to assess the relationship between potential risk factors and hip/groin injuries. Results: There were 438 players, completing 609 player seasons, and 113 hip/groin injuries that met the criteria for inclusion, with 85 injuries categorized as adductor-related. The proportion of players with bony morphological variants was the following: cam, 71%; pincer, 5%; and acetabular dysplasia, 13%. Previous hip/groin injuries (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7) and eccentric adduction strength were associated with the risk of hip/groin injuries. Higher (>1 SD above the mean) than normal eccentric adduction strength was associated with an increased risk for all hip/groin injuries (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.5). Lower (<1 SD below the mean) than normal eccentric adduction strength was associated with an increased risk for adductor-related injuries (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0). No other musculoskeletal screening test or bony hip morphology variables were associated with the injury risk. Conclusion: Previous groin injuries and eccentric adduction strength were associated with the risk of groin injuries. However, these associations were not strong enough to identify an “at-risk” individual, and therefore, musculoskeletal screening tests were not useful to dictate individualized prevention strategies. Bony hip morphology was not associated with the risk of groin injuries.

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Kerbel, Yehuda E., Christopher M. Smith, John P. Prodromo, Michael I. Nzeogu, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Epidemiology of Hip and Groin Injuries in Collegiate Athletes in the United States." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 232596711877167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118771676.

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Background: Hip and groin pain is a common complaint among athletes. Few studies have examined the epidemiology of hip and groin injuries in collegiate athletes across multiple sports. Purpose: To describe the rates, mechanisms, sex-based differences, and severity of hip/groin injuries across 25 collegiate sports. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data from the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years were obtained from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA ISP). The rate of hip/groin injuries, mechanism of injury, time lost from competition, and need for surgery were calculated. Differences between sex-comparable sports were quantified using rate ratios (RRs) and injury proportion ratios (IPRs). Results: In total, 1984 hip/groin injuries were reported, giving an overall injury rate of 53.06 per 100,000 athlete-exposures (AEs). An adductor/groin tear was the most common injury, comprising 24.5% of all injuries. The sports with the highest rates of injuries per 100,000 AEs were men’s soccer (110.84), men’s ice hockey (104.90), and women’s ice hockey (76.88). In sex-comparable sports, men had a higher rate of injuries per 100,000 AEs compared with women (59.53 vs 42.27, respectively; RR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.28-1.55]). The most common injury mechanisms were noncontact (48.4% of all injuries) and overuse/gradual (20.4%). In sex-comparable sports, men had a greater proportion of injuries due to player contact than women (17.0% vs 3.6%, respectively; IPR, 4.80 [95% CI, 3.10-7.42]), while women had a greater proportion of injuries due to overuse/gradual than men (29.1% vs 16.7%, respectively; IPR, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.46-2.06]). Overall, 39.3% of hip/groin injuries resulted in time lost from competition. Only 1.3% of injuries required surgery. Conclusion: Hip/groin injuries are most common in sports that involve kicking or skating and sudden changes in direction and speed. Most hip/groin injuries in collegiate athletes are noncontact and do not result in time lost from competition, and few require surgery. This information can help guide treatment and prevention measures to limit such injuries in male and female collegiate athletes.

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Markovic, Goran, Nejc Šarabon, Jelena Pausic, and Vedran Hadžić. "Adductor Muscles Strength and Strength Asymmetry as Risk Factors for Groin Injuries among Professional Soccer Players: A Prospective Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 4946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144946.

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The aim of this study was to prospectively examine the association between isometric hip adductor strength and between-limb strength asymmetry to groin injuries in male professional soccer players. Isometric hip adductor strength and between-limb strength asymmetry of 45 professional outfield soccer players from three First Division teams were tested during the 2017/2018 preseason. Players were then monitored throughout the 2017/2018 season for groin injuries. Ten groin injuries were recorded. When compared with uninjured players, players who sustained groin injury had significantly lower strength of respective muscle groups and significantly higher between-limb strength asymmetries (all p < 0.05; ES = 1.16 and 0.88; mean % difference = 26% and 51%). Isometric hip adductor strength had a significant inverse relationship with the incidence of occurring groin injuries (p = 0.016). No significant relationship between hip adductor strength asymmetry and the incidence of future groin injury was observed (p = 0.09). Finally, players’ age and previous groin injury were not significantly associated with the incidence of future groin injuries (all p > 0.05). These results generally suggest that isometric adductor strength is a significant predictor of future groin injuries in men’s professional football; however, due to the relatively low sample size, further studies are required.

