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1
Kumar, Rahul, Rajwinder Singh, and Mahesh Patel. "Impact of variations in the molarity of sodium hydroxide on metakaolin-ground granular blast-furnace slag-based geopolymer concrete." Advances in Civil and Architectural Engineering 15, no. 29 (2024): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13167/2024.29.4.
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The present study investigates the optimization of geopolymer concrete mixes with the addition of metakaolin and ground granular blast-furnace slag as binding agents, ensuring a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional concrete. In this study, different proportions of the input parameters, such as the molarity of sodium hydroxide, ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide, and ratio of fixed alkali activator to binder have been considered. Attributes such as compressive strength, ultra-sonic pulse velocity, electricity resistance, mass loss, and strength variation due to acid attack for six geopolymer concrete mixes have been evaluated at different ambient curing periods. In addition, the mathematical relationship, i.e., linear regression, between these properties was also evaluated. The results show that a sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio of 1,8; n sodium-hydroxide molarity of 14, and an alkali activator to binder ratio of 0,45 demonstrated the highest strength (43,3 MPa), electrical resistivity (35,1 K.Ohm.cm), and pulse velocity (4,2 km/s) with the minimal effect of H2SO4 solution on mass (1,2 %) and strength (5,8 %). Additionally, statistical analysis indicated a strong relationship of compressive strength with other properties, which improved as the curing days extended from 28 (Avg. R2=0,68) to 56 (Avg. R2=0,74) days. The outcomes of the study are expected to contribute to the advancement of sustainable construction by providing relevant data regarding material selection, ensuring quality, and optimizing geopolymer concrete production with metakaolin and ground granular blast-furnace slag.
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Reddy, Peddireddy Sreekanth, M. Venu, and Narala Gangadhara Reddy. "Mechanical and sustainability assessments of cement-free GGBS-based Geopolymer concrete exposed to elevated temperatures." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 19 (2024): 2839–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctae253.
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Abstract The current study investigates the mechanical properties of ground granular blast furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) by subjecting the specimens to compressive strength and nondestructive test by exposing them to elevated temperatures. The test results revealed that the maximum compressive strength is measured as 59.7 N/mm2 with an optimum content of 7 M alkali solution and 28-day curing period. With increased heat regime, the compressive strength and nondestructive test values decreased. By adopting optimum GGBS-based GPC, the cost of construction and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by 48% and 13%, respectively. Compared to conventional concrete, embodied energy is on the higher side due to alkali activators.
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Woeffel, Anderson Buss, and Matheus Laureth Batista. "ESTUDO DE VIABILIDADE TÉCNICA DA APLICAÇÃO DA ESCÓRIA GRANULADA DE ALTO-FORNO EM SUBSTITUIÇÃO AO AGREGADO MIÚDO NA COMPOSIÇÃO DO CONCRETO." Revista Científica Faesa 17, no. 2 (2021): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5008/1809.7367.198.
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The macro sector of the civil construction industry is a major consumer of natural resources and it generates impacts, identified as social, environmental or economic, and it is necessary to develop studies that aim to rationalize this raw materials consumption and reduce the impacts generated. Since some resources used in the sector are finite, this work’s main objective is to make the concrete more ecological by replacing part of the fine aggregate of its composition for granulated slag from the blast furnace, reducing the need for sand extraction. For this study, tests were carried out with the co-product and with the fine aggregate, evaluating the properties of the concrete in the fresh and hardened states in three mixture types, the first being a reference, the second with 30% replacement and the third with 60% replacement of fine aggregate with slag. Based on the results obtained, it is noted that the granulated blast furnace slag has more similar characteristics to the sand’s; in the fresh state, the concrete showed a similar result in the three mix types; in the hardened state, it was observed that the performance of the concrete in axial compression was satisfactory; while in flexion traction the two proposed mixtures with substitution presented an unsatisfactory result.
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Miera, Patrycja. "Air Content in Fresh Air-Entraining Cement Mortars." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (2021): 032016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032016.
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Abstract The durability of a cement composite is the most important criterion for assessing this material. However, due to the durability of the cement composite, its frost resistance is an important property. In order to ensure concrete frost resistance, the European standard PN-EN 206-1: 2013 requires its aeration at the level of 4 - 7%. The Committee 201 of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) also requires the use of an air-entraining admixture in concretes exposed to frost damage. The amount of air-entraining admixture is significantly influenced by the composition of the cement used. In order to minimize the problems with obtaining frostresistant concrete, an attempt was made to create air-entraining cements. This article presents the effect of the amount and type of dosing of air-entraining admixtures (natural and synthetic) on the air content in fresh air-entraining cement mortars. The test cements used also differed in the production method: joint mixing of components and joint grinding of components. Based on the research, a lot of valuable information was obtained related to the influence of the preparation of air-entraining cements on the air content in the mortar, e.g. mortars with mixed cement with natural air-entraining admixture have a higher air content. The air content is higher in the cement co-ground with natural air-entraining admixture. A synthetic air entraining admixture added separately to mixed cements with silica fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag increases air entrainment in mortars. The synthetic air-entraining admixture added separately to co-milled cements causes an increase in air entrainment in the mortars, except for those containing cement with ground granular blast furnace slag.
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Lv, Zhi Jiang, Zong Shou Lin, Ya Han, and Hao Jie Wang. "Influence of Additve on Over-Sulfur Phosphogypsum-Ground Granulate Blast-Furnace Slag Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1431.
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The effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and polycarboxylate superplasticizer amount on over-sulfur phosphogypsum–ground granulate blast-furnace slag cement was investigated. The mechanical performances and hydration mechanism of the cement with different proportions of NaOH and polycarboxylate superplasticizer (BASF) were analyzed based on setting time, the additive quantity of water, strength test, XRD and SEM analyses. The results showed that the polycarboxylate superplasticizer, can increase the densification and the strength of the cement ,to improve the performance of the cement anti-carbonation properties. NaOH as an alkali activator significantly reduces the cement setting time and improves the cement early strength. But the acceleration of hydration process produces coarse crystalline hydration products and the osteoporosis structure of hardened paste, which has a negative effect on long term strength.
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Lv, Zhi Jiang, Zong Shou Lin, and Hao Jie Wang. "Effect of Phosphogypsum on the Properties of Over-Sulfur Phosphogypsum–Ground Granulate Blast-Furnace Slag Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1453.
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Over-sulfur phosphogypsum(PG)–ground granulate blast-furnace slag(GGBFS) cement paste is utilized by GGBFS, Portland cement clinker(PCC), additive, water and modificated phosphogypsum paste(MPG), produced by milling PG mixed with a certain proportion of steel slag(SS), GGBFS and water. The effect of PG on the properties of over-sulfur PG– GGBFS cement was investigated. The mechanical performances and hydration mechanism of the cement with different kinds, proportions and particle size of PG were analyzed based on setting time, volume stability, strength test, XRD and SEM analyses. The experimental results show that,the optimum mixture of PG amount in the binder was 45%. Overdose of PG may caused strength deterioration. The optimum grinding time of MPG in the binder was 20min. The soluble phosphorus content of PG in the binder was under 0.05%.
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Nabil, Guerbas, Adem Ait Mohamed Amer, Adjoudj M’hamed, and Ezziane Karim. "The impact of supplementary cementitious materials on the rheological and mechanical properties of mortars based on quarry waste sand." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 1 (2024): 770–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n1-042.
