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1

Allen, David Andrew. "Electrical conductivity imaging of aquifers connected to watercourses : a thesis focused on the Murray Darling Basin, Australia." University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/428.

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Electrical imaging of groundwater that interacts with surface watercourses provides detail on the extent of intervention needed to accurately manage both resources. It is particularly important where one resource is saline or otherwise polluted, where spatial quantification of the interacting resources is critical to water use planning and where losses from surface waterways need to be minimized in order to transport water long distances. Geo-electric arrays or transient electromagnetic devices can be towed along watercourses to image electrical conductivity (EC) at multiple depths within and beneath those watercourses. It has been found that in such environments, EC is typically related primarily to groundwater salinity and secondarily to clay content. Submerged geo-electric arrays can detect detailed canal-bottom variations if correctly designed. Floating arrays pass obstacles easily and are good for surveying constricted rivers and canals. Transient electromagnetic devices detect saline features clearly but have inferior ability to detect fine changes just below beds of watercourses. All require that water depth be measured by sonar or pressure sensors for successful elimination of effects of the water layer on the data. The meandering paths of rivers and canals, combined with the sheer volume of data typically acquired in waterborne surveys, results in a geo-referencing dilemma that cannot be accommodated using either 2D imaging or 3D voxel imaging. Because of this, software was developed by the author which allows users to view vertical section images wrapped along meandering paths in 3D space so that they resemble ribbons. Geo-electric arrays suitable for simultaneous imaging of both shallow and deep strata need exponentially spread receiver electrodes and elongated transmitter electrodes. In order to design and facilitate such arrays, signed monopole notation for arrays with iv segmented elongated electrodes was developed. The new notation greatly simplified generalized geo-electric array equations and led to processing efficiency. It was used in the development of new array design software and automated inversion software including a new technique for stable inversion of datasets including data with values below noise level. The Allen Exponential Bipole (AXB) array configuration was defined as a collinear arrangement of 2 elongated transmitter electrodes followed by receiver electrodes spaced exponentially from the end of the second transmitter electrode. A method for constructing such geo-electric arrays for use in rivers and canals was developed and the resulting equipment was refined during the creation of an extensive set of EC imaging case studies distributed across canals and rivers of the Australian Murray- Darling Basin. Man made and natural variations in aquifers connected to those canals and rivers have been clearly and precisely identified in more than 1000 kilometres of EC imagery.
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Nygren, Anton, Edvard Nordenskjöld, and Erik Östblom. "Groundwater occurrence and quality in Bulawayo province, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300718.

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This study focused on determining the groundwater flow paths in the crystalline subsurface rocks of the Bulawayo metropolitan, Zimbabwe, through analysing the discontinuities of the electrical properties of the ground, as well as in the magnetic field of the underlying rocks. Further, borehole water quality was analysed by measuring and mapping several chemical parameters, specifically TDS, salinity and the electrical conductivity. The electrical and magnetic anomalies were measured at two field sites within the Bulawayo province, the Harry Allen Golf Course and the Barbour Fields dumpsite, while 120 boreholes were sampled for water quality in a large part the province. Two magnetometers were used to measure the magnetic field and the time and location of the measurements, which resulted, after processing in SURFER, into the magnetic field map of these areas. This was used, in conjunction with the geologic map of the Bulawayo province, in order to determine useful locations for the electrical resistivity surveys. These included electrical resistivity tomography and vertical electrical sounding and were performed with an earth resistivity/induced polarization (IP) meter in order to measure the electrical resistivity of the ground. Inverse modelling was used in the RES2DINV software program to produce the topographic image of resistivity. The results for the borehole sampling showed that the maps for the three chemical parameters were very similar, with the western and northern parts of the mapped area displaying higher concentration values. The results of the electrical resistivity surveying showed probable areas of groundwater flow with its relationship to electric conductivity.
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3

Kingsley, Janet Elizabeth. "Using electrical conductivity and temperature mapping to locate zones of groundwater discharge in the South Nation River, eastern Ontario." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27143.

