Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gross national product

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Gross national product'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Gross national product"

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Arrazak, Muhammad Afdhal. "Gross National Product And Gross Domestic Product In Measurement Of Community Welfare." Al-Hijrah: Journal of Islamic Economics And Banking 2, no. 2 (2024): 244. https://doi.org/10.55062/al-hijrah.v2i2.733.

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This article aims to discuss GNP and GDP as the main indicators in measuring community welfare. The research method used in writing this article is library research or literature study. The research results show that GNP reflects the total value of services and goods obtained by citizens, both inside and outside the country, while GDP only calculates the value of production within a country's geographical boundaries. Furthermore, in considering production factors, GNP measures the total production produced by a country's citizens, both within the country and abroad. Meanwhile, GDP only include
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Müller-Krumholz, Karin. "Record growth in gross national product." Economic Bulletin 26, no. 6 (1989): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02238478.

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Karjavovich, Karjavov Zayniddin. "NATIONAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM MACRO AND MICROECONOMIC INDICATORS AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 04 (2022): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-04-36.

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In this article, the volume of production, services and their growth in the national economy is determined and analyzed at the macroeconomic level through a system of indicators. Macroeconomic indicators are used to analyze the state of the economy as a whole, its growth or decline, and draw conclusions. They help the state determine its economic policy. The system of macroeconomic indicators allows you to visualize the gross domestic product and all stages of its movement, ie the stages of production, distribution, redistribution and consequent use. One of the key macroeconomic indicators is
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Student. "MATERNAL DEATH AND GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)." Pediatrics 97, no. 3 (1996): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.3.397.

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. . . viewed from [the] perspective of the consequences on maternal health, the Italian GNP per capita of over $20,000 translates into a lifetime risk of dying during pregnancy and childbirth of 1 in 17,360, whereas the respective figures for Mali, West Africa, are $310 and 1 in 7. A 66-fold difference in GNP manifests as nearly 2500-fold difference in maternal death.
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de Leeuw, Frank. "The Reliability of U.S. Gross National Product." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 8, no. 2 (1990): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391981.

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Leeuw, Frank de. "The Reliability of U.S. Gross National Product." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 8, no. 2 (1990): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1990.10509790.

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Rankin, Keith. "NEW ZEALAND'S GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: 1859-1939." Review of Income and Wealth 38, no. 1 (1992): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00401.x.

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NEVIN, EDWARD. "THE GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT OF WALES, 1950." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 18, no. 1 (2009): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1956.mp18001002.x.

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KULYK, Volodymy. "Gross domestic product and critical infrastructure." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2021, no. 2 (2021): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2021.02.025.

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GDP is considered as a critical infrastructure that characterizes the global interaction of consumers and manufacturers of the final product in the national economy. For the analysis and modelling of GDP, the Leontiev model is used to analyze and to model GDP as a critical infrastructure, where costs are interpreted in two ways - as consumer spending and as producer costs. This allows you to determine the degree of their influence on each other through the established production structure. Based on Leontiev's aggregated three-sector model, two scenarios were modelled: a) the impact of final co
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Alekseev, K. A. "Methodological Features of GDP Formation Within the Framework of the System of National Accounts." Statistics and Economics 17, no. 2 (2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-2-10-17.

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Purpose of the study. The aim of this work is to examine methodological approaches to the formation of gross domestic product on an annual and quarterly basis within the framework of the System of National Accounts, using the example of 189 countries. The work is based on a dynamic and structural analysis of statistical information of gross domestic product published on the official websites of statistical agencies and the International Monetary Fund.Materials and methods. The information base of the study is the official statistical data of countries published on the website of the Internatio
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gross national product"

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Chantasasawat, Busakorn. "Foreign direct investment and growth in East Asia." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Karagöl, Erdal. "An empirical analysis of external debt, GNP and rescheduling in Turkey." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274507.

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Cai, Zeng Zheng Ram Rati. "Internal and external effects of education on the growth of national product." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9721394.

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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1996.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed May 26, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Rati Ram (chair), David Ramsey, Michael Nelson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-56) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Biddle, Elyce Anne. "Estimating the impact of occupational fatal injuries on the U.S. gross domestic product." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://eidr.wvu.edu/eidr/documentdata.eIDR?documentid=3704.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 146 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-83).
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Patron, Galeana Eunice. "Analysis of supply response of Mexican basic commodities : a regional approach /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426093.