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Mineral substances used as additives in cement plants or as additives in the making of concrete contribute through their physical, hydraulic, and pozzolanic activity to improving the behavior of cements in both the fresh and hardened states. Several types of additions are well known, such as natural pozzolans, fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume. These products become more active in the alkaline solutions of cement and give rise to new hydrates that impart greater mechanical strength and better durability to concretes. Through their surface activity and granular distribution, they play a fundamental role in the rheological and mechanical behavior of mortars and concretes. Quarry waste sand (QWS) is generally stockpiled to be eventually sold at very low prices. For this reason, its use in the production of concrete and mortar is increasingly becoming a necessity to protect the environment and meet the needs of the construction and public works sector.This study aims to investigate the effect of using both supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) and quarry waste sand(QWS) to improve some properties of mortar. Ordinary cement is replaced by 10%, 20% and 30% of silica fume (SF), natural pozzolan (NP) or ground blast-furnace slag (GBFS) by weight and the properties of the QWS sand -based mortar are compared to those of natural sand (NS) based mortar. In this study, the slump, superplasticizer requirement, rheological parameters, mechanical strength, and water absorption are investigated. The results obtained show that QWS sand mix has the best workability and requires less superplasticizer dosage. When SCM were used, a drop-in workability is shown and more superplasticizer is required. Also, QWS sand makes the mortar strength 2 and 1.5 times higher than that of NS and becomes 42% higher with 10% SF. Adequate relationships have been established to predict mechanical strengths as a function of test parameters with high correlation coefficient and low root mean square error.
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Eti, tirumala Chakrapani, M. N. Kashyap A, Anjaneyulu G, and R. Manikanta M. "Durability Experiences on the Traditional and SCM Founded Blended Concrete." Indian Journal of Advanced Chemistry (IJAC) 1, no. 2 (2021): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijac.B2005.101221.
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Concrete might be the maximum substantially used construction material in the global with approximately six billion tones being produced each year. It is best subsequent to water in phrases of in keeping with-capita consumption. However, environmental sustainability is at stake both in terms of damage due to the extraction of raw material and CO2 emission all through cement manufacture. This brought pressures on researchers for the discount of cement intake by means of partial substitute of cement by using supplementary materials. These materials may be obviously happening, industrial wastes or by way of-products that are less energy extensive. Fly ash and Ground Granulated Burnt Slag (GGBS) are selected specifically based totally on the standards of fee and their long lasting qualities., Not best this, Environmental pollution also can be decreased to a point due to the fact the emission of dangerous gases like carbon monoxide & carbon dioxide are very restricted. These substances (referred to as pozzalonas) when combined with calcium hydroxide, reveals cementitious compositions. Most commonly used pozzalonas are fly ash, silica fume, met kaolin, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). This wishes to look at the admixtures performance whilst combined with concrete so as to ensure a discounted existence cycle fee. The present research consists of three phases and reports the specializes in investigating characteristics of M35grade concrete .In the 1st phase the behavior of standard and SCM concrete (7.5%FA and 7.5%GGBS) of M35 grade specimens with different percentages of chemical admixtures curing with acids such as HCL. 2nd phase the same grade of specimens curing with Alkaline such as NaOH and in the 3rd phase the same grade of specimens curing with sulphate solution MgSO4 and finally assess the losses of mechanical properties and durability considerations of the concrete due to these conditions were reported.
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Kaplan, Cebrail, Behçet Dündar, and Emriye Çınar Resuloğulları. "An experimental study on the sulfuric acid resistance of mineral additive mortars." Emerging Materials Research 12, no. 4 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.23.00001.
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Mineral additives are preferred to improve the physical, mechanical and durability properties of cement-based composites and to reduce the use of cement in order to prevent environmental pollution and high production costs. Within the scope of this study, a new pozzolanic material, Ground Profillite Powder (GPP), was evaluated by comparing it with Granular Ground Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS), and it was used as a substitution with cement at rates of 5%, 10% and 15% by weight. The effects of these two mineral additives on the mechanical and physical properties of mortars and their resistance to Sulfuric Acid (SA) were investigated. In the production of the mortar samples, CEM I 42.5/R type Portland Cement (OPC) was used as the binder, and 0-4 mm crushed sand was used as the aggregate. Mineral additive and non-additive mortars produced in the laboratory environment in dimensions of 40x40x160 mm; spreading values, bending and compressive strengths, water absorption and porosity values and weight and strength loss values under the effect of SA were examined comparatively. It was determined that the mortar samples produced using GPP showed higher resistance to SA attacks than the pure and GGBFS added mortars, reducing weight losses up to 21% and compressive strength losses up to 30%.
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Rasheed, Sajjad E., Waqed H. Hassan, and Mohammed Y. Fattah. "Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Base Course Binder Incorporating GGBFS and Spent FCC Catalyst." Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 3 (2025): 1034–49. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2025-011-03-012.
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This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst as partial cement replacements in pavement base course materials. Various blends of GGBFS and FCC catalyst were evaluated as binders for unbound granular base (UGB) material, with total binder content fixed at 10% by weight. Mechanical properties were assessed through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength tests at 3, 7, 28, and 56 days. Microstructural analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicate that an optimal blend of 60% FCC and 40% GGBS achieved the highest UCS of 9.6 MPa at 56 days, exceeding typical requirements for cement-treated base materials. All investigated mix proportions surpassed the minimum 28-day strength requirement of 4 MPa for pavement base applications. Splitting tensile strength results corroborated compressive strength trends, with enhanced tensile-to-compressive strength ratios suggesting improved crack resistance potential. Microstructural analysis revealed a dense, well-reacted cementitious system supporting the observed mechanical performance. These findings demonstrate the technical feasibility and potential environmental benefits of incorporating high volumes of GGBS and spent FCC catalyst in pavement base materials, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional cement-based binders. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-012 Full Text: PDF
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Cheng, Shengzhao, Lisha Shen, Weige Chen, Haitang Zhu, Peibo You, and Lu Chen. "Mechanical Properties and Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete Combined with Ground Granulate Blast Furnace Slag and Macro Synthetic Fiber." Materials 17, no. 19 (2024): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17194735.
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Concrete with good mechanical properties and durability has always been a necessity in engineering. The addition of fibers and supplementary cementitious materials to concrete can enhance its mechanical and durability performance through a series of chemical and physical interactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of key parameters on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and chloride penetration resistance of concrete combined with ground granulate blast furnace slag (GGBS) and macro polypropylene synthetic fiber (MSF). Based on the Taguchi method, a total of eighteen mixtures were evaluated, considering the effects of GGBS content, MSF content, water-to-binder (w/b) ratio, and chloride solution concentration on concrete properties. The results showed that the w/b ratio has a significant impact on the properties of concrete, which are enhanced by a decrease in w/b ratio. The GGBS content had little effect on the 28-day strength of concrete, which even decreased with a large GGBS content, but GGBS had a positive effect on the long-term strength of concrete. Moreover, the chloride penetration resistance of concrete was enhanced by an increase in the GGBS content. The MSF content had no obvious effects on the compressive strength and chloride penetration resistance of concrete, but it could enhance the splitting tensile strength to some extent, and this enhancement was more obvious over time. The chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete changed with the concentration of chloride solution, and the two increased simultaneously.
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Hailemariam, Behailu Zerihun, Mitiku Damtie Yehualaw, Woubishet Zewdu Taffese, and Duy-Hai Vo. "Optimizing Alkali-Activated Mortars with Steel Slag and Eggshell Powder." Buildings 14, no. 8 (2024): 2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082336.
