Journal articles: 'Gross spread'

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Shearman, Jennifer, and Robert Pearce. "Spread Trustee Company Ltd v Hutcheson." Denning Law Journal 23, no. 1 (November 26, 2012): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v23i1.369.

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EXEMPTING A trustee for gross negligenceCan an exemption clause exclude a trustee’s liability for gross negligence? That was the question which the Privy Council was required to consider in this appeal from the Guernsey Courts. Guernsey has developed substantial activities in finance and trusts, and now has legislation (the Trusts (Guernsey) Law 2007) creating a legal framework for this business. The legislative framework was first introduced in 1989, and amended in 1990. The effect of an exemption clause had never been considered in litigation in Guernsey prior to the introduction of legislation.

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Hvozdenska, Jana. "The relationship of bond yield curves and gross domestic product growth in Scandinavia." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 10 (January 15, 2018): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i10.3110.

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The steepness of the bond yield curve is an excellent indicator of a possible future economic activity. A rise in the short rate tends to flatten the yield curve and slows down real growth in the near-term. This paper analyses the dependence between slope of the yield curve and an economic activity of selected countries between 2000 and 2016. The slope of the yield curve can be measured as the yield spread between sovereign 10-year and 3-month bonds. The results showed that the best predictive lags are the lag of four and five quarters. The results also confirm that 10-year and 3-month yield spread has a significant predictive power for real GDP growth after a financial crisis. These findings can benefit investors and provide evidence of the potential usefulness of the yield curve spreads as indicators of the future economic activity. Keywords: GDP prediction, yield curve, slope, spread.

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Török, László. "Ambivalent Change in CDS Spreads in 11 Euro Area Countries." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2022): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_1_6.

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One of the macroeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic is that the global economy has seen a robust increase in the countries‘ gross external debt and the sovereign public debt that is part of it. Nor have the eurozone Member States escaped this effect. The increase in gross external debt and sovereign government debt also means that it has become theoretically more risky for investors to buy debt securities (typically bonds). Theoretically, however, it follows that as a result of the increase in risks in the country, CDS spreads had to rise as well. The study uses a correlation calculation to show that the development of the price of CDSs is more closely correlated with gross government debt than with gross external debt. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, the study groups the countries of the Eurozone. The basis for clustering is the close relationship between a country‘s gross government debt and its CDS spread over the period under review. A relevant conclusion of the study is that the increase in gross government debt was not followed by an increase in CDS spreads because the financial source of the increase in government debt was different from previous years.

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Zaremba, Adam. "QUALITY INVESTING IN CEE EMERGING MARKETS." Business, Management and Education 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2014): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2014.241.

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Using sorting, cross-sectional tests, regression, and tests of a monotonic relation, the study examines the return patterns related to seven distinct quality characteristics: accruals, bid-ask spread, balance sheet liquidity, profitability, leverage, payout ratio and turnover. The investigation of more than 1.300 stocks from 11 Central and Eastern European countries for the period 2002–2014 documents a strong gross-profitability premium and an inverted liquidity premium. Profitable and not heavily leveraged companies provide a partial hedge against market distress. Finally, the paper proposes quality spreads as a forecasting tool and shows that they have predictive abilities over quality premiums related to leverage, profitability and bid-ask spread.

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Brunton, Laura. "The Gross Motor Function Classification System: clinicians need to spread the word." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 60, no. 12 (September 6, 2018): 1197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14029.

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Taki, Nizar, Richard O. Wein, Harprit Bedi, and Carl B. Heilman. "Extracranial Intraluminal Extension of Atypical Meningioma within the Internal Jugular Vein." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/875607.

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Meningiomas represent the most common benign intracranial neoplasms, and may spread by direct extension into nearby venous sinuses, but gross spread to the extracranial venous system is uncommon. We report the case of a patient with extracranial intraluminal spread of meningioma within the internal jugular vein to level III of the neck. Review of the preoperative assessment and management is also presented.

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Pace, Pierangelo De. "GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH PREDICTIONS THROUGH THE YIELD SPREAD: TIME-VARIATION AND STRUCTURAL BREAKS." International Journal of Finance & Economics 18, no. 1 (February 29, 2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.453.

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Anderson, John A., and Steven Li. "Calendar Spread Trading and the Efficiency of Australian Bank Accepted Bill Futures Market." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 10, no. 02 (June 2007): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091507001033.

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This paper is concerned with the potential profit opportunities in trading calendar spreads of 90-day Bank Accepted Bill (BAB) futures contracts on the Sydney Futures Exchange (SFE) during the 1990s. It is shown that statistically significant gross profits can be generated by a naïve strategy for most of the considered holding periods ranging from 3 months to 18 months. However, after the deduction of generous transaction costs, the net profits are statistically significant only for the 6-month holding period returns. The implications of the profits produced by calendar spread trading methodology on the efficiency of the BAB futures market are also addressed. The empirical results reveal that the efficiency market hypothesis for the BAB futures market cannot be universally accepted in the 1990s.

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Rodríguez-Bertos, Antonio, Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández, Agustín Rebollada-Merino, Néstor Porras-González, Francisco J. Mayoral-Alegre, Lucía Barreno, Aleksandra Kosowska, Irene Tomé-Sánchez, José A. Barasona, and José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. "Clinical Course and Gross Pathological Findings in Wild Boar Infected with a Highly Virulent Strain of African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II." Pathogens 9, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090688.

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African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable disease that in recent years has spread remarkably in Europe and Asia. Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) plays a key role in the maintenance and spread of the pathogen. Here we examined gross pathology of infection in wild boar with a highly virulent, hemadsorbing genotype II ASF virus (ASFV) strain. To this end, six wild boars were intramuscularly inoculated with the 10 HAD50 Arm07 ASFV strain, and 11 wild boars were allowed to come into direct contact with the inoculated animals. No animals survived the infection. Clinical course, gross pathological findings and viral genome quantification by PCR in tissues did not differ between intramuscularly inoculated or contact-infected animals. Postmortem analysis showed enlargement of liver and spleen; serosanguinous effusion in body cavities; and multiple hemorrhages in lungs, endocardium, brain, kidneys, urinary bladder, pancreas, and alimentary system. These results provide detailed insights into the gross pathology of wild boar infected with a highly virulent genotype II ASFV strain. From a didactic point of view, this detailed clinical course and macroscopic description may be essential for early postmortem detection of outbreaks in wild boar in the field and contribute to disease surveillance and prevention efforts.

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Shrestha, Purna Man. "Determinants of Interest Rate Spread of Nepalese Commercial Banks." Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbssr.v7i2.51489.

