Academic literature on the topic 'Ground Access / Statistics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ground Access / Statistics"
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Tam, Mei-Ling, William H. K. Lam, and Hing-Po Lo. "The Impact of Travel Time Reliability and Perceived Service Quality on Airport Ground Access Mode Choice." Journal of Choice Modelling 4, no. 2 (2011): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1755-5345(13)70057-5.
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Maciel, Susanne, and Ricardo Biloti. "A statistics-based descriptor for automatic classification of scatterers in seismic sections." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): O83—O96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0673.1.
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Discontinuities and small structures induce diffractions on seismic or ground-penetrating radar (GPR) acquisitions. Therefore, diffraction images can be used as a tool to access valuable information concerning subsurface scattering features, such as pinch outs, fractures, and edges. Usually, diffraction-imaging methods operate on diffraction events previously detected. Pattern-recognition methods are efficient to detect, image, and characterize diffractions. The use of this kind of approach, though, requires a numerical description of image points on a seismic section or radargram. We have investigated a new descriptor for seismic/GPR data that distinguishes diffractions from reflections. The descriptor consists of a set of statistical measures from diffraction operators sensitive to kinematic and dynamic aspects of an event. We develop experiments in which the proposed descriptor was incorporated into a pattern-recognition routine for diffraction imaging. The obtained method is useful for performing the automatic classification of image points using supervised and unsupervised algorithms, as a complementary step to Kirchhoff imaging. We also develop a new type of filtering, designed to address anomalies on the diffraction operators caused by interfering events. We evaluate the method using synthetic seismic data and real GPR data. Our results indicate that the descriptor correctly discriminates diffractions and shows promising results for low signal-to-noise-ratio situations.
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Orsini, Amandine. "Multi-Forum Non-State Actors: Navigating the Regime Complexes for Forestry and Genetic Resources." Global Environmental Politics 13, no. 3 (August 2013): 34–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00182.
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This research brings together studies of non-state actors (NSAs) in environmental negotiations, transnational networks, and institutional fragmentation, to shed light on the influence of NSAs on policy-making in regime complexes. It presents a new analytical framework with a series of deductive assumptions about the influence of “multi-forum” NSAs, as compared with “single forum” NSAs. Multi-forum NSAs cover several elements of a regime complex, and are thereby able to follow and potentially influence fragmented institutional processes. Focusing on two cases of fragmented environmental governance—forestry and access to genetic resources—the analysis provides a quantitative (statistics, network analysis) and qualitative (interviews) testing ground for the proposed framework. Because of their considerable material, organizational and ideational resources, and long-term engagement, multi-forum NSAs have greater access to the negotiations and may become central players. The strategies such NSAs adopt can further the integration of regime complexes when they undertake forum linking, or push towards further fragmentation when they undertake forum shopping or forum shifting.
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Hamal, Menaka, and Rajesh Bahadur Thapa. "Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Forest Maps for Nepal." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v20i1.39473.
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The accuracy assessment is vital to validate the remotely sensed thematic output before being front to the users. The statistical accuracy measures and modeling have been using widely for the accuracy assessment of the remote sensing product. This study uses six open-access land cover products - Land Cover of Nepal 2010, GlobeLand30, Treecover2010, Global PALSAR-2 forest/Non-Forest, Tree Canopy Cover (TCC), and ESACCI Land Cover 2010, to find out the most reliable forest product for Nepal. The forest/non-forest data were extracted from each product. The stratified random sampling was used to create test points and verified ground truth in Google Earth (GE) by visual interpretation. The overall accuracy (OA), producer’s accuracy (PA), user’s accuracy (UA), Kappa statistics, and the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) were measured for each forest/non-forest map. The OA and UA were found to be highest by 94%; the Kappa statistics showed an 89% level of agreement and NSE showed 77 % performance level for Nepal Land Cover 2010 which is the highest among six datasets. Whereas ESACCI land Cover 2010 was found to be the least performer - OA and UA are 53% and 66% respectively, Kappa shows a 53% level of agreement and NSE shows 4%.. The ESACCI land Cover 2010 was found to be the highest coverage whereas Tree Canopy Cover (TCC) has the least one for each province. This study gives the methodological insight to compare remotely sensed datasets and help the user in the selection of the most reliable open-source forest map for Nepal.
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Mariathasan, Vincent, Enrico Bezuidenhoudt, and K. Raymond Olympio. "Evaluation of Earth Observation Solutions for Namibia’s SDG Monitoring System." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (July 7, 2019): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131612.
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In recent years, with more open data platforms and tools available to store and process satellite imagery, Earth Observation data have become widely accessible and usable especially for countries previously not in the possession of tasking rights to satellites and the needed processing capacity. Due to its ideal scanning and acquisition conditions for low cloud coverage imagery, Namibia aims to make use of this new development and integrate Earth Observation data into its national monitoring system of sustainable development goals (SDG). The purpose of this study is to assess the potential of open source tools and global datasets to estimate the national SDG indicators on Change of water-related ecosystems (6.6.1), Rural population with access to roads (9.1.1), Forest coverage (15.1.1) and Land degradation (15.3.1). The results are set into perspective of existing information in each particular sector. The study shows that, in the absence of in-situ measurements or data collected through surveys, the Earth Observation-based results represent a high potential to supplement the national statistics for Namibia or to serve as primary data sources once validated through ground-truthing. Furthermore, examples are given for the limitations of the assessed Earth Observation solutions in the context of Namibia. Hence, the study also serves as valuable input for discussions on a consensus on national definitions and standards by all stakeholders responsible for releasing official statistics.
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Кравцов, Сергей Леонидович, Дмитрий Викторович Голубцов, Карина Александровна Романович, and Илья Леонидович Савко. "Results of the development of the forecast monitoring system of factors characterizing the fire hazard of the territory using satellite and ground data." Journal of Civil Protection 4, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33408/2519-237x.2020.4-4.406.
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Purpose. Improving of a forecast monitoring system of the fire hazard territory.