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Brandner, Michael D., and Juris Bunkis. "Shotgun Blast Injuries to the Groin." Annals of Plastic Surgery 18, no. 6 (June 1987): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000637-198706000-00014.

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Balduini, Frederick C. "Abdominal and Groin Injuries in Tennis." Clinics in Sports Medicine 7, no. 2 (April 1988): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30939-x.

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Anderson, Kyle, Sabrina M. Strickland, and Russell Warren. "Hip and Groin Injuries in Athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 4 (July 2001): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290042501.

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Sedaghati, Parisa, Mohammad-Hossein Alizadeh, Elham Shirzad, and Abolfazl Ardjmand. "Review of Sport-Induced Groin Injuries." Trauma Monthly 18, no. 3 (October 14, 2013): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/traumamon.12666.

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Werner, Jonas, Martin Hägglund, Jan Ekstrand, and Markus Waldén. "Hip and groin time-loss injuries decreased slightly but injury burden remained constant in men’s professional football: the 15-year prospective UEFA Elite Club Injury Study." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 9 (April 24, 2018): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097796.

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BackgroundHip and groin injuries are common in men’s professional football, but the time-trend of these injuries is not known.AimTo investigate hip and groin injury rates, especially time-trends, in men’s professional football over 15 consecutive seasons.Study designProspective cohort study.SettingMen’s professional football.Methods47 European teams were followed prospectively for a varying number of seasons between 2001/2002 and 2015/2016, totalling 268 team seasons. Time-loss injuries and individual player exposure during training and matches were recorded. Injury rate was defined as the number ofinjuries/1000 hours and injury burden as the number oflay-off days/1000 hours. Time-trends for total hip and groin injuries and adductor-related injury rates were analysed using Poisson regression, and injury burden was analysed using a negative binomial regression model.ResultsHip and groin injuries contributed 1812 out of 12 736 injuries (14%), with adductor-related injury as the most common of hip and groin injuries (n=1139, 63%). The rates of hip and groin injury and adductor-related injury were 1.0/1000 hours and 0.6/1000 hours, and these rates decreased significantly with on average 2% (Exp(b)=0.98, 95% CI 0.97 to 0.99, P=0.003) and 3% (Exp(b)=0.97, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.99, P<0.001) per season (year on year), respectively. The seasonal trend of hip and groin injury burden did not improve (Exp(b)=0.99, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.01, P=0.40).ConclusionsHip and groin injuries constitute a considerable part of all time-loss injuries in men’s professional football. Although there was a promising slight decreasing trend in the rates of hip and groin injury (as a category) and adductor-related injury (as a specific diagnosis), the injury burden remained at a consistent level over the study period.

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Li, Xinning, Hanbing Zhou, Phillip Williams, John J. Steele, Joseph Nguyen, Marcus Jäger, and Struan Coleman. "The epidemiology of single season musculoskeletal injuries in professional baseball." Orthopedic Reviews 5, no. 1 (February 22, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/or.2013.e3.