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The cement industry is known for being highly energy-intensive and a significant contributor to global CO2 emissions. To address this environmental challenge, this study explores the potential of using the waste materials of steel slag (SS) and eggshell powder (ESP) as partial replacements for cement in alkali-activated mortars (AAMs) production, activated by NaOH and Na2SiO3. Mortar samples are prepared with 50% of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as part of the total binder, and the remaining 50% is composed of ESP, incrementally replaced by SS at levels of 10%, 20%, 40%, and 50%. The activation process was performed with an 8% NaOH concentration and a silica modulus of 2. Key findings include that the workability of AAMs decreased with increasing SS content, requiring admixtures like superplasticizers or additional water to maintain workability. At 50% SS replacement, the water consistency and slump flow values were 32.56% and 105.73 mm, respectively, with a setting time reduction of approximately 36%, losing plasticity within 2 h. Both absorption capacity and porosity decreased as SS content increased from 10% to 50% of ESP. Additionally, the bulk density, compressive strength, and uniformity of the hardened mortar samples were enhanced with higher SS content, achieving maximum compressive strength (28.53 MPa) at 50% SS replacement after 56 days of curing. Furthermore, OPC-based AAMs incorporating SS and ESP demonstrate good resistance to sulfate attack and thermal heating. Microstructural analysis reveals the presence of C–S–H, C–A–S–H, and N–A–S–H phases, along with minor amounts of unreacted particles, and the microstructure shows a dense, highly compacted, and homogeneous morphology. These findings suggest that replacing eggshell powder with up to 50% steel slag enhances the hardened properties of AAMs. Further research is recommended to explore cement-free alkali-activated granular ground blast furnace slag (GGBFS) with ESP for more sustainable construction solutions.
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Sharmin, Shaila, Wahidul K. Biswas, and Prabir K. Sarker. "Evaluating Techno-Eco-Efficiency of Waste Clay Brick Powder (WCBP) in Geopolymer Binders." Buildings 14, no. 3 (2024): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030692.
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The global focus on geopolymer binder production has increased due to the adoption of waste materials and industrial byproducts. Given the gradual decline in the availability of fly ash and ground granular blast furnace slag (GGBFS) resulting from the decarbonization process in electricity and steel production, waste clay brick powder (WCBP) could be a viable substitute for these pozzolanic by-products. This study presents the economic and environmental benefits of the use of WCBP as a replacement for conventional pozzolanic by-products in geopolymer binder production by assessing its techno-eco-efficiency, environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness performances. The favorable mechanical characteristics exhibited by the fly ash–GGBFS–WCBP-based geopolymer binder emphasize the importance of assessing its sustainability alongside its technical viability. The study employed life cycle analysis (LCA), following ISO framework, and using the Simapro software 9.2, to evaluate the environmental implications of the use of WCBP-based geopolymer mixtures. Human toxicity emerged as the primary impact. Moreover, the analysis of life cycle costs highlighted key financial factors, with around 65–70% attributed to alkaline activators of the total cost. The production of alkaline activators was identified as a critical point for both environmental impact and economic considerations due to energy consumption. While WCBP-rich samples exhibit a 1.7–0.7% higher environmental impact compared to the control mix (CM), their high mechanical strength and cost-effectiveness make them technologically and economically efficient geopolymer mixes. In conclusion, the portfolio analysis for techno-eco-efficiency affirms that mixes containing 40%, 30%, and 20% WCBP are more efficient than those using 10% and 0% WCBP, respectively.
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Dave, Niragi, Vaishali Sahu, and Anil Kumar Misra. "Development of geopolymer cement concrete for highway infrastructure applications." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 5 (2020): 1321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-10-2019-0263.
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Purpose The purpose of this work is to study the in-situ performance of ternary geopolymer concrete in road repair work. Geopolymer cement concrete is an attractive alternative to Portland cement concrete owing to environmental, economic and performance benefits. Industrial wastes, such as fly ash (FA) and ground granular blast furnace slag (GGBS), have been extensively used to manufacture unitary and binary geopolymer concrete with heat activation (at different temperature); however, it has indicated a limitation for its application in precast industry only. Design/methodology/approach In the present study, efforts have been made to produce a ternary geopolymer concrete mix, using GGBS, FA and Silica fumes (SF) in varied proportion mixed with 8 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as alkali activator and cured at ambient temperature. Total ten geopolymer concrete mixes have been prepared and tested for strength and durability properties and compared with control mix of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Based on the mechanical properties of various mixes, an optimum geopolymer concrete mix has been identified. The control mix and optimum geopolymer have been studied for microstructural properties through scanning electron microscopy. Findings The in situ performance of the optimum mix has been assessed when used as a road repair material on a stretch of road. The ternary geopolymer concrete mixes (a) 65% GGBS + 25% FA + 10% SF, (b) 70% GGBS + 20% FA + 10% SF, and (c) 75% GGBS + 15% FA + 10% SF have resulted in good strength at ambient temperature and the mix 75% GGBS + 15% FA + 10% SF have shown good in situ performance when tested for road repair work. Originality/value Geopolymer concrete is gaining interest in many fields as an alternative to conventional concrete, as it not only reduces carbon footprint due to huge cement production but also provides a sustainable disposal method for many industrial wastes. This paper focuses on finding some alternative of OPC concrete to reduce dependency on the OPC.
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Amol B. Sawant, Dr. C. S. Patil, and Pranav Hinge. "UTILIZATION OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG IN CONCRETE - REVIEW." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 8, no. 2 (2024): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2024.v08i02.014.
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The impact of silica fume on the strength development rate and durability of binary concretes containing low reactivity slag. Results show that silica fume moderately improves strength gain but significantly enhances durability and water demand. The use of blast furnace slag and fine aggregate in construction materials for cold weather conditions. It found that GBFS aggregate increased compressive strength, frost resistance, and enhanced resistance against sulfuric acid attacks, demonstrating its potential for use in cold weather construction. The durability and strength of coal gangue-based geopolymer concrete, revealing that proper GBFS content and alkali activator modulus can improve freeze-thaw resistance. Alkali activated Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (SCGC) using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) incorporated with 2% nano silica. The mix design with 16M alkaline solution and 500 Kg/m3 binder content exhibited the highest compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength at 90 days. The corrosion performance of recycled aggregate concrete, focusing on water to binder ratios and the impact of 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag. Showed that the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag increased surface resistivity to 88 kΩcm and decreased carbonation resistance. This increased potential and decreased corrosion rate, indicating that the inclusion of ground granulated blast furnace slag in recycled aggregate concrete mixes enhances corrosion resistance. The impact of waste beverage glass on the performance of ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete mixes. Results show that waste beverage glass reduces workability but improves mechanical properties, while increasing water absorption.
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Endawati, Jul, Rochaeti, and R. Utami. "Optimization of Concrete Porous Mix Using Slag as Substitute Material for Cement and Aggregates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (June 2017): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.282.