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Chan, Ka-wah. "An analytical study of Hong Kong's private consumption expenditure figures." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975677.

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Andrews, Neill. "Driving factors for national competitiveness in Africa as measured by GDP per capita." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43965.

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Competitiveness has been part of central, monetary policy making for over 500 years where regions have aimed to improve competitiveness and productivity by focussing on specific factors. The focus of the research was to identify which factors are most relevant for the African continent on determining competitiveness which will allow policy makers to understand how best to direct their investment with the greatest productivity return. The research methodology was quantitative in nature, based on secondary data from the Global Competitiveness Report over the past five years. The sample included
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Chintaradeja, Varavuth. "Documenting state employment pattern and growth during business cycles /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3144407.

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Мотишена, В. В. "Статистичне дослідження макроекономічних показників України". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12544.

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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти статистичного вивчення основних макроекономічних показників України, методи їх розрахунку та аналізу. Проаналізовано динаміку, процес формування та структуру валового внутрішнього продукту, валового національного доходу та валового національного наявного доходу, вплив зміни структурних елементів на загальний обсяг валового внутрішнього продукту, розраховано інтегральні показники структурних зрушень, а також проведено дослідження галузевої структури, узагальнено зарубіжний досвід у цій сфері. Запропоновано основні напрями покращення ситуації, яка скла
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Rota, Lauren. "An assessment of the relationship between Global Competitiveness Index scores and national GDP per capita growth rates." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40642.

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An increasing amount of attention is paid by the media, and political and business leaders to national competitiveness indices. As globalisation increases and the difficulties of the financial crisis linger on, leaders look towards global benchmarks such as the World Economic Forum‟s Global Competitiveness Index to make policy and resource allocation decisions. Despite this emphasis on national competitiveness, how this translates to economic growth prospects is not well understood, and a universally accepted economic growth model continues to elude macroeconomists. The research seeks to under
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Books on the topic "Gross national product"

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Belkindas, Misha. USSR: Gross national product accounts, 1985. Center for International Research, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991.

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Cashell, Brian. Gross national product or gross domestic product: What difference does it make? Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1993.

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Secretariat, Caribbean Community. National accounts digest 1990-1999. Caribbean Community Secretariat, 2001.

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Grenouilleau, Daniel. A sorted leading indicators dynamic (SLID) factor model for short-run euro-area GDP forecasting. European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, 2004.

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Strengthening the National Accounts of Bangladesh (Project) and Bangladesh Parisaṃkhyāna Byuro, eds. Preliminary estimates of gross domestic product, 1999-2000 and final estimates of gross domestic product, 1998-99. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics], 2000.

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Hàn, Phạm Đình. Hệ thó̂ng các chỉ tiêu kinh té̂ tỏ̂ng hợp. Thó̂ng kê, 1996.

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Kauffman, Richard. North Dakota gross state product, 1949-1983. Bureau of Business & Economic Research, University of North Dakota, 1985.

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Casper, Dale E. Gross national product, national income, and public policy, 1982-1987. Vance Bibliographies, 1988.

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Byuro, Bangladesh Parisaṃkhyāna, ed. National accounts statistics: Gross domestic product, 2000-2001. National Accounting Wing, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2001.

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Pakistan. Federal Bureau of Statistics., ed. Gross national product of Pakistan, 1980-81 base. Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Govt. of Pakistan, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gross national product"

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Liargovas, Panagiotis. "Gross National Product (GNP)." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1211.

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Liargovas, Panagiotis. "Gross National Product (GNP)." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_1211.

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Van Dieren, Wouter. "Economic Growth and Gross National Product." In Taking Nature Into Account. Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4246-8_3.

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Lepenies, Philipp. "Products Before People: How Inequality Was Sidelined by Gross National Product." In Histories of Global Inequality. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19163-4_4.

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Ammermann, Sascha, Luise Bauer, Rita Bolleyer, and Stefan Hauf. "Balance of Payments Statistics–a Building Block for National Accounts." In Measuring International Economics. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77193-4_7.