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The aim of this descriptive epidemiology study was to evaluate the injury incidence, pattern and type as a function of position in one professional baseball organization for one complete season. The study was carried out in a major academic center. Participants were all major/minor league baseball players playing for one professional organization. The disabled/injury list of one single professional baseball organization (major and minor league players) was reviewed for all of the injuries and the number of total days missed secondary to each injury. All injuries were categorized into major anatomic zones that included: shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand, back, abdomen/groin, hip, knee, and ankle/foot. The data was further stratified based on the injury type and the number of days missed due to that particular injury and a statistical analysis was performed. In pitchers, elbow injuries (n=12) resulted in 466 days missed. In catchers, wrist injuries (n=4) resulted in 89 days missed. In position players, abdominal/groin injuries (n=16) resulted in 318 days missed and shoulder injuries (n=9) resulted in 527 days missed. Overall, 134 players were injured and a total of 3209 days were missed. Pitchers had 27 times and 34 times the rate of days missed due to elbow injuries compared to position players and all players, respectively. Abdominal and groin injuries caused the pitchers to have 5.6 times and 6.4 times the rate of days missed than the position and all players, respectively. Both elbow and abdominal/groin injuries are the most disabling injury pattern seen in pitchers. Among the position players, shoulder injuries resulted in the most days missed and knee injuries resulted in the highest rate of days missed in both pitchers and catchers.

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Lischuk, Andrew W., Thomas M. Dorantes, William Wong, and Andrew H. Haims. "Imaging of Sports-Related Hip and Groin Injuries." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2, no. 3 (April 29, 2010): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738110366699.

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A normally functioning hip joint is imperative for athletes who use their lower extremities with running, jumping, or kicking activities. Sports-related injuries of the hip and groin are far less frequent than injuries to the more distal aspect of the extremity, accounting for less than 10% of lower extremity injuries. Despite the lower incidence, hip and groin injuries can lead to significant clinical and diagnostic challenges related to the complex anatomy and biomechanical considerations of this region. Loads up to 8 times normal body weight have been documented in the joint in common daily activities, such as jogging, with significantly greater force expected during competitive athletics. Additionally, treatment for hip and groin injuries can obviate the participation of medical and surgical specialties, with a multidisciplinary approach frequently required. Delay in diagnosis and triage of these injuries may cause loss of time from competition and, potentially, early onset of degenerative changes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hip has proven to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of sports-related hip and groin injuries in the setting of negative radiographs. With its exquisite soft tissue contrast, multiplanar capabilities, and lack of ionizing radiation, MRI is unmatched in the noninvasive diagnosis of intra-articular and extra-articular pathology, as well as intraosseous processes. This review focuses on MRI of common athletic injuries of the hip and groin, including acetabular labral tears, femoral acetabular impingement syndrome, muscle injuries around the hip and groin (including athletic pubalgia), and athletic osseous injuries.

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Ralston, Bridget, Jaymeson Arthur, Justin L. Makovicka, Jeff Hassebrock, Sailesh Tummala, David G. Deckey, Karan Patel, Anikar Chhabra, and David Hartigan. "Hip and Groin Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women’s Soccer Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 232596711989232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119892320.

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Background: Hip and groin injuries are common in competitive soccer players and have been shown to be significant sources of time loss. There are few studies describing the epidemiology of hip and groin injuries in female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) soccer players. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of hip and groin injuries in women’s collegiate soccer players. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The NCAA Injury Surveillance System/Program (ISS/ISP) was analyzed from 2004 through 2014 for data related to hip and groin injuries in female collegiate soccer players. Injuries and athlete-exposures (AEs) were reported by athletic trainers. Data were stratified by time of season, event type, injury type, treatment outcome, time loss, and player field position. Results: Between 2004 and 2014, there were 439 recorded hip or groin injuries in female soccer players and an overall rate of injury of 0.57 per 1000 AEs. Injuries were 12.0 times more likely to occur during the preseason (4.41/1000 AEs) as opposed to during the regular season (0.37/1000 AEs) (injury rate ratio [IRR], 12.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.92-14.55) or postseason (0.38/1000 AEs) (IRR, 11.55; 95% CI, 7.06-18.91). Rates of injury were similar during the regular season and postseason (IRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.59-1.58). Rates of injury were higher during competition (0.69/1000 AEs) than during practice (0.52/1000 AEs) (IRR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.08-1.63). Most injuries were new (87.5%; n = 384) and unlikely to recur (12.5%; n = 55). Conclusion: Hip and groin injuries in female NCAA soccer players are uncommon, and fortunately, most players return to play quickly without recurrence. Future prospective studies should evaluate the effectiveness of strength and conditioning programs in preventing these injuries.

