Academic literature on the topic 'Group Processes [MESH]'
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Journal articles on the topic "Group Processes [MESH]"
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Hefida, Mohamed G., Mahmoud A. A. Razek, and Hoda A. A. Youssef. "Comparative study between open preperitoneal mesh and Lichtenstein's mesh in inguinal hernia repair." Scientific Journal of Al-Azhar Medical Faculty, Girls 5, no. 2 (2021): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sjamf.sjamf_57_21.
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Background There is still a great debate regarding the optimal approach for inguinal hernial repair. Objective This study aims to compare between the preperitoneal and Lichtenstein approaches in the management of inguinal hernias. Patients and methods We included 50 cases that were randomly divided into two groups: the first group included 25 cases that underwent the preperitoneal repair, whereas the other group included the remaining cases that underwent Lichtenstein repair. Results Intraoperative bleeding was encountered more in the preperitoneal group. Regarding complications, seroma and scrotal edema were encountered more in the Lichtenstein group (P<0.05). Moreover, chronic inguinal pain was more prevalent in the same group. Conclusion Preperitoneal mesh repair offers more advantages over Lichtenstein repair, especially regarding seroma, scrotal edema, and chronic inguinal pain.
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Mohamed, Sawsan S., and Mohamed O. Alfy. "Use of prophylactic mesh for prevention of incisional hernia following midline laparotomy." Scientific Journal of Al-Azhar Medical Faculty, Girls 5, no. 1 (2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sjamf.sjamf_12_21.
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Background Incisional hernias (IH) following abdominal surgery are frequent and morbid. Prophylactic mesh placement may significantly reduce IH but is not widely used. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of prophylactic mesh placement in preventing IH development after midline laparotomy. Patients and methods This was a prospective observational study on 83 patients undergoing midline laparotomy admitted to our hospital during the period from August 2017 to January 2020. The patients were randomized into two groups: the suture group (SG), with nonabsorbable running sutures, and the prophylactic mesh group, with fascial closure as in the SG but reinforced with onlay polypropylene mesh. Results There was no significant difference observed in mean age, sex, mean BMI, mean hospital stay, and mean follow-up period between both the groups. A statistically significant reduction in IH incidence was demonstrated in the mesh group, with one (2.56%) case, than in the SG, with 11 (25.0%) cases. Surgical site occurrence had higher incidences in the mesh group (25.64%) than in the SG (6.82%). Conclusion Reinforcement of the midline closure by onlay mesh has been proved to be an effective and safe method for avoidance of IH in high-risk patients in both elective and emergency operations during the follow-up period.
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Faraz, Ahmad, Ayaz Gul, Adil Bangash, Shumaila Naseer, Sara Jamil Khan, and Aziz Ur Rehman. "Early Versus Late Repair of Incisional Hernia Following Laparostomy for Enter cutaneous Fistulas Using Component Separation Technique and Onlay Placement of Polypropylene Mesh." Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v13i1.55.
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Objective: To compare the outcome of early versus late repair of incisional hernia that developed following laparostomy for enterocutaneous fistula. Material and methods: This Randomized controlled trial study was conducted at Surgical C unit, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from 22nd May, 2014 till 21st May, 2017. Following ethical approval, 69 patients were enrolled in the study, amongst which three were lost to follow-up. So, 33 patients in both groups were later on included. In group A, patients were asked to present at an early 3-month delay following confirmation of successful enterocutaneous fistula management after discharge, and Group B patients were asked to come one year later. Both groups were subjected to the same procedure of component separation technique with reinforcement with polypropylene mesh. Data was recorded on a Proforma and post-operative complications were mentioned for a period of 12 months that included seroma/hematoma formation, superficial wound infection, mesh infection, enterocutaneous fistulas, recurrence and mortality. Results: Following allocation to two groups, the group planned for surgery by the component separation technique (CST) in the early group had a slightly smaller hernia (21.3cm) but this was not significant a difference in comparison (p=0.68). The study was focused at a follow-up for duration for one year during which 19 patients (28.7%) in total had clinical or radiological evidence of recurrence of the incisional Hernia out of which ten patients(30.3%) were from group A. Recurrence in group B occurred in 9 patients(27.2%) (p=0.88) This included three patients (4.5%) from both groups with infected meshes that needed removal. Conclusion: Component Separation technique is a feasible staged approach to management of a ventral wall defect (incisional hernia) with reinforcement of the wall with polypropylene mesh in early phase of recovery after enterocutaneous fi stulas.