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Abstract The national accounts and balance of payments are conceptually consistent in terms of internationally coordinated sets of rules. These are currently the System of National Accounts 2008 for the national accounts, and the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual 2009 for the balance of payments. In keeping with these guidelines (which, in the case of the national accounts, are fleshed out further in the European System of Accounts 2010 for the European Union), the Federal Statistical Office and the Deutsche Bundesbank cooperate closely in producing their results
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Unger, F. "Cost-Effectiveness in Coronary Artery Surgery: In Relation to the Gross National Product." In Return to Work After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69855-2_43.

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Hossain, Shanawez, and Ahmad Tousif Jami. "Opportunities and Challenges in Sustainable Development and Governance in South Asia: Case Study of Bhutan." In Springer Climate. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24545-9_5.

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AbstractThe future of the post-COVID, climate “red code” world, hugely depends on good governance and a transition to low carbon. World leaders have repeatedly stated a unified goal of establishing a carbon–neutral society by mid-century. Analysis shows that South Asia’s strong economic expansion has paved the way toward sustainable development, yet the region still has many unsustainable practices, except for Bhutan. As the first-only carbon-negative country globally, it is vital to extensively study, learn, and optimize Bhutan’s best practices to improve global climate practices. Bhutan’s th
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Barney, Gerald O. "Gross National Product." In The Global 2000 Report to the President of the U.S. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-024618-5.50022-1.

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Rosati, A., A. Tuwolde, and C. Mosconi. "The gross national product." In WAAP Book of the year 2003. Brill | Wageningen Academic, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/9789086865338_036.

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Werner, Richard A. "Gross national product (GNP)." In Dictionary of Ecological Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788974912.g.38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gross national product"

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Pilvere, Irina, Ilze Upite, Aleksejs Nipers, and Aija Pilvere. "INVESTMENT PROMOTION AND ATTRACTION TO BIOECONOMY INDUSTRIES IN LATVIA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s21.69.

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Investments made in response to climate change could help to foster environment-friendly business practices. Therefore, bioeconomy industries are considered crucial for achieving climate neutrality in Europe by 2050. Accordingly, bioeconomy strategies have been designed in many countries, including in Latvia. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to examine the investment environment and the amounts of gross investment made in bioeconomy industries, as well as foreign direct investment attracted to Latvia to contribute to the implementation of the Latvian Bioeconomy Strategy 2030. The
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Kalyanaraman, Raja, T. S. Sudarshan, and Carl Handsy. "In-Situ Nanosensors for Detection of Corrosion of Metals Components on Military Ground Vehicles." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01564.

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Abstract A significant share of the gross national product is lost each year as a result of property damage due to corrosion. The cost of corrosion damage is a significant cost to the United States army and affects troop deployment and readiness. Army vehicles require periodic inspection. An efficient way to monitor corrosion effectively and with fewer personnel is to embed nanosensors. These nanosensors will provide an early warning on the onset of corrosion and enable corrective actions to be taken. This paper provides an insight into the application of nanocrystalline materials into the var
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Islam, Moavin. "Condition Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structures - a Case Study." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95521.

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Abstract Corrosion damage is a multibillion dollar problem in the United States and other developed countries of the world with an estimated cost figure of 3-4% of the gross national product. Approximately a quarter of this cost can be attributed to corrosion of reinforced concrete structures such as bridges, parking garages and buildings. The first step towards adopting corrosion control measures and mitigating further damage in these structures is to carry out a corrosion condition survey. The corrosion condition evaluation of reinforced concrete structures entails the judicious use of a num
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Divine, J. R., and L. D. Perrigo. "Atmospheric Corrosion Testing in the Arctic and Subarctic - a Review." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86389.

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Abstract Corrosion is a major concern throughout the world--various sources suggest the cost is equivalent to about 4% of the gross national product. Twenty percent of that is estimated to be due to atmospheric corrosion. Because the Arctic and Subarctic regions are, on the average, colder than the more temperate regions, it is reasonable to expect lower corrosion rates, possibly to the degree of being unimportant. There are two major reasons why this expectation is incorrect. Primarily the temperature function is more due to time of wetness rather than the actual temperature. Further, other f
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Elsayed, Amr. "Engineering Principles & Cost-Effective Solutions for Corrosion Control." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00432.