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Everhart, Joshua S., Sarah Poland, Sravya P. Vajapey, James C. Kirven, Thomas J. France, and W. Kelton Vasileff. "CrossFit-related hip and groin injuries: a case series." Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnz072.

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Abstract To provide descriptive data on injury presentation and treatment and to identify risk factors for requiring surgical treatment for athletes presenting with CrossFit-related hip and groin injuries. CrossFit-related injuries (n = 982) were identified within a single hospital system from 2010 to 2017, with 83 (8.5% of total) identified hip or groin injuries. Patient demographics, injury diagnosis, surgical procedure and rehabilitation were assessed. Independent predictors of requiring surgery were analyzed via multivariate logistic regression analysis. Patients with hip or groin injuries were more often female (hip injuries: 63%; all injuries: 50%; P < 0.001) with mean age 34.3 years (standard deviation 10.9). Median symptom duration was 4 months with 70% reporting insidious onset. Most common diagnoses were femoral-acetabular impingement syndrome (34%), hamstring strain (11%), non-specific hip/groin pain (imaging non-diagnostic) (11%), hernia (7%) and iliotibial band syndrome (6%). Most (90%) required physical therapy (median 2 months). Surgery occurred in 24% (n = 12 hip arthroscopy, n = 5 inguinal hernia repair, n = 3 total hip arthroplasty), with 100% return to sport after arthroscopy or hernia repair. The only predictor of surgery was complaint of primarily anterior hip/groin pain (82% surgical patients, 46% non-surgical) (odds ratio 5.78, 95% confidence interval 1.44–23.1; P = 0.005); age, sex, body mass index, symptom duration and symptom onset (insidious versus acute) were non-significant (P > 0.25). CrossFit athletes with hip and groin injuries often present with prolonged symptoms with insidious onset. Most patients require several months of physical therapy and approximately one quarter require surgery. Patients presenting with primarily anterior hip/groin pain are at increased risk for requiring surgery. Level of Evidence IV, case series.

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Thomee, Roland, and Jon Karlsson. "Muscle and Tendon Injuries of the Groin." Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 7, no. 4 (1995): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevphysrehabilmed.v7.i4.40.

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EMERY, CAROLYN A., and WILLEM H. MEEUWISSE. "Risk factors for groin injuries in hockey." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 9 (September 2001): 1423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200109000-00002.

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Hölmich, Per. "Groin injuries in athletes – New stepping stones." Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology 33, no. 2 (June 2017): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orthtr.2017.03.080.

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Serner, Andreas. "Diagnosis of acute groin injuries in athletes." British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, no. 23 (August 22, 2017): 1709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098211.

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Karantanas, A. H. "Imaging of Hip and Groin Athletic Injuries." Imaging Decisions MRI 9, no. 3 (September 2005): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1617-0830.2005.00049.x.

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Mlynarek, Ryan A., and Struan H. Coleman. "Hip and Groin Injuries in Baseball Players." Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12178-018-9455-6.

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32

Degiannis, E., R. D. Levy, C. Hatzitheofilou, M. G. C. Florizoone, and R. Saadia. "Gunshot arterial injuries to the groin: comparison of iliac and femoral injuries." Injury 27, no. 5 (June 1996): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(96)86840-9.

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33

Byard, Roger W. "A forensic evaluation of impalement injuries." Medicine, Science and the Law 58, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418755588.

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Impalement injuries transfix a victim in an inescapable or helpless position. A study was undertaken at Forensic Science SA from 2002 to 2016 of all impalement deaths. There were six vehicle accidents (M:F=5:1; age 14–67 years, average age 38.5 years) involving impalements with a tree branch ( n=2; groin and chest), a metal pipe ( n=2; leg and head), a metal bridge railing (groin) and a metal fence post (chest). Two cases (both males, aged 47 and 18 years) had slipped on fences/gates, with impalements of the ankle and groin. A case of suicide (male, aged 80 years) was impaled through the head on a bolt fixed to the floor. A homicide case (male, aged 27 years) involved impalement through the chest by a spear from a spear gun. In certain cases (e.g. with anogenital injuries), differentiating accidental from inflicted impalement injuries may be difficult. In equivocal cases, adequate scene evaluations with photographic documentation are required prior to autopsy, ideally with the object available for examination.