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This paper has analysed the determinants of interest rate spread (IRS) of Nepalese commercial banks. The panel data of 25 commercial banks from 2013/14 to 2020/21 was used for the analysis. The study used return on assets (ROA), management efficiency (ME), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), assets quality (AQ), and credit risk (CR, and operational efficiency (OE) as the bank specific determinants and inflation (INF) and growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) as the macroeconomic determinants. Using the random effect model, the paper finds ROA, CR, ME, and OE as the major bank specific determinants and INF and GDP as the major macroeconomic determinants of interest rate spread. Similarly, the role of ROA, CR, INF and GDP was found to be positive while that of ME and OE was discovered as a negative role in determining IRS of Nepalese commercial banks. The findings of this study can be useful in formulating policies on the spread rate of interest.

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SILVA, SIMONE, and DAVID R. HOTCHKISS. "HOW DOES THE SPREAD OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLING INFLUENCE THE FERTILITY TRANSITION? EVIDENCE FROM RURAL NEPAL." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 1 (February 21, 2013): 16–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000096.

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SummaryFrom 1996 to 2006, Nepal experienced a substantial fertility decline, with the total fertility rate dropping from 4.6 to 3.1 births per woman. This study examines the associations between progress towards universal primary and secondary schooling and fertility decline in rural Nepal. Several hypotheses regarding mechanisms through which education affects current fertility behaviour are tested, including: the school environment during women's childhood; current availability of schools; knowledge of educational costs; and women's own educational attainment. Data for the analysis come from the 2003–04 Nepal Living Standards Survey, a nationally representative random sample of households, which includes detailed data on fertility, household expenditure, educational attainment, demographic characteristics and the use of social services. Census and administrative data are also used to construct district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during the women's childhood. Discrete dependent variable modelling techniques are used to estimate the effects of the following variables on the probability of women giving birth in a given year: district-level gross enrolment ratios for primary and secondary schools during women's childhood; having had a child previously in school; women's own educational level; current school availability; and other covariates. Separate models are estimated for the overall sample of rural women of reproductive age, and for parity-specific sub-samples. The results suggest that district-level gross enrolment ratios for secondary schools and, in some instances, having had a previous child enrolled in school are significant determinants of fertility in rural areas. These results are highly independent of women's own educational levels. Overall, the results suggest that, in the rural Nepal context, mass schooling influences the fertility transition through both community- and household-level pathways.

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Niu, Xinyi, Yufeng Yue, Xingang Zhou, and Xiaohu Zhang. "How Urban Factors Affect the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Infectious Diseases in Addition to Intercity Population Movement in China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110615.

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The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has attracted global attention. During the Chinese New Year holiday, population outflow from Wuhan induced the spread of the epidemic to other cities in China. This study analyzed massive intercity movement data from Baidu and epidemic data to study how intercity population outflows affected the spatiotemporal spread of the epidemic. This study further investigated how urban factors influenced the spatiotemporal spread of COVID-19. The analysis indicates that intercity movement was an important factor in the spread of the epidemic in China, and the impact of intercity movement on the spread was heterogeneous across different classes of cities. The spread of the epidemic also varied among cities and was affected by urban factors including the total population, population density, and gross domestic product (GDP). The findings have implications for public health management. Mega-cities should consider tougher measures to contain the spread of the epidemic compared with other cities. It is of great significance for policymakers in any nation to assess the potential risk of epidemics and make cautious plans ahead of time.

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13

Okechukwu, Dike, Nwogwugu Uche, Kalu Chris, and Eze Eze. "EFFECT ANALYSIS OF BANKING SECTOR REFORM AND GROSS MANUFACTURING OUTPUT IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 9." International Journal of Advanced Research in Statistics, Management and Finance 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijarsmf.v8.i1.09.

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No doubt, structural transformation lies at the heart of economic progress of any nation. Most significantly, the industrial sector, especially manufacturing, is a key engine of growth and development. Unfortunately, manufacturing development in Nigeria, over the years have not improved despite the banking sector reforms. This paper empirically investigated the shock effects of the banking sector reform on gross manufacturing output in Nigeria between the period 1970-2018. The variables used in the paper include gross manufacturing output, bank credit to the manufacturing sector, interest rate spread, nominal exchange rate, market capitalization, manufacturing capacity utilization and a dummy variable. The data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, International Monetary Fund Financial Reports and the World Bank Development Indicator (2019). The Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) estimation techniques were employed to achieve the objective of the paper. The results showed that gross manufacturing output responded negatively to bank credit during all the reforms phases. It further revealed that it responded negatively to a unit shock in exchange rate during the pre-SAP and bank recapitalization periods, but positively during the deregulation, regulation and liberalization periods. It showed also that gross manufacturing output responded negatively to shock in interest rate spread during all reform phases in Nigeria. The policy implication of these findings attested to the fact that the linkage between the banking sector and real sector is weak in Nigeria. Hence for Sustainable Development Goal 9, in particular 9.2, to be achieved, the linkage between both critical sectors must be integrated and strengthened via improving on the banking sector fundamentals and introduction of shock measures from the reform.

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Gaynanov, D. A., and A. G. Ataeva. "Influence of external impacts on the dynamics of the industrial structure of gross regional product." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 10 (December 11, 2020): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-10-93-100.

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The article assesses the impact of the sectoral structure of the gross regional product of the Russian regions on the sustainability of regional economies to external crises (using the oil crisis and the spread of coronavirus infection as an example). Firstly, based on a comparison of the trends in oil prices and the gross regional product of Russian regions over the past 20 years, the paper determines that the oil crisis will affect the economic development of all regions, regardless of the specialization of the territory. Secondly, the study ascertains that regions, which have a high share of the raw materials industry and a low share of trade, transportation, and the financial sector, are more resistant to the consequences of the spread of coronavirus infection. Using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the authors identify threats to the modern structure of the economy and the social sphere in terms of sustainability to external crises, and propose the directions of structural and spatial restructuring of the region’s economy to increase the stability of the regional economy.

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15

Suoglu, Y., M. Guven, E. Kiyak, and M. Enoz. "Significance of pre-epiglottic space invasion in supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 122, no. 6 (September 21, 2007): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215107000370.