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In recent years, sustainability and environmental effect of concrete became the main concern. Substituting cement with the other cementitious material without decreasing mechanical properties of a mixture could save energy, reduce greenhouse effect due to mining, calcination and limestone refining. Therefore, some industrial by-products such as fly ash, silica fume, and Ground Iron Blast Furnace Slag (GIBFS) would be used in this study to substitute cement and aggregate. This substitution would be applied on the porous concrete mixture to minimize the environmental effect. Slag performance will be optimized by trying out variations of fly ash, silica fume, and slag as cement substitution material in mortar mixture. The result is narrowed into two types of substitution. First, reviewed from the fly ash substitution effect on binder material, highest compressive strength 16.2 MPa was obtained from mixture composition 6% fly ash, 3% silica fume and 17% grinding granular blast-furnace slag. Second, reviewed from slag types as cement substitution and silica fume substitution, highest compressive strength 15.2 MPa was obtained from mortar specimens with air-cooled blast furnace slag. It composed with binder material 56% Portland composite cement, 15% fly ash, 3% silica fume and 26% air-cooled blast furnace slag. Considering the cement substitution, the latter mixture was chosen.
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Severin, Ilenuta, and Maria Vlad. "Properties of Alkali Activated Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Based Geopolymers." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.114.
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Ground granulated blast furnace slag, red mud, wheat straw ash are secondary material which after alkaline activation can be used in the construction materials’ domain. Their disposal poses a threat to the environment, whereas by reusing them we would be able to reduce this negative impact. This paper describes the research carried out in order to synthesise some geopolymer recipes, which are based on ground granulated blast furnace slag, red mud and wheat straw ash, alkaline activated with sodium hydroxide or a solution made with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Factors that influence the compression strength have been studied such as: the nature of the alkaline activator, the chemical composition of solid materials in the recipes and the curing time. The geopolymer samples have been dried at room temperature for 7 and 28 days, respectively, and after the compressive strength tests has been made. Following this research it has been found out that NaOH/Na2SiO3 activated geopolymer samples have shown a higher resistance in the compressive strength. From the SEM analysis it has been found out that the samples with a higher amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag in their composition had a more homogeneous and less porous design than those with a smaller amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag.
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Khaidarov, B. B., D. S. Suvorov, D. V. Lysov, et al. "Obtaining and investigation of a finely dispersed fraction of granulated blast-furnace slags for use as components of clinker-free binders." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 6 (November 29, 2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2021-6-56-63.
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A method for obtaining a finely dispersed fraction of ground blast-furnace granulated slag has been developed. The resulting material with the introduction of an alkaline additive can be offered as an alternative to foreign analogous fine-dispersed mineral binders, an example of which can be microcement. A comprehensive study of granular slags of two metallurgical plants was carried out, the physicochemical characteristics of materials were determined. The possibility of obtaining a fraction of ground granular slag with a particle size of no more than 16 microns using vortex electromagnetic homogenization and subsequent air classification is shown.
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Brightson, P., M. Premanand, and M. S. Ravikumar. "Flexural Behavior of Beams Incorporating GGBS as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.698.
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Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) is obtained as waste product from the Iron industries, Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Investigations were carried out to explore the possibility of using GGBS as a replacement of sand in concrete mixtures. This paper presents the results of study undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using GGBS as fine aggregate in concrete. The effects of replacing fine aggregates by GGBS on the compressive strength of cubes, split tensile strength of cylinders and flexural strength of beams are evaluated in this study. Five test groups were constituted with the replacement percentages of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% .The results showed the effect of GGBS on RCC concrete elements has a considerable amount of increase in the compressive, split tensile and flexural strength characteristics. Leaching studies revealed that GGBS does not leach heavy metals like Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Mo etc and also indicates that the leaching of heavy metals was well below the toxicity limits even under aggressive conditions.
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Ivanov, I. M., L. Ya Kramar, and M. V. Mordovtseva. "CEMENTS AND CONCRETES USING GROUND GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAG." Bulletin of South Ural State University series "Construction Engineering and Architecture" 24, no. 3 (2024): 33–48. https://doi.org/10.14529/build240304.
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Abstract. The Russian cement industry is increasing the share of Portland cement production without mineral additives every year, reducing the consumption of granulated blast-furnace slag. This prompted the emergence of a relatively new product – ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), supplied directly to consumers of Portland cement, who use it as a component of cement in construction and engineering. The main manufacturer in Russia is Mechel-Materials LLC (Chelyabinsk). This enterprise conducts quality control at all stages of production: when receiving liquid blast-furnace slag, its granulation, and its fine grinding. The article provides information about the production technology of GGBS at this enterprise. Based on a literature review, it was established that GGBS gives cements and concretes several important advantages. However, studies of the influence of granulated slag on other important characteristics of cements and con-cretes are limited in the literature. Information on the influence of separately ground domestic granulated blast-furnace slag is even more limited. In this regard, a study was carried out on the influence of the ratio of GGBS and Portland cement on the construction and technical properties of the resulting cements and concretes. All tests were carried out in accordance with the current Russian standards. The test results show that the GGBS under study makes it possible to obtain cements and concretes with improved quality indicators: durability, cost, and environmentally sustainable development.
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Zhitkovsky, Vadim, Leonid Dvorkin, Dmyrto Kochkarev, and Yuri Ribakov. "Using Experimental Statistical Models for Predicting Strength and Deformability of Self-Compacting Concrete with Ground Blast-Furnace Slag." Materials 15, no. 12 (2022): 4110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124110.
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Ground blast-furnace slag is one of the waste products available in Ukraine and other countries. It is obtained at metallurgical enterprises in huge quantities and can be efficiently used for concrete production. The article is devoted to obtaining experimental-statistical models of the influence of technological factors that determine the composition of self-compacting concrete (SCC) based on ground blast-furnace slag and polycarboxylate superplasticizer on compressive strength, tensile strength, prismatic strength, elastic modulus and crack resistance. Analysis of the investigated factors’ influence on the specified SCC properties is carried out and positive influence of blast-furnace slag and superplasticizer simultaneous action on durability and deformation characteristics is studied. A design method of SCC composition design using the obtained mathematical models is developed. It allows for the consideration of a set of necessary parameters simultaneously. A numerical example is given.
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Wu, Cai, Yuanyi Wang, Yan Shi, et al. "Lithium slag-ground granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer: Efflorescence mechanism analysis." Construction and Building Materials 478 (June 2025): 141418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141418.
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Novytskyi, Yurii, Nataliia Topylko, Uliana Marushchak, and Yura Turba. "Composite Materials Based on Phosphogypsum for Constructive Layers of Road Pavement." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 18, no. 1 (2024): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht18.01.007.
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The article contains research materials on solving the problem of utilization of waste phosphogypsum by using it in the layers of the road base. For this purpose, composite mixtures based on raw dump phosphogypsum were prepared. The composition of the composite mixtures was optimized to maximize the phosphogypsum content. The phosphogypsum was stabilized with ground granulated blast furnace slag and Portland cement. Laboratory tests have shown that the phosphogypsum-based composite materials meet the requirements of the National Standard of Ukraine DSTU 9177-3:2022 in terms of uniaxial compressive strength and frost resistance. The newly formed mineral phases during the hydration of composite materials based on phosphogypsum-ground granulated blast furnace slag-Portland cement were described using X-ray diffractometric analysis.
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Kazanskaya, Liliya, Nicolay Privalov, and Svetlana Privalova. "Fine ground granulated blast furnace slag for saving quantity of binder." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911001055.
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Nowadays, it is acknowledged that the use of mineral additives based on ground slag is one of ways of resource saving and improvement of technical properties of cement composites. Mineral additives with fineness similar to the Portland cement fineness are often used to replace part of Portland cement. Two kinds of ultra-fine ground granulated blast furnace slag that differ in composition and fineness were studied in the paper. Water-reduction due to effect of super plasticizer in slag-Portland cement compositions with amount of slag up to 70% was studied. The results of reduction of binder quantity per 1 kg of chemical admixture due to significant water-reduction are obtained and analysed. Correlations depending on kind, amount and fineness of slags, as well as depending on mineralogical composition of Portland cement were stated. The ultra-fine mineral additives based on ground slag with high specific surface area can be used for significant reduction of compositional binder.