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Groundwater-surface water interactions (GSWI's) interactions are an important part of understanding the hydrological cycle, groundwater and river systems, and in providing estimates of groundwater contributions to rivers (base flow). Seepage/leakage of groundwater into surface waters can be measured directly, but this is very labor-intensive, and therefore not feasible at the scale of a basin. An alternative method, which was used in this study, infers groundwater seepage from electrical conductivity and temperature (EC& T) of water at the bottom of the river, based on the assumption that there is a contrast between the incoming groundwater and the river water (which is almost always the case). Zones of groundwater seepage were confirmed and quantified using open-top seepage meters. The results were then used to obtain an integrated baseflow and compared to baseflow found from graphical hydrograph separation techniques. Baseflow estimates, using the two methods, were similar. The methodology in this study proved useful in detecting groundwater seepage, but it was also efficient at pinpointing sources of local high EC loading in the river. This can therefore be an extremely valuable tool in the watershed management. The level of detail proved by this method is extremely useful in many GIS-based applications, including the assessment of susceptibility of an aquifer to contamination, the understanding of a river ecosystem, flood protection and control and groundwater modeling exercises.
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Lasher, Candice. "Application of fluid electrical conductivity logging for fractured rock aquifer characterisation at the University of the Western Cape's Franschhoek and Rawsonville research sites." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3729_1338541923.

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<p>&nbsp<br>Characterisation of fractured rock aquifers is important when dealing with groundwater protection and management. Fractures are often good conduits for water and contaminants, leading to high flow velocities and the fast spread of contaminants in these aquifers. A cost effective methodology is required for the characterisation of the role of individual fractures contributing to flow to boreholes in fractured rock aquifers. Literature shows that some of the conventional methods used to characterise hydraulic properties in fractured rock aquifers are expensive, complicated, time consuming and are associated with some disadvantages such as over-or under- estimations of flow rates. iii This thesis evaluates the use of Fluid Electrical Conductivity (FEC) logging in fractured rock aquifers. This FEC data are compared to various traditional methods used to determine aquifer hydraulic properties applied at the Franschhoek and Rawsonville research sites. Both these sites were drilled into the fractured rock Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifer, forming one of the major aquifers in South Africa.</p>
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5

Angheben, Anna. "Mapping and modeling of the groundwater at the dam site in Bremen. A preliminary flow model." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Groundwater is of fundamental importance in water resources planning as it serves as storage/release entity. The hydrological characterization of the groundwater in Bremen area in the present work has been considered using two approaches. i) analysis of parameters collected during field campaign, i.e. piezometric head and electrical conductivity; ii) model elaboration and simulation with the forthcoming FREEWAT plugin for QGIS. After straightened activities in Weser up to the North Sea, the Hemelingen barrier, the peculiarity of the study area, was built to maintain a constant flow in the upstream part. It strongly affects the groundwater movement: water flows from upstream towards downstream with semicircular movements around the dam. Tidal phenomena in Weser downstream cause tidal fluctuation in groundwater level up to 300 m from the river. As concern electrical conductivity, data provided from datalogger measurements and laboratory analyses connect salt concentration to natural sources, due to the geology of the area, and mainly to residual discharge into the river of compounds from mining activities from upstream. Model processing and set up required some input data, recovered from database, literature or previous studies and model calibration considered two aspects: the comparison modeled/measured values and the analysis of hydrological reasonableness. Several simulations were carried out to evaluate how the model responds to input variations. Changes both in input values (i.e. the thickness of the aquifer, the specific storage, the hydraulic conductivity) and in boundary conditions (performed through river, recharge and well packages) resulted in rather different model output. Uncertainty in some parameters created problems in the calibration, especially in the area affected by tidal fluctuations, demonstrating that, working with parameters totally or partly unknown, may make difficult the proper transposition of the natural system in a model scheme.
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6

Derie, Bereket Mebrahtu. "Integration of geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in hard rock areas : application to Alla Valley, Eritrea, NE Africa." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12616.

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The integrated use of Electromagnetic Ground Conductivity, Ground Electrical Resistivity and Seismic Refraction geophysics methods was made in Alia valley, Eritrea for the aim of developing a methodology best suited for ground water exploration in hard rock areas with limited professional and financial resources. A total area of 25 square kilometer was covered with the geophysical surveys. The effective use of information from wells and geological information from outcrops and existing literature helped to create a preliminary conceptual hydrogeologic model that in turn provided a general picture of the research site in terms of its groundwater potential and related factors. The optimum configuration of the geophysical methods and their interpretation was researched by the use of synthetic mathematical models and experimental surveys in areas of known hydrogeological characteristics like lithology and depth of water table. Two approximately parallel electromagnetic ground conductivity profile lines crossed the survey area in approximately north-south direction to assess the variation in the electrical conductivity of the major geological structures. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) surveys were conducted close to existing wells with lithological information and at some selected sites. Survey sites for the two dimensional electrical resistivity imaging and the seismic refraction surveys were selected based on the results from the electromagnetic ground conductivity surveys. The formal geophysical surveys results were correlated with nearby boreholes and with each other. The responses of the different geophysical methods for each lithological layer were recognized. In addition, the location and characteristics of the major geological structures of the area were studies based on the information from the geophysical surveys and other available information. At the end of the research, parts of the research area with better groundwater potential were identified. As a result of the research, an efficient and cost effective geophysical approach was developed for groundwater exploration in hard rock areas of Eritrea and similar places of the world. Recommendations were made on the wider and effective use of the approach with due consideration for the limited financial, human resource and material capacities available for ground water exploration in most countries of Africa and other countries of the world.
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7

Nixdorf, Erik. "Combining measurements, remote sensing and numerical modelling to assess multi-scale flow dynamics in groundwater-dependent environmental systems." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-236485.

