Academic literature on the topic 'Groundwater flow direction'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Groundwater flow direction.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Groundwater flow direction"
1
Oyedele, A. Akinola, Gbenga Olayanju, Taiwo Oyedele, Kehinde Oyedele, Taofeek Ewumi, and Funmi Ogunlana. "Determination of Groundwater Flow Pattern in the basement complex terrain of Ado-Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Geography 55, no. 1 (2023): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.56539.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrostatic level sampling, geo-referencing and Geographic Information System were employed to delineate the major groundwater recharge / discharge zones, the groundwater flow direction and the groundwater divides in Ado-Ekiti metropolis with the objective of groundwater resource protection. Static water level measurements were made from 108 hand – dug wells evenly distributed on a regional basis. The latitudes, longitudes and elevations above mean sea level of the well points were measured using the Global Positioning System. A mean value of 5.84 ± 2.35 m above mean sea level was observed for the depths to the static water level with a mean value of 408.27 ± 46.06 m above mean sea level for the groundwater head. The contour maps obtained enabled the delineation of the major groundwater recharge / discharge zones, the groundwater flow direction and the groundwater divides with the regional tendency of the underground flow approximately lying along the Northwest – Southeast direction and groundwater divides along the South – Eastern/ South – Western axes of the Central portion. Strict environmental ethics must be enforced around the groundwater recharge / discharge zones and flow directions in order to avoid groundwater contamination.
2
Yemi Sikiru, Onifade, and Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu. "GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION EVALUATION FOR FLOOD AND CONTAMINATION CONTROL IN OSUBI, SOUTHERN NIGERIA." Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE) 4, no. 1 (2023): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bdwre.01.2023.32.35.
Full textAbstract:
The determination of groundwater flow direction is essential in flood and groundwater contamination control. This study aimed at determining the groundwater flow direction in the study area to infer possible areas of further spread of contaminants and identify areas that might be prone to flooding shortly. Fifty (50) hand-dug wells were sampled with the aid of a long tape (200/60m) and a global positioning system (GPS) to determine their hydraulic heads, while topography and groundwater flow direction maps of the study area were generated using surfer 13 and groundwater modeling software, respectively. The result revealed that the hydraulic heads and static water level (SWL) values range from 0.63-27.15 m and 1.15–4.88 m, respectively, while the elevation values range from 5–30 m. The study area is characterized by undulating and relatively flat terrain in different parts of the area, while the groundwater flow direction depicts a non-uniform directional flow of groundwater in the study area. This suggests that the groundwater contamination discovered in the area might soon spread to contaminate their nearby environs if not promptly and urgently controlled. It is hereby recommended that every anthropogenic activity, such as abattoirs, mechanic workshops, dumpsites, etc., that can increase the rate of groundwater contamination in the study area be restricted to the north-eastern, eastern, and southeastern parts due to their low hydraulic heads.
3
Tantama, E. E., M. A. Kumara, D. P. E. Putra, and G. I. Marliyani. "Pattern and direction of groundwater flow and distribution of physical-chemical properties of groundwater in Randublatung basin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (2021): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012048.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The people in the Randublatung basin (Grobogan, Blora, and Bojonegoro Regencies) using groundwater for daily needs and agriculture activity. As the initial step of basin-based groundwater management, it is necessary to understand the groundwater potential in this area: pattern and direction of groundwater flow and groundwater physical-chemical properties (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity). This research aims to analyze the pattern and directions of groundwater flow, the physical-chemical properties, and the correlation between the two. This research method is field measurement of 45 different spots of dug wells in the Randublatung basin. Our results indicate that the pattern and direction of groundwater flow in the Randublatung basin are heading to Bengawan Solo River and then following the river’s flow. The groundwater physical-chemical properties measured: pH value is 6.8 on average, the temperature is 28.9 °C on average, TDS concentration is 409 mg/L average, and electrical conductivity rate is 843 μS/cm average. There is no significant correlation between groundwater flow with pH value and groundwater temperature. However, groundwater TDS concentration and electrical conductivity rate in the Randublatung basin increase as groundwater flows to the Bengawan Solo River, which is affected by the minerals of aquifer rocks (alluvial deposits).
4
binti Ghazali, Miskiah Fadzilah, Mohd Nordin bin Adlan, Kamarudin bin Samuding, and Mohamad Razip bin Selamat. "Direct Determination of Groundwater Direction and Velocity Using Colloidal Borescope at Jenderam Hilir, Selangor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.640.
Full textAbstract:
The colloidal borescope can be used for measuring groundwater flow directions and velocity. It is an integrated high-resolution flux gate compass with a high-magnification colloid-imaging camera that can measure flow at selected depths within a well. In this study, the colloidal borescope was used to determine flow direction and measure velocity during a pumping test for the riverbank filtration study in Jenderam Hilir, Selangor. During each measurement, the instrument, which monitored the movement of the suspended particles, was inserted into a well at a particular depth (screen well). The relative flow direction was determined by plotting the trajectory and speed of colloidal particles across the screen with AquaLITE Software, which determined the horizontal speed of the particles and flow speed. The groundwater flow pattern was dtermined at four boreholes in the study area, and the groundwater flow velocities were found ranging from 0.72 to 2.45 x (10-4) m/s. The direction of the groundwater flow at boreholes monitoring well 02 (MW02) and monitoring well 19 (MW19) was moved toward borehole pumping well (PW). The groundwater flow at monitoring well 01 (MW01) was moving toward the northwest of the study site which was parallel with the Langat river. The groundwater flow in borehole monitoring well A (MWA) was toward the southern part of the study site and was not affected by the pumping test activities at borehole monitoring well 03 (MW03).
5
Vainu, Marko, Jaanus Terasmaa, and Marko Häelm. "Relations between groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer and seepage patterns in a closed-basin lake in glacial terrain." Hydrology Research 46, no. 3 (2014): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2014.197.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater dynamics affect lake water budgets, but its major factors and mechanisms still need clarification. This study evaluates the effects of surrounding groundwater flow on seepage direction and assesses factors that affect seepage flux in a closed-basin lake in northeastern Estonia – Lake Martiska. A piezometric map was used to determine directions of groundwater flow around the lake. Seepage meters were applied for measuring flux at 44 locations along eight transects in the lake in relation to water depth, distance from the shore, sediment type and thickness of organic sediment. Additionally nearshore ice-free areas were mapped in winter. Seepage patterns followed the estimated directions of groundwater flow in nearshore areas. Outseepage records showed the impacts of nearby groundwater-abstraction wells on groundwater flow. However, the within-lake seepage direction and flux differed from the expected at 6–15 m from the shore and water depth of 1–2 m. Seepage flux and physical factors of the lake were uncorrelated. Even with a 3.2 m thick layer of gyttja, seepage influx was 13 ml m−2 min−1; therefore thick lacustrine sediments do not necessarily prevent inseepage. The results suggest that a local confined aquifer around and underneath the lake may cause the observed inseepage pattern.