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Arivusudar, N., and S. Suresh Babu. "Performance of ground granulated blast-furnace slag based engineered cementitious composites." Cement Wapno Beton 25, no. 2 (2020): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2020.25.2.2.
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Engineered Cementitious Composites are belonging to the ultra-high performance fiber reinforced composites. Engineered Cemen-titious Composites are composed of fine grained ingredients like cement, fine sand, fly ash, but don’t coarse aggregate. Presence of cement in the typical Engineered Cementitious Composites mix is nearly 1000 kilograms per cubic meter, which make this material to keep far from the sustainability. The content of fly ash in the mix improves the performance of mechanical properties and durability, however, the percentage of replacement of cement has the optimum up to 30 to 40 %. In this study, an attempt is made to add granulated blast furnace slag to Engineered Cementitious Composites mix replacing the cement, along with fly ash. Five different mix proportions are used in this investigation, from 10%, to 50%, at 10% intervals of the granulated blastfurnace slag, replacing cement. The content of granulated blast-furnace slag exhibit remarkable achievement in the mechanical parameters and impact toughness.
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Dyavappanavar, S. P., D. K. Kulkarni, Swapna Channagoudar, et al. "Enhancing Concrete Performance: Utilizing Industrial Waste GGBFS as an Admixture in Self-Compacting Concrete." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 246–51. https://doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2024-0030.
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Abstract Industrial-based pozzolanic substance with high silica content is called GGBFS stands for ground granulated blast furnace slag. This experimental study focused on self-compacting concrete (SCC) to create a concrete that was affordable utilizing manufactured sand (M-sand) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Utilizing Natural River sand harms riverbanks, drastically alters the water table, and drives up the price of river sand daily. In order to solve these issues, the fabrication of SCC uses artificial sand, a byproduct of industrial waste that is GGBFS from steel industry. This substance has the potential to produce a sustainable building material. The experimental findings are based on the evolution of the mechanical characteristics of SCC. In this work, SCC with M-sand and GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) are presented. Try out six different combinations. For example, a partial replacement with GGBFS (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30), in addition to density comparisons, mechanical properties such as (Compressive strength, Split Tensile strength, and Flexural strength) and fresh quality characteristics such as (Slump flow and L-Box Test) for each mix have been compared throughout periods of 7 days, 28 days, and 90 days.
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Seo, H., and D. H. Kim. "Development of Reinforcement Grout Materials Based on Blast Furnace Slag according to the Content of Reinforcement Fiber." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (October 19, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6612857.
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The grouting is used to reinforce soft ground and to prevent the leakage of water in the soil. The objective of the study is to enhance the compressive strength of grout materials by using reinforcing fibers and to increase the strength of soil using blast furnace slag powder. For this purpose, cement was replaced with the blast furnace slag powder by 30 to 60%. Furthermore, for comparison of carbon fibers with aramid fibers, each fiber was added by 0, 0.5, and 1.0% of the weight of material. As the contents of carbon fibers and aramid fibers increased, the uniaxial compressive strength increased. This is due to the interlocking of fibers in the grout material that increased the uniaxial compressive strength. Moreover, the grout material reinforced with aramid fibers showed an increase of uniaxial compressive strength by at least 20% compared to the carbon fibers. An environmental assessment was done through a heavy metal leaching test and a pH test. The test result reveals that about 50% of chromium (VI) leaching decreased as 30% more blast furnace slag powder was used but the pH test shows about 0.5 pH increased as 30% more blast furnace slag powder was used. Further study is necessary for the pH test.
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Das, D., S. M. Laskar, and B. Hussain. "Study on Slag-Rice Husk Ash based Alkali Activated Concrete." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (2022): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.487.
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Alkali activated binder is an innovative material and a potential alternate to conventional Portland cement for use in construction applications. Alkali activated binder is prepared using industrial or agro based by-products such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly-ash, rice husk ash, etc. This paper presents the processes and tests involved in evaluation of the strength and workability of slag-rice husk ash based alkali activated concrete. Raw rich hush ash was collected from various sources, ground and tested to attain suitable fineness and use in preparation of the concrete. Blast furnace slag and rice husk ash were incorporated in various percentages to prepare the alkali activated concrete. Results from the tests were compared with that of conventional Portland concrete. The fineness of rice husk as well as the amount played significant role in altering the properties of alkali activated concrete. Porousness of rice husk ash lowers the workability and compressive strength.
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Janowska-Renkas, Elżbieta, and Jolanta Kowalska. "Use of fly ash from fluidized bed boilers in clinker-slag-ash based binders." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817402002.
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The study presents the state of knowledge regarding physical and chemical properties, as well as trends for application of fly ashes from combustion in fluidized bed boilers in building materials. Clinker - slag - ash based binders were tested that contained up to 40 mass % of fly ashes from combustion in fluidized bed boilers. It was demonstrated that fluidized bed combustion fly ashes (FBC fly ash), apart from granular blast furnace slag, could be the ingredient of low clinker Portland cements (ca. 20% by mass). These cements, compared to CEM I Portland cement, have higher water demand and durability in the corrosive environment, and a lower compressive strength value. Based on test results of binders with various content of blast furnace slag and fly ash, the clinker - slag - ash based binder was singled out, which demonstrated the higher durability in the corrosive environment. It was found that production of clinker - slag - ash based binders was possible in the strength class 32.5 even with 30% by mass of FBC fly ash content.
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Tole, Ilda, Magdalena Rajczakowska, Abeer Humad, Ankit Kothari, and Andrzej Cwirzen. "Geopolymer Based on Mechanically Activated Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag." Materials 13, no. 5 (2020): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051134.
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An efficient solution to increase the sustainability of building materials is to replace Portland cement with alkali-activated materials (AAM). Precursors for those systems are often based on water-cooled ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBFS). Quenching of blast furnace slag can be done also by air but in that case, the final product is crystalline and with a very low reactivity. The present study aimed to evaluate the cementitious properties of a mechanically activated (MCA) air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) used as a precursor in sodium silicate alkali-activated systems. The unreactive ACBFS was processed in a planetary ball mill and its cementing performances were compared with an alkali-activated water-cooled GGBFS. Mixes based on mechanically activated ACBFS reached the 7-days compressive strength of 35 MPa and the 28-days compressive strength 45 MPa. The GGBFS-based samples showed generally higher compressive strength values.
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Šperling, Petr, and Rudolf Hela. "Possibilities of Determining K-Value and Activity Index for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag." Solid State Phenomena 351 (October 27, 2023): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-95ejgg.
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This paper deals with the determination of k-value and activity index for ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). The aim of this paper is to determine the activity index and k value for different CEM I cement substitutes with ground granulated blast furnace slag. determination of the k-value is based on the relationship of the water/cement ratio and the compressive strength of concrete with GGBFS. The next goal is to create a mathematical function that describes the development of compressive strength depending on the age of the cement mortar or concrete and the amount of cement replacement with GGBFS. Based on the achieved compressive strengths were designed compressive strength function for concrete and cement mortar with high coefficient of determination (above 0.9). Furthermore, k-values were determined for different ages of concrete and replacement of cement with finely ground slag. These k-values increase as the age of the concrete increases.