Methods. To obtain a qualitatively new result the approach of Big Data including static (relatively slowly changing in time) data, ground information from meteorological stations and satellite data over a long period of time is applied.
Findings. A forecast monitoring system of factors characterizing the fire hazard of the territory is developed. The system includes remote access service (providing data to users), database of forecast monitoring statistics, data processing and analysis subsystems. The structure of the system is relatively universal with the ability to complete and change both the functions themselves and the tasks to be solved. This allows considering the system as a preliminary stage of introducing modern approaches to fire hazard forecasting on the territory in the Republic of Belarus. The creation of the system is the beginning of a new forecast stage in the development of mechanisms of response to natural fires in the Republic of Belarus.
Application field of research. The results of a forecast monitoring system of factors characterizing the fire hazard of the territory may be used in daily activities of the departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus and the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Belarus to reduce damage due to natural fires.
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Shanthi, P., and A. Umamakeswari. "Efficient top representative for multi-authorship encrypted cloud data to assist cognitive search." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 6 (December 4, 2020): 8079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189130.
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Cloud computing is gaining ground in the digital and business world. It delivers storage service for user access using Internet as a medium. Besides the numerous benefits of cloud services, migrating to public cloud storage leads to security and privacy concerns. Encryption method protects data privacy and confidentiality. However, encrypted data stored in cloud storage reduces the flexibility in processing data. Therefore, the development of new technologies to search top representatives from encrypted public storage is the current requirement. This paper presents a similarity-based keyword search for multi-author encrypted documents. The proposed Authorship Attribute-Based Ranked Keyword Search (AARKS) encrypts documents using user attributes, and returns ranked results to authorized users. The scheme assigns weight to index vectors by finding the dominant keywords of the specific authority document collection. Search using the proposed indexing prunes away branches and processes only fewer nodes. Re-weighting documents using the relevant feedback also improves user experience. The proposed scheme ensures the privacy and confidentiality of data supporting the cognitive search for encrypted cloud data. Experiments are performed using the Enron dataset and simulated using a set of queries. The precision obtained for the proposed ranked retrieval is 0.7262. Furthermore, information leakage to a cloud server is prevented, thereby proving its suitability for public storage.
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Manghi, Paolo, Claudio Atzori, Michele De Bonis, and Alessia Bardi. "Entity deduplication in big data graphs for scholarly communication." Data Technologies and Applications 54, no. 4 (June 26, 2020): 409–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dta-09-2019-0163.
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PurposeSeveral online services offer functionalities to access information from “big research graphs” (e.g. Google Scholar, OpenAIRE, Microsoft Academic Graph), which correlate scholarly/scientific communication entities such as publications, authors, datasets, organizations, projects, funders, etc. Depending on the target users, access can vary from search and browse content to the consumption of statistics for monitoring and provision of feedback. Such graphs are populated over time as aggregations of multiple sources and therefore suffer from major entity-duplication problems. Although deduplication of graphs is a known and actual problem, existing solutions are dedicated to specific scenarios, operate on flat collections, local topology-drive challenges and cannot therefore be re-used in other contexts.Design/methodology/approachThis work presents GDup, an integrated, scalable, general-purpose system that can be customized to address deduplication over arbitrary large information graphs. The paper presents its high-level architecture, its implementation as a service used within the OpenAIRE infrastructure system and reports numbers of real-case experiments.FindingsGDup provides the functionalities required to deliver a fully-fledged entity deduplication workflow over a generic input graph. The system offers out-of-the-box Ground Truth management, acquisition of feedback from data curators and algorithms for identifying and merging duplicates, to obtain an output disambiguated graph.Originality/valueTo our knowledge GDup is the only system in the literature that offers an integrated and general-purpose solution for the deduplication graphs, while targeting big data scalability issues. GDup is today one of the key modules of the OpenAIRE infrastructure production system, which monitors Open Science trends on behalf of the European Commission, National funders and institutions.
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Podolskaia, Ekaterina. "Automated construction of ground access routes for the management of regional forest fires." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 8 (August 21, 2020): 329–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/59/2020-jfs.
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Modern geospatial technologies and permanently updated wildfire monitoring datasets are the basis of improving forest firefighting on different administrative scales. One of the tasks is to use the spatial representation of forest fire locations during the fire season and offer timely suitable technical options for accessing them. We developed a GIS technology to create forest fire ground access routes for special firefighting vehicles moving from a ground firefighting base (fire-chemical station) to the place of the forest fire detection; the technology includes a statistical and geospatial accessibility analysis of the routes. The key data are a transport model consisting of public roads and forest glades on the regional scale. We described the main principles of the transport model construction and usage, and their implementation for the Russian Federal Districts. An access routes database for the 2002–2019 fire seasons, a central part of the Siberian Federal District, was produced and analysed. By using a hot spot analysis, we confirmed that forest fires are poorly accessible away from the centre of the Siberian District. The created road accessibility maps show “a proposed ground access zone” within the key area to fight forest fires for the fire seasons to come.
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Youssefi, F., M. J. Valadan Zoej, A. Safdarinezhad, and M. R. Sahebi. "UNSUPERVISED ZONING OF CULTIVATION AREAS WITH SIMILAR CULTIVATION PATTERN IN GOLESTAN PROVINCE BASED ON THE VEGETATION PRODUCTS OF MODIS SENSOR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 19, 2019): 1113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-1113-2019.