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Fauzia, Envrinda Arief, and Herry Purnama. "The Effect Of Particle Size On The Characterization Of Activated Carbon From Tropical Black Bamboo (Gigantochloa Atroviolacea)." Techno (Jurnal Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto) 22, no. 2 (October 14, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/techno.v22i2.10350.
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Activated carbon also known as activated charcoal is a common term for carbon materials, which comprises charcoal. Activated carbon has a good adsorption capacity against gases and pollutants in liquids because of its wide surface. The material used in this research was tropical black bamboo, with the variation of particle size -10+20 mesh, -20+40 mesh, -40+60 mesh and -60+80 mesh. There are 2 processes to produce activated carbon, i.e. carbonation and activation. In this research, the carbonation is set at 380°C in 1 hour. Then, each size of carbon was activated by H3PO4 9.8% along 24 hours. The analysis conducted were moisture content, ash content, iodine number, and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The smaller particle size, the more pores will be produced and it caused the surface area higher. The results showed that variation of particle size had effect on the characterization and quality of activated carbon, where moisture content is between 10.60 to 4.05%, ash content is 1% to 0.2% and iodine adsorption is between 710 mg/g to 900 mg/g. In FTIR analysis, it showed that all of the samples had O-H, C=C, and C-O functional group.
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Lambrechts, Adriaan, Christophe Van Dijck, Roel Wirix-Speetjens, Jos Vander Sloten, Frederik Maes, and Sabine Van Huffel. "Preoperative Prediction of Optimal Femoral Implant Size by Regularized Regression on 3D Femoral Bone Shape." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 4344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074344.
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Preoperative determination of implant size for total knee arthroplasty surgery has numerous clinical and logistical benefits. Currently, surgeons use X-ray-based templating to estimate implant size, but this method has low accuracy. Our study aims to improve accuracy by developing a machine learning approach that predicts the required implant size based on a 3D femoral bone mesh, the key factor in determining the correct implant size. A linear regression framework imposing group sparsity on the 3D bone mesh vertex coordinates was proposed based on a dataset of 446 MRI scans. The group sparse regression method was further regularized based on the connectivity of the bone mesh to enforce neighbouring vertices to have similar importance to the model. Our hypergraph regularized group lasso had an accuracy of 70.1% in predicting femoral implant size while the initial implant size prediction provided by the instrumentation manufacturer to the surgeon has an accuracy of 23.1%. Furthermore, our method was capable of predicting the implant size up to one size smaller or larger with an accuracy of 99.1%, thereby surpassing other state-of-the-art methods. The hypergraph regularized group lasso was able to obtain a significantly higher accuracy compared to the implant size prediction provided by the instrumentation manufacturer.
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WANG, DAJIN. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF HIERARCHICAL DIVISION FOR MESH-STRUCTURED NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 08, no. 03 (September 2007): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265907002028.
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A parallel/distributed system consists of a collection of processes, which are distributed over a network of processors, and work in a cooperative manner to fulfill various tasks. A hierarchical approach is to group and organize the distributed processes into a logical hierarchy of multiple levels to achieve better system performance. It has been proposed as an effective way to solve various problems in distributed computing, such as distributed monitoring, resource scheduling, and network routing. In [21], we studied hierarchical configuration for mesh and hypercube networks to the end of achieving better system performance. In particular, we proposed theoretically optimal hierarchy for mesh and hypercube, so that the total traffic flow over the network is minimized. In this paper, we present the experimental results to establish the practical relevance of mesh hierarchy proposed in [21]. We simulated situations for multi-level division, real network loading scenarios, random data aggregation rates, and different division sizes other than derived in [21]. The simulation results not only show that the analytically obtained hierarchy works well for many realistic settings, but also offer some useful insights into the proposed hierarchy scheme.
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Abduvosidov, Kh A., V. G. Shestakova, A. M. Perevedentseva, I. A. Chekmareva, S. M. Chudnykh, L. M. Baranchugova, A. G. Alekseev, and M. M. Kokoev. "Comparative morphological analysis of connective tissue response to polypropylene endoprosthesis implantation." Сибирский научный медицинский журнал 44, no. 3 (July 4, 2024): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/ssmj20240314.