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Abstract Corrosion is a major problem in the oil &amp; gas industry. A huge expenditure is spent every year on corrosion damages. Based on international studies, the cost of corrosion ranges from 4 – 6% of the gross national product of some countries. Several corrosion control techniques are used to maintain the integrity of equipment. Corrosion control techniques either increase the corrosion resistance of materials or reduce the corrosivity of the environment. Selection of a suitable corrosion control method requires technical and economical evaluation of the applicable options in order to h
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Hamerlinck, Roger D. "The Greatest Challenge in Corrosion Prevention and Control Is Apathy." In SSPC 2016 Greencoat. SSPC, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2016-00030.

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At this very moment the equipment, infrastructure and facilities of this nation and of the Department of Defense (DoD) are under attack by a known enemy. This enemy has the ability to work 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The damage, degradation, and deterioration caused by this enemy doesn’t happen overnight; it usually happens over an extended period of time and is often visible to us during the process. That enemy is corrosion! We can prevent or control this enemy for some indefinite time, but eventually, the process of corrosion will win out. It has been estimated that corrosion costs the
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Savu, Nicoleta Andreea. "WHO IS BUILDING GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT - A VIEW FROM NATIONAL ACCOUNTS." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b22/s6.112.

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Xie, Qi, and Yan Xie. "Forecast of Regional Gross National Product Based on Grey Modelling Optimized by Genetic Algorithm." In 2009 International Conference on E-Learning, E-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and E-Government. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeee.2009.53.

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Zhang, Mingwei. "The co-integration analysis of relationship between industrial economy and gross national product of China." In MATERIALS SCIENCE, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY, AND POWER ENGINEERING I: 1st International Conference on Materials Science, Energy Technology, Power Engineering (MEP 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4982531.

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Malanciuc, Vadim. "The GDP - an illusion of prosperity?" In Simpozion Ştiinţific al Tinerilor Cercetători. Ediţia a 22-a. Academy of Economic Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53486/sstc2024.v2.52.

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Throughout this article is examined the overestimation of Gross Domestic Product and its main weak points as an index of evaluation a country's prosperity. GDP, while a valuable metric, offers a limited perspective on a nation's prosperity, hence, do exist a lot of relative alternatives of analyzing how the population of a country is going such us Human Development Index, Global Innovation Index, Gross National Happiness Index, which, after the author's analysis are, in the majority of cases, more suitable in determining the well-being and prosperity of a nation. By considering these indexes,
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Reports on the topic "Gross national product"

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Suh, Jooyeoun, Changa Dorji, Valerie Mercer-Blackman, and Aimee Hampel-Milagrosa. Valuing Unpaid Care Work in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200065-2.

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A growing body of scholarly literature has attempted to measure and value unpaid care work in various countries, but perhaps only the government statistical agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom have seriously undertaken periodic and systematic measures of the time spent on unpaid work at the national level, and partially incorporated those values into their gross domestic product(GDP). One country that has been ahead of its time on aspects of societal welfare measurement is Bhutan, which produces the Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index. However, until the first GNH Survey, in
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Srinivasan, Madhumitha. Climate Finance in India 2023. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/cfi11.2023.

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This report takes stock of the current climate finance landscape in India, along with the estimated financing requirements, enabling conditions and macro policy instruments to achieve national 1.5oC and 2oC goals. Climate change will negatively affect India’s economy leading to annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) loss of 3 per cent to 10 per cent by 2100 (Kompas et al., 2018; RBI, 2023). In a business-as-usual scenario, India is estimated to face GDP per capita loss of 2.6 per cent, 6.7 per cent and 16.9 per cent in 2030, 2050, and 2100 respectively (Kahn, 2019).
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Damiani, Octavio. Rural Development from a Territorial Perspective: Case Studies in Asia and Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011341.

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This paper reviews the contribution of agriculture and rural development to poverty reduction by examining the transformation of five territories in four countries of Asia (Malaysia and People's Republic of China) and Latin America (Brazil and Peru) that have experienced substantial reductions in poverty. While the four countries fall into three distinct groupings based on national statistics on the importance of agriculture and the growth of Gross Domestic Product, the five territories included in the study were among the poorest in their respective countries. At the same time, all five have
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Tian, Nan, Aude Fleurant, Pieter D. Wezeman, and Siemon T. Wezeman. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/zzcw7025.