6
Shube, Hassen, Seifu Kebede, Tilahun Azagegn, Dessie Nedaw, Muhammed Haji, and Shankar Karuppannan. "Estimating Groundwater Flow Velocity in Shallow Volcanic Aquifers of the Ethiopian Highlands Using a Geospatial Technique." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (2023): 14490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914490.
Full textAbstract:
The shallow volcanic aquifer is the major rural water supply source in the Ethiopian highlands. A significant number of hand pump wells in these aquifers experience a rapid decline in yield and poor performance within a short period of time after construction. Hence, reliable estimation of groundwater flow velocity is important to understand groundwater flow dynamics, aquifer responses to stresses and to optimize the sustainable management of groundwater resources. Here, we propose the geospatial technique using four essential input raster maps (groundwater elevation head, transmissivity, effective porosity and saturated thickness) to investigate groundwater flow velocity magnitude and direction in the shallow volcanic aquifers of the Ethiopian highlands. The results indicated that the high groundwater flow velocity in the Mecha site, ranging up to 47 m/day, was observed in the fractured scoraceous basalts. The Ejere site showed groundwater flow velocity not exceeding 7 m/day in the fractured basaltic aquifer and alluvial deposits. In the Sodo site, the groundwater flow velocity was observed to exceed 22 m/day in the fractured basaltic and rhyolitic aquifers affected by geological structures. The Abeshege site has a higher groundwater flow velocity of up to 195 m/day in the highly weathered and fractured basaltic aquifer. In all study sites, aquifers with less fractured basalt, trachyte, rhyolite, welded pyroclastic, and lacustrine deposits exhibited lower groundwater flow velocity values. The groundwater flow velocity directions in all study sites are similar to the groundwater elevation head, which signifies the local and regional groundwater flow directions. This work can be helpful in shallow groundwater resource development and management for rural water supply.
7
Permata, Veronika, Hari Siswoyo, and Riyanto Haribowo. "Mapping of Groundwater Flow Pattern and its Quality Index based on Microbiological Parameters in Klojen District, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia." Civil and Environmental Science 004, no. 02 (2021): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2021.00402.1.
Full textAbstract:
Groundwater is one source of fulfilling water needs for the Klojen district, the most populous district in Malang City. Population density affects the condition of groundwater quality because it causes pollution. The possibility of groundwater quality contamination can be identified by mapping the flow pattern and determining the quality level according to its use as drinking water. The purpose of this study is to map the groundwater quality index according to its flow pattern. Flow patterns based on groundwater-surface contours can indicate the direction of flow and the direction of pollution. The quality of groundwater according to its use as drinking water was identified using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) method. Based on the research results, the research location's flow pattern generally flows from North to South. According to the flow pattern, groundwater quality is getting worse, as indicated by an increase in the index value
8
OGBOZIGE, Francis J., and Michael A. Toko. "Investigation of Groundwater Flow Direction in Port Harcourt, Nigeria." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 12A (2020): 1744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i12a.1754.
Full textAbstract:
The lack of reliable municipal water supply in the city of Port Harcourt has led to indiscriminate drilling of boreholes by the residents however, the direction of groundwater flow within the entire city has not been established. Hence, the research investigated the flow direction of groundwater in the study area in order to understand the best location for siting septic tanks and dumpsites with respect to the position of the existing or proposed borehole. This was achieved by determining the hydraulic heads (Hh) of twenty boreholes evenly distributed within the city by subtracting the static water level (SWL) from the corresponding earth surface elevation (E) with the use of a GPS and dipmeter. Results revealed that the hydraulic heads ranged from 0.14 – 23.16m while the surface elevation and static water level lies between 1.93 – 39.33m and 1.79 – 17.27m respectively. The contour map of the hydraulic heads indicated that the groundwater flows towards the southern and south-western directions hence, the residents were advised to take into cognizance when sitting dumpsites, landfills, and septic tanks with respect to proposed or existing boreholes.
9
OGBOZIGE, Francis J., and Michael A. Toko. "Investigation of Groundwater Flow Direction in Port Harcourt, Nigeria." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 12A (2020): 1744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i12a.1754.
Full textAbstract:
The lack of reliable municipal water supply in the city of Port Harcourt has led to indiscriminate drilling of boreholes by the residents however, the direction of groundwater flow within the entire city has not been established. Hence, the research investigated the flow direction of groundwater in the study area in order to understand the best location for siting septic tanks and dumpsites with respect to the position of the existing or proposed borehole. This was achieved by determining the hydraulic heads (Hh) of twenty boreholes evenly distributed within the city by subtracting the static water level (SWL) from the corresponding earth surface elevation (E) with the use of a GPS and dipmeter. Results revealed that the hydraulic heads ranged from 0.14 – 23.16m while the surface elevation and static water level lies between 1.93 – 39.33m and 1.79 – 17.27m respectively. The contour map of the hydraulic heads indicated that the groundwater flows towards the southern and south-western directions hence, the residents were advised to take into cognizance when sitting dumpsites, landfills, and septic tanks with respect to proposed or existing boreholes.