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Abstract. The estimation of cultivation area and categorizing the agricultural product types is one of the prerequisites for achieving sustainable development in the agricultural studies. In this study, an unsupervised zoning the cultivation areas with the same cultivation pattern in Golestan province is on the agenda. Therefore, due to wide spatial range, high temporal resolution and easy access of 16-day products of the vegetation of the MODIS sensor which acquired in a year (From November 2017 to October 2018), these images are used in this research. In the proposed method, after the generating of NDVI vegetation time series as a hyper-cube and separating farmlands’ boundaries in Golestan province using the land-use map; the Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) endmember extraction algorithm and the maximum number of product variation using the statistical information of the region (Obtained from the statistics centre of Iran) are used to extract endmembers of the hyper-cube. In the following, the timing responses of the NDVI, identified as endmembers, will be refined in the second phase. In this process, identifying and eliminating noise signals (unrelated to cultivating patterns) and integrating the same cultivating patterns will be on the agenda. At the last stage of the proposed method and after refinement of the endmembers, the hyper-cube is clustered by Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm and the mapping of regions with the same cultivation pattern is produced. In the proposed method, the zoning of agricultural land is based solely on the statistical knowledge of the variety of cultivation and the results have led to the production of interconnected spatial parts. This is consistent with the reality of the spatial occurrence of similar cultivating patterns in a geographic area. On the other hand, the visual comparison of results with large scale satellite images illustrates that there is a significant relationship between clustering results and ground truth in terms of cultivating pattern. Obviously, such products can be used as initial layers of information to produce the results of a supervised classification with the aim of applying the cultivation area of a variety of agricultural products.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ground Access / Statistics"
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Underhill, Les, and Dave Bradfield. "INTROSTAT (Statistics textbook)." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. https://vula.uct.ac.za/access/content/group/23066897-bf3d-4a8d-9637-049c04424e24/IntroStat-%20Dr%20Underhill/.
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IntroStat was designed to meet the needs of students, primarily those in business, commerce and management, for a course in applied statistics. IntroSTAT is designed as a lecture-book. One of the aims is to maximize the time spent in explaining concepts and doing examples. The book is commonly used as part of first year courses into Statistics.
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Salter, Shannon. "Rights Without Remedies: The Court Party Theory and the Demise of the Court Challenges Program." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29612.
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The author argues that the Court Challenges Program’s 2006 cancellation was based on claims that judicial review is undemocratic, including those made by three academics, Rainer Knopff, F.L. Morton and Ian Brodie; the Court Party Theorists (the “CPT”). Through a study of Charter equality cases, this paper examines the CPT’s arguments regarding judicial activism, interest groups and interveners and finds they are largely unsupported by statistical evidence. Further, the debate about judicial review and democracy obscures judicial review’s important auditing function over the legislature’s constitutional adherence. This audit depends on individuals’ capacity to pursue Charter litigation, an ability compromised by the access to justice crisis. The author examines this crisis and the efforts to fill the funding gap left by the CCP’s cancellation and concludes that a publicly-funded program like the CCP is best-placed to ensure that the Charter remains a relevant tool for enforcing fundamental human rights in Canada.
Books on the topic "Ground Access / Statistics"
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Office, General Accounting. Ryan White Care Act: Access to services by minorities, women, and substance abusers : report to the Chairman, Committee on Labor and Human Resources, and the Honorable Hank Brown, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.
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Office, General Accounting. Ryan White Care Act: Access to services by minorities, women, and substance abusers : report to the Chairman, Committee on Labor and Human Resources, and the Honorable Hank Brown, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.
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Nichols, Eve K. Expanding access to investigational therapies for HIV infection and AIDS: March 12-13, 1990, conference summary. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.
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Henrik, Bendixen, Manning Frederick J, and Sparacino Linette R, eds. Blood and blood products: Safety and risk. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1996.
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Committee on the Use of Animals in Research (U.S.), National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), and Institute of Medicine (U.S.), eds. Science, medicine, and animals. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.
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Roger, Herdman, and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Health Care Services., eds. Non-heart-beating organ transplantation: Medical and ethical issues in procurement. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.
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Gaisbauer, Helmut, Gottfried Schweiger, and Clemens Sedmak, eds. Absolute Poverty in Europe. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341284.001.0001.
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This book examines absolute poverty in Europe, which is at the moment fairly neglected in academic and policy discourse. It opens with conceptual and methodological considerations that prepare the ground for an application of the concept of absolute poverty in the context of affluent societies and analyses shortcomings of social statistics as well as possibilities to include highly vulnerable groups. This includes thoughts on ethics of research in this particular field where people live under severe circumstances and research can make a difference. The book sheds light on crucial dimensions of deprivation and social exclusion of people in absolute poverty in affluent societies: access to health care, housing and nutrition, poverty related shame and violence. After conceptual and practical issues, the book investigates into different policy responses to absolute poverty in affluent societies from social policy concerns to civic organizations, e. g. food donations, and penalisation and “social cleansing” of highly visible poor. The book finally frames this discussion by profound ethical considerations and normative reasoning about absolute poverty and its alleviation, how it is related to concerns of justice/injustice as well as human dignity. Furthermore, it questions the power and importance of human rights and their judicial protection in regard of persons in absolute poverty.
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Pirelli, Gianni. Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630430.003.0006.
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In this chapter, the authors cover suicide, both generally and more specifically related to firearms. First, they review suicide-related terminology and definitions. Understanding suicide is critically important, especially when considering the professions that interact with potentially suicidal persons with access to firearms, including civilians as well as law enforcement and military personnel. Second, grounded in the best available data concerning and research associated with suicide, the authors provide an overview of various theoretical perspectives as to why people die by suicide and present key risk and protective factors in this regard. In this context, they review firearm-related suicide statistics, risk and protective factors, and relevant laws and critique the limitations of available data and policies. They also outline considerations related to suicide risk assessment, management, and prevention. Finally, they provide various case examples of firearm-related suicides to highlight the need to develop best practices concerning suicide risk and firearm safety.
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Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that the book fills a knowledge gap by conducting a systematic analysis of how the global gag rule affects women’s reproductive health across developing regions. The book extends the focus of the two previous econometric studies of the global gag rule’s impact in sub-Saharan Africa to include three additional developing regions: Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. This statistical analysis is grounded in a conceptual framework that models the complex factors that influence women’s decision-making about fertility. The chapter also describes the book’s multimethod approach to examining restrictions on women’s reproductive health through historical analysis, case studies, and analysis of aggregate data. The evolution of family-planning programs, the links between contraceptive access and fertility rates, the relationship between restrictive abortion laws and abortion rates, and the likelihood of other adverse effects are also introduced.