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World military expenditure is estimated to have been $1686 billion in 2016, equivalent to 2.2 per cent of the global gross domestic product (GDP) or $227 per person. The 2016 estimate is a marginal increase of about 0.4 per cent in real terms on 2015. After 13 consecutive years of increases (from 1998 to 2011), world military spending has continued to plateau—with only minor decreases between 2011 and 2014 (an average of 0.7 per cent per annum) and slight increases in 2015 and 2016. From 24 April 2017 the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database includes newly released information on military expen
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Bastos, Fabiano, Rogério Boueri, Maria Cristina Mac Dowell, and Emilio Pineda. Analysis of Public Spending: An Evaluation Methodology for Measuring the Efficiency of Brazilian State Spending on Education. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007981.

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This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of state public education systems in Brazil. State government spending on education and state gross domestic product are interpreted as input variables, with the latter being non-discretionary. Output variables are based on the number of state public school students taking the ENEM (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio, a national exam taken at the end of high school studies) and the Prova Brasil (a national exam taken at the end of the 5th and 9th grades) and their scores on these exams. Variables were not scaled per capita
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Cooper, Julian. Preparing for a Fourth Year of War: Military Spending in Russia’s Budget for 2025. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2025. https://doi.org/10.55163/cbxj2246.

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The Russian government has been devoting an ever-increasing volume of resources to the war with Ukraine, while attempting to maintain normality for its citizens. Russia has maintained an almost balanced budget because the economy has been growing at a rapid pace, despite tough international sanctions. The challenge in preparing the budget for 2025–27 was to continue this balance as the economy showed signs of overheating and the Central Bank attempted to cool it, creating problems for businesses. Despite diminished budget transparency, Russia’s total planned military expenditure in 2025 can be
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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, and Renato Vargas. Integrating the Value of Natural Capital in Evidence-Based Policy Making. Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002900.

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This paper describes how Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) can be integrated into economy wide analytical frameworks to enhance evidence based decision making. Examples from applications of the Integrated Environmental Economic Modelling (IEEM) Platform show how explicitly accounting for the contributions of the environment to the economy in economic forecasting can lead to substantially different policy recommendations, overcoming some of the scope limitations of traditional economic performance analysis. Furthermore, the paper describes how NCA can be integrated into more traditional economic
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8

Claro de la Maza, Jorge, and Roberto Camblor. Government Procurement and Free Trade in the Americas. Inter-American Development Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008614.

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Governments in many countries -at all levels of development- struggle with increasing budget deficits and soaring national debts. Over the last century, government spending, as a percentage of gross domestic product has tended to increase and with it has increased the range of services offered by governments and the volume of public procurement resulting from it. The growth in public procurement has been accompanied by a growth in public procurement legislation. As the public sector grew, a need made itself to seek assistance form the private sector to provide public services on a contractual
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9

Lopes da Silva, Diego, Nan Tian, and Alexandra Marksteiner. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/jtfi7245.

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World military expenditure in 2020 is estimated to have been $1981 billion, the highest level since 1988—the earliest year for which SIPRI has a consistent estimate for total global military spending. World military expenditure in 2020 was 2.6 per cent higher in real terms than in 2019 and 9.3 per cent higher than in 2011. The global military burden—world military expenditure as a share of global gross domestic product—rose by 0.2 percentage points in 2020, to 2.4 per cent. This increase was largely due to the fact that most countries in the world experienced severe economic downturns in 2020
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10

Lopes da Silva, Diego, Nan Tian, Lucie Béraud-Sudreau, Alexandra Marksteiner, and Xiao Liang. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/dzjd8826.

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In 2021 world military expenditure surpassed the two trillion US dollar mark for the first time, reaching $2113 billion. Global spending in 2021 was 0.7 per cent higher than in 2020 and 12 per cent higher than in 2012. The economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have not ended the continuous upward trend in world military expenditure seen since 2015. As a result of the strong economic recovery across the globe in 2021, world military spending as a share of world gross domestic product—the global military burden—reached 2.2 per cent, down from 2.3 per cent in 2020. Average military spending a
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