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34

Phillips, C. "Clinical Pilates in the management of groin injuries." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2, no. 1 (March 1999): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80147-9.

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35

Renstrom, Per A. F. H. "Tendon and Muscle Injuries in the Groin Area." Clinics in Sports Medicine 11, no. 4 (October 1992): 815–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30487-7.

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Elattar, Osama, Ho-Rim Choi, Vickie D. Dills, and Brian Busconi. "Groin Injuries (Athletic Pubalgia) and Return to Play." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 8, no. 4 (June 14, 2016): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116653711.

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Kälebo, Peter, Jon Karlsson, Leif Sward, and Lars Peterson. "Ultrasonography of chronic tendon injuries in the groin." American Journal of Sports Medicine 20, no. 6 (November 1992): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000603.

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38

NATICCHIA, J., and E. KAPUR. "New Technology, New Injuries in the Hip/Groin." Clinics in Family Practice 7, no. 2 (June 2005): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cfp.2005.02.006.

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39

Vazquez, Eugenio, Tommy Y. Kim, and Timothy P. Young. "Avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter: an unusual cause of hip pain in an adolescent." CJEM 15, no. 02 (March 2013): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/8000.2012.120613.

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ABSTRACTSports injuries involving the hip and groin are common. Special consideration must be given to musculoskeletal injuries in children and adolescents as their immature skeletons have growth plates that are relatively weaker than the tendons and ossified bone to which they connect. We present a case of an adolescent athlete with acute-onset groin pain who was found to have an avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter.

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McSweeney, Sean E., Ali Naraghi, David Salonen, John Theodoropoulos, and Lawrence M. White. "Hip and Groin Pain in the Professional Athlete." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 63, no. 2 (May 2012): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2010.11.001.

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Hip and groin pain is a common condition in professional athletes and may result from an acute injury or from chronic, repetitive trauma. It is responsible for significant morbidity, which leads to time away from training and competition, and may result in a career-ending injury. The anatomic and biomechanical causes for hip and groin injuries are among the most complex and controversial in the musculoskeletal system. This makes clinical differentiation and subsequent management difficult because of the considerable overlap of symptoms and signs. This review article will evaluate several pathologic conditions of the hip and groin in athletes, divided into acute (secondary to single event) and chronic (secondary to altered biomechanical load or repetitive microtrauma) injuries, with an emphasis on imaging in the diagnosis of these injuries. Appropriate use of imaging along with clinical findings can allow accurate diagnosis and subsequent appropriate management of these patients to ultimately allow return to athletic activity.

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Kantrowitz, David Eric, David P. Trofa, Denzel R. Woode, Christopher S. Ahmad, and Thomas Sean Lynch. "Athletic Hip Injuries in Major League Baseball Pitchers Associated with UCL Pathology." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (July 2019): 2325967119S0030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00309.

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Objectives: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is a reliable treatment for elite overhand throwers with UCL pathology. In recent years, this operation has become increasingly common among Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers. Predisposing factors and associated comorbidities, however, have not been well elucidated in the literature. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if professional baseball pitchers who underwent UCL reconstruction had an increased incidence of hip or groin injuries 4 years prior to or following their surgery. We hypothesized that MLB pitchers who sustained hip or groin injuries may have been more likely to develop UCL pathology due to kinetic chain alterations and overcompensation at the distal upper extremity during overhand throwing. Methods: This case controlled study utilized a comprehensive list of all 247 MLB players who underwent UCL reconstruction between 2005 and 2017, through aggregation of online publicly accessible data. Application of inclusion criteria yielded a final sample size of 145. These athletes’ injury histories were identified using systematic online searches and cross referenced with the official MLB disabled list. Age, playing time, and ERA-matched controls were generated for comparison of results. Results: Of the 145 MLB pitchers who underwent UCL reconstruction between 2005 and 2017, 40 (27.6%) endured a proximal lower extremity injury within 4 years of their surgery. Specifically, 16 pitchers sustained hip injuries, 13 suffered hamstring injuries, and 14 experienced groin injuries. A significantly lower rate of hip and groin related injuries, 18%, was identified in matched controls during a similar timeframe (p = 0.049). This represents an odds ratio of 1.74, indicating that players who underwent a UCL reconstruction were 74% more likely to have sustained a hip, groin or hamstring injury within an eight-year timeframe compared to matched controls. Hip injuries, specifically, were independently associated with UCL reconstruction compared to matched controls (p = 0.027). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that MLB pitchers who required UCL reconstruction sustained a higher frequency of hip injuries both before and after surgery compared to matched controls. This association is significant as treatment of antecedent hip pathology, as well as emphasis on hip and core muscle mobility and strengthening, may help reduce the UCL injury burden in MLB pitchers.