Book chapters on the topic "Ground Access / Statistics"
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Mohammed, S. G., M. Halliru, J. M. Jibrin, I. Kapran, and H. A. Ajeigbe. "Impact Assessment of Developing Sustainable and Impact-Oriented Groundnut Seed System Under the Tropical Legumes (III) Project in Northern Nigeria." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 81–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_6.
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AbstractTropical Legumes III project as a development intervention focused on enhancing smallholder farmers’ access to seeds of improved groundnut varieties using multi-stakeholder platforms. Open Data Kit was used to collect information from the platform members using structured questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs). Descriptive statistics and adoption score were used to analyze the data. Selection of appropriate project location, reliable beneficiaries, timely supply of seeds, and training on good agronomic practices (GAPs) and effective supervision on production were the major thrusts of the TL III project. The results indicated that the IP members accrued additional income ranging from $214 to $453 per hectare for wet season. The same increase in beneficiaries’ income was reported per hectare for dry season from $193 to $823, respectively; all due to the TL III intervention. The results further indicated increasing access by farmers to services (e.g., improved seeds, extension, credit facilities, market, etc.) and enhanced productivity (farm size, pod and haulm yields). Findings further revealed an average increased market price of 21.5% and 18% for dry and wet season groundnut production, respectively. There was high adoption score (78%) of improved seeds and other GAPs. The study recommends the need to replicate similar interventions in other areas. Continued capacity building on GAPs and improved business management skills to Extension Agents and farmer groups will sustain the successes achieved by the TL III project.
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Nthambi, Mary, and Uche Dickson Ijioma. "Retracing Economic Impact of Climate Change Disasters in Africa: Case Study of Drought Episodes and Adaptation in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1007–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_66.
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AbstractValuation studies have shown that drought occurrences have more severe economic impact compared to other natural disasters such as floods. In Kenya, drought has presented complex negative effects on farming communities. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the economic impacts of drought and identify appropriate climate change adaptation measures in Kenya. To achieve this objective, an empirical approach, combined with secondary data mined from World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal and FAOSTAT databases, has been used in three main steps. First, historical links between population size and land degradation, temperature and rainfall changes with drought events were established. Second, economic impacts of drought on selected economic indicators such as quantities of staple food crop, average food value production, number of undernourished people, gross domestic product, agriculture value added growth, and renewable water resources per annum in Kenya were evaluated. Third, different climate change adaptation measures among farmers in Makueni county were identified using focused group discussions and in-depth interviews, for which the use of bottom-up approach was used to elicit responses. Findings from the binary logistic regression model show a statistical relationship between drought events and a selected set of economic indicators. More specifically, drought events have led to increased use of pesticides, reduced access to credit for agriculture and the annual growth of gross domestic product. One of the main recommendations of this chapter is to involve farmers in designing and implementing community-based climate change adaptation measures, with support from other relevant stakeholders.
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Wagino, Abbebe Marra, and Teshale W. Amanuel. "Community Adaptation to Climate Change: Case of Gumuz People, Metekel Zone, Northwest Ethiopia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2339–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_244.
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AbstractThe effect of climate change on agricultural-dependent communities is immense. Ethiopia in which more than 85% of its population is agrarian is affected by climate change. Communities in different parts of the country perceived climate change and practice different climate change adaptation strategies. This chapter was initiated to identify adaptation strategy to the impact of changing climate. Data on a total of 180 households were gathered using structured and semi-structured questioners. Focus group discussion and key informant interview were also used for data collection. Climatic data from the nearest meteorological stations of the area were collected and used in this chapter. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The upshot indicated that all the respondent communities experienced at least one of autonomous/self-adaptation strategies to cope and live with the impacts of changing climate. Though 33.6% complained on its accessibility and pricing, 66.4% of the respondents reviled as they do not have any awareness on improved agricultural technologies. The major adaptation strategies identified were collecting and using of edible wild plants and other forest products, hunting, renting/selling of own farm lands, livestock sell, selling of household materials/assets, collecting and selling of wood and wood products and depending on well-off relatives, using drought-resistant crop variety, changing cropping calendar, replanting/sowing, and increasing farmland size. Nevertheless, the communities are not yet fully aware and accessed to policy-driven options for climate change adaptation. Although they used different autonomous adaptation mechanisms, the households are not resilient to the current and perceived climate change. Finally, based on the findings, the recommendation is that besides encouraging the existing community-based adaptation strategies planned adaptation strategies have to be implemented: such as early-warning and preparedness programs have to be effectively implemented in the area, introduction of different drought-resistant locally adapted food crop varieties, and expansion of large-scale investment in the area has to be checked, and give due recognition to forest ecosystem–based adaptation mechanisms of the local community in the area.
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Rhind, David. "The control and ‘fitness for purpose’ of UK official statistics." In Data in Society, 119–32. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348214.003.0010.
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This chapter describes the evolution of UK Official Statistics over an 80 year period under the influence of personalities, politics and government policies, new user needs and changing technology. These have led to changing institutional structures – such as the Statistics Commission - and periodic oscillations in what statistics are created and the ease of their accessibility by the public. The chapter concludes with the impact of the first major statistical legislation for 60 years, particularly as a consequence of its creation of the UK Statistics Authority. This has included major investment in quality assurance of National and Official Statistics and in professional resourcing. These changes are very welcome, as is the statutory specification of government statistics as a public good by the 2007 Statistics and Registration Service Act. But problems of access to some data sets and the pre-release of key economic statistics to selected groups of users remain. Given the widespread societal consequences of the advent of new technologies, what we collect and how we do it will inevitably continue to change rapidly.
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Elsner, James B., and Thomas H. Jagger. "R Tutorial." In Hurricane Climatology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199827633.003.0005.