10
Setiawan, Cahyadi, Suratman Suratman, and Muh Aris Marfa,i. "KONDISI SUMUR DAN PEMODELAN ARAH ALIRAN AIRTANAH BEBAS PADA BENTUKLAHAN FLUVIOMARIN DI JAKARTA." Jurnal SPATIAL Wahana Komunikasi dan Informasi Geografi 16, no. 2 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spatial.162.01.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
 Growing population have an impact on the strategy of fulfillment the water need and degradation of groundwater quality in Jakarta, especially in fluviomarine landforms in Jakarta. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of wells and create a model of groundwater flow direction on fluviomarine landforms based on the season. Methods in this research study include three main aspects, namely population, characteristics of the object under study, and analysis. The population in this study using 30 groundwater wells sample representative of the population. Relating to the characteristics of the object under study, this study using a survey method. The survey is a sample survey on wells population who still use unconfined groundwater. About data analysis, then in this study used quantitative and qualitative approaches to the modeling of the groundwater flow direction using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) in ArcGIS. The results showed that the unconfined groundwater wells in the study area consisted of dug wells and pantek wells. It is generally known that groundwater levels in the rainy season are higher than the dry season with a depth of groundwater level in the dry season to be deeper than the rainy season. Most of the groundwater level in organic settlements in the study area is below sea level, whereas in planned settlements is rarely found people who use groundwater. The depth of unconfined groundwater well less than 20 m with a thickness of water on the wells in the rainy season are thicker than the dry season. Groundwater flow direction along the north coast of central and western parts likely to lead to the mainland, while the southern part has a groundwater flow that is likely to lead to the North. Keywords: Fluviomarine Landforms In Jakarta; Unconfined Groundwater; Groundwater Flow Direction
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Groundwater flow direction"
1
Benton, Joshua Robert. "Temporal Dynamics of Groundwater Flow Direction in a Glaciated, Headwater Catchment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104222.
Full textAbstract:
Shallow groundwater flow in the critical zone of steep headwater mountain catchments is often assumed to mimic surface topography. However, groundwater flow is influenced by other variables, such as the elevation of the water table and subsurface hydraulic conductivity, which can result in temporal variations in both magnitude and direction of flow. In this study, I investigated the temporal variability of groundwater flow in the soil zone (solum) within the critical zone of a headwater catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in North Woodstock, NH. Groundwater levels were continuously monitored throughout several seasons (March 2019 to Jan 2020) in a network of wells comprising three hillslope transects within the upper hillslopes of the catchment. Five clusters of three wells per cluster were screened from 0.18 – 1.1 m depth at the base of the solum. Water levels were also monitored in five deeper wells, screened from 2.4 - 6.9 m depth within glacial sediments of the C horizon. I conducted 47 slug tests across the well network to determine hydraulic properties of the aquifer materials surrounding each well. In addition, our team conducted a large-scale auger investigation mapping soil horizon depths and thicknesses.
Results show that the magnitude of hydraulic gradients and subsurface hydrologic fluxes varied at each site with respect to changing water-table elevation, having a maximum range of 0.12 m/m and 9.19 x 10-6 m/s, respectively. The direction of groundwater flow had an arithmetic mean deviating from surface topography by 2-10 degrees, and a total range that deviated from surface topography by as much as 51 degrees. During lower water table regimes, groundwater flow direction deviated from the ground surface, but under higher water table regimes, in response to recharge events, flow direction mimicked surface topography. Within most of the well clusters, there is an observable connection between the slope direction of the top of the C horizon and the direction of groundwater flow during lower water table regimes. Slug test results show the interquartile range of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K¬sat¬) within the C horizon (1.5×10-7 to 9.8×10-7 m/s) is two orders of magnitude lower than the interquartile range of K¬sat¬ values within the solum (2.9×10-5 to 5.2×10-5 m/s). Thus, the C horizon is on average a confining unit relative to the solum that may constrict groundwater flow below the solum. Additionally, results from the larger scale auger investigation suggest that deviations in subsurface topography of the C horizon may be generalizable at the larger hillslope scale. Overall, these results indicate that 1) shallow groundwater flow direction and magnitude within this headwater catchment are dynamic and can deviate from surface topography, and 2) the subsurface topography of the C horizon can influence groundwater flow direction. These results imply that temporal dynamics of groundwater flow direction and magnitude should be considered when characterizing subsurface flow in critical zone studies. Additionally, knowledge of subsurface topography of confining units may provide constraints on the temporal variability of groundwater flow direction.<br>M.S.<br>Streams that originate at higher elevations (defined as headwater streams) are important drinking water sources and deliver water and nutrients to maintain freshwater ecosystems. Groundwater is a major source of water to these streams, but little is known about how groundwater flows in these areas. Scientists delineate watersheds (areas of land that drain water to the same point) using surface topography. This approach works well for surface water, but not as well for groundwater, as groundwater may not flow in the same direction as surface water. Thus, assuming that the ground-watershed is the same as the surface watershed can lead to errors in hydrologic studies.
To obtain more accurate information about groundwater flow in headwater areas, I continuously measured groundwater levels in forest soils at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in North Woodstock, NH. My main objective was to determine if there is variability in the direction and amount of groundwater flow. I also measured the characteristics of the soils to identify the thicknesses of soil units and the permeability of those units. I used these data to evaluate the relationship between groundwater flow direction, surface topography, and the permeability of soil units.
Overall, I found that groundwater flow direction can differ significantly from surface topography, and groundwater flow direction was influenced by the groundwater levels. When groundwater levels were high (closer to the land surface), groundwater flow was generally in the same direction as surface topography. However, when groundwater levels were lower, flow direction typically followed the slope of the lowest permeability soil unit. These results suggest that scientists should not assume that groundwater flow follows the land surface topography and should directly measure groundwater levels to determine flow direction. In addition, results from this study show that characterizing soil permeability can help scientists make more accurate measurements of groundwater flow.
2
Soltys, Peter William. "GROUNDWATER FLOW MEASUREMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED GLACIAL DEPOSITS USING FLUOROMETER ANALYSIS OF DISPERSED AND ADSORBED FLUORESCEIN DYE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1037641322.
Full text
3
Hipkins, Emma Victoria. "Comparing the hydrogeological prospectivity of three UK locations for deep radioactive waste disposal." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33147.