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Brunner, Romana, Mario Bizzini, Karin Niedermann, and Nicola A. Maffiuletti. "Epidemiology of Traumatic and Overuse Injuries in Swiss Professional Male Ice Hockey Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 232596712096472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120964720.

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Background: Ice hockey injury patterns in Europe were last evaluated in the 1990s. Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency, type, location, and incidence of traumatic injuries, as well as the prevalence and relative effect of overuse injuries in professional male ice hockey players. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Traumatic injuries were assessed using a standardized injury report form over a 1-year period (including the preparatory phase and season). The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire was used to determine overall and substantial overuse injuries and their relative effect on ice hockey players. Results: Five Swiss National League teams participated in the study. From a total of 321 recorded injuries, 179 led to time loss from sport. The game-related time-loss injury incidence during the season was 88.6/1000 player-game hours.Time-loss injuries affected mainly the hip/groin/thigh region (23%), followed by the head (17%). Most time-loss injuries were classified as muscle strains (24%), followed by concussions (18%). The most common injury mechanism involved collision with an opponent’s body (31%), and right forward players (23%) were most likely to report a game-related injury. Most injuries (27%) occurred within the defending zone along the boards. The average prevalence rates of all overuse and substantial overuse injuries were 49% and 13%, respectively. The hip/groin displayed the highest average prevalence for all overuse problems (16%), translating to the highest relative effect. Conclusion: Muscle strains and concussions were the most frequent time-loss injuries in Swiss professional ice hockey players. The hip/groin was the most affected region for both traumatic and overuse injuries.

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TARE, M., and V. RAMAKRISHNAN. "Free ‘Mini’ Groin Flap for Digital Resurfacing." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 34, no. 3 (March 25, 2009): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408101464.

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Ten cases of post-traumatic skin and soft tissue loss over the digits were resurfaced by free ‘mini’ groin flap. Five patients had defects of the dorsum of the digit, three had proximal palmar defects, one patient had circumferential skin loss and one had multiple digital injuries. The flap was harvested from the contralateral groin using a two-team approach. The average size of the flap was 5.5 × 4.75 cm and the mean operating time was 2.45 hrs. All patients had physiotherapy within 48–72 hrs. There were no flap losses. Six patients were happy with the cosmetic result and did not require any further debulking. We recommend free tissue transfer for digital resurfacing specifically in moderate to large dorsal defects, proximal volar defects, circumferential skin loss and multiple digit injuries.

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Thompson, Hannah, Oliver Burdall, and Kokila Lakhoo. "Degloving injury to groin, scrotum and penis due to low-velocity handlebar injury." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 11 (November 2019): e231598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231598.

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Bicycles are a common cause of blunt abdominal trauma causing 5%–14% of injuries. However, impalement or shear injuries from low-velocity mechanism of injury are rare. We report a case of a 14-year-old boy presenting with an extensive left groin injury sustained while cycling one-handed along the pavement at walking pace. The laceration ran for 12–14 cm from the left groin across the pubis to the right and 10 cm inferiorly into the perineum. This inverted the left scrotum and partially degloved the penis. The corpus cavernosa and tunica vaginalis were exposed up to the level of the superficial inguinal ring. Literature on handlebar-impalement injuries is sparse and the majority of penile degloving injuries described in the literature result from alternative mechanisms. This unusual case demonstrates the potential forces involved, and potential damage resulting from handlebar injuries even at low velocity.