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Groundwater flow modelling provides an important quantitative instrument for addressing issues related to the quantity and quality of groundwater and the connected water resources. Consequently, groundwater flow models have been developed and used ubiquitously in science to deepen the understanding of subsurface processes and their drivers as well as management and planning tools. The present work investigates how numerical models can be linked to field investigations and public databases to quantitatively approach questions in the area of groundwater research. The primary goal is to develop new, efficient ways to overcome limitations of the individual hydrological concepts for solving specific hydrological problems and to increase the understanding of practical applicability of different methods. For this purpose, tailor-made approaches were developed for different study areas covering diverse spatial scales: the hydrology of a small mining lake, the riparian aquifer at the scale of a single meander as well as the aquifer systems of a large-scale river basin in China. The first part of the work deals with the physical and mathematical modelling of water constituents balance in a meromictic mining lake in Lusatia. The capability of using a rather simple mass-balance model based on a sufficient dataset of field data to evaluate lake stratification and lake-groundwater interaction were shown. In the second part, a transient numerical groundwater flow model was developed for the riparian aquifer of a stream meander and was calibrated by three different salt tracer tests. The model was used to proof the reliability of subsurface travel times derived from time series analysis and to give insights in the riparian zone dynamics during changing hydraulic gradients. The third part of the work describes the methodology to conduct risk assessment of groundwater contamination on the large catchment scale of the Songhua River in China. A comprehensive literature study was conducted to get an overview about measurement data on water quality data in China. A three-dimensional numerical flow and mass transport model was applied to access the flow and matter transport dynamics in the aquifer system of a sub-basin considering changing groundwater exploitation scenarios. Consequently, numerical groundwater modelling was combined with processed remote sensing and web mapping service data to overcome field data limitations and to derive groundwater vulnerability, groundwater hazard and groundwater risk maps for the entire Songhua River Basin. Summarizing, this doctoral thesis could develop new methods of combining field measurements, data assimilation and aggregation from various sources and groundwater modelling strategies and successfully apply these methods to find solutions on problems of multiple scales and across water systems<br>Die Grundwassermodellierung stellt eine wichtige wissenschaftliche Methode zur quantitativen Analyse von Fragestellungen zum Schutz der Menge und Güte der Grundwasserressourcen sowie der angeschlossenen Wasserkörper dar. Dementsprechend werden Grundwassermodelle sowohl für Planungs- und Bewertungszwecke im Wasserressourcenmanagement als auch zur wissenschaftlichen Erforschung der Prozesse im Untergrund entwickelt und angewendet. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht in diesem Rahmen, wie numerische Modelle, Feldmessungen und Daten generiert aus Fernerkundungsdaten und Webplattformen systematisch verknüpft werden können, um Fragestellungen im Bereich der Grundwasserforschung quantitativ zu beantworten. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es neue effiziente Abläufe zu entwickeln, die die Limitierung der einzelnen Methoden überwinden und diese auf deren Anwendbarkeit für die Lösung spezifischer hydrologischer Probleme zu analysieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden in dieser Doktorarbeit fallspezifische Lösungen für verschiedene Untersuchungsgebiete entwickelt, die sowohl in der räumlichen Skale als auch in den zu untersuchenden hydrologischen Fragestellungen eine große Diversität aufweisen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Massenbilanz von Wasserinhaltsstoffen in einem meromiktischen Tagebaurestsee im Lausitzer Revier durch physikalische und mathematische Modellierungsmethoden untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass auf Basis einer gewonnenen mehrjährigen Zeitreihe von Messdaten ein einfaches Massenbilanzmodell in der Lage ist, sowohl Seeschichtungs- als auch Grundwasseraustauschdynamiken quantitativ zu beschreiben. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit umfasst die Entwicklung eines transienten numerischen Grundwassermodells für den quartären Uferaquifer im Bereich eines Flussmäanders der Selke welches anhand von Daten aus mehreren Salztracertests kalibriert wurde. Das Modell wurde dafür verwendet die transienten Verweilzeiten in der gesättigten Zone des Mäanderbogens unter dem Einfluss dynamischer hydraulischer Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Anschluss mit Verweilzeiten verglichen, die aus der Analyse der zeitlichen Verschiebung von gemessenen elektrischen Leitfähigkeitszeitreihen zwischen Fluss und Grundwassermessstellen gewonnen wurden. Durch dieses kombinierte Verfahren konnten sowohl die Beschränkungen der zeitreihenbasierten Verweilzeitberechnung aufgezeigt als auch ein tieferes Systemverständnis für die Interaktionsdynamiken zwischen Grund- und Flusswasser auf der Mäanderskala gewonnen werden. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit beschreibt die Vorgehensweise für die Bewertung des Grundwasserkontaminationsrisikos im Einzugsgebiet des Songhua Flusses in China. Eine umfassende Literaturstudie wurde durchgeführt, um einen Überblick über die Verfügbarkeit von Messdaten zur Belastung der Wasserressourcen Chinas mit organischen Schadstoffen zu erhalten. Danach wurde für ein Teileinzugsgebiet ein dreidimensionales numerisches Grundwassermodell auf Basis der vorhandenen hydrogeologischen Daten aufgebaut. Dieses wurde dazu verwendet die Änderungen im Stofftransports und den Schadstoffkonzentrationen innerhalb des Aquifersystems unter steigenden Entnahmeraten zu analysieren. Basierend auf diesen Studien wurden auf der Skale des Gesamteinzugsgebiets, um die beschränkte Verfügbarkeit von Felddaten auszugleichen, die Ergebnisse der numerischen Grundwassermodellierung mit Fernerkundungsdaten und Webdatenbanken in einem Indexsystem kombiniert mit dem für die oberflächennahen Aquifere Vulnerabilität, Gefährdungspotential und Verschmutzungsrisiko in einer räumlichen Auflösung von 1 km² bestimmt wurden. Zusammenfassend konnten durch die vorliegende Doktorarbeit neue passgenaue Methoden zur effektiven Kombination von in-situ Messungen, der Datenerhebung und Datenintegration aus vielfältigen Datenquellen sowie numerischen Grundwassermodellierungsstrategien entwickelt und zur Lösung der untersuchten hydrologischer Fragestellen auf den verschiedenen Skalen und über die Grenzen der einzelnen hydrologischen Teilsysteme hinaus erfolgreich angewandt werden
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8