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Nowadays, the palm of superiority in elective surgery belongs to the problem of hernias. According to the literature worldwide, more than 20 million patients undergo surgical treatment for hernia of the anterior abdominal wall every year, most of whom undergo alloplasty using various kinds of nets. The study of the influence of methods for fixing implants and the emerging local inflammatory response of tissues on the frequency of relapses after allognioplasty is devoted to isolated works. Aim of the study was to investigate in an experiment the characteristics of the reaction of local tissues when implanting a rigid monofilament mesh polypropylene implant with a shape memory effect, and a classic mesh endoprosthesis made of monofilament polypropylene (PP) with various methods of fixing implants. Material and methods. An experimental study on 60 white male Wistar rats was performed to identify tissue reaction features around the PP mesh. Group 1 animals (n = 30) were implanted with a rigid mesh monofilament PP implant (Herniamesh, Italy) with shape memory effect, group 2 animals (n = 30) – with a classic mesh endoprosthesis made of monofilament PP for soft tissue repair ESFIL® standard (Lintex, Russia). Biopsies were examined at 1, 2, 3 months after implantation of the PP mesh. Results. A morphological study showed that 1 month after the implantation of a rigid mesh monofilament PP implant, the inflammatory reaction is less obvious than when implanting a classical PP endoprosthesis. This reaction contributed to the earlier germination of collagen fibers around the rigid implant monofilaments. At 2 and 3 months after the implantation of PP nets in both groups of animals, there were no advantages as the regenerate formed. Conclusions. When introducing PP mesh with suture fixation and rigid monofilament PP mesh without fixation, there is a natural response to the integration of the endoprosthesis, which is characterized by aseptic inflammation followed by pronounced fibrosis around the implant. Such processes, occurring in response to the implantation of synthetic polypropylene nets, increase local mechanical tissue resistance, and can create additional strength against recurrence of inguinal hernias.
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WANG, DAJIN, and JIANNONG CAO. "ON HIERARCHICAL CONFIGURATION OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS ON MESH AND HYPERCUBE." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 15, no. 03 (June 2004): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054104002583.
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We study hierarchical configuration of distributed systems for achieving optimized system performance. A distributed system consists of a collection of local processes which are distributed over a network of processors, and work in a cooperative manner to fulfill various tasks. A hierarchical approach is to group and organize the distributed processes into a logical hierarchy of multiple levels, so as to coordinate the local computation/control activities to improve the overall system performance. It has been proposed as an effective way to solve various problems in distributed computing, such as distributed monitoring, resource scheduling, and network routing. The optimization problem considered in this paper is concerned with finding an optimal hierarchical partition of the processors, so that the total traffic flow over the network is minimized. The problem in its general form has been known to be NP-hard. Therefore, we just focus on distributed computing jobs which require collecting and processing information from all processors. By limiting levels of the hierarchy to two, we will establish the analytically optimal hierarchical configurations for two popular interconnection networks: mesh and hypercube. Based on analytical results, partitioning algorithms are proposed to achieve minimal communication cost (network traffic flow). We will also present and discuss heuristic algorithms for multiple-level hierarchical partitions.
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Ishchenko, Anatolii I., Ailar Asambaeva, Anton A. Ishchenko, Irina D. Khokhlova, Tea A. Dzhibladze, Elena G. Malyuta, Leonid S. Aleksandrov, et al. "Long-term outcomes of surgical interventions for different types of pelvic organ prolapse." V.F.Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 4 (December 19, 2023): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2313-8726-2023-10-4-287-297.
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Background. The study aimed to comparatively analyze the nature and frequency of complications and the severity of recurrences among patients with different forms of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). These factors will be examined depending on the surgical technique employed.
Materials and methods. The study involved a thorough clinical evaluation, surgical intervention, and outpatient monitoring (at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months) of 523 participants, aged 32–80 years, categorized into four main groups and 3–4 subgroups depending on the type of POP and surgical method used. Group 1 comprised 161 women (30.8%) presenting with grade I–III cervical elongation combined with grade I–II anterior vaginal wall prolapse. Group 2 consisted of 207 (39.6%) patients with grade II–III anterior vaginal wall prolapse, whereas group 3 included 107 patients (20.5%) with complete uterine prolapse. Group 4 was made up of 48 women (9.1%) with grade II–III posterior vaginal wall descent.
Results. Based on the acquired data, synthetic implant extrusion commonly took place 6–12 months after the surgical procedure. Of the 158 patients who received polypropylene endoprostheses, 20 (12.7%) experienced extrusion and required repeated hospitalizations for partial or complete excision, followed by restoration of vaginal wall integrity. POP recurrences typically occurred 12–36 months after surgical treatment and were detected in 69 (13.2%) of 523 patients. The reappearance of symptoms of pelvic organ descent was most commonly identified in patients who underwent surgery using their tissues (26.6%), less frequently with synthetic implants (12.7%), and extremely rarely with titanium endoprostheses (1.6%).