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Hart, Lawrence E. "What Predicts the Occurrence of Groin Injuries in Hockey?" Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 12, no. 4 (July 2002): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200207000-00011.

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46

Ekhtiari, Seper, Moin Khan, Tyrrell Burrus, Kim Madden, Joel Gagnier, Joseph P. Rogowski, Tristan Maerz, and Asheesh Bedi. "Hip and Groin Injuries in Professional Basketball Players: Impact on Playing Career and Quality of Life After Retirement." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 11, no. 3 (April 23, 2019): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119838274.

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Background: Professional basketball players are at increased risk of hip and groin pain. Epidemiologic data exist on the prevalence of hip and groin issues among players in the National Basketball Association (NBA), but little is known about how these injuries affect athletes after retirement. Hypothesis: A high proportion of retired NBA athletes would have hip and/or groin pain. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A survey was developed through an interdisciplinary focus group. The survey was developed to capture data regarding demographics, collegiate and professional athletic injuries, and current quality of life and musculoskeletal health. The questionnaire was electronically distributed to all members of the National Basketball Players Association using SurveyMonkey (N = 900). Results: A total of 108 (12%) retired NBA players completed the survey. More than one-third (36.3%) of athletes report currently experiencing hip and/or groin pain, and 17.6% had received injections for hip or groin conditions since retiring from the NBA. Since retiring, 14.7% of respondents had undergone total hip arthroplasty. The median Tegner activity level scale was 3 out of 10. Nearly one-third (32.4%) of athletes report moderate to severe problems with mobility, and close to half (48%) had moderate to extreme pain/discomfort. Conclusion: Hip and groin injuries are common among NBA athletes, affecting players throughout their careers and into retirement. A subset of athletes may exist in whom intra-articular hip pathology is not appropriately identified and treated while playing in the NBA. Clinical Relevance: Retired NBA athletes are at high risk of hip and groin pain after retirement and are more likely to require total hip arthroplasty compared with the general population.

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Bombaci, Hasan, Ozgur Erdogan, and Ozan Tanyu. "The Groin Pain in the Gymnasts and its Possible Reasons." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00195.

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Objectives: The overuse injury in gymnasts due to overstretching of the joints is quite frequent. One of the most frequent complaints due to overuse injuries is pain on the insertion region of rectus femoris at the iliac apophysis. In the present study the possible reasons of the groin pain in the gymnasts were evaluated. Methods: Twenty-two amateur athletes from the gymnastic club aged between 8-12 years, were included in this study. Twenty were female and two male, Athletes have been training for 2-4 hours in 5-6 days a week, for 3 to 10 years, performing floor exercises (17 rhytmic gymnasts and five artistic gymnasts,). Gymnasts, who have groin pain and the ones have not, were evaluated according to the ligament laxity, the range of internal and external rotation of the hip joint and gymnastic discipline, which has been performed. The results were compared with Fisher’s Exact test and unpaired t-test. Results: Athletes, who have groin pain complaint and have not, were compared according to the age, the distance between thumb-forearm, hyperextension range in the elbow and the sum of internal and external rotation angle of the hips. Furthermore, the athletes, whose external rotation is more than internal rotation, were compared with the ones whose internal rotation is more than external rotation, to evaluate anteversion angle of the hip clinically. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, while 7 of the 17 gymnast, who perform rhythmic gymnastics, had groin pain and none of the 5 athletes, who perform artistry gymnastic, has groin pain. Conclusion: Overuse injuries are more common in the gymnastic sport. Repetitive microtrauma with thwarted repair might cause persistent injury in the tendon-bone junction. The anatomic factors (i.e malalignement) and overtraining predispose the athletes to overuse injuries most frequently. During adolescent growth spurt while the growth of long bones proceeds, the rectus femoris muscle, that cross more than one joint, might not gain flexibility enough and leads to excessive tensile stress on the iliac apophysis. Also, the gymnasts with generalized ligamentous laxity are more prone to the overuse injuries. Because lax ligaments fail to provide ligament stability and under further stress on the tissues neighbourhood of joint might cause overuse injuries. However, we were not able to find any difference between the athletes, who have groin pain and the ones have not, from the age, ligament laxity and hip rotation angles points of view. On the other hand, the high prevalence of groin pain complaint in the athletes, who perform rhythm gymnastic, might be related to the discipline specific exercises. So, the overuse injuries might be prevented by the well-planned training program in each particular discipline including strengthening and balance.