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This chapter is a tutorial on using R. To get the most out of it, you should open an R session and type the commands into the console as you read the text. You should be able to use copy-and-paste if you have access to an electronic version of the book. All code is available on the book’s Web site. Science requires transparency and reproducibility. The R language for statistical modeling makes this easy. Developing, maintaining, and documenting your R code is simple. R contains numerous functions for organizing, graphing, and modeling your data. Directions for obtaining R, accompanying packages, and other sources of documentation are available at http://www.r-project.org/. Anyone serious about applying statistics to climate data should learn R. The book is self-contained. It presents R code and data (or links to data) that can be copied to reproduce the graphs and tables. This reproducibility provides you with an enhanced learning opportunity. Here we present a tutorial to help you get started. This can be skipped if you already know how to work with R. R is the ‘lingua franca’ of data analysis and statistical computing. It helps you perform a variety of computing tasks by giving you access to commands. This is similar to other programming languages such as Python and C++. R is particularly useful to researchers because it contains a number of built-in functions for organizing data, performing calculations, and creating graphics. R is an open-source statistical environment modeled after S. The S language was developed in the late 1980s at AT&T labs. The R project was started by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka of the Statistics Department of the University of Auckland in 1995. It now has a large audience. It is currently maintained by the R core-development team, an international group of volunteer developers. To get to the R project Web site, open a browser and, in the search window, type the keywords “R project” or directly link to the Web page using http://www.r-project.org/. Directions for obtaining the software, accompanying packages, and other sources of documentation are provided at the site.
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Khan, Hameed, and Kamal Kumar Kushwah. "Blockchain and the Future of Digital Marketing." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 250–75. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8081-3.ch016.
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Blockchain is a unique new technology affecting the way facts are stored and shared electronically. Blockchain in digital advertising reflects clarity, security, and access to waft revenue and streamflow. It can promote digital advertising to consumers, which is profitable in spending big money on digital advertising campaigns. As per new technology, consumers can share and improve their statistics simultaneously with advertisers and advertisers. Blockchain technology can be considered to restore data control to statistical owners focused on digital advertising. Today's society has grown into a very digital one where local technology plays a significant role in everyone's lives. Moreover, society is advancing rapidly at an alarming rate with innovation in every corner and other business made online. The authors of the concept chose to find out how blockchain works could affect significant facts in digital advertising. The idea is to select challenging issues and beneficial opportunities when applying blockchain to digital marketing content.
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Safavi, Setareh. "Accent Conversion in Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT)." In CALL Theory Applications for Online TESOL Education, 127–60. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6609-1.ch006.
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This study investigated a computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) software that utilized automatic speech recognition (ASR) and accent conversion technology to improve pronunciation of second language learners. Such speech processing method is capable of addressing the typical shortcoming of ASR technology for L2 pronunciation training, which is providing meaningful corrective feedback. Thirty-six student participants were involved in the treatment group. For the treatment, they worked on a CAPT tool that utilized ASR and AC to provide the participants with corrective feedback. A comparison group was also used and consisted of 36 students but worked on a different type of CAPT tool. Two trained raters took part in rating each monologue completed for the pretest, posttest, and comparison data. Findings showed preliminary statistical significance in regards to improved pronunciation for the treatment group. Additional results also showed no statistical differences in the rater scores between the control group and the experimental posttest scores.
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Yau, Stephen S. "Trustworthy Data Sharing in Collaborative Pervasive Computing Environments." In Web and Information Security, 265–81. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-588-7.ch013.
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Collaborative Pervasive Computing Applications (COPCAs) can greatly improve the investigative capabilities and productivity of scientists and engineers. Users of COPCAs usually form groups to collaboratively perform their tasks using various computing devices, including desktop computers, pocket PCs, and/or smart phones, over Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET), LAN, and the Internet. These users usually share various types of data, including research ideas (documents), experimental and statistical data (numerical data, graphics, stream audio/video). A very important issue for sharing data in Collaborative Pervasive Computing Environments (COPCEs) is trustworthiness. To support trustworthy data sharing among groups of users of COPCAs, secure group communication, trustworthyshared data discovery, flexible access control mechanisms, effective data replication, data quality assurance mechanisms, and intrusion detection mechanisms are needed. In this chapter, the challenges, current state-of-the-art, and future research directions for trustworthy data sharing in COPCEs are presented. In particular, discussions will be focused on research issues and future research directions for trustworthy shared data discovery and flexible access control in service-based COPCAs.
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Whitsett, Stan F., and Brad H. Pollock. "Research Opportunities and Collaborative Multisite Studies in Psychosocial Hematology/Oncology." In Comprehensive Handbook of Childhood Cancer and Sickle Cell Disease. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195169850.003.0039.
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Over the past several decades, dramatic improvements in outcome have occurred for children treated for cancer. Many of these advances can be attributed to the benefits of multicenter research conducted within the context of a cooperative group clinical trials infrastructure (D’Angio & Vietti, 2001; Pediatric Oncology Group, 1992). Historically, the cooperative groups sponsored by the National Cancer Institute provided pooled expertise, centralized high-quality medical informatics resources, and access to large patient populations. This infrastructure enabled investigators to ask more focused research questions with greater statistical power as well as generalize research findings to the broader population. Although childhood cancer is by no means a rare disease, its incidence in the general population is sufficiently low that few single pediatric oncology treatment centers are likely to treat enough patients, representing an adequately homogeneous sample, to provide a robust evaluation of clinical outcomes. In many respects, multisite research has been necessary to acquire adequate sample sizes to allow appropriate statistical evaluations of treatment outcomes and generalization of these outcomes to the larger pediatric oncology population. Awareness of this fact led first to the development of small consortia of pediatric oncology centers and later to the formation of large multiinstitutional cooperative study groups to conduct controlled clinical therapeutic trials for pediatric cancer patients. Ultimately, the four major childhood cancer study groups (the Children’s Cancer Group, CCG; the Pediatric Oncology Group, POG; the National Wilms Tumor Study Group; and the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group) merged in 2000 to form a single collaborative group: the Children’s Oncology Group (COG). At present, the 238 institutions that comprise the COG provide the research infrastructure for the majority of pediatric oncology clinical trials conducted in North America, Australia, and parts of Europe. Moreover, because the COG member institutions include all major university and teaching hospitals throughout the United States and Canada, the majority of children diagnosed with cancer in North America will be treated at a COG member institution with the opportunity to be enrolled on a COG protocol. An early evaluation of referral patterns to the two largest cooperative groups enumerated the observed cancer cases from the CCG and POG cancer incidence registries.