YU-LIN, LIAO, and 廖玉霖. "Feasibility Study on Using Crosshole-Surface Electrical Conductivity to Evaluate Groundwater Flow Field." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4ncqz2.

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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>環境工程與科學學系<br>106<br>The main goal of this research is to directly measure groundwater velocity and direction by monitoring soil apparent the change of soil apparent resistivity during a tracer test. The motivation is to be able to accurately and effectively measure groundwater velocity and direction using only one monitoring well. The tracer test used 250 L of de-ionized water as the tracer. The tracer was pumped into a groundwater monitoring well (MW-8) by raising the water table in the well (< 30 cm). The injection time was about 15 min and the injected water was considered as a instantaneous source. The soil apparent resistivity with time was measured with a soil resistivity meter connected to 24 electrodes (16 vertical and 8 horizontal). The 16 vertical electrodes was placed in MW8 with a spacing of 30 cm, whereas the 8 horizontal electrodes was placed on ground surface with a spacing of 1 m. There were total of 6 sets of horizontal electrodes arranged as radial lines centered at MW8.The measurement time is 0,40,160,280,1170,and 1290 min respectively. The results show that the groundwater velocty is about 12.8 to 15.3 cm / hr. This is about 20 times faster than the groundwater velocity of 0.6 to 0.8 cm / hr calculated with a hydraulic conductivity K value of 1.35×10-4 m/s and a hydraulic gradient of 5.1×10-3 . The direction of the groundwater is south-western. The dispersivity is about 1.4 to 7.9cm. The results indicate that it is feasible to measure groundwater velocity and direction using the technique presented in this thesis.
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Yang, Chao-Sheng, and 楊晁晟. "A Study on The Relationships between Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Debris-Flow Occurrence." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03595347777863853380.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>生物環境系統工程學系暨研究所<br>91<br>Abstract The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between electrical conductivity of groundwater and debris-flow occurrence. If the soil deposited in the stream with a high potential of debris flow or located at the sides of the stream was eroded due to seepage for a period of time, fine particles of the soil might be carried away and subsequently, the whole soil deposit or the slope might collapse. Therefore, field dimension analyses were conducted and accordingly, seepage tanks were designed and fabricated. In this study, Feng-Chiu a small village of Nan-Tou prefecture was selected as the site. The soil samples were collected from the upstream site of Feng-Chiu. Then, by using the obtained data and properties, the seepage experiments were designed and carried out. Therefore, when soil was collapsed, variation from electrical conductivity of groundwater might be observed. It was found that about 20 to 60 minutes after the increase apparent of the electrical conductivity of groundwater, slumps occurred. The water quality tests were conducted, and it was found that two compositions, namely, SO42- and HCO3-, induced the electrical conductivity value to increase.
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Yang, Chan-Yuan, and 楊展源. "A Study on the Relationships among Ion Concentration 、Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Debris-Flow Occurrence." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54204833156867039006.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>生物環境系統工程學研究所<br>92<br>The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among ion concentration 、 electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater and debris flow occurrence. During typhoon season, very frequently, heavy rainfall resulted in the rise of groundwater table, unstability and the failure of the slope. Accordingly, in this study, the test site was investigated and flumes for seepage flow tests were designed. The site of this study was selected at Ba-Dou-Tze in Keelung. Therefore, the soil samples for the tests were collected from the site. After the soil samples were prepared in the flumes, the seepage flow and slope stability tests were then conducted to investigate the variation of the ion concentration and the electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater while the soil slopes failed. Meanwhile, the feasibility for observing the ion concentration and EC of groundwater was also evaluated. The results showed that while the groundwater table increased before the soil slope failed, the concentration of SO42- and Mg2+ increased, however, the concentration of Na+ decreased.
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"Direct-push EC profiling to define brine-impacted groundwaters." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2015-06-2016.