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Jin, Zi Qiao, Xian Jun Lu, and Shu Gang Hu. "Alkali Activation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag." Advanced Materials Research 158 (November 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.158.1.
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In order to stimulate the potential cementitious property of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), the ground GBFS sample (Wei Fang Iron and Steel Corporation, China) was activated by lime and gypsum under different dosages. The results showed that lime is an effective activator for the slag, and the optimum dosage of lime is about 10% (w/w) of the slag. At the optimum dosage of lime, the 28 days compressive strength of the lime-slag paste is higher than that of 32.5 ordinary Portland cement (OPC). But, the early age strength (3 and 7 days compressive strength) of the lime-slag paste is lower than that of the OPC. Addition of gypsum can effectively improve the early age strength of the lime-slag paste. At the ratio of gypsum:lime:slag of 8.2:9.2:82.6 (w/w), both the early and long-term compressive strengths of the gypsum-lime-slag paste are higher than that of the OPC. According to XRD, TG-DTA and SEM detections of the hydration products of the lime-slag paste, the gypsum-lime-slag paste and the OPC paste, it reveals that the hydration process of the GBFS-based cementitious material is different from the ordinary Portland cement and the presence of ettringite (AFt) contributes to the early age strength of the pastes. The major hydration product of the OPC paste (<7 days) were measured as ettringite (AFt), but the AFt phase was not detected in the hydration product of the lime-slag paste and the major hydration product of the lime-slag paste was determined as amorphous CSH gel. However, AFt was detected in the hydration products of the gypsum-lime-slag paste in the early stages of hydration, and the formation of AFt is favorable for the early strength improvement of the material.
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Umair, Muhammad, and Muhammad Jahangir Khan. "Fabrication of the Hybrid Bricks Utilizing Multiple Waste Pozzolanic Stabilizers as Fractional Substitution of Fine Aggregate." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (2023): 3268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.3278.
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The world is pounding with millions of tons of industrial wastes such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, and mine tailings as various industrial wastes. The best way to make use of these wastes is to incorporate these materials as structural elements, which in turn minimizes the carbon footprint. In this context, this study focuses on using iron ore tailings and slag sand as a replacement for clay or natural sand for the production of stabilized blast furnace iron slag brick. Also, in this study sand is used as a stabilizer instead of more clay ratio. The development of sand-based bricks using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag has been carried out in this research. The study includes the mechanical properties of the slag iron bricks. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions have been used as alkaline activators. The ratio of alkaline liquid to alumina-silicate concrete ratio and the percentage of the binder had a major influence on the strength of the brick. The bricks were cast and cured at ambient temperature. Compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days and the thermal conduction analysis are the major experimental works including some of the minor findings like water absorption, density and other tests were carried out.
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Jagannadha Rao, K., M. V. S. S. Sastri, T. Swetha, and Ch Poojita. "Optimizing roofing efficiency: utilizing GGBS and coir fibre in cement tile production." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1409, no. 1 (2024): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1409/1/012014.
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Abstract The roof of a dwelling is the most significant and expensive. Low-cost heavy roofing construction frequently resulted in higher costs. The potential usage for coir, an eco-friendly building material, is as a raw material for corrugated roofing sheets and tiles. This study deals with the effects of using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement in cement roof tile production. The work is based on an experimental study of roofing tiles produced with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% (OPC) replaced by GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace slag). The optimum combination of fibre of 0.8% and replacement of GGBS of 40% in tiles was found optimum.
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Ismail, Y., S. W. Lee, C. L. Oh, M. R. Md Zain, and N. A. Yahya. "Tensile properties of slag-based engineered cementitious composites with ground granulated blast-furnace slag." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, no. 1 (2023): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012052.
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Abstract During the last decade, concrete technology has been undergoing rapid development, resulting in a new concept of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) to overcome the brittle behaviour of cement-based materials. ECC is one movement to fully incorporate waste material as an innovation in green material due to excellent toughness and energy absorption capacity, self-healing ability, fire performance, and remain durable under erosion environment. ECC exhibits a strain-hardening behaviour through the formation of micro cracking. This study is focusing on the tensile behaviour of the slag-based ECC. A total of five ECC mixes were designed with different cement to ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) ratio. Five samples of dog bone and three cylindrical for each mixture were prepared for direct tensile and compression tests. Compared to control samples, there are increments in compressive strength for samples contained 50-60% of GGBS and reductions in compressive strength for samples contained 70-80% of GGBS. The tensile strengths of ECC increase in the rate proportionally to the content of GGBS in ECC mixtures. The failure modes of the ECC cylinder samples including crushing under compressive load and few micro cracks are observed in ECC dog bones.
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WANG, Ting, Xiaojian GAO, and Jian WANG. "Preparation of Foamed Phosphogypsum Lightweight Materials by Incorporating Cementitious Additives." Materials Science 25, no. 3 (2019): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.25.3.19910.
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As a byproduct of phosphoric acid industry, phosphogypsum has many environmental problems. In order to recycle phosphogypsum to manufacture lightweight building materials, cementitious additives including fly ash, ground granulate blast-furnace slag and Portland cement were added to improve strength and water-resistance and different volume of foam was added to reduce the bulk density. The results show that hydrated lime can improve mechanical strength and water resistance of PG paste and the optimal dosage of hydrated lime is 6 %. Higher addition of fly ash or ground granulated blast-furnace slag improves the fluidity and delays the setting time of PG paste. The addition of 10 ~ 20 % fly ash results in a little reducing influence and 10 % ground granulated blast-furnace slag leads to an increase of 20.7 % for 28 days compressive strength of hardened PG specimen. The higher addition of Portland cement results in the better mechanical strength and water resistance of PG specimens. The 28day compressive and flexural strength reaches 25.9 MPa and 8.9 MPa respectively for the 25 % Portland cement mixture. PG based lightweight building materials can prepared by the addition of 60 % volume of air foam, with compressive strength of 1.7 MPa, bulk density of 521.7 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity of 0.0724 W/(m·K). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.25.3.19910
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Deboucha, Walid, Nassim Sebaibi, Yassine El Mendili, et al. "Reactivity Effect of Calcium Carbonate on the Formation of Carboaluminate Phases in Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Blended Cements." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (2021): 6504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116504.
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The reactivity effect of calcium carbonate, present in ground oyster shells and limestone filler, on the formation of carboaluminate phases in ground granulated blast furnace slag blended cement pastes was reported in this paper. Six different binary and ternary blended cement pastes were prepared using ground granulated blast furnace slag, ground oyster shells and limestone filler with different replacement levels (from 5 to 35%). The carboaluminate formation was assessed and quantified directly using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and indirectly by following the aluminate phase’s reaction (heat flow) and consumed calcium carbonate using Isothermal Calorimetry (IC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), respectively. Further, the overall reaction degree calculated based on TGA results and the compressive strength were determined to support the findings obtained. The results revealed that the calcium carbonate present in ground oyster shells is more reactive when compared to that present in limestone filler, where more formed hemi- and monocarboaluminate phases were observed in mixtures containing ground oyster shells. An enhancement in compressive strength and overall reaction degree was observed by adding 5% ground oyster shells as cement replacement.
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Olutoge, Festus Adeyemi, and Anuoluwapo Sola Kolade. "Investigation of Compressive Strength of Slag-based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporated with Palm Oil Fuel Ash." West Indian Journal of Engineering 45, no. 2 (2023): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/zgij9698.