Full textAbstract:
The UK has a large and growing inventory of higher activity radioactive waste awaiting safe long term disposal. The international consensus is to dispose of this radioactive and toxic waste within a deep geological repository, situated 200-1,000 metres beneath the ground surface. The deep geological disposal facility is designed to be a series of engineered and natural barriers. Groundwater forms an integral component of the natural barrier because it 1) controls the flux of reactive components towards the engineered repository, and 2) forms one of the primary transport mechanism through which released radionuclides can be transported away from the repository. The timescale of protection provided by the natural barrier exceeds those provided by the engineered barriers. Knowledge of the regional hydrogeology is a vital step towards predicting the long term performance of any potential repository site. Topically, a UK government decision in 2017 to re-open a nation-wide repository location search has now created a renewed mandate for site exploration. This research aims to determine the regional groundwater characteristics of three UK settings, selected to be hydrogeologically distinct, in order to determine which, if any, offers natural long term hydrogeological containment potential. The settings selected for analysis include Sellafield in West Cumbria, the Tynwald Basin within the East Irish Sea Basin, and Thetford within East Anglia. Site selection is based on diverse groundwater characteristics, and on previous research suggesting potential hydrogeological suitability at these locations. This research is novel in that it provides, for the first time, a direct comparison between the characteristics and qualities of different regional groundwater settings to contain and isolate radioactive waste, based on UK site specific data. Large and detailed numerical models for the three sites, covering areas of 30 km length by 2- 4 km depth have been developed using the open source finite element code 'OpenGeoSys'. The models couple the physical processes of liquid flow and heat transport, in order to replicate regional scale groundwater flow patterns. Models are calibrated to measured rock properties, and predict groundwater behaviour 10,000 years into the future. Uncertain parameter ranges of lithological and fault permeabilities, and peak repository temperatures are tested to determine the possible range of groundwater outcomes. Geochemical retention is assessed separately and validated using the finite difference modelling software 'GoldSim'. Worst case groundwater characteristics for containment and isolation at each site are compared to an 'ideal' benchmark far-field hydrogeological outflow scenario, and scored accordingly using a newly proposed method of assessment. Results show that the Tynwald Basin offers the best potential of the three sites for natural radionuclide containment, performing between 3.5 and 4 times better than Sellafield, and between 1.7 and 4 times better than Thetford. The Tynwald Basin is characterised by 1) long and deep groundwater pathways, and 2) slow local and regional groundwater movement. Furthermore, the Tynwald Basin is located at a feasible tunnelling distance from the coast, adjacent to the UK's current nuclear stockpile at Sellafield, and thus could provide a simple solution to the current waste legacy problem. Results from the Sellafield model indicate that this location cannot be considered to exhibit beneficial characteristics due to short and predictable groundwater pathways which ascend, from the repository, towards surface aquifers. Finally, Thetford within East Anglia has never been drilled to depth so that sub-surface rock properties of basement, located beneath layered sediments, are based on evidence inferred from around the UK. Uncertainties in rock properties has produced a wide range of groundwater characteristic possibilities, with results indicting prospective performance to range from 0 to 2.4 times better than Sellafield. As such, the hydrogeological suitability to host a potential deep geological repository is promising when modelled with most-likely permeability values, but cannot be accurately determined at present. Consideration of decaying heat from the heat emitting waste packages at the three sites reveal that the natural groundwater flow patterns can be distorted up to as much as 7 km away from the theoretical repository, depending on setting. This thus changes the use of the term 'near-field' for safety assessments, as implying an area within the immediate vicinity of the excavated repository site. The overarching findings from this research are that: 1) some locations have greater long term radionuclide containment and isolation prospectivity than others, due to variable quality far-field geological and hydrogeological characteristics; 2) the effect of radiogenic heat emission on the natural groundwater flow pattern is dependent on the site specific geological and hydrogeological characteristics, and therefore so is the area defined as the 'near-field'; and 3) a simple method of site comparison is possible for regional groundwater system under steadystate conditions. Recommendations are for scoping models of regional groundwater settings to be used as a comparative tool, such as undertaken as part of this research, to differentiate between potential sites at an early stage of the current UK site selection programme.
4
XIE, CANG-MING, and 謝蒼明. "A study of the dating and the direction of groundwater flow of the Yun-Chang aquifter area." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21353782300005944614.
Full textBooks on the topic "Groundwater flow direction"
1
Mull, D. S. Use of dye tracing to define the direction of ground-water flow from a superfund waste-disposal site in karst terrane, near Auburn, Kentucky. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
Find full text
2
Becker, Carol J. Ground-water quality, levels, and flow direction near Fort Cobb Reservoir, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1998-2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full text
3
J, Becker C. Ground-water quality, levels, and flow direction near Fort Cobb Reservoir, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1998-2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full text
4
J, Becker C. Ground-water quality, levels, and flow direction near Fort Cobb Reservoir, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1998-2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full text
5
Becker, Carol J. Ground-water quality, levels, and flow direction near Fort Cobb Reservoir, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1998-2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full text
6
J, Becker C. Ground-water quality, levels, and flow direction near Fort Cobb Reservoir, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1998-2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full text
7
J, Becker C. Ground-water quality, levels, and flow direction near Fort Cobb Reservoir, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1998-2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full text
8
J, Becker C. Ground-water quality, levels, and flow direction near Fort Cobb Reservoir, Caddo County, Oklahoma, 1998-2000. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full text
9
Kues, Georgianna. Ground-water levels and direction of ground-water flow in the central part of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, summer 1983. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
Find full text
10
Kues, Georgianna. Ground-water levels and direction of ground-water flow in the central part of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, summer 1983. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Groundwater flow direction"
1
Mairhofer, J. "Groundwater Flow and Direction Measurement by Means of Radioisotopes in a Single Well." In Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle. American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm011p0119.
Full text
2
Rouleau, A. "A Stochastic Particle Transport Model Based on Directional Statistics of Flow Through Fracture Networks." In Groundwater Flow and Quality Modelling. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2889-3_22.
Full text
3
Dagan, Gedeon. "Statistical Theory of Groundwater Flow and Transport: Pore to Laboratory, Laboratory to Formation, and Formation to Regional Scale." In 1986, Trends and Directions in Hydrology. American Geophysical Union, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118782088.ch11.
Full text
4
"groundwater flow direction." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_72605.
Full text
5
Xu Y.S., Shen S.L., and Chai J.C. "Cutoff Effect on Groundwater Seepage of Underground Structure in Aquifers." In Information Technology in Geo-Engineering. IOS Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-617-1-623.