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Delineating the extent of brine contamination in shallow groundwater systems using piezometers is costly and does not provide adequate data resolution. Direct-push (D-P) electrical conductivity (EC) profiling enables rapid in situ measurements of bulk soil EC (ECa) at the cm scale. Previous studies using D-P EC profiling to detect contaminant plumes have solely relied on ECa measurements, and where attempts were made to isolate pore-water salinity variations from changes in ECa they were accomplished using simple linear methods. In this study D-P EC profiling was used to define groundwater salinity distributions using an established soil conductance model and estimate the timing of groundwater contamination at a long-term potash mine in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada. The site was dominated by fine-grained postglacial and glacial sediments with known Na-K-Cl brine impacts resulting from mining activities. Coreholes (n=22) were drilled to 7.6-12.2 m below ground (mbg) to obtain continuous cores for detailed geologic descriptions and measurements of index parameters (n=522) below the water table. Pore-water EC (ECw) and Cl- results from squeezed core samples (n=142) at 12 locations were compared to ECa measurements collected using a D-P probe adjacent to each corehole. Measured ECw and pore-water Cl- results ranged from 1.94-55.1 mS/cm and 87-20,700 mg/L, respectively. In situ D-P EC values from logs collected adjacent to all 22 coreholes ranged from 2-8 mS/cm within the oxidized zone (5-6 mbg) and decreased to background values of 0.3-2 mS/cm within the underlying unoxidized zone. Significant linear ECa–ECw regressions established for four lithological groups (r2=0.78-0.95) were used with porosity and dry density measurements to generate high-resolution depth profiles of ECw from D-P EC measurements. A significant linear ECw–Cl regression (r2=0.92) further enabled the generation of pore-water Cldepth profiles from ECw predictions. Observed 1D vertical profiles of Cl-, ECw, and ECa at three locations were modeled. Results suggested solute transport can be described as diffusion-dominated below depths of 3-5 mbg and that groundwater contamination began shortly after the onset of mining. Based on the results attained, this method can generate high-resolution depth profiles of pore-water salinity that can be used to define the lateral and vertical extent of brine contamination, dominant solute transport mechanisms, and timing of groundwater contamination.
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Tritschler, Felix. "Beurteilung und Sammlung von Niederschlag zur Verwendung als aktiver und bezüglich der Mineralisierung inverser Grundwassertracer." 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38697.