Conclusions. The results revealed that patients, who underwent surgery using original techniques, employing titanium-made mesh implants and anchors, experienced the fewest complications and postoperative POP incidence. Conversely, the use of synthetic implants increases the likelihood of mesh-associated complications and disease recurrence, necessitating partial or complete excision. The use of autologous tissue for POP surgery is related to a higher likelihood of recurring prolapse symptoms.
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Levchuk, A. L., Yu M. Stoiko, and O. Yu Sysoev. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of negative pressure wound therapy in the complex treatment of patients with infected mesh endoprostheses of the anterior abdominal wall." Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery 180, no. 4 (September 23, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2021-180-4-35-40.
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Introduction. Wound complications after the placing of various implants of the abdominal wall after hernia repair account for up to 15 % of all hospitalizations with purulent diseases. Their treatment is often accompanied by a high frequency of explantation of a mesh endoprosthesis with a risk of recurrent hernias in this category of patients.The objective of the study was to improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with infected implants of the abdominal wall after herniaplasty based on the assessment of the effectiveness of the negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT).Methods and materials. A retrospective analysis of the treatment results of patients with infected mesh endoprostheses of the anterior abdominal wall (n=68) was carried out. We formed for comparison two homogeneous representative groups of patients, who underwent adequate debridement of a purulent wound with empirical antibiotic therapy. Patients from the study group (n=38) received local therapy using NPWT, patients from the control group (n=30) received traditional local therapy. The evaluation of the treatment results was carried out according to a number of criteria: the course of the systemic inflammatory reaction, the dynamics of reparative processes in the wound of the anterior abdominal wall, evaluation of the clinical outcomes of treatment of patients.Results. The use of vacuum therapy was accompanied by a positive effect on the course of the systemic inflammatory reaction, stimulation of reparative processes in the wound due to the rapid elimination of bacterial agents from the wound cavity (p= 0.003), as well as significant retraction of the wound cavity (p=0.004) compared to traditional methods of wound treatment. Patients from the study group had more favorable treatment outcomes such as a reduction in the duration of hospitalization (p=0.005) and the number of surgical interventions (p=0.003). Due to the NPWT, it was possible to save implants in 30 patients out of 38 (78.9%) with infected mesh endoprostheses of the anterior abdominal wall, which prevented the formation of recurrent hernias and helped to avoid reoperations in this category of patients.Conclusion. The use NPWT is a safe and effective method for treating wounds of the anterior abdominal wall with infected mesh endoprostheses after hernioplasty.
Books on the topic "Group Processes [MESH]"
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Miles, Matthew B. Learning to work in groups: A practical guide for members & trainers. 2nd ed. Troy, NY: Educator's International Press, 1998.
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Kuiper, Gerhardus J. A. J. M., and Hugo ten Cate. Coagulation monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0266.
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Haemostasis is a dynamic process to stop bleeding after vessel wall damage. Platelets form a platelet plug via activation, adherence, and aggregation processes. The coagulation proteins are activated one-by-one, cascading towards fibrin polymerization, a process controlled by thrombin generation. Fibrinolysis is the process responsible for fibrin mesh degradation, which is also controlled by thrombin. Besides procoagulant proteins, anticoagulant proteins maintain a balance in the haemostatic system. Measuring platelet count and function can be done as part of the monitoring of haemostasis, while coagulation times are measured to assess the coagulation proteins. Degradation products of fibrin and lysis times give information about fibrinolysis. Point-of-care monitoring provides simple, rapid bedside testing for platelets and for whole blood using viscoelasticity properties. In trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) platelet counts and coagulation times are still common practice to evaluate haemostasis, but point-of-care measurements are being used more and more. Medication interfering with haemostasis is frequently used in intensive care unit patients. Each (group of) drug(s) has its own monitoring tests either based on classical or novel techniques.
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Benton, Caroline, Frank-Jürgen Richter, and Tohru Takai, eds. Meso-Organizations and the Creation of Knowledge. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400684951.