Full textAbstract:
The Quaternary deposit in Shanghai is composed of an alternated multi-aquifer-aquitard system (MAAS) with aquitard over aquifer one another. In the MAAS groundwater system, any drawdown of groundwater head of lower aquifer will cause the consolidation of overburden aquitard. If the underground infrastructure is built in the aquifers, the balanced ground water seepage route will alternate and drawdown will occur in the greater depth of flow, which will cause additional subsidence and unbalancing load on the structures. In order to investigate this impact, a series of numerical analyses are conducted. The analytical results show that the underground structures will cut off the flow of groundwater and change the flow velocity and direction, which will obstruct the replenishment of the groundwater in the urban center. Therefore, even though the total amount of the groundwater pumped does not changed, the groundwater level and the rate of subsidence in the greater depth will decrease. The results of numerical analyses indicate that the extent of impact depends on the depth and width of the underground structures installed in the MAAS layers.
6
Rasouli, Hafizullah, and Ashok Vaseashta. "On the Modeling of Groundwater Features Due to Extreme Arid Conditions in Nimroz Province, Afghanistan." In Modeling and Monitoring Extreme Hydrometeorological Events. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8771-6.ch012.
Full textAbstract:
Due to extreme arid conditions in Afghanistan, it is critical to conduct research by modeling groundwater features. The studies conducted in Nimroz province on the groundwater flow directions, aquifer types, inflow, outflow, evaporation, and geology of the region are presented. Samples were collected from each profile and transported to our laboratory for characterization. The objective was to identify parameters in different locations of Nimroz and Zarang, for potential use as a water resource, since no such data exists due to years of conflict in the region. From this study, we assess the features of lithology, such as silty sand, clay with gravel, sandy silt, gravel, boulder, and clay with gravel, in addition to the groundwater quality, which is saline, due to evaporation in this region. Generally, the thickness of aquifers is about 5-25m, and the groundwater has evaporated to 5-10m depth with an annual precipitation of about 50-100 mm. It is further observed that the groundwater direction is from east to west. The results suggest that the modeling can be used for other regions.
7
Warrick, Arthur W. "Saturated Flow." In Soil Water Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126051.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Saturated conditions generally exist below a water table, either as part of the permanent groundwater system (aquifer) or in the vadose zone as perched water. For isotropic and steady-state conditions, such systems can be modeled by Laplace’s equation. Because it is linear, Laplace’s equation is much easier to solve than the variably saturated forms of Richards’ equation and, hence, provides a convenient place to begin. Analyses of water flow for drainage and groundwater systems borrow heavily from the classical (and old!) work in heat conduction, hydrodynamics, and electrostatics. This section presents analytical solutions for subsurface drainage and well discharge in fully penetrating confined aquifers (the solutions are the same). Included are the definition of stream functions and demonstrations of the Cauchy–Riemann relations. A comparable numerical solution is presented, and also for the ponded drainage and well discharge, and the results compared with the analytical solutions. A more complex example is then presented concerning drainage below a curved water table. These results are followed by travel-time calculations relevant to solute movement from the soil surface to a drainage system. A short section covering analytical techniques with three-dimensional images is then given, followed by a section covering additional topics, which includes a complex image example (two dimensional) and some relationships for Fourier series. Consider a point source in a two-dimensional x—y plane, as in figure 3-1. The origin corresponds to a source that is assumed to be an infinite line perpendicular to the x—y plane. If the steady flow rate is Q, then the conservation of mass results in . . . Q = Jr(2πr) (3-1) . . . where Jr is the Darcian flow in the r direction and evaluated at a polar radius r. The dimensions of Q are [L2T-1] corresponding to a volume of flow per unit time from a unit length of the line perpendicular to the x—y plane. Values of Q are taken to be positive for water entering the system.
8
Bogdevich, Oleg, Gheorghe Duca, Manuela Elisabeta Sidoroff, Adrian Stanica, Aurel Persoiu, and Ashok Vaseashta. "Groundwater Resource Investigation Using Isotope Technology on River-Sea Systems." In Handbook of Research on Water Sciences and Society. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7356-3.ch004.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter presents a review of the case study by the implementation of the stable isotope technology for the evaluation of the water cycle and water resource formation in the transboundary region between Romania, Ukraine, and the Republic of Moldova under the impact of climate change. The groundwater is an especially important resource for sustainable development in this situation for the studied region. The isotope tools and related modeling approaches are particularly useful for the groundwater flow evaluation and determination of the recharge sources. The cooperation and synergism between existing European research infrastructure project IAEA technical cooperation projects are considered for the future development of this scientific direction in the Danube River basin and Black Sea region at all.
9
Alley, William M., and Rosemarie Alley. "Water for Nature." In High and Dry. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300220384.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Many ecosystems depend on the flow, quality, and temperature of groundwater contributions to streams, wetlands, and other surface-water bodies. This chapter examines these complex issues of ecosystem health and sustainability by looking at the challenges the U.S. Forest Service faced in its attempt to protect groundwater-dependent ecosystems through a national groundwater directive. The discussion then moves to South Africa and the challenges of implementing its national mandate for an Ecosystem Reserve. Finally, the chapter discusses the Upper San Pedro River in Arizona and unique efforts to save this endangered river from groundwater over pumping.
10
Schirmer, M., H. Weiss, G. C. Durrant, J. W. Molson, and E. O. Frind. "Influence of changing flow directions on plume shape, apparent dispersion and mass loss of biodegradable compounds." In Groundwater 2000. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078593-167.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Groundwater flow direction"
1
Hanania, Jason, and Chris Lowry. "ANALYZING FLOW DIRECTION AS A CALIBRATION TARGET IN GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELS." In Joint 72nd Annual Southeastern/ 58th Annual Northeastern Section Meeting - 2023. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023se-385479.
Full text
2
Sill, William R., and Keith J. Sjostrom. "Groundwater flow direction from borehole‐to‐surface electrical measurements." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1990. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1890256.
Full text
3
Benton, Joshua, Madeline E. Schreiber, and Kevin J. McGuire. "VARIABILITY IN GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION WITHIN SOILS OF A MOUNTAIN HEADWATER CATCHMENT." In Northeastern Section - 57th Annual Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022ne-375334.
Full text
4
Awag, M., E. Mackay, and S. Ghanbari. "Impact of Groundwater Flow Direction on Early CO2 Plume Migration in Dipping Aquifers." In 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2023101439.
Full text
5
Benton, Joshua R., Madeline E. Schreiber, Kevin McGuire, et al. "DYNAMICS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION IN THE CRITICAL ZONE OF A FORESTED, GLACIATED CATCHMENT." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345040.