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Tannous, Katia. "Project-Based Learning in Chemical Engineering Education Using Distance Education Tools." In Cases on Global E-Learning Practices, 202–17. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-340-1.ch016.
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This chapter will exhibit the experience of applying project-based learning in different subject matter, identifying and comprehending the efficiency of this teaching methodology from an analysis of the activities undertaken. The subjects focused on were transport phenomena and unit operations in chemical processes. The methodology of project-based learning is to associate concepts acquired during classes and integrate them with other subjects in order to integrate the parts into the whole. It develops a variety of skills in addition to technical ones, such as cooperation, communication, involvement, knowledge construction, decision making and problem solving. All these skills being supported by the use of distance education tools. The creation of the subjects in a virtual environment sustains student materials previously required for project development. It also monitors of student activity (access by frequency statistics), and facilitates communication. The motivation and interactivity aspects have been shown to be positive with students and professors systematically involved in the constructive evolution of both individual and group knowledge.
Conference papers on the topic "Ground Access / Statistics"
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Li, Yongjian, and Zhuoming Li. "Research and Backoff Algorithm Improvement of Statistical Priority-based Multiple Access Protocol." In 2020 International Conference on Space-Air-Ground Computing (SAGC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sagc50777.2020.00024.
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Anumanchipalli, Gopala Krishna, Luis C. Oliveira, and Alan W. Black. "Accent Group modeling for improved prosody in statistical parameteric speech synthesis." In ICASSP 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2013.6638997.
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Lăzărescu, Luminita-Mirela, Daniela Liliana Diacon, Vasile Efros, and Vasilică-Dănut Horodnic. "Housing Affordability in the Context of Covid-19 Pandemic – New Challenges for Romania." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/22.
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The world has changed rapidly in recent months as a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all areas of socio-economic life. The crisis directed, in a first phase, the efforts of the whole society in the direction of ensuring the public health, and later also towards the economic recovery by resuming the human activities. In this context, housing has been a point of stability and a starting point for all efforts, and access to adequate housing has proven its importance for ensuring the health and well-being of the population. The purpose of the research is to highlight a series of housing affordability problems pre-existent and new problems arising from the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the housing sector in Romania. The present research highlights pre-existing problems in the general picture of housing at the national level, how these issues condition access to adequate and affordable housing, the emergence of new risk groups in the population in terms of access to housing, highlights the impact of the pandemic on the ability of households to bear housing costs and proves that housing insecurity is exacerbated by the effects of the crisis. The analyzes used data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, Eurostat, the Quality of Life Research Institute as well as reports prepared by specialized European organizations.
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Kondrica, Baiba, Ilze Ivanova, and Tamara Grizane. "Health literacy assessment of Vidzeme statistical region." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.047.
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Data on Health Literacy in the population of Latvia is limited. The aim of the study was to determine the Health Literacy impacting factors of inhabitants of Vidzeme Statistical region in Latvia (LV008). Respondent survey (n = 383), using a paper-and-pencil self-administered approach and telephone interviews, was conducted based the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47). In order to ensure internal consistency and reliability, the authors used Cronbach’s α test (α = 0.965). The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) allowed to determine that factor results differentiate between genders and there is a strong positive correlation (r = 0.945), that impacts results. Factors Access, Appraise and Apply explained each 30 % of the variance, and factors Understand explained 31 %. HL index division by gender indicated that 47.4 % of female respondents and 46.6 % of male respondents have “limited health literacy” (“inadequate” + “problematic”). The largest age group among respondents are 18-39-year old where there is lower level of education and lower income. However, cases have been observed when respondents even with higher education have “limited health literacy,” which indicates towards a need for further HL research in Latvia, because compared to HL of other member states, LV008 HL index is by 38.9 % larger than the EU average (47.6 %).
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Wolvert, Geoffray, Mure`s Zarea, Didier Rousseau, and Ce´cile Andrieux. "Probabilistic Assessment of Pipeline Resistance to Third Party Damage: Use of Surveys to Generate Necessary Input Data." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0656.
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A complete risk assessment procedure for pipelines relies, among other things, on the evaluation of failure probabilities. Incident reviews in western countries have identified third party damage as the main cause of failures with leaks. While some approaches already exist in order to evaluate the failure probability of transmission pipelines subject to third party damage, the issues of feeding the models with appropriate statistical data is a key factor for the success of the evaluation. We present here briefly the outline of the tool developed by Gaz de France R&D Davison to evaluate failure probabilities in the event of third party damage. Then we discuss the issue of available data, and particularly the most critical one, i.e. the population of ground working machinery, a majority of which are excavators. In order to assess as well as possible the exposure of pipelines to the threat of interference with excavators, we conducted a large scale survey in rural, semi-urban and urban areas in Western Europe in order to determine important parameter distributions of the excavators population: mass, digging depth, tool types and dimensions, soil type, type of ground works, etc. Random variables are used to describe these parameters and their influence on the failure probability is illustrated in a series of illustrative case studies. The importance of access to reliable information about the loads to which a pipeline is exposed is clearly shown in this paper, particularly due to the fact that the dispersion is a lot larger for the parameters linked with third parties working around the pipeline than for parameters of the pipeline: geometry and material properties.
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Satish, Pranav, Teele Kuusk, Nick Campain, Yasmin Abu-Ghanem, Joana Neves, Ravi Barod, Soha El-Sheikh, et al. "European Association of Urology COVID intermediate prioritisation group is poorly predictive of pathological high- risk among patients with renal tumours." In VIRTUAL ACADEMIC SURGERY CONFERENCE 2021. Cambridge Medicine Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7244/cmj.2021.04.001.6.