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AbstractCancerous involvement of the pre-epiglottic space has been known for many years to be an important prognostic factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of pre-epiglottic space invasion, according to the degree of invasion (i.e. absence, minimal or gross), and to assess the oncological suitability for supracricoid partial laryngectomy in patients with supraglottic laryngeal carcinomas. This study included 52 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic and glotto-supraglottic larynx, treated with supracricoid partial laryngectomy–cricohyoidopexy, between 1992 and 2001. Clinical and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Pre-epiglottic space invasion was seen in 35 patients (67.3 per cent); there was gross invasion in seven patients and minimal invasion in 28. Neoplastic invasion of the anterior commissure was seen in 18 patients (34.6 per cent) and thyroid cartilage involvement in eight (15.4 per cent). Neoplastic spread through the extralaryngeal tissues was not seen in any patient. The five-year overall survival was 71.5 per cent for patients with gross pre-epiglottic space invasion, 82.2 per cent for those with minimal pre-epiglottic space invasion, and 76.4 per cent for those without pre-epiglottic space invasion. It was observed that gross or minimal pre-epiglottic space invasion did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Univariate analysis showed that nodal positivity was associated with a poor prognosis. None of the other parameters analysed showed a statistically significant relationship with survival. Four (7.6 per cent) patients had local laryngeal recurrence. Distant metastasis and a second primary tumour were detected in three (5.8 per cent) and four (7.6 per cent) patients, respectively. The five-year overall survival and cause-specific survival were 78.8 and 82 per cent, respectively. Supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy can safely be performed in supraglottic and glotto-supraglottic carcinomas with minimal or gross invasion of the pre-epiglottic space which have no extralaryngeal spread. Nodal status is an important predictor affecting survival.

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Luomaranta, Anna, Jouko Lohi, Ralf Bützow, Arto Leminen, and Mikko Loukovaara. "Prediction of Para-aortic Spread by Gross Pelvic Lymph Node Findings in Patients With Endometrial Carcinoma." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 24, no. 4 (May 2014): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000113.

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ObjectiveIsolated para-aortic lymph node metastases are rare in patients with endometrial carcinoma. We wanted to determine the reliability of macroscopic pelvic lymph node findings at surgery in predicting para-aortic space involvement in these patients.MethodsWe identified all women with surgically treated endometrial carcinoma at our institution between January 2008 and February 2013 (n = 854). One hundred seventeen patients received pelvic-aortic lymphadenectomy. Lymph nodes were considered grossly positive based on size and morphology.ResultsIn patients who underwent comprehensive lymphadenectomy, grossly positive pelvic nodes predicted para-aortic metastasis with a sensitivity of 52.4% and specificity of 93.8%. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 8.4 and 0.51, respectively. The predictive power of grossly positive pelvic nodes remained significant (odds ratio, 18; 95% confidence interval, 4.1–78; P < 0.0001) after correcting for deep myometrial invasion, poor tumor differentiation, and nonendometrioid histology as confounders. The whole sample of 854 patients was used for Bayesian calculations. The cutoff for a clinically useful test was set at the negative predictive value of 98.0%. The negative predictive value of the test (ie, grossly positive pelvic nodes at surgery in predicting the likelihood of para-aortic metastasis) was 99.7% for patients with superficial grade 1 to 2 endometrioid carcinomas and 98.0% for patients with deeply invasive grade 1 to 2 endometrioid carcinomas. For patients with grade 3 endometrioid and nonendometrioid carcinomas, the negative predictive values were 97.3% and 92.2%, respectively. For the whole study population, the value was 98.4%.ConclusionsWhen uterine factors are used for risk stratification of endometrial carcinomas, selective para-aortic lymphadenectomy, based on gross findings of pelvic nodes, is feasible for patients with grade 1 to 2 endometrioid carcinomas, regardless of the depth of myometrial invasion. Similarly, gross findings of pelvic nodes can be used to evaluate the need for para-aortic lymphadenectomy in the strategy of routine pelvic lymphadenectomy.

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Resnick, Bruce G. "Investor yield and gross underwriting spread comparisons among U.S. dollar domestic, Yankee, Eurodollar, and global bonds." Journal of International Money and Finance 31, no. 2 (March 2012): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2011.12.005.

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18

Marini, Richard P., John A. Barden, and Donald Sowers. "Growth and Fruiting Responses of `Redchief Delicious' Apple Trees to Heading Cuts and Scaffold Limb Removal." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 4 (July 1993): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.4.446.

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Three-year-old `Campbell Redchief Delicious'/MM.111 [Malus domestica (Borkh.)] trees were subjected to a factorial arrangement of annual pruning treatments (removal of excess scaffold limbs vs. no removal, heading the terminal extension shoot on scaffold limbs vs. no heading) plus a treatment involving gradual removal of excess scaffold limbs. Six years after treatments were initiated, pruning treatment did not influence tree height or trunk size. Tree spread was greatest for nonheaded trees. Although yield, yield efficiency, and gross returns were reduced by either type of pruning, there was significant interaction between limb removal and heading. Compared to no limb removal or heading, limb removal plus heading reduced cumulative gross returns by ≈ $12,800/ha.

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Makun, Keshmeer Kanewar, and T. K. Jayaraman. "SPREAD OF ICT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES: A PANEL STUDY." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 23 (January 31, 2020): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v23i0.1178.

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This paper investigates the impact of information and communications technology(ICT) on economic growth in Pacific Island countries by employing an augmentedproduction function model and panel data analysis from 2002 to 2017. The empiricalfindings reveal that ICT-related indicators have a positive and significant impact on theeconomic growth process, along with the fundamental variable of capital stock. Theeffect of control variables such as foreign direct investment and exports have a positiveeffect on the real gross domestic product per capita, whereas inflation has a negativeeffect. The sensitivity evaluation of ICT indicators with different control variablesproduces consistent evidence of ICT’s effect on economic growth. Policymakersas well as ICT stakeholders should enhance investments for improving ICT-relatedinfrastructure and promoting technology to boost economic growth in Pacific Islandcountries.

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Storonyanska, Iryna Z., and Liliya Ya Benovska. "Budgetary factors of regional economic growth in the spread of COVID-19 pandemic." Regional Economy, no. 1(103) (2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2022-1-5.

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Domestic regions with different financial and economic development potential and budget revenues face the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in different ways and demonstrate different opportunities for economic growth. The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of budgetary factors on the economic growth of regions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The following methods were used for the study: abstract-logical, comparative analysis, graphical visualization, statistical. The article analyzes the financial stability of local budgets and identifies its dependence on the financial and economic potential of the regions. There is a clear distance between the oblasts of the western regions (Ternopil, Chernivtsi, Rivne, Ivano-Frankivsk) with weak financial and economic potential and high levels of transfer dependence and Kyiv, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk regions with opposite development characteristics. The article argues that despite the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy of the regions, there was a positive trend in the main indicators of financial stability of local budgets: reducing transfer dependence and coverage of general expenditures with own revenues of local budgets in all regions. The objective reasons for this trend lie not in the rapid growth of local budget revenues but the relatively higher reduction in transfers from the state budget and the reduction of local budget expenditures. The correlation analysis reveals a close link between economic growth in the regions and the main taxes of local budgets and its absence or weak link between their growth rates in the 2020 crisis due to the growth of tax revenues despite the decline in Gross Regional Product. The elasticity of the main taxes of local incomes (personal income tax, single tax, etc.) to the Gross Regional Product is studied. The influence of budgetary factors on the economic growth of regions and interregional disparities in the conditions of instability is investigated and systematization of the influence of budgetary factors on regional development is carried out.