Full text
6
Woods, Kevin D., and Alfonso Ortega. "A Model for a Geothermal Well in a Hydraulic Groundwater Flow for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54679.
Full textAbstract:
Heat pumps are mechanical systems that provide heating to a space in the winter, and cooling in the summer. They are increasingly popular because the same system provides both cooling modes, depending on the direction of the cycle upon which they operate. For proper operation, the heat pump must be connected to a constant temperature thermal reservoir which in traditional systems is the ambient air. In ground source heat pumps however, subterranean ground water is used as the thermal reservoir. To access the subterranean groundwater, “geothermal” wells are drilled into the formation. Water from the building heating or cooling system is circulated through the wells thereby promoting heat exchange between the coolant water and the subterranean formation. The potential for higher efficiency heating and cooling has increased the utilization of ground source heating ventilating and air conditioning systems. In addition, their compatibility with a naturally occurring and stable thermal reservoir has increased their use in the design of sustainable or green buildings and man-made environments. Groundwater flow affects the temperature response of thermal wells due to advection of heat by physical movement of groundwater through the aquifer. Research on this subject is scarce in the geothermal literature. This paper presents the derivation of an analytical solution for thermal dispersion by conduction and advection from hydraulic groundwater flow for a “geothermal” well. This analytical solution is validated against asymptotic analytical solutions. The traditional constant linear heat source solution is dependent on the ground formation thermal properties; the most dominant of which is the thermal conductivity. The results show that as hydraulic groundwater flow increases, the influence of the ground formation thermal conductivity on the temperature response of the well diminishes. The diminishing influence is evident in the Peclet number parameter; a comparison of thermal advection from hydraulic groundwater flow to thermal conduction by molecular diffusion.
7
Steinhoff, Mathias. "Decommissioning of the Active Storage Facility for Residuals in Rheinsberg (Brandenburg/Germany) and Results of Groundwater Monitoring." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59134.
Full textAbstract:
The Active Storage Facility for Residuals (Aktives Lager fu¨r Ru¨cksta¨nde – ALfR) — an open-air controlled area — was used for the storage of radioactive waste (liquid and solid waste) at the site of the NPP Rheinsberg in the former GDR. Liquid waste was cemented and dumped for near surface final disposal. During the period of operation of the ALfR some incidents happened. Residues of evaporated cooling water of unknown amount (ca. 1–10 m3), the drop-out from small leakages and the wash-off from contaminated open-air storage barrels contaminated the soil. Since 1997 the buildings of the ALfR have been decommissioned and the site will be remediated. From the beginning of decommissioning up to now the groundwater has been monitored. This paper shows different steps of decommissioning and explains the results of groundwater monitoring. Currently 33 sampling points are being used for sampling groundwater from different layers. The radiological parameters under examination are Cobalt-60, Cesium-137, Strontium-90 and Tritium. Non-radiological parameters like Bore, Potassium, Sodium, Nitrate, pH value and TOC (total organic carbon) are also being investigated. Since 1997 the activity concentration of Cobalt-60 and Tritium in the groundwater has been decreasing. The activity concentration of Strontium-90 had increased from 1997 to 2007. Since 2007 activity concentration of Strontium-90 has been decreasing. 350 m away from the ALfR, in the direction of groundwater flow, the Lake Stechlin is located in a nature protection area. The groundwater beyond the ALfR-site is not used as drinking-water and up to now there has been no detectable contamination of Lake Stechlin. Therefore there is no radiological impact on humans by contaminated groundwater. The hypothetic effective dose of Cobalt-60, Tritium and Strontium-90 resulting from postulated consumption of groundwater was determined using consumption rates according to the German Radiation Protection Ordinance. In case of using the groundwater as drinking-water the annual effective dose is 0,4 mSv/a at a postulated drinking-water well on the ALfR-site and 2,5 μSv/a at a postulated drinking water well in a distance of 142 m. Results of the observations: The observations of direction and velocity of the flow of the ground-water principally confirms the transportation model made at the beginning of decommissioning of ALfR. In vertical direction, the real spread of contamination in the groundwater is smaller than assumed. The dilution of Co-60 is higher than assumed. In contrast to the assumptions of the transportation model, Cesium-137 has a lower mobility.
8
Hasebe, Masanobu, and Shigeru Tabeta. "Unsteady Buoyant Jet Simulations Using Dynamic Connection Scheme of Hydrostatic and Non-Hydrostatic Zone." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20666.
Full textAbstract:
Most of ocean models employ hydrostatic approximation because the horizontal scale is usually much larger than the vertical scale in oceanic phenomena. In hydrostatic approximation, dynamic pressure is neglected and the momentum equation in vertical direction needs not to be solved. But for the phenomena of buoyant jet from the sea bottom such as submarine groundwater discharge, hydrothermal plume and so on, hydrodynamic pressure cannot be neglected and the momentum equation of vertical direction must to be taken into account. Non-hydrostatic analysis requires so much computation time that it is usually difficult to calculate the current field in the wide ocean area by this approach. On the other hand, analysis assuming the hydrostatic approximation needs less computational time and usually gives reasonable results for large scale ocean phenomena such as tidal current. In the present study, the authors developed a new type of ocean model for multi-scale analysis, which conducts hydrostatic analysis for phenomena in wide area and non-hydrostatic analysis for the detail flow around the buoyant jet simultaneously. The application limit of hydrostatic approximation for ocean model was investigated, and a dynamic connection method of hydrostatic zone with non-hydrostatic zone was developed. By theoretical consideration employing parameter δ and ε which represent the ratio of grid size Δz to Δx and the ratio of vertical velocity to horizontal velocity, it was found that hydrostatic approximation can be applied if δε and ε2 are minute. To examine the developed method, simulations for lock-exchange problem and vertical jet under oscillating current were conducted. The result by the present model was similar to that of non-hydrostatic model in the case that hydrostatic approximation was applied on the area of δε&lt;0.005 and ε2&lt;0.005.
9
Bojilova, Elena. "STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF YANTRA RIVER FLOW." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/3.1/s12.20.