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Competitive advantage in today's complex and global marketplace is no longer created by the internal resources of a single organization or organizational group. Businesses must reach beyond the traditional boundaries of their organization, industry and market to form diverse networks that can create truly unique value. Japan is now in its longest recession of the post-World War II period. This failure stems from macroeconomic malfunctioning and—more important—from the country's cultural environment, which has been inhibiting domestic corporations' abilities to respond to dire socio-economic issues. As all traditional attempts to revitalize the economy have failed, creative ideas and purposeful interventions are necessary for survival. Past business assumptions must be discarded, the most important of which is the emphasis on insular business practices that focus on the internal environment of a single organization or corporate group. Unique value can no longer by created in a static and limited manner. To create unique value in the increasingly sophisticated, advanced and fragmented environment of the global marketplace, corporations are forming partnerships that cross all societal boundaries. The authors coin the term meso-organizations for such networks that go beyond the scope of traditional businesses and bring in individuals, organizations from different industries and not-for-profit organizations into their business processes, and that view their environments as extensions of themselves. This book pulls together and expands on various theories of networks and knowledge creation to present a framework that captures the complex nature of today's business domain and processes, and offers suggestions for wide-ranging collaboration.
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Timmers, Renee, Freya Bailes, and Helena Daffern, eds. Together in Music. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860761.001.0001.
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Together in music develops insight into the musical ensemble as an intense form of teamwork, as finely coordinated joint action, and as an emotionally and socially rewarding experience that enables positive outcomes for wellbeing and development. By investigating processes related to group music-making at meso-, micro-, and macro-level, it offers a platform for synthesis across disciplinary and methodological approaches, and the definition of a new level of understanding that is holistic and considers interrelationships between levels of analysis. The book combines review chapters that summarize the state of the art with case studies that present research outcomes. While most chapters focus on Western classical or contemporary music, the themes that run through the book have broad relevance, which include the role of embodiment and emergence, relationships between the social and the musical, multi-dimensionality of experiences, and technologies to investigate and support collaboration and interaction in ensembles.
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Herman, David. Coda: Toward a Bionarratology; or, Storytelling at Species Scale. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850401.003.0009.
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The coda to the book puts forward the hypothesis that narrative, even though it is grounded in and optimally calibrated for meso-level, human-scale phenomena, furnishes routes of access to emergent structures and processes extending beyond the size limits of the lifeworld, including species transformations at the macro level of phylogenetic history. In this way, the coda suggests how the study of what can be called storytelling at species scale constitutes an important aspect of narratology beyond the human. Focusing on the heuristic potentials of “multiscale narration” across a range of fictional and nonfictional examples, the chapter explores how narrative provides structural affordances that can be used to trace out pathways between, on the one hand, localized environments in which temporally and spatially bounded events involving particular animals or groups of animals take place, and, on the other hand, more or less massively distributed transformations at species scale.
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DeMello, Margo. Encyclopedia of Body Adornment. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400620287.
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People everywhere have attempted to change their bodies in an effort to meet their cultural standards of beauty, as well as their religious and/or social obligations. Often times, this modification or adornment of their bodies is part of the complex process of creating and re-creating personal and social identities. Body painting has probably been practiced since the Paleolithic as archaeological evidence indicates, and the earliest human evidence of tattooing goes back to the Neolithic with mummies found in Europe, Central Asia, the Andes and the Middle East. Adornments such as jewelry have been found in the earliest human graves and bodies unearthed from five thousand years ago show signs of intentional head shaping. It is clear that adorning and modifying the body is a central human practice. Over 200 entries address the major adornments and modifications, their historical and cross-cultural locations, and the major cultural groups and places in which body modification has been central to social and cultural practices. This encyclopedia also includes background information on the some of the central figures involved in creating and popularizing tattooing, piercing, and other body modifications in the modern world. Finally, the book addresses some of the major theoretical issues surrounding the temporary and permanent modification of the body, the laws and customs regarding the marking of the body, and the social movements that have influenced or embraced body modification, and those which have been affected by it. All cultures everywhere have attempted to change their body in an attempt to meet their cultural standards of beauty, as well as their religious and or social obligations. In addition, people modify and adorn their bodies as part of the complex process of creating and re-creating their personal and social identities. Body painting has probably been practiced since the Paleolithic as archaeological evidence indicates, and the earliest human evidence of tattooing goes back to the Neolithic with mummies found in Europe, Central Asia, the Andes and the Middle East. Adornments such as jewelry have been found in the earliest human graves and bodies unearthed from five thousand years ago show signs of intentional head shaping. It is clear that adorning and modifying the body is a central human practice. Over 200 entries address the major adornments and modifications, their historical and cross-cultural locations, and the major cultural groups and places in which body modification has been central to social and cultural practices. This encyclopedia also includes background information on the some of the central figures involved in creating and popularizing tattooing, piercing, and other body modifications in the modern world. Finally, the book addresses some of the major theoretical issues surrounding the temporary and permanent modification of the body, the laws and customs regarding the marking of the body, and the social movements that have influenced or embraced body modification, and those which have been affected by it. Entries include, acupuncture, amputation, Auschwitz, P.T. Barnum, the Bible, body dysmorphic disorder, body piercing, branding, breast augmentation and reduction, Betty Broadbent, castration, Christianity, cross dressers, Dances Sacred and Profane, Egypt, female genital mutilation, foot binding, freak shows, genetic engineering, The Great Omi, Greco-Roman world, henna, infibulation, legislation – regulation, lip plates, medical tattooing, Meso-America, military tattoos, National Tattoo Association, nose piercing, obesity, permanent makeup, primitivism, prison tattooing, punk, rites of passage, scalpelling, silicone injections, Stalking Cat, suspensions, tanning, tattoo reality shows, tattooing, Thailand, transgender, tribalism.