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The paper investigated the compressive strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag-based geopolymer concrete incorporated with palm oil fuel ash compared to portland limestone cement concrete. An appropriate geopolymer mix design was first determined. This mix entailed fine aggregates: coarse aggregates: cementitious material: liquid ratio of 2: 2.5: 1: 0.5, respectively, with 100% replacement of portland cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) incorporated with palm oil fuel ash (POFA). An alkaline solution was used in place of water containing sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Following this design, five geopolymer mixes were prepared, each of varying POFA-GGBS ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, and a 14M alkaline solution was used. In addition, a control mix was determined, comprising 100% portland limestone cement (PLC) as the cementitious material and 100% water. Three cubic samples were casted for each geopolymer mix with the control mix, and then the geopolymer mixes were thermally cured for 24 hours. The compressive strength test was conducted on the test samples after ambient curing of 7 days and 28 days, and values for compressive strength (MPa) and failure load (KN) were recorded. Through comparative analysis, it was determined that the most efficient geopolymer mix was mix 2 of GGBS: POFA ratio of 75:25 with 14M alkaline solution. Mix 2 achieved the highest compressive strength of 65.41MPa, approximately 21.99% higher than the strength attained by portland cement concrete samples, measured to be 53.62MPa. Thus, geopolymer concrete can achieve greater strength than portland cement concrete. Keywords: Alkaline solution, Geopolymer concrete, cementitious material, ground granulated blast furnace slag, compressive strength, palm oil fuel ash
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Criado, Maria, Brant Walkley, Xinyuan Ke, John Provis, and Susan Bernal. "Slag and Activator Chemistry Control the Reaction Kinetics of Sodium Metasilicate-Activated Slag Cements." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (2018): 4709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124709.
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The reaction kinetics of four commercial ground granulated blast furnace slags with varying percentages of MgO (6 to 14 wt.%), activated with four different doses of sodium metasilicate, were evaluated using isothermal calorimetry. The reaction kinetics were strongly dependent on the dose of the alkaline activator used, and the chemical and physical properties of the slag. When using low concentrations of sodium metasilicate as an activator, the MgO content in the slag influences the kinetics of the reaction, while the CaO content plays a more significant role when the concentration of metasilicate is increased. This study elucidated a close relationship between the dose of the alkali-activator and the chemistry of the slag used, although it was not possible to identify a clear correlation between any of the published chemically-based “slag quality moduli” and the calorimetry results, highlighting the complexity of blast furnace slag glass chemistry, and the importance of the physical properties of the slag in defining its reactivity.
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Ondová, Marcela, and Vojtech Vaclavik. "Environmental Assessment of the Concrete Based on Blast Furnace Slag." Solid State Phenomena 244 (October 2015): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.244.213.
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The paper deals with the use of blast furnace slag in the production of plain concrete and with its impact on the elements of the environment. The finely ground granulated blast furnace slag with the weight of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 95 and 100 % was used as a substitute of Portland cement in ratio 1:1 of weight. The following properties were observed in all prepared experimental mixtures: consistency of concrete mixture, density of fresh concrete mixture, cube and prism strengths, water tightness, frost resistance and static modulus of elasticity. Subsequently, the life cycle assessment as well as the comparison of environmental impact of selected plain concretes by the LCA method was made. They were monitored total environmental impacts in terms of threats to soil, water, air and human health in order to select the most suitable alternative. The comparison of the reference mixture and mixture with 60% wt. of blast furnace slag showed that using secondary raw materials visibly decreased the impact in each category: Abiotic depletion of 56%; Acidification of 52%; Eutrophication of 56%; Global warming of 58%; Ozone layer depletion of 50%; Terrestrial ecotoxicity of 59%; Photochemical oxidation of 50%, Primary energy (non-renewable fossil) of 53% and of 58% for Human toxicity, Fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity and Marine aquatic ecotoxicity, respectively.
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Rind, Touqeer Ali, Hemu Karira, Shahzad Ali Mirani, and Ali Khan Mari. "Influence of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on the Index, Compaction Parameters and Mechanical Strength of Khairpur Mir’s Natural Soil." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 10, no. 1 (2020): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2020-0013.
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AbstractIn developing countries like Pakistan, Due to rapid growth and population, an increase in the production of industrial waste is rising significantly day by day. Stabilization of soil using those industrial wastes not only gives proper usage of waste materials but also increases the cost-benefit ratio as a whole. In this research work, an attempt was made to use Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in the stabilization of District Khairpur Mirs’ soil. Generally, while dealing with building construction industry such as foundations for buildings, highways such as subgrades as a foundation and in earthen dams as landfills sometimes there exist naturally occurring unsuitable soils. District Khairpur Mirs’ soil is accounted for the different laboratory tests and the concerned District Khairpur Mirs’ soil found to be relatively unsuitable; therefore, various percentages of ground granulated blast furnace slag were added to make it suitable. To improve the concerned soil different percentages of slag are used, and samples thus formed so for were tested in the laboratory for this research work. Various laboratorial tests like particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, Modified Proctor test, AASHTO soil classification, and CBR test were performed on controlled and stabilized soil samples. The aim of this research study was to examine the influence of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) on the index, Compaction and mechanical strength parameters of natural Khairpur Mirs’ soil. Finally, based on laboratorial tests, it was observed that stabilization of soil by GGBFS made favourable changes on the index, compaction and strength parameters of District Khairpur Mirs’ soil.
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Sičáková, Alena, Erika Figmigová, and Matej Špak. "Comparison of the strength development of binary and ternary cements containing perlite powder." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2020-0006.
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Abstract Currently, the consumption of blended cements is increasing all over the world. This is due to environmental, technical and economic reasons. Among the additives mixed with ordinary Portland cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash are of particular significance. However, some regions may lack standard additives, and vice versa, may be rich in natural pozzolans. This paper is focused on the perlite as a natural pozzolanic material which is locally available. This study presents the results of the application of perlite as a component of blended cements in different proportions, representing binary and ternary compositions, and compares it with standard additives (fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag). The time development of both compressive and flexural strength, including results of 2, 7, 28 and 90-day testing, is analyzed. Perlite binders show acceptable time development of strengths, which is comparable to conventional blended binders based on ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash and do not constitute a technological barrier. With a higher dose of perlite, the time increase in flexural strength is slower, but the rate of increase in compressive strength does not change substantially. Flexural strength of 4.1–6.2 MPa and compressive strength of 18.8–38.5 MPa are sufficient for a number of practical applications and are expected to meet the required limits. An improvement of strengths in the later period (90 days) was also confirmed.
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Chernil'nik, A., D. El'shaeva, Y. Zherebtsov, N. Dotsenko, and M. Samofalova. "SELECTION OF A RATIONAL RECIPE OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ON A MIXTURE OF CERAMSITE GRAVEL, NATURAL CRUSHED STONE AND GRANULAR SLAG." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 12 (2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-12-34-42.
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In conditions of dense urban development and a variety of engineering and geological conditions, the use of concretes with a combined aggregate of a rationally selected composition will solve the existing problem of reducing the mass of reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures and maintaining the required strength and deformability. In this paper, studies have been carried out on the choice of a rational formulation of lightweight concrete based on expanded clay gravel, natural crushed stone and granulated blast furnace slag by varying the volume content of porous coarse aggregate and the volume content of fine aggregate in relation to the mixture. In total, 9 series of prototypes and 1 series of control samples are manufactured and tested. One series of samples includes three cubes with dimensions of 10x10x10 cm. All samples are tested in terms of density and compressive strength, the coefficient of constructive quality is determined. The results of the study shows that the introduction of expanded clay gravel into the composition of heavy concrete instead of part of the dense coarse aggregate and the replacement of the fine dense aggregate with granular blast furnace slag leads to an increase in the structural quality factor, that is, a decrease in the compressive strength of concrete is compensated for by an even more significant decrease in the density of the material, and means weight reduction. The increase in the coefficient of constructive quality of concrete based on expanded clay gravel, natural crushed stone and granulated blast-furnace slag in comparison with the control composition is 15.6 %.