Full textAbstract:
The study is focused on statistical analysis of river discharges. The registered river flow regime and hydrological characteristics of Yantra River are investigated. Yantra watershed is situated in North Bulgaria and belongs to Danube river basin Directorate. The current study is focused on the low flows. Thirteen hydrometrics stations located in the watershed are available for the investigation. Data used are from monitoring network of the National institute of meteorology and hydrology, Bulgaria. The flow duration analysis was carried out for each gauged river within watershed. Flow duration analysis provides information on the percentage of time that flows are equalled or exceeded. Some baseflow indices were calculated in order to estimate the relative contribution of groundwater or baseflow. The obtained results clearly show a significant contribution of subsurface inflow to surface river runoff. The time of occurrence of minimum daily discharges (by month) were extracted from database and values were analysed. The minimum daily water discharge has the greatest frequency in the four summer months based on the performed analysis. In second place are the winter months when we work with three seasons each with four months duration. The magnitude of the low flow event was studied using frequency analysis. The probability of occurrence of different flows was calculated. Regional regression analysis was applied. Regionalization scheme and regression curves are presented and discussed. The obtained results show that the most of the rivers from the watershed have a similar behaviour at low flow. This study is focused on flow metrics that best describe the flow regime and the hydrological characteristics of Yantra river. Furthermore, hydrological studies are important for all types of environmental investigations � fish habitat, water intakes, stream productivity, etc. In the recent years we are dealing with co-called ecological flow. Particularly the low flow statistical analysis is crucial for determination of ecological flows in the sense of European water framework directive.
10
Ilcheva, Irena, Anna Yordanova, Plamen Ninov, Krassimira Ljubenova, and Kamelia Krumova. "SPECIFICS IN DETERMINATION AND PROVISION OF ECOLOGICAL FLOW IN THE RIVERBEDS AFTER COMPLEX AND SIGNIFICANT DAMS IN BULGARIA." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/3.1/s12.19.
Full textAbstract:
Water resource of a given river basin is the main component of the ecosystem and water resources management system as well. Ecological flows are considered within the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) as �a hydrological regime consistent with the achievement of the environmental objectives of the WFD in natural surface water bodies as mentioned in Article 4(1). The so-called Heavily Modified Water Bodies (HMWB) or �regulated rivers� have modified flow, which is influenced by reservoir compensation releases and management. National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) has responsibility and contributed to the implementation of the Eflow concept in Bulgaria. For the needs of the Ministry of Environment and Water (MoEW), a hydrological regionalization and a calculation scheme for the minimum acceptable flow in the rivers on the territory of Bulgaria are developed. In this report are represented the following researches: up-to-date assessment of the minimum acceptable flow (MAF) in the riverbeds after the complex dams, according to the Water Law (WL), a comparative analysis with the current state and definition of recommendations in support of the MoEW and the Basin Directorates (BD). The specificity of each reservoir in determining the MAF, the change during drought, etc. are highlighted. In the regulated rivers, the MAF is for the purpose of water ecosystems, groundwater and drinking water supply, wetlands, etc. The NIMH approach is applied and an up-to-date assessment of the MAF from the 52 complex and significant dams from Appendix 1 of the WL is carried out. The assessment is based on the results of hydrological development for the evaluation of the annual average flow and minimum monthly flows with 95% probability of exceedance of the own water catchment of dams. A comparative analysis was carried out between up-to-data assessed minimum acceptable flow (determined by NIMH) and current released MAF (by MoEW). The risks for ensuring the ecological flow are identified. Recommendations are given regarding the determination of ecological flow, definition of a minimum lower threshold, the specifics of reservoirs along the Black Sea or those for drinking water supply, etc. The research supports the MoEW and BD in determining the ecological flow in the riverbeds after the complex reservois, implementation of the Program of measures and the Eflow concept in Bulgaria.
Reports on the topic "Groundwater flow direction"
1
Wagner, Anna, Taylor Sullivan, Danney Glaser, et al. Permafrost and groundwater characterization at the proximity of the landfill, Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48762.
Full textAbstract:
This report summarizes a site investigation at the vicinity of the landfill, a discontinuous permafrost site, at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. The objective of this effort was to characterize the permafrost extent and groundwater flow at the study area, and to compare newly collected subsurface characteristics with historical datasets. The main tasks for this effort included lidar and remote sensing analyses, geophysical investigations, a tracer dye study, contaminant trend analysis, and installation of soil temperature sensors. Findings included changes in stream channels and watershed boundaries, and elevation losses (0.2 m to 1 m) east and northeast of the landfill. From frost probe measurements, we found that depths to permafrost were up to 1.5 m deeper in 2021 than in 2010 where the difference in depth ranged from 20% to more than 350%. Furthermore, we detected a reduction in lateral permafrost extent from geophysical datasets. The groundwater flow direction, as detected through the dye study, was south to southwest. Dye was detected up to 2,300 m from the injection point. Groundwater travel times, as calculated from the dye study, varied greatly. For upcoming historical comparisons, it is recommended that data collections are performed using similar methods as described in this study.
2
Barnett, P. J. Surficial geology of Cockburn Island, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332360.
Full textAbstract:
Cockburn Island landscape is somewhat unique in the northern Lake Huron-Georgian Bay basin, in that, itmp;gt;'s overall topography and relief is dependant primarily on glacial sediments that can exceed thicknesses of 85 m (275 feet), rather than the bedrock surface. Cockburn Island is underlain by gently dipping carbonate and clastic rocks of Middle Silurian age that outcrop in a belt that rings the northern half of the island. The crest of the Niagara Escarpment crosses the northern part of the Island. In places the bedrock surface has been affected by karst processes particularly in areas above the level of the Nipissing transgression where the land surface has been exposed for approximately 11,500 years. Karst features and alvars appear to be best developed in rocks of the Amabel Formation along the crest of the Niagara Escarpment. Evidence of the direction of glacier flow that affected Cockburn Island is primary from the orientation of streamlined forms, in particular drumlins. Three distinct sets of drumlins have been recognized. The drumlin orientation does not necessarily reflect flow during two or multiple glacial advances. The variation in orientation of the long axis of the drumlins, the south-southwest flow around the eastern shore of the island, southern flow in the central part of the island and the south-eastward flow the western shore, may reflect ice flowing around the island along the inter-island channels at a greater speed than that flowing over the higher areas of the island. Drumlins are commonly associated with till. Till is widespread across the island and occurs commonly as poorlydrained till plains, littered with boulder (lags). In addition, to till and its associated landforms, other surface landforms and sediments include a large hill of sand and gravel covered with till (McCaigs Hill), and two long ridges of gravel of probable ice-contact origin. Emphasis in this report has been placed on the Post-glacial shoreline features of Glacial Lake Algonquin and subsequent glacial and post-glacial lakes that greatly affected the landscape of Cockburn Island. The record of ancestral lake levels in the Lake Huron basin on Cockburn Island appears complete including the highest level of glacial Lake Algonquin (Main) through a series of falling glacial lake and post-glacial lake levels. These ancestral lake levels have created a spectacular record of abandoned shore bluffs, beach ridges and bars. Extensive areas of surface sand and gravel deposited in ice marginal or subglacial settings and the karst terrain along the crest of the Niagara Escarpment are the main areas of groundwater recharge on Cockburn Island.