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Chahine, Salim. "Underpricing versus gross spread: New evidence on the effect of sold shares at the time of IPOs." Journal of Multinational Financial Management 18, no. 2 (April 2008): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2007.08.001.

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Mishra, A., S. Datta, A. Malik, A. Garg, D. Nair, S. Nair, M. Mair, M. Bal, J. Agarwal, and P. Chaturvedi. "Role of microscopic spread beyond gross disease as an adverse prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma." European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 43, no. 8 (August 2017): 1503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2017.04.013.

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Miller, Catherine R., Kendall Von Crowns, and Vickie Willoughby. "Fatal Ludwig's Angina: Cases of Lethal Spread of Odontogenic Infection." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 1 (March 2018): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2018.011.

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We report two cases of deaths resulting from complications of odontogenic infections/submandibular space infections. In one case, the decedent had a history of toothache as well as facial and tongue swelling; autopsy revealed inflammation involving the tongue and larynx. In the second case, the decedent had a history of toothache, and at autopsy there was spread of infection to the mediastinum. Ludwig's angina is a form of submandibular space infection, which often is a result of odontogenic infection. The infection can spread into the deep spaces of the neck, producing complications including edema of the tongue and pharynx (causing airway obstruction), descending mediastinitis, pericarditis, necrotizing fasciitis, pleural empyema, and pneumonia. Gross findings at autopsy might reveal a dental abscess or other forms of infection of the head and neck, necrosis of the neck muscles and larynx, and infrequently, infection extending to the chest cavity. Microscopically, there is acute inflammation with necrosis and/or granulation tissue predominantly within the fascia. Without treatment, submandibular space infections can be life threatening and progression to death can be swift. These cases demonstrate the lethal effects of odontogenic infections. Without a clinical history of toothache or dental abscess, one can be alerted to a possible submandibular space infection by identifying isolated necrosis of the neck musculature.

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Murgea, Aurora. "International Confidence in Italian Economy. A Spread and Gambling Analysis." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 8, s1 (March 1, 2015): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjeb-2015-0005.

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Abstract Gambling is an ancient human activity with a prevalent position nowadays both as a social entertainment activity and as a way to gain money effortless. Every country has its specific pattern in gambling determined both by its cultural and macroeconomic determinants and by its national regulatory framework. Macroeconomic variables as gross national income per capita, annual variation of GDP or unemployment were previously proved to be connected with the gambling industry. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects generated by the internal and external loss of confidence in the Italian economy, as an effect of the latest financial crisis, over the Italian gambling industry. The level of spread between the 10 years yield of Italian and German government bonds is used as a proxy for the international trust in the Italian economy and the Economic Sentiment Indicator is used to describe the Italian citizens' confidence. The main results show a strong positive, statistically significant correlation between skill games and spread and an unexpected negative significant correlations between spread and lottery, one of the purely fortune games that was often seen as an ultimate chance to survive the crisis. The Economic Sentiment Indicator seems not to be correlated with any of the gambling categories.

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Sheth, Rishi N., Dimitris G. Placantonakis, and Philip H. Gutin. "Intracranial and Spinal Metastases From Eccrine Mucinous Carcinoma." Neurosurgery 67, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): E861—E862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000377860.59894.a3.

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Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Mucinous eccrine carcinoma (MEC) is a rare but distinct type of sweat gland tumor. MECs tend to recur locally, and their spread to distant organs is very uncommon. This article describes the first case of MEC metastasizing to the brain and the spine. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 45-year-old female presented with a 2-year history of a scalp mass in the occipital area with lymph node spread. She underwent excision of the mass and neck lymph node dissection. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis of MEC. Postoperatively, she received radiation to the involved areas. Four years later the patient presented with left hemiparesis and underwent craniotomy for gross total resection of the metastasis. This recurred after 2.5 years and she underwent another craniotomy for gross total resection followed by whole brain radiation. In addition, the patient had metastases to T11 vertebral body and the left C6 to 7 neural foramen. Moreover, the patient developed leptomeningeal disease in the spine. The metastases to the spine were treated with radiation therapy. The patient died 1.5 years later. CONCLUSION Even though it is rare for MEC to spread to distant organs, physicians should be aware of the risk of metastatic invasion of the brain and spine and be vigilant about surveillance of these sites. MEC metastases to the brain should be treated aggressively with surgical resection followed by stereotactic radiosurgery to the tumor bed. Spine metastases should be treated with a combination of surgery and image-guided radiation therapy, depending on the degree of cord compression from epidural metastatic disease.

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Khan, Khadeja, Evan Luther, Alexis A. Morrell, Sze Kiat Tan, Daniel G. Eichberg, Ashish H. Shah, Victor M. Lu, Sakir H. Gultekin, and Jacques J. Morcos. "Recurrent adult pilocytic astrocytoma presenting with intraventricular and leptomeningeal spread." Surgical Neurology International 12 (July 19, 2021): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_423_2021.

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Background: Infratentorial pilocytic astrocytomas are uncommon tumors in adulthood but are thought to be prognostically similar to their pediatric counterparts with excellent overall survival following gross total resection. However, given the relative rarity of these tumors, no management guidelines exist for recurrent adult pilocytic astrocytomas (APAs). This lack of consensus is especially problematic for inoperable recurrences or those with aggressive features concerning for malignant transformation. Case Description: In 2017, a 26-year-old female presented with headaches, nausea, vomiting, and blurry vision. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large, well-circumscribed mass within the fourth ventricle causing obstructive hydrocephalus. She underwent near-total resection through a midline suboccipital transtonsillar approach. Pathology demonstrated a World Health Organization Grade 1 pilocytic astrocytoma. Despite initial improvement in her symptoms, she developed worsening headaches and lethargy 10 months after surgery and repeat MRI demonstrated recurrent tumor within the entire ventricular system and the subarachnoid spaces of the left cerebellopontine angle suggesting leptomeningeal spread. Due to the unresectable nature of the recurrence, the patient declined any further intervention and succumbed to her disease 6 months later. Conclusion: We present the first case of a recurrent APA presenting with intraventricular and leptomeningeal spread. Although thought to be a benign neoplasm, close interval follow-up with serial imaging is of essential, especially in those patients with known residual tumor, to prevent aggressive recurrences such as this.