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Harøy, Joar, Benjamin Clarsen, Espen Guldahl Wiger, Mari Glomnes Øyen, Andreas Serner, Kristian Thorborg, Per Hölmich, Thor Einar Andersen, and Roald Bahr. "The Adductor Strengthening Programme prevents groin problems among male football players: a cluster-randomised controlled trial." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 3 (June 10, 2018): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098937.

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BackgroundGroin injuries represent a considerable problem in male football. Previous groin-specific prevention programmes have not shown a significant reduction in groin injury rates. An exercise programme using the Copenhagen Adduction exercise increases hip adduction strength, a key risk factor for groin injuries. However, its preventive effect is yet to be tested.AimTo evaluate the effect of a single-exercise approach, based on the Copenhagen Adduction exercise, on the prevalence of groin problems in male football players.Methods35 semiprofessional Norwegian football teams were cluster-randomised into an intervention group (18 teams, 339 players) and a control group (17 teams, 313 players). The intervention group performed an Adductor Strengthening Programme using one exercise, with three progression levels, three times per week during the preseason (6–8 weeks), and once per week during the competitive season (28 weeks). The control group were instructed to train as normal. The prevalence of groin problems was measured weekly in both groups during the competitive season using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire.ResultsThe average prevalence of groin problems during the season was 13.5% (95% CI 12.3% to 14.7%) in the intervention group and 21.3% (95% CI 20.0% to 22.6%) in the control group. The risk of reporting groin problems was 41% lower in the intervention group (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.86, p=0.008).ConclusionThe simple Adductor Strengthening Programme substantially reduced the self-reported prevalence and risk of groin problems in male football players.Trial registration numberISRCTN98514933.

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Nordstrøm, Anine, Roald Bahr, Ove Talsnes, and Ben Clarsen. "Prevalence and Burden of Health Problems in Male Elite Ice Hockey Players: A Prospective Study in the Norwegian Professional League." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 232596712090240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120902407.

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Background: As previous epidemiological studies in elite ice hockey have focused on acute time-loss injuries, little is known about the burden of overuse injuries and illnesses in ice hockey. Purpose: To report the prevalence and burden of all health problems in male professional ice hockey players in Norway during a single competitive season. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: A total of 225 male ice hockey players in the GET League (the premier professional league) in Norway reported all health problems (acute injuries, overuse injuries, and illnesses) during the 2017-2018 competitive season. Players reported all injuries and illnesses for 31 weeks using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems. Results: At any given time, 40% (95% CI, 37%-43%) of players reported symptoms from an injury or illness, and 20% (95% CI, 19%-22%) experienced health problems with a substantial negative impact on training and performance. Acute injuries represented the greatest incidence, prevalence, and burden (defined as the cross-product of severity and incidence). The most burdensome acute injuries were to the head/face, shoulder/clavicle, knee, and ankle. The most burdensome overuse injuries were to the knee, lumbar spine, and hip/groin. Conclusion: This registration captured a greater burden from overuse injuries than traditional injury registration, but acute injuries did represent a major problem. These data provide guidance in the development of prevention programs for both acute and overuse injuries, which should focus on the lumbar spine, hip/groin, and knee.

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Serner, A., J. L. Tol, A. Weir, N. Jomaah, R. Whiteley, M. Robinson, K. Thorborg, and P. Holmich. "Acute groin injuries in 109 athletes – Clinical and radiological findings." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18 (December 2014): e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.212.

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