3
Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.
Full textAbstract:
Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
4
Schlossnagle, Trevor H., and Torri Duncan. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Rockville, Washington County, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-288.
Full textAbstract:
Rockville is a small rural town in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. New developments in rural areas often use septic tank soilabsorption systems for wastewater disposal, although there is potential to utilize an existing community sewer system. Because potential future septic-tank systems may overlie the principal drinking water aquifer for Rockville, city off icials asked the Utah Geological Survey to conduct a septictank density analysis. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for water-resource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the groundwater quality of Rockville with an emphasis on nitrate, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis for three subdomains (Virgin River corridor, South Mesa, South Mesa subdivision) based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby determine appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. There are two aquifers commonly utilized in Rockville: The Shinarump Conglomerate (primary aquifer) and the Shnabkaib Member of the Moenkopi Formation and overlying alluvial deposits along the Virgin River (secondary aquifer). Using 11 groundwater samples taken from water wells and a spring, we established that baseline nitrate concentrations for these two Rockville aquifers are low, at 0.1 mg/L for the primary aquifer and 0.26 mg/L for the secondary aquifer. To determine the ideal septic-tank density, we employed a mass-balance approach using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. For the mass-balance approach, the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests and specific capacity data from water well logs to derive hydraulic conductivity for Rockville’s aquifers. Existing publications and potentiometric surface datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most conservative septic-tank densities for the Virgin River corridor, South Mesa, and South Mesa subdivision subdomains are 11 acres per system, 13 acres per system, and 8 acres per system, respectively. Due to the low baseline nitrate concentrations, higher septic-tank densities may still be conservative enough to protect water quality. These determinations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Connecting to existing community sewer systems may be a safer alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
5
Weissinger, Rebecca. Status and trends of springs at Hovenweep National Monument, 1999–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294373.
Full textAbstract:
Water is a scarce, but vital, resource at Hovenweep National Monument (NM). The National Park Service has prioritized long-term monitoring of water resources at the monument through a variety of programs and indicators since 1999. The purpose of this report is to evaluate water-quantity and water-quality data collected at long-term monitoring sites in Hovenweep NM from 1999 to 2021 for trends over time, and to summarize site-characterization data for currently monitored locations. Data are available for three active monitoring stations—Square Tower Spring, Hackberry Pool, and Goodman Point Spring—and three discontinued monitoring stations—Cajon Pool, Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4), and Horseshoe Spring. Water resources at Hovenweep NM have exhibited many trends over the past two decades. Pool levels at both Square Tower Spring and Hackberry Pool went up, with a step increase shown in 2016 (after no sampling in 2014–2015). In contrast, flow decreased by more than half at Goodman Point Spring and ceased at Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4). Flow at Horseshoe Spring also decreased, although the period of record at this site was very short. Both Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4) and Horseshoe Spring were removed from the monitoring rotation because flows were increasingly absent or too low to measure. Pool-level dynamics and water chemistry at Cajon Pool are characteristic of precipitation-derived water rather than groundwater; this site was removed from the monitoring rotation because it was not a good indicator of groundwater conditions. The water chemistry in both Square Tower Spring and Hackberry Pool changed significantly, but in opposite directions. Square Tower Spring had increasing total dissolved solids (TDS) and specific conductance, with all major ions showing increases over time. Hackberry Pool had decreases in TDS and most major ions through 2010, when water-chemistry lab analyses were suspended due to logistical constraints. Specific conductance continued to decrease at Hackberry Pool through 2021. The reasons for these changes are unknown. Increases in major ions at Square Tower Spring are unlikely to be related to oil and gas development in the region. Decreases in major ions at Hackberry Pool may reflect an increase in the amount of water that is entering the pool from rain and snowmelt rather than groundwater at this site. Water-quality parameters at Goodman Point Spring have remained stable. While the causes of trends in water chemistry at these sites are likely natural, the small quantities of water and harsh water-quality conditions make these sites poor habitat for aquatic life. Groundwater is naturally low in dissolved oxygen—but the dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the two pools are persistently low, sometimes falling to near zero in the summer. Water temperatures also warm in conjunction with air temperatures, with temperatures as warm as 18°C in the pools and 19°C in Goodman Point Spring. Traditionally, Puebloan cultures would have managed these small water resources to promote infiltration and retention of precipitation and to remove sediment and debris. Decreases in flow and increasing vegetation stress are likely tied to increasing air temperatures and long-term drought conditions across the region. The namesake hackberry trees at Hackberry Pool and nearby sites have shown increasing drought stress. Regionally, the underlying Dakota aquifer that feeds springs at the monument was relatively stable from 2008 to 2017, with decreasing levels from 2018 to 2021. Overall, the most concerning trends observed at springs in Hovenweep NM are likely due to climate change. Increasing air temperature threatens springflow and spring-associated vegetation through increased evapotranspiration. While pool levels have increased, recent decreases in the regional Dakota aquifer raise concerns about the stability of pools in the future. Managers could consider the potential benefits and risks of: Prioritizing protections and actions at Square Tower Spring, which has been the most resilient site at the monument in persistence of surface water and vegetation health during extreme drought. Implementing potential climate-adaptation actions that could improve groundwater infiltration upgradient of spring sites. This could include rehabilitating traditional structures to slow the flow of surface water. Implementing traditional management techniques that could increase dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the spring pools. Increasing invasive-plant removal efforts at Goodman Point Spring, which had the greatest number and cover of invasive-plant species of the three currently monitored locations. Developing interpretive stories about water-management techniques and the role of climate change in creating drought stress on iconic hackberry trees.
6
Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Big Bend National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294267.
Full textAbstract:
Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...