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Ing, G., N. Semrad, S. Jordan, F. Latino, and W. G. Watring. "Surgery and prognosis in stage III epithelial ovarian cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 5, no. 6 (1995): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1995.05060416.x.

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The results of this retrospective case study indicate that a composite of tumor grade, pattern of spread and substage at the time of opening affects the outcome most in the treatment of stage III epithelial tumors of the ovary. The poorest prognosis was associated with grade 3 histology, a pattern of spread requiring extensive and often difficult surgery for removal and a high substage. The best prognosis was usually associated with grade 1, with either very easily removed, isolated spread or low substage.The extent of tumor defined the degree of primary cytoreduction possible. If the tumor was minimally extensive, primary cytoreduction results were excellent. The same conclusions were reached in the case of secondary cytoreduction at the time of second-look procedure. There was no statistically significant difference (z= 1.481,P= 0.069) in 5-year survival between patients with microscopic only disease (59%) at second-look, and patients with gross disease not cytoreduced (36%).

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Licchetta, Mirko, and Eric Meyermans. "Gross Fixed Capital Formation in the Euro Area During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Intereconomics 57, no. 4 (August 6, 2022): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-022-1058-1.

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AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gross fixed capital formation across the euro area. The empirical analysis suggests that the intensity of the lockdown measures to contain the spread of the virus and the country-specific structure of the economy along with other traditional drivers, in particular falling output, can explain a large part of the contraction. The bold policy response at the national and EU level mitigated the impact of COVID-19 and supported the recovery. The faster-than-expected rebound in economic activity suggests that the negative economic impact of the pandemic will be more contained than initially feared. However, uncertainty over future health developments remains high, especially given the risks of new more transmissible variants.

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Jones, Lucy, and Sarah Field. "Corporate Criminal Liability for Manslaughter: The Evolving Approach of the Prosecuting Authorities and Courts in England and Wales." Business Law Review 32, Issue 4 (April 1, 2011): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2011021.

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Recent years have seen the enactment of new legislation governing corporate liability for death caused by gross negligence through business activities. The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 has been heralded as an important development in corporate criminal liability. Our research examines the potential impact of the Act, upon companies and their directors in the UK. The paper considers recent cases where there has been a fatality in the workplace due to gross negligence of the management, and examines the evolving approach of the prosecuting authorities and courts. From our investigations it would appear that the potential net of corporate criminal liability has now been spread further. If prosecutions are successful, large corporations may face severe fines; however it is small companies and their directors that will usually bear the burden of increased penalties for corporate failure.

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Chukwu, Kenechukwu Origin, and Chimarume Blessing Ubah. "Causal Relationship between Selected Financial Development Indicators and Economic Growth in Nigeria from 1985-2016." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 02 (2022): 318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2022.5221.

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The study examines the causal relationship between selected financial development indicators and economic growth in Nigeria. The study used quarterly data from the statistical bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria from (1985Q1-2016Q4). The study employs Granger causality test and Vector Autoregressive (VAR) estimation techniques. The findings show a bidirectional causality between money supply to gross domestic product on real gross domestic product. There is also unidirectional relationship between private debt to total debt securities (domestic) on real gross domestic product while there is no causality between lending-deposits spread and liquidity ratio on RGDP. The study therefore recommends that government should further undertake financial reforms; build a robust infrastructure, legal system and an enabling business environment capable of attracting quality investments, promote real sector growth and development as well as job creation and economic growth. Government should also introduce policies aimed at enhancing financial inclusion and boosting financial access in Nigeria. Attention should be given to the money supply in the economy to ensure that the money in circulation is within the growth target in order to achieve price stability and accelerated growth.

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Aguayo, J., A. Teplick, A. Butturini, A. Erdreich-Epstein, R. Jubran, J. Villablanca, D. Hyder, B. Britt, and J. Finlay. "Factors affecting event free survival (EFS) after high dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue (HDC/SCR) in children with brain tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 9057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.9057.

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9057 Background: HDC/SCR is a novel approach for treatment of children with brain tumors. Despite several studies suggesting results are better in children with primitive neural ectodermal tumors (PNET) or medulloblastoma (MB), it is controversial whether other factors can predict outcome. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 53 patients who underwent HDC/SCR for brain tumors at Children Hospital Los Angeles between June 1992 and June 2005. Patients were aged 4 months to 15.8 years at diagnosis and 9 months to 18.1 years at transplant. In all cases the conditioning regimen included thiotepa and/or etoposide and/or carboplatin. The variables considered were age at diagnosis, histology, extent of disease, conditioning regimen, radiation therapy, stem cell type and timing of transplant. Results: Diagnoses included 33 PNET/MB, 8 high-grade gliomas, 5 ependymomas, 3 germinomas, 2 choroid plexus carcinomas and 2 rhabdoid tumors. Overall event free survival at 36 months was 53±9.1% in PNET/MB and 40±15.5% in tumors with other histology. Variables associated with better EFS in PNET/MB were no prior progression (p=0.00094), no spread into bone marrow (p=1.2 E-10) and age less than 3 years at diagnosis (p=0.046). There was a trend toward improved outcome if there was gross total resection of the tumor (p=0.11). Patients with PNET transplanted before progression had better EFS if they had localized disease at diagnosis (p=0.00024), and if gross total surgical resection was accomplished (p=0.11). Patients with PNET/MB transplanted after progression had better EFS if there was no spread of disease into blood or bone marrow (p=0.00023), if they were male (p=0.053), had localized disease at relapse (p=0.12) and if radiotherapy was given after transplant (p=0.053). In patients with tumors of other histology, the only variable associated with prolonged EFS was gross total resection (p=0.026). Conclusions: Children most likely to benefit from HDC/SCR for brain tumors are those less than 3 years old who are newly diagnosed with PNET that is locally confined, and those with a non-PNET diagnosis who have gross total resection of tumor. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Enyoghasim, Michael O., Hycenth O. R. Ogwuru, Glory C. Agu, and Abieyuwa E. Igbinedion. "The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Unemployment in Nigeria." Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 6, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2022.v06i08.003.

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The study examined the impact of fiscal policy on unemployment in Nigeria. The main objective of the study is to find out the relationship between fiscal policy like recurrent expenditure, capital expenditure, debt servicing and some variables like inflation rate, interest rate spread, gross fixed capital formation on unemployment. The study used expo-factor research design with Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) in analyzing the data collected from CBN statistical bulletin. The result revealed that government capital expenditure, gross fixed capital formation and debt servicing impacted significantly on unemployment, while inflation rate, interest rate and recurrent government expenditure had insignificant impact on unemployment. Based on the findings, the study concludes that fiscal policy has a significant impact on unemployment. It was recommended that government expenditure should be channeled towards productive sectors which are capable of absorbing the teeming unemployed in the society and not luxuries and stop further acquiring more loans.