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Introduction The purpose of prioritisation is to minimise harm while safeguarding access to health care in times of reduced resources. The EAU Guideline Office Rapid Reaction Group (GORRG) issued priority recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated if the clinical prioritisation for suspected renal cell carcinoma (RCC) planned for surgery matched final pathological risk. Methods From 23 March 2020 until 10 October 2020, patients with suspected RCC were prioritised according to GORGG recommendations. To increase statistical power, GORGG prioritisation was also retrospectively assigned to pre-lockdown RCC surgical cases. The priority group was assessed according to GORGG guidelines, and postoperative risk was assessed according to 2003 Leibovich scores. We evaluated concordance between GORGG prioritisation and post-operative risk, and if stratification could be further improved by subgrouping of size. Results 351 patients with suspected RCC were prioritised and underwent surgery. The intermediate priority group showed poor concordance, with 25.7% and 16.4% being pathological low and high risk, respectively. The low priority group harboured 14.9% intermediate and 1.06% high risk RCC. Within the EAU intermediate group, 34.2% of cT1b tumours were low risk, and 32.3% of cT2a tumours high risk. Analysing at 1 cm increments, 45.1% of 4-5cm tumours were low risk. Conclusions The recommended prioritisation system can be error prone and should be prudently applied based on the centre’s needs. Particularly amongst the intermediate group, centres with clinical capacity should not defer intervention of cT2a tumours for longer than absolutely necessary and in severely limited resources may consider intermediate priority tumours < 5cm as low priority.
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Indrasari, Fenita. "Exploring automobile dependency of housing estate residents and kampung dwellers in suburban Bandung, Indonesia." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/kkek5453.
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Housing and transportation has become a pair of factors when it comes to decision of buying a house for the middle-income. This particular group of society is unique as they are aspired to luxury yet with limited affordability, particularly in the developing countries such as Indonesia. In many cases, housing estates are built in the form similar to gated community. Built in the suburban when usually the new housing estates are located quite in far distance to facilities, the residents are forced to own private vehicle(s) to conduct their daily activities. This situation shows the tendency of automobile dependence (Newman & Kenworthy, 1996; 1999). It has also been reflected in the vehicle ownership statistics figures and the notorious traffic congestion of Indonesian cities. The middle-income housing and their gated community has not only impacted their own travel pattern but also the residents living in kampung adjacent to their housing estate. Kampung dwellers have also reflected the middle-income characteristics with their lifestyle and automobile dependence. It has become eminent in suburban Bandung where pockets of kampung are found to be hidden amidst the housing estates whilst cars are parked on the roadsides. This is problematic in terms of affordability where they cannot really afford to own a car or motorbike as well as to rent a parking space since they usually live in small houses at kampung. To understand the above phenomenon, this paper tries to explore the extent of automobile dependency of the residents living at housing estate and its adjacent kampung at three locations. Data collected from questionnaires and group interviews are descriptively analysed. Results have shown that most residents travel in far distance to reach their job location but do not travel in far distance to conduct their shopping, studying, and exercise activities though some of them own a motorbike. The latter is due to the presence of mobile green grocers, warung, traditional markets, good quality schools, sport facilities and open spaces within walking distance to their houses. However, these nearby facilities are regularly visited mostly because the residents can travel within shorter distance through access points made available for public use. These access points help to create a network of alleys and streets connecting kampung and these facilities through the housing estates. When these access points are restricted or non-existed, the travel pattern would differ as has been uttered by the kampung dwellers. In one of the cases, the following disconnections between the kampung alleys and streets of housing estates have made the kampung dwellers altered either the location or the transportation mode of their activities. There are lessons to be learned from these travel patterns. Housing estate development shall always have access to the kampung that have existed and vice versa. Such spatial connections may contribute to a change of travel behaviour from automobile dependence to active travel. However, it should be kept in mind that these results may not be generally applicable to other places with different socio-economic and spatial characters. Further work in the field may be benefited from more cases and larger population sample.
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McLain, Rachelle M., and Hannah McKelvey. "The Time Has Come... To Move Many Things: Inventorying and Preparing a Collection for Offsite Storage." In Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317169.
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In the spring of 2019, the Montana State University (MSU) Library embarked on a large-scale inventory project that involved weeding and moving portions of their collection to an offsite storage facility within six months in order to create more student study space in the Library. The department primarily responsible for leading the project, Collections Access & Technical Services, the result of two departments merging, was also simultaneously navigating their new structure and a remodel of their workspace thus adding further challenges to the project. This poster session demonstrated how MSU Library approached and completed this project by advocating to their Library Administration for additional resources, including hiring a project manager and third-party companies to assist with the inventory and moving of the collection. It also discussed the types of work groups formed to identify new workflows (i.e., retrieval of offsite items) and modify existing ones, involving student employees in the project, and internal and external collaborations that took place. Additionally, presenters shared strategies used to communicate to their campus community, and the impact this project has had on our patrons. They also included statistics that were gathered during the project including deselection figures, the number of materials that did not have barcodes and were not accounted for in the Library’s catalog and discovery layer (Ex Libris’ Alma and Primo), and what subject areas currently remain in the main library building.
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Masárová, Jana, Eva Koišová, and Eva Ivanová. "INTERNET USAGE IN HOUSEHOLDS OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.153.
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The rapid development of information and communication technologies and the development of digital economy and society brings new challenges and opportunities for individuals, companies and the whole society. The huge growth of the Internet, which has contributed to these changes, and causes changes in the living of individuals and households. In addition to new ways of communicating, the Internet brings individuals new opportunities for collaboration, business, but also information retrieval and, last but not least, shopping, contributing to the growth of living standards. In this paper, the authors focus on one aspect of the digital economy – household access to the Internet and its usage for purchasing products and services in the Slovak Republic. The aim of the article is to find out the level and reasons for using the Internet by households of the Slovak Republic. In this paper, the authors use methods: time series analysis, comparison, synthesis. The authors use data from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. The authors have found that the level of Internet usage in the Slovak households is increasing, but it varies depending on gender, age group and type of household. Slovak households buy mainly clothes, sports goods, and households’ goods for the private usage.