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Für die Durchführung von Tracerversuchen in der hydrogeologischen Praxis werden spezielle Markierungsmittel benötigt, die verschiedenen Anforderungen gerecht werden müssen. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die auf den ersten Blick ungewöhnlich erscheinende Möglichkeit, Niederschlag als Tracer zu verwenden, welche sich auf die dem Wasser innewohnenden Signale δ2H- und δ18O-Isotopensignatur, elektrische Leitfähigkeit und Temperatur stützt. Diese Signale können sich zwischen Niederschlag und zu untersuchendem Grundwasser deutlich unterscheiden. Diese Unterschiede liefern das Potential für Markierungsversuche. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird auf die natürliche Variabilität dieser Signale in den möglicherweise relevanten Systemkomponenten Niederschlag, Grundwasser und Oberflächenwasser eingegangen. Hierfürwerden Ergebnisse einer Literaturrecherche, verwendete Probenahmemethoden und die Auswertung mehrerer gewonnener Zeitreihen an Standorten in Sachsen vorgestellt. Unterschiedliche Methoden zur isotopentreuen Niederschlagssammlung werden einem eingehenden Vergleich unterzogen und bewertet. Aus den präsentierten Daten können schließlich Empfehlungen für geeignete Sammelzeiträume des Niederschlags abgeleitet werden. Der häufig verwendete Summenparameter elektrische Leitfähigkeit ist bei der Anwendung von Niederschlag als Grundwassertracer ein inverses Tracersignal. Anders als bei Salzungsversuchen liegt er deutlich unterhalb des Hintergrundwertes im Grundwasser. Welchen Einfluss diese Eigenschaft im Vergleich mit herkömmlichen Salztracern auf hydrogeochemische und Transport-Prozesse hat, wird in einer zweiteiligen Laborversuchsserie, bestehend aus Batch- und Säulenversuchen, diskutiert. Bei letzteren werden Durchbruchskurven hinsichtlich ihrer zeitlichen Momente und anderen Statistiken begutachtet. Die Anwendung von Transport- und geochemischen Modellen versucht, die stattfindenden Prozesse besser zu erfassen. Abschließend wird die Methode mithilfe eines Feldversuchs auf dem Lehr- und Forschungsfeld Grundwasser der TU Dresden in Pirna auf ihre Machbarkeit begutachtet. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Konstruktion eines großskaligen Regensammlers, das Sammeln von Regen mit diesem und ein Einbohrloch-Tracerversuch mit diesem Regen beschrieben.:Danksagung -- iv Kurzdarstellung -- v Abstract -- vi Abkürzungsverzeichnis -- xvi Thesen -- xx 1 Motivation -- 1 2 Grundlagen von Tracerversuchen im Grundwasser -- 5 3 Charakterisierung von Regen als Grundwassertracer -- 20 4 Laborversuche zur Verwendung der EC als Grundwassertracer -- 57 5 Geländemethodik und deren Machbarkeit am Beispiel des Testfelds in Pirna -- 95 6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick -- 110 Literaturverzeichnis -- 113 Anhang -- A1
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Akawwi, Emad Jalal. "Locating Zones and Quantify the Submarine Groundwater Discharge into the Eastern Shores of the Dead Sea-Jordan." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B60A-D.

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McIntyre, Maaike Josette. "The identification of biomarkers to assist in the hydrological characterisation of a chromium polluted mine / Maaike Josette McIntyre." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10508.