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Wade, M. J., and R. W. Beeman. "The population dynamics of maternal-effect selfish genes." Genetics 138, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.1309.

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Abstract We use population genetic methods to describe the expected population dynamics of the selfish-gene chromosomal factor, Medea (maternal-effect dominant embryonic arrest), recently discovered in flour beetles, genus Tribolium. In the absence of deleterious effects on gross fecundity, Medea factors spread to fixation for all degrees of maternal-effect lethality greater than zero and the rate of spread is proportional to the strength of the maternal-effect. The rate of spread when rare is very slow, on the order of the frequency squared p2, but this can be accelerated to order p when there is density regulation at the level of families as is known to occur for some genetic strains of flour beetles. When there are general deleterious effects of Medea on fecundity, affecting all offspring genotypes in addition to the genotype-specific maternal effect, then a stable interior polymorphism is possible. The location of the interior equilibrium and the probability of loss or fixation are sensitive to the degree of dominance of these fecundity effects.

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Caruso, Riccardo, Luigi Marrocco, Venceslao Wierzbicki, and Maurizio Salvati. "Intramedullary Melanocytoma: Case Report and Review of Literature." Tumori Journal 95, no. 3 (May 2009): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160909500322.

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We report on a very rare case of dorsal intramedullary melanocytoma in a 62-year-old man. The tumor was resected and gross total removal was achieved. During a 2-year follow-up period in which no radiotherapy was given, the tumor did not recur. We review the literature on these tumors and present disease criteria to distinguish melanocytoma from primary malignant melanoma. Patients and investigators should be cautioned that an intramedullary melanocytoma may recur and give rise to metastatic spread via the cerebrospinal fluid.

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Berg, Martha K., Qinggang Yu, Cristina E. Salvador, Irene Melani, and Shinobu Kitayama. "Mandated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination predicts flattened curves for the spread of COVID-19." Science Advances 6, no. 32 (July 31, 2020): eabc1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1463.

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Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination may reduce the risk of a range of infectious diseases, and if so, it could protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we compared countries that mandated BCG vaccination until at least 2000 with countries that did not. To minimize any systematic effects of reporting biases, we analyzed the rate of the day-by-day increase in both confirmed cases (134 countries) and deaths (135 countries) in the first 30-day period of country-wise outbreaks. The 30-day window was adjusted to begin at the country-wise onset of the pandemic. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of mandated BCG policies on the growth rate of both cases and deaths after controlling for median age, gross domestic product per capita, population density, population size, net migration rate, and various cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism). Our analysis suggests that mandated BCG vaccination can be effective in the fight against COVID-19.

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Alaman, Manuel, Adrián González-Marrón, Cristina Lorente, Cristina Bonastre, and Alicia Laborda. "Description of an Ultrasound-Guided Transverse Approach to the Transversus Thoracis Plane Block and Evaluation of Injectate Spread in Canine Cadavers." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092657.

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Transversus thoracis plane (TTP) block has demonstrated to produce analgesia in humans undergoing median sternotomy. The objectives of the study were to describe an ultrasound-guided transverse approach to the transversus thoracis plane (t-TTP) and to evaluate the spread of two injectable volumes in canine cadavers. Two cadavers were used to describe relevant gross anatomy of the ventral thoracic area and sonoanatomy between the fifth and sixth costal cartilages. Then, eight cadavers were used to describe the ultrasound-guided injection into the TTP and were dissected to evaluate the injectate spread and the intercostal nerves staining with two different dye-lidocaine volumes: low volume (LV) 0.5 mL kg−1 and high volume (HV) 1 mL kg−1. To compare the spread between both volumes the Fisher’s exact test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used. The solution spread along the TTP after all injections, staining a median number (range) of 3 (2–4) and 4 (3–5) nerves with LV and HV, respectively (p = 0.014). The injection of HV versus LV increases the number of stained nerves. Ultrasound-guided t-TTP is a feasible technique that provides staining of several intercostal nerves with a single injection site, so it could be useful to provide analgesia to the ventral chest wall.

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Valls Martínez, María del Carmen, José Manuel Santos-Jaén, Rafael Félix Valls-Úbeda, and Rafael Soriano Román. "COVID-19 and Public Health Spending; Effects on the Economic Sustainability of the Spanish Private Healthcare System." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021585.

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This research analyzes the influence of COVID-19 and public health spending policies on the economic sustainability of Spanish private hospitals. Moreover, it explores the relationship between public health spending policies and the spread of COVID-19 in Spain. Private health care is an understudied sector, yet it is fundamental to the health of citizens. Moreover, the economic causes linked to the spread of the pandemic have not yet been clearly established. Therefore, this work covers a gap in the literature. Private hospital profitability was analyzed by applying ordinary least squares and panel data regressions on financial and macroeconomic data for the period 2017–2020. The spread of COVID-19 was examined by means of cluster and component analysis. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the economic sustainability of Spanish private hospitals, which was also influenced by public health spending. In turn, the spread of the pandemic was mainly related to population density, but was also influenced by public health spending and the gross domestic product of the region. Therefore, policymakers must consider that it is essential to make adequate investments in the healthcare system to cope with pandemics such as COVID-19. In addition, managers can see how corporate social responsibility is a valuable strategy for maintaining hospital profitability.

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Jayantilal, Shanaliya Hetalben. "A Case Study on Gross and Net Non-performing Assets of State bank of India." Journal of Social Commerce 2, no. 3 (September 24, 2022): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56209/jommerce.v2i3.33.

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The main objective of present study is to examine Gross non-performing assets and net non-performing assets of State Bank of India. For the present case study researcher has select five years period of study started from 2015-16 to 2019-20. Researcher has selected five NPA ratios; Gross NPA, Net NPA, Provision coverage ratio, Cash deposit ratio and Interest spread ratio. Chi- square test; time series analysis (Manually calculated) is applied on selected ratios of non-performing assets of State Bank of India. The study found out that there is no significant association in all selected ratios of state bank of India. It means in all the selected financial years ratios of non-performance assets is similar and null hypothesis is accepted. In this era banking sector has major suffer from non-performing assets. State bank of India is oldest bank with higher market capital. The paper investigates NPA of State Bank of India. This study helps to investors & managerial board for decision making.