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Nguyen, Quang Dieu, and Arnaud Castel. "Developing Geopolymer Concrete by Using Ferronickel Slag and Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag." Ceramics 6, no. 3 (2023): 1861–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6030114.
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Geopolymer concrete is gaining recognition as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional cement-based materials, offering potential solutions for reducing the carbon emissions of the construction industry. This study aims to develop GGBFS–FNS geopolymers utilising ferronickel slag (FNS) and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Ground FNS (GFNS) is a potential candidate for replacing fly ash in geopolymers. This research aims to develop for the first time a GGBFS–FNS alkali-activated concrete. Numerous trials were conducted including different GGBFS–FNS blend percentages, several chemical admixtures and varying activator concentrations to develop the optimal binder mix composition. The effects of different chemical admixtures on the properties of geopolymer pastes, mortars, and concretes were investigated. The study evaluated setting time, compressive strength, shrinkage, and physical and durability properties. The results indicate that conventional admixtures have limited impact on the setting time, while increasing the water/solid ratio and decreasing the GGBFS content could extend the initial and final setting times. The presence of FNS aggregate could improve the compressive strength of geopolymer mortars. The water absorber admixture was highly effective in reducing shrinkage and increasing chloride diffusion resistance. The geopolymer mix containing 50 wt.% GFNS and 50 wt.% GGBFS with the presence of the water absorber admixture presented high chloride diffusion resistance, non-reactivity to the alkali–silica reaction and high sulphate resistance. Overall, the GGBFS–FNS geopolymers exhibited promising potential for engineering applications as an environmentally friendly material, particularly in aggressive environments.
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Trinh, Quyen V., Gábor Mucsi, Thai V. Dang, Ly P. Le, Van H. Bui, and Sándor Nagy. "THE INFLUENCE OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON GROUND COAL SLAG AND BLAST FURNACE SLAG BASED GEOPOLYMER PROPERTIES." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 35, no. 4 (2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2020.4.2.
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In this study, the material characterization of Vietnamese ground coal slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), such as particle size distribution, chemical composition, bulk density and particle density are shown. The geopolymer specimens were prepared by mixing an 80 m/m% mass of solid materials (ground coal slag and GGBFS in a different ratio) with 20 m/m % of a 10M NaOH alkaline activator. A systematic experimental series was carried out in order to optimize the preparation process. In that series, the heat curing temperature was 60°C for 6 hours, and then selected specimens were heat treated at a high temperature (1000 °C) for 1 hour. After 7 days of ageing, the physical properties of the geopolymer (compressive strength, specimen density) were measured. Also, after 180 days of ageing, the pH values of water in the geopolymer leaching preparation were determined. The results show that the geopolymer can be used for refractory applications due to its good heat resistance properties. However, geopolymers that were heated at 1000 °C had lower compressive strength, specimen density and pH values of water containing the geopolymer than those that were cured at 60 °C.
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Han, Guoxuan, Jingbin Zhang, Haojie Sun, et al. "Application of Iron Ore Tailings and Phosphogypsum to Create Artificial Rockfills Used in Rock-Filled Concrete." Buildings 12, no. 5 (2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050555.
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Rock-filled concrete (RFC) has good performance in terms of energy savings, cost reduction, and CO2 emissions as a novel massive concrete construction technology. There have been studies into replacing natural rocks in RFC with large blocks of solid waste, and this method has been used on several construction sites. However, the granular and powdery solid waste utilized in RFC is limited, as a consequence of the special requirement of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in RFC. The goal of this paper is to increase the amount of granular and powdery solid waste in RFC. Iron ore tailing (IOT) and phosphogypsum (PG) were used separately as granular and powdery solid waste. The modified PG, ground blast-furnace slag (GBFS), steel slag, and cement clinker are combined to form parathion gypsum slag cement in a specific proportion, with the ratio of PG, GBFS, steel slag, and cement being 47:47:2:2. To replace the natural rocks in RFC, artificial rockfills made of IOT and parathion gypsum slag cement are used to increase the dosage of solid waste. The artificial rockfills were formed using three methods: compressing, roller compacting, and normal vibrating. When the compressive strength and material costs of the three types of artificial rockfills are compared, the compressing method is the best for maximizing the IOT. In artificial rockfills, the mass fraction of granular solid waste is 83.3%, and the mass fraction of total solid waste is 99.3%.
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Daule, ShashirN, and ElishaD Shinde. "EFFECT OF WASTE WATER ON GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG BASED CONCRETE." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 10 (2016): 2027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2016.
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Gijbels, Katrijn, Remus Ion Iacobescu, Yiannis Pontikes, Sonja Schreurs, and Wouter Schroeyers. "Alkali-activated binders based on ground granulated blast furnace slag and phosphogypsum." Construction and Building Materials 215 (August 2019): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.194.
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Partha, Sarathi Deb, Nath Pradip, and Kumar Sarker Prabir. "Strength and Permeation Properties of Slag Blended Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.168.
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Geopolymer is a binder that can act as an alternative of Portland cement. Geopolymers use by-product substances such as fly ash, and can help reduce carbon dioxide emission of concrete production. This paper presents the results of a study on the fly ash based geopolymer concrete suitable for curing at ambient temperature. To activate the fly ash, a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions was used. The setting and hardening of geopolymer concrete were obtained by blending blast furnace slag with fly ash instead of using heat curing. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) was used at the rate of 10% or 20 % of the total binder. The tests conducted include compressive strength, tensile strength, flexure strength, sorptivity and volume of permeable voids (VPV) test. The geopolymer concrete compressive strength at 28 days varied from 27 to 47 MPa. Results indicated that the strength increased and water absorption decreased with the increase of the slag content in the geopolymer concrete. In general, blending of slag with fly ash in geopolymer concrete improved strength and permeation properties when cured in ambient temperature.
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Oravec, Jozef, and Adriana Eštoková. "Determination the Availability of Chromium from Powdered Cement Composites Containing Blast Furnace Slag." Solid State Phenomena 244 (October 2015): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.244.246.
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Nowadays, cement composites often contain a certain amount of waste materials, which can lead to increased heavy metals leaching. Important environmental indicator of the suitability of concrete is a leachability of chromium. In this paper, concrete samples containing special admixture based on the blast furnace slag as replacement of Portland cement (65%, 75%, 85% and 95%, respectively) as well as reference sample containing only a Portland cement were analyzed. Availability test was used to study the maximum chromium leaching from finely ground cement composites samples. The findings revealed that the leachability of hexavalent chromium from the samples containing 65 and 75 wt. % of slag-based additive was 4.59 and 1.70 times higher, respectively then the leachability of hexavalent chromium from the samples containing no slag. On the other hand, the 85 and 95 wt. % slag-containing-samples provided the Cr (VI) leachability by 26 and 41 % lower than the samples without any slag addition. Regarding the slag containing samples, the higher content of slag-based additive was in concrete sample, the lower leachability of Cr (VI) was detected.