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Chromium is used in many processing applications, which has led to the formation of chromium(VI) waste. Cr(VI) is an unstable, mobile carcinogen, which is interchangeable with Cr(III) under certain environmental conditions. Management of this waste, however, is often not considered. Mine under investigation is an example of such historic mismanagement. During the second World War, Cr(VI) waste was transferred to the study site from areas where leather products were made for the war effort. This waste was not managed appropriately in the past and with time Cr(VI) leached into the groundwater and possibly surface water resources. As these water resources are used for domestic and agricultural water supply, this may have serious effects on the human and environmental health in the area. Some of the major Cr(VI) effects on human and animal health include malignant tumours, skin irritation, respiratory and reproductive system damage. Lung cancer is of concern when Cr(VI) is inhaled and stomach tumours occur when this chemical pollutant is ingested. The effects of Cr(VI) on plants include the disruption of shoot and root elongation, and if it accumulates enough within the plant can cause ingested health problems for humans and animals. Water quality guidelines state that the Target Water Quality Range for Cr(VI) in drinking water should not exceed 0.05 mg/L. Prolonged exposure of values higher than this target value has adverse health effects and may result in cancer. The study site has a scarcity in water sources and therefore requires good quality water resources. This study aims to identify and use biomarkers to assist in the hydrological characterization of the mine. Available mitigation options can be implemented once it is known how the water in the area moves and distributes Cr(VI) pollution. A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state, which in turn can be used to assist in characterizing the chemical conditions of the sub-surface. Bacteria can aid as environmental biomarkers as they are sensitive and specific to the environmental conditions in which they flourish. In this way they give a good indication of the environmental condition and any possible pollution. Due to the fact that ground- and surface water are integrated resources, it is likely that if one is impacted by pollution, it will indirectly impact the other one. Therefore, the biomarkers identified can be used to characterize water pollutants that are present in ground- and some surface water resources. A description of the study site is provided, wherein the climate, elevation, geology, land use, geohydrology, hydrochemistry and surface water are documented. These factors help to identify and clarify the sources and pathways that water and the pollution would follow. Ten water samples, from surface and groundwater, were obtained in two separate sampling opportunities. The first analysis of the water samples included the determination of the chemical constituents. Two of these constituents analyzed were the total Cr and individual Cr(VI) levels. Six water samples had excessively high Cr values (exceeding the Water Quality Target Range of drinking water and water agricultural use). These values ranged from 0.1 – 3.9 mg/L. The 6 samples with excessive Cr(VI) values were used for the microbial analyses. The microbial analyses consisted of DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ) staining, for cell enumeration, and molecular analyses. The molecular analyses included polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing applications concluded in the laboratory. Fifteen bands, representing different organisms, were removed from the DGGE polyacrylamide gel and processed for sequencing. The organisms that were present in the sample were uncultured Cyanobacterium, Sediminibacterium salmoneum, uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium, uncultured betaproteobacterium, uncultured actinobacterium, uncultured Rhodocyclaceae, uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium and uncultured delta-proteobacterium. According to literature most of these organisms may adapt the ability to either reduce Cr(VI) or resist any effect of Cr(VI) in the environment. Two of the bands were highly unidentified organisms, which means that these organisms have not yet been cultured or identified in any sense. The reason for this is that most microorganisms have not yet been documented. This also makes it difficult to identify the exact bacterial strain present within the samples. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences of the different organisms were very different from each other, when compared by a dendrogram. This means that there was a diverse community present within the samples. Electrical conductivity profiles were conducted in the monitoring boreholes to identify possible fracture positions. The total chromium and chromium(VI) levels were documented and compared. Other chemical factors were analysed and those of high value, such as chloride, nitrate and chromium measurements, were used for statistical analyses and comparison with the biomarkers present in the sample. A positive correlation was found between the sample sites and the organisms present within each. It was noted that different communities have different metabolic activities related to susceptibility and will therefore differ under specific environmental conditions. The microorganisms that were present in the 6 water samples all have the ability to either resist or reduce Cr(VI). This means that in Cr(VI) polluted areas they are more likely to flourish than organisms that do not possess this ability. Such susceptible, non-resistant organisms would otherwise occur naturally in a non-polluted environment. From the obtained results it was noted that microorganisms could aid as biomarkers when determining the environmental condition (with respect to Cr(VI) pollution). The bacteria analysed in the samples all indicate a level of chromium pollution, and aided in the determination of pollution sources. These biomarkers can therefore be used to determine the location of other chromium deposits not yet located.<br>MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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15

Nixdorf, Erik. "Combining measurements, remote sensing and numerical modelling to assess multi-scale flow dynamics in groundwater-dependent environmental systems." Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31051.