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CLARK, A. GAVIN, and DONNA H. BUESCHKENS. "Horizontal Spread of Human and Poultry-Derived Strains of Campylobacter jejuni among Broiler Chicks Held in Incubators and Shipping Boxes." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.6.438.

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The first chick to hatch and dry in each of a series of incubators was fed a suspension of Campylobacter jejuni via a stomach tube and returned to the incubator. Subsequently, all hatched chicks were taken out of the incubators and housed in standard transport boxes for a further 24 h, after which they were killed by carbon dioxide inhalation. The intestinal tracts of all hatched birds were excised, enriched in liquid media and then plated on media selective for C. jejuni. Campylobacters were cultured from up to 70% of the chicks but this percentage varied with the strain originally fed to the initial chick. The spread of poultry-derived strains was as extensive as that of some human-derived strains, while other human strains showed little tendency to spread amongst chicks. A significant number of hatched, healthy chicks had distended intestinal tracts and showed abnormal gross liver pathology. This symptom was typical of those strains of C. jejuni known to be invasive or toxigenic. However, the gross pathology occurred more frequently than did the incidence of viable C. jejuni in the intestine of the same chicks, suggesting either that the C. jejuni were now mainly unculturable or that some cellular product was responsible for the intestinal pathology. The serotype of each of the strains isolated, was identical to the serotype of the strain initially fed to each banded bird. This laboratory study shows that one infected chick in an incubator potentially can infect other chicks before the birds reached the farm in transport boxes, so accounting for a further source of C. jejuni contamination of poultry.

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Sotiropoulos, Dimitris P., and Janette Rutterford. "Individual Investors and Portfolio Diversification in Late Victorian Britain: How Diversified Were Victorian Financial Portfolios?" Journal of Economic History 78, no. 2 (June 2018): 435–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000207.

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This article investigates Victorian investor financial portfolio strategies in England and Wales during the second half of the nineteenth century. We find that investors held on average about half of their gross wealth in the form of four or five liquid financial securities, but were reluctant to adopt fully contemporary financial advice to invest equal amounts in securities or to spread risk across the globe. They generally held under-diversified portfolios and proximity to their investments may have been an alternative to diversification as a means of risk reduction, especially for the less wealthy.

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De Groote, Ruben, Alessandro Larcher, Marijn Goossens, De Raeve Hendrik, Van Der Steen Kris, Vincent De Coninck, Geert De Naeyer, Peter Schatteman, Frederiek D’Hondt, and Alexandre Mottrie. "Metachronous metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the urinary bladder: a case report." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756287217738986.

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We report a case of intravesical metastasis of a clear cell renal cell carcinoma. In renal cell carcinoma 16% of patients present with metastatic disease. Renal cell carcinoma can metastasize to nearly every organ, although metastatic spread to the urinary bladder is rare, with fewer than 70 described cases. The route and pattern of metastatic spread is not yet fully understood and different pathways are suggested. Gross haematuria is the presenting symptom in the majority of cases. These intravesical metastases may be synchronous or metachronous and can be solitary or part of polymetastatic disease. No standard treatment can be suggested due to the rare nature of this phenomenon, and treatment varies from transurethral resection, partial or complete cystectomy to systemic therapy. Prognosis in patients with a solitary bladder lesion that developed metachronously is rather good, whereas poor prognosis can be expected in patients with synchronous and multiple metastases.

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Kataria, Sant Prakash, Ashima Batra, Gajender Singh, Sanjay Kumar, and Rajeev Sen. "Chordoma of skull base presenting as nasopharyngeal mass." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 04, S 01 (December 2013): S95—S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.116426.

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ABSTRACTWhile the nasopharynx is most commonly regarded by the otolaryngologist as a primary site of neoplastic involvement, it is also an avenue of spread of base?of?the?skull tumors presenting as bulging nasopharyngeal masses. Chordoma is a relatively rare tumor of the skull base and sacrum thought to originate from embryonic remnants of the notochord. Chordomas arising from the skull base/clivus are typically locally aggressive with lytic bone destruction. The optimal treatment may be photon/proton radiotherapy alone or combined with a gross total resection, when feasible. We report a case of intracranial chordoma presenting as nasopharyngeal mass.

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Jeong, Jae Kwan, Sanggu Kim, Ui Hyung Kim, Dongwoo Chang, Soochong Kim, and Ill Hwa Kim. "Hydramnios related to fetal deformity in a Hanwoo cow: a case report." Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 62, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): e32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14405/kjvr.20220029.

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A Hanwoo cow with a delayed gestation and abdominal distension was delivered following PGF2α injection. There was excessive amniotic fluid, and a male calf was delivered but died immediately. The calf had no eyes and nose, and a cleft palate on the upper jaw. Gross appearance and computed tomography image showed that upper teeth were spread out on both sides due to cleft palate in the upper jaw, and lower jaw and teeth were positioned upward. There were no other brain parts except cerebellum. These findings show a rare case of hydramnios related to fetal congenital deformity in a Hanwoo cow.

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TATEISHI, YUKI, YUICHI YAMADA, TAKEO YAMAMOTO, TAISUKE SASAKI, SHINICHIRO KAWATOKO, JUN KAWATA, YUTAKA YAMADA, MASAFUMI NAKAMURA, MASAKI MORI, and YOSHINAO ODA. "Rectal Phenotype of Perianal Paget Disease: Rare Concomitant Phenomena." Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis 1, no. 5 (November 3, 2021): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/cdp.10051.

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Aim: Classically, ‘Paget disease’ refers to a distinct histological pattern in breast carcinoma. Here, we review the clinicopathological features of anorectal adenocarcinoma with ‘pagetoid’ spread. Materials and Methods: Histological and immunohistochemical records for 11 cases of anorectal adenocarcinoma with pagetoid spread among 958 Japanese patients with primary rectal/anal carcinoma were reviewed. Results: Grossly, nine of 11 cases had areas of invasive carcinoma: Tubular adenocarcinoma in eight and neuroendocrine carcinoma in one. Pagetoid components were positive for cytokeratin 7 in eight cases, cytokeratin 20 and caudal type homeobox 2 in all 11 cases, and p63 in one case, but were negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, and GATA binding protein 3. Conclusion: The prevalence of perianal Paget disease in this series was 1.1%, with two cases of genuine perianal Paget disease with a rectal phenotype without invasive carcinoma. The rectal phenotype of perianal Paget disease may not be associated with HER2 overexpression.

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Oake, Justin D., and Douglas N. Drover. "Penile metastasis from primary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder sparing the urethra." Canadian Urological Association Journal 10, no. 11-12 (November 10, 2016): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.3532.