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Diacon, Liliana Daniela, Luminiţa Mirela Lăzărescu, Vasile Efros, and Cristian Ciubotaru. "Virtual Tourism during the Pandemic. Comparative Study between Suceava and Maramureş Counties." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/47.
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The measures taken by the states of the world to limit the disease with the Sars Cov 2 virus imposed, in the first phase of the pandemic, numerous restrictions on mobility and physical distance, a situation that significantly changed the way tourism is carried out worldwide. In this context, some typologies of tourist activities were highlighted, which before the pandemic represented only a small segment of tourist flows and economic benefits. The natural areas with dispersed tourist objectives, with low population densities, the local villages, have entered the sphere of interest of some social categories of population that access the international tourism or the urban cultural areas. Virtual tourism has gained more and more ground, the circulation of tourist information in the online environment has intensified through photos showing the behavior of tourists in the circumstances of the pandemic. The study aims to measure, through a comparative and diachronic analysis (before and during the pandemic), the perception and representation of tourism through geocoded photography and assess how the attractiveness of tourist resources in two geographical areas (Suceava County and Maramures County) has changed. Among the existing web photo distribution platforms, we analyzed the geocoded photos on the Picasaweb platform, this platform being in direct contact with the web service and Google street viewing services, popular in Romania. The research aims at analyzing the photographic appearances of the localities from the two counties, Suceava and Maramures in the period February - August 2020. Research methods used: analysis of tourist areas, statistical recording of tourist flows during the pandemic, comparison of the two regions with the intensity of tourist traffic reflected in the attached photos online, cartographic method by presenting tourist information on territorial options. In conclusion, it is observed that the hostile period of the pandemic had a positive impact on the sustainability of tourism, especially of those territories that are of great interest and became overcrowded in the same period of previous years.
Reports on the topic "Ground Access / Statistics"
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Idris, Iffat. Increasing Birth Registration for Children of Marginalised Groups in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.102.
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This review looks at approaches to promote birth registration among marginalised groups, in order to inform programming in Pakistan. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports by international development organizations. While there is extensive literature on rates of birth registration and the barriers to this, and consensus on approaches to promote registration, the review found less evidence of measures specifically aimed at marginalised groups. Gender issues are addressed to some extent, particularly in understanding barriers to registration, but the literature was largely disability-blind. The literature notes that birth registration is considered as a fundamental human right, allowing access to services such as healthcare and education; it is the basis for obtaining other identity documents, e.g. driving licenses and passports; it protects children, e.g. from child marriage; and it enables production of vital statistics to support government planning and resource allocation. Registration rates are generally lower than average for vulnerable children, e.g. from minority groups, migrants, refugees, children with disabilities. Discriminatory policies against minorities, restrictions on movement, lack of resources, and lack of trust in government are among the ‘additional’ barriers affecting the most marginalised. Women, especially unmarried women, also face greater challenges in getting births registered. General approaches to promoting birth registration include legal and policy reform, awareness-raising activities, capacity building of registration offices, integration of birth registration with health services/education/social safety nets, and the use of digital technology to increase efficiency and accessibility.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Portugal. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrpt.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural youths Neither in Employment, nor in Edu-cation or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Portugal. To do this, the report portrays indicators of: youth population; youth em-ployment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopts the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, thereby enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail.The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been increasing in Portugal. Although the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities, rural areas faced more difficulties in overcoming the effects of the crisis, particularly among young adults aged over 25 years. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications compared with young people in early school leavers in rural areas between 2009-2019, even though it still remains well above the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Portugal is higher in rural areas, in all age groups with available data, compared to cities and towns and suburbs, thereby revealing territorial in-equalities in access to employment and education opportunities.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Croatia. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrhr.2020.12.
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This report presents the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) in Croatia, aged between 15 and 34 years old, in the period from 2009 until 2019. To achieve this goal, the report utilised indicators of youth population, youth em-ployment and unemployment, education and NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criteria, enabling comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further collapsed into age sub-groups and, when possible, in sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involved des-criptive longitudinal analysis, using figures (e.g., line charts) as well as the calculation of abso-lute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019 and 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the indicators evolution before and after the economic crisis that hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been decreasing in Croatia. Youth unemployment was marked by two distinct periods, one from 2009 to 2013 (with higher rates of youth unemployment) and another from 2013 to 2019 (with the decrease in unemployment rates, with lower unemployment rates in ci-ties and higher in towns and suburbs and rural areas). In the field of education, however, there has been a decrease of the Croatian population with lower levels of education and an increase of the proportion of those with higher educational attainment. Finally, the propor-tion of NEETs in Croatia is higher in rural areas compared to cities and towns and suburbs, revealing territorial inequalities in access to employment and education opportunities.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Bulgaria. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.ndbg.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bulgaria. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; you-th employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characteri-sation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the indi-cators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 the rural youth population aged 15 to 24 years has been increasing in Bulgaria. Although the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities, rural areas faced more difficulties in overcoming the effects of the crisis, particularly among young adults aged over 25 years. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications compared with young people in early school leavers in rural areas between 2009-2019, even though it still remains well above the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strate-gy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bulgaria is higher in rural areas, in all age groups with available data, compared to cities and towns and suburbs, thereby revealing territorial inequalities in access to employment and education opportunities
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Montenegro. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrme.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Edu-cation or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Montenegro. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: youth population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central criterion, enabling propor-tional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from Eurostat public datasets. The analyses show that between 2011 and 2019, the youth population aged 15 to 29 years has been decreasing in Montenegro. Youth unemployment in rural areas is more noticeable, even though the youth unemployment rate is higher in cities. In the field of education, however, there was an absolute and relative reduction in the proportion of young people with lower qualifications and young people in the category of early school leavers in rural areas between 2011-2019. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Montenegro is higher in rural areas, compared to urban regions, thus revealing territorial inequalities in access to employment and education opportunities.