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Abstract:
Groundwater flow modelling provides an important quantitative instrument for addressing issues related to the quantity and quality of groundwater and the connected water resources. Consequently, groundwater flow models have been developed and used ubiquitously in science to deepen the understanding of subsurface processes and their drivers as well as management and planning tools. The present work investigates how numerical models can be linked to field investigations and public databases to quantitatively approach questions in the area of groundwater research. The primary goal is to develop new, efficient ways to overcome limitations of the individual hydrological concepts for solving specific hydrological problems and to increase the understanding of practical applicability of different methods. For this purpose, tailor-made approaches were developed for different study areas covering diverse spatial scales: the hydrology of a small mining lake, the riparian aquifer at the scale of a single meander as well as the aquifer systems of a large-scale river basin in China. The first part of the work deals with the physical and mathematical modelling of water constituents balance in a meromictic mining lake in Lusatia. The capability of using a rather simple mass-balance model based on a sufficient dataset of field data to evaluate lake stratification and lake-groundwater interaction were shown. In the second part, a transient numerical groundwater flow model was developed for the riparian aquifer of a stream meander and was calibrated by three different salt tracer tests. The model was used to proof the reliability of subsurface travel times derived from time series analysis and to give insights in the riparian zone dynamics during changing hydraulic gradients. The third part of the work describes the methodology to conduct risk assessment of groundwater contamination on the large catchment scale of the Songhua River in China. A comprehensive literature study was conducted to get an overview about measurement data on water quality data in China. A three-dimensional numerical flow and mass transport model was applied to access the flow and matter transport dynamics in the aquifer system of a sub-basin considering changing groundwater exploitation scenarios. Consequently, numerical groundwater modelling was combined with processed remote sensing and web mapping service data to overcome field data limitations and to derive groundwater vulnerability, groundwater hazard and groundwater risk maps for the entire Songhua River Basin. Summarizing, this doctoral thesis could develop new methods of combining field measurements, data assimilation and aggregation from various sources and groundwater modelling strategies and successfully apply these methods to find solutions on problems of multiple scales and across water systems.<br>Die Grundwassermodellierung stellt eine wichtige wissenschaftliche Methode zur quantitativen Analyse von Fragestellungen zum Schutz der Menge und Güte der Grundwasserressourcen sowie der angeschlossenen Wasserkörper dar. Dementsprechend werden Grundwassermodelle sowohl für Planungs- und Bewertungszwecke im Wasserressourcenmanagement als auch zur wissenschaftlichen Erforschung der Prozesse im Untergrund entwickelt und angewendet. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht in diesem Rahmen, wie numerische Modelle, Feldmessungen und Daten generiert aus Fernerkundungsdaten und Webplattformen systematisch verknüpft werden können, um Fragestellungen im Bereich der Grundwasserforschung quantitativ zu beantworten. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es neue effiziente Abläufe zu entwickeln, die die Limitierung der einzelnen Methoden überwinden und diese auf deren Anwendbarkeit für die Lösung spezifischer hydrologischer Probleme zu analysieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden in dieser Doktorarbeit fallspezifische Lösungen für verschiedene Untersuchungsgebiete entwickelt, die sowohl in der räumlichen Skale als auch in den zu untersuchenden hydrologischen Fragestellungen eine große Diversität aufweisen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Massenbilanz von Wasserinhaltsstoffen in einem meromiktischen Tagebaurestsee im Lausitzer Revier durch physikalische und mathematische Modellierungsmethoden untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass auf Basis einer gewonnenen mehrjährigen Zeitreihe von Messdaten ein einfaches Massenbilanzmodell in der Lage ist, sowohl Seeschichtungs- als auch Grundwasseraustauschdynamiken quantitativ zu beschreiben. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit umfasst die Entwicklung eines transienten numerischen Grundwassermodells für den quartären Uferaquifer im Bereich eines Flussmäanders der Selke welches anhand von Daten aus mehreren Salztracertests kalibriert wurde. Das Modell wurde dafür verwendet die transienten Verweilzeiten in der gesättigten Zone des Mäanderbogens unter dem Einfluss dynamischer hydraulischer Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Anschluss mit Verweilzeiten verglichen, die aus der Analyse der zeitlichen Verschiebung von gemessenen elektrischen Leitfähigkeitszeitreihen zwischen Fluss und Grundwassermessstellen gewonnen wurden. Durch dieses kombinierte Verfahren konnten sowohl die Beschränkungen der zeitreihenbasierten Verweilzeitberechnung aufgezeigt als auch ein tieferes Systemverständnis für die Interaktionsdynamiken zwischen Grund- und Flusswasser auf der Mäanderskala gewonnen werden. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit beschreibt die Vorgehensweise für die Bewertung des Grundwasserkontaminationsrisikos im Einzugsgebiet des Songhua Flusses in China. Eine umfassende Literaturstudie wurde durchgeführt, um einen Überblick über die Verfügbarkeit von Messdaten zur Belastung der Wasserressourcen Chinas mit organischen Schadstoffen zu erhalten. Danach wurde für ein Teileinzugsgebiet ein dreidimensionales numerisches Grundwassermodell auf Basis der vorhandenen hydrogeologischen Daten aufgebaut. Dieses wurde dazu verwendet die Änderungen im Stofftransports und den Schadstoffkonzentrationen innerhalb des Aquifersystems unter steigenden Entnahmeraten zu analysieren. Basierend auf diesen Studien wurden auf der Skale des Gesamteinzugsgebiets, um die beschränkte Verfügbarkeit von Felddaten auszugleichen, die Ergebnisse der numerischen Grundwassermodellierung mit Fernerkundungsdaten und Webdatenbanken in einem Indexsystem kombiniert mit dem für die oberflächennahen Aquifere Vulnerabilität, Gefährdungspotential und Verschmutzungsrisiko in einer räumlichen Auflösung von 1 km² bestimmt wurden. Zusammenfassend konnten durch die vorliegende Doktorarbeit neue passgenaue Methoden zur effektiven Kombination von in-situ Messungen, der Datenerhebung und Datenintegration aus vielfältigen Datenquellen sowie numerischen Grundwassermodellierungsstrategien entwickelt und zur Lösung der untersuchten hydrologischer Fragestellen auf den verschiedenen Skalen und über die Grenzen der einzelnen hydrologischen Teilsysteme hinaus erfolgreich angewandt werden.
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