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Metastatic involvement of the penis is relatively infrequent. Metastasis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is extremely rare. We report a case of bladder TCC with metastases to the penis that spares the urethra — a finding that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously reported. Of the documented mechanisms of metastatic transmission to the penis, we suspect the cause was retrograde lymphatic spread. In our case, a 59-year-old male presented to our clinic initially with phimosis and later developed gross hematuria. Subsequent cystoscopy noted the appearance of tumour extending into the prostate, as well as the appearance of extensive TCC throughout the bladder. Following transurethral resection of prostate and bladder tissue, which demonstrated high-grade urothelial carcinoma, the patient underwent a radical cystoprostatectomy. A year later, he developed worsening gross hematuria and we noted the appearance of primary penile squamous cell malignancy. He then underwent a partial penectomy. The histopathology evaluation result from the partial penectomy revealed infiltration of TCC in the glans penis, as well as invasion into the corpus spongiosum, with sparing of the urethra.

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Chang, Ye Rim, Kyoung Bun Lee, Jin-Young Jang, Chang-Sup Lim, Mee Joo Kang, Wooil Kwon, Woo Hyun Jung, and Sun-Whe Kim. "Analysis of Microscopic Tumor Spread Patterns According to Gross Morphologies and Suggestions for Optimal Resection Margins in Bile Duct Cancer." Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 18, no. 6 (April 19, 2014): 1146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11605-014-2518-0.

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Siatecka, H., and R. Masand. "Unusual Case of Uterine Intravascular Leiomyomatosis with Lymphatic Spread to Pelvic Lymph Nodes." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 156, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqab191.155.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective Intravascular leiomyomatosis, also known as intravenous leiomyomatosis, is characterized by presence of smooth muscle within venous spaces in the myometrium, usually in conjunction with a leiomyoma. Although presence of tumor within lymphatics in addition to veins are alluded to in literature, exclusively lymphatic spread with lymph node metastases have not been previously reported. Methods/Case Report A 50-year-old woman presented with left flank pain. CT pelvis showed an enlarged uterus with multiple large leiomyomata as well as pelvic lymph node enlargement. Hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo- ophorectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection was performed. Gross examination revealed multifibroid uterus. Separately sent pelvic lymph nodes showed well-circumscribed, whorled lesions resembling leiomyoma. Microscopically, in addition to typical leiomyomata, a 11.5 cm intramural tumor with epithelioid cells, very rare mitoses and no necrosis was identified. Adjacent to this mass, several large endothelial lined spaces (positive for D240 and negative for CD31), consistent with lymphatics, showed intravascular extension of the same epithelioid tumor. All the pelvic lymph nodes were replaced by the tumor. Due to the unusual morphology and pattern of spread, immunohistochemical stains were performed to rule out an endometrial stromal sarcoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. The lesion was positive for desmin, caldesmon, and negative for CD10 and HMB45. Ki67 was extremely low (<1%). Based on morphology and immunophenotype, the tumor was consistent with an epithelioid leiomyoma with highly unusual lymphatic spread through myometrial vessels to regional lymph nodes. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Intravascular leiomyomatosis is a rare condition with no reported progression to malignancy. Typically, benign smooth muscle is present in veins within the myometrium of a leiomyomatous uterus with progressive spread to the right heart via the inferior vena cava. We present the first report of a rare case of intravascular leiomyomatosis with spread exclusively via lymphatics to pelvic lymph nodes.

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Agrawal, Amit, K. V. Murali Mohan, Vissa Santhi, Kishor V. Hegde, and Reddy V. Umamaheswara. "Recurrent extraventricular anaplastic ependymoma with scalp metastasis." Romanian Neurosurgery 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/romneu-2014-0025.

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Abstract Extraneural metastasis from anaplastic ependymoma is uncommon. In a study from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center where the authors reviewed 81 ependymomas cases (between 1956 and 1989) there were only five (6.2%) cases had extraneural metastases. We present a case of anaplastic ependymoma with scalp metastasis and discuss the possible mechanism of spread. In majority most of the cases of metastatic extracranial ependymoma patients have underlying progressive intracranial disease. Although these patients receive standard treatment for the primary tumor (Gross total resection and radiotherapy) and the management options for recurrences includes re-excision, focal reirradiation, stereotactic radiosurgery, or craniospinal radiotherapy for metastatic disease the long term outcome is not favorable.

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Sood, NK, BS Sandhu, K. Gupta, D. Narang, K. Vasudeva, and ND Singh. " Mesenteric caseous lymphadenitis in a cow calf caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: a case report." Veterinární Medicína 57, No. 7 (August 7, 2012): 371–3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6266-vetmed.

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 Caseous lymphadenitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is mainly a disease of sheep and goats and is of zoonotic importance. The disease has rarely been recorded in cattle and mostly in its superficial form. The present communication deals with an extremely rare case of corynebacterium-induced mesenteric pseudotuberculosis in a cow calf. The gross, cytologic, histopathologic and microbial isolation as well as cultural characteristics of the organisms have been described, as well as the mode of spread of the disease to the mesenteric lymph nodes. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of mesenteric caseous lymphadenitis in a cow calf.  

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Misra, P. K., S. N. Singh, Pardeep Kumar, and M. K. Pandey. "Yield Gap Analysis, Economics, Adoption, and Horizontal Spread of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivation through Front Line Demonstration in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 5, no. 02 (April 30, 2019): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v5i02.9.

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The present study was undertaken to found the yield gap through FLDS on tomato crop. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Varanasi conducted Frontline demonstration on 10 farmers for each year since 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13 in different locations of Varanasi district. Frontline demonstrations were conducted on tomato by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of tomato production potential. Use of hybrid variety, balanced use of fertilizer on the basis soil testing report and integrated pest and disease management etc are the main technologies to be tested in this demonstration. Tomato is a major vegetable crop of eastern Uttar Pradesh. But the productivity of tomato are very low in this district due to lack of knowledge and partial adoption of recommended package of practice by tomato cultivators. The data of study revealed to the cost of cultivation, production, productivity, gross return and net return were collected as per schedule and analyzed. The result of present study revealed that average highest yield in demonstration was recorded 643.83 q ha-1 was obtained in demonstrated plot over control (522.66 q ha-1) with an additional yield of 121.17 q ha-1 and the increasing the average tomato productivity by 23.88 per cent. The extension gap and technology gap ranged between 119.50 to 122.50 and 93.50 to 119.50 q ha-1, respectively, with the technology index of 16.51% during the demonstration years. Besides this, the demonstrated plots gave higher gross return, net return with higher benefit cost ratio when compared to farmer’s practice. In present study efforts were also made to study the impact of FLD on horizontal spread which was increased 269.38%, if appropriate package and practices are followed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gross spread'

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