Book chapters on the topic "Group Processes [MESH]"
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Bonvin, Jean-Michel, Jean-Pierre Tabin, Anne Perriard, Emilie Rosenstein, and Max Lovey. "Social Policies, Vulnerability and the Life Course: A Complex Nexus." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life, 123–38. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_8.
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AbstractSocial policies are designed to tackle vulnerability processes, providing additional resources to vulnerable target groups and helping them overcome stressing situations. However, empirical observations have shown that social policies may also reinforce vulnerability in certain cases. This can be better explained if one considers vulnerability as a multi-level process. Vulnerability is experienced by individuals at micro-level: it is then characterised by multidimensionality where diverse spheres of life can be affected; vulnerability is then framed as a social issue at macro level, requiring the setting up of adequate policy; this macro notion of vulnerability is then implemented at meso-level by agents that are called to translate the macro level notion of vulnerability into actual public action. There may be a gap or a discrepancy between the different notions of vulnerability as experienced at micro level, framed as social problem at macro level and implemented as public action at meso level. This gap may result in paradoxical situations where social policies do not provide adequate resources or submit their access to stringent conditions acting as stressors, thus reinforcing cumulative disadvantage rather than counteracting it. Examples from studies conducted within the NCCR-LIVES illustrate some of these paradoxical situations.
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Spini, Dario, and Mattia Vacchiano. "Synthesis: Vulnerability in Context." In Withstanding Vulnerability throughout Adult Life, 205–13. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4567-0_13.
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AbstractVulnerability lies in the articulation of different levels. Constraints or opportunities, resources or stressors to people’ lives unfold at the intersection of micro-individual processes and macro-structural levels during the life course. This section explores five directions through which LIVES addresses these interactions across different meso-level contexts: (1) Vandecasteele and colleagues explain how socio-economic inequalities are structured across neighborhoods and communities, emphasising the importance of geographical contexts; (2) Hoffman and colleagues study inequalities in mental health by considering people’s relational contexts and the interaction between their networks and their social identities; (3) Bonvin and colleagues explain how the implementation of social policies depends on the functioning of organisations and the working conditions of those social agents who are in contact with vulnerable groups; (4) Burton-Jeangros and Vagnoli look at how the vulnerability of HIV-positive women is influenced and negotiated within medical and institutional contexts; (5) Rossier and colleagues focus on the importance of the family context and the structure of opportunities and constraints it provides during the life course. Together, looking at urban, relational and organisational contexts, these studies show important facets of vulnerability at the meso level.
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Siivonen, Päivi, Ulpukka Isopahkala-Bouret, Michael Tomlinson, Maija Korhonen, and Nina Haltia. "Introduction: Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context." In Rethinking Graduate Employability in Context, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20653-5_1.
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AbstractThis book offers critical multidisciplinary analyses of graduate employability, which have thus far been scarce and often scattered. The book examines employability from macro, meso and micro perspectives: higher education policy, the labour market, higher education institutions, organisations, individuals and social groups. The multinational analyses include chapters that examine employability in European, North American and Australian contexts. Thus, the book aims to provide a multifaceted social and contextual analysis of graduate employability as a theoretical concept, as a discourse and policy imperative, and as a social and discursive practice. The book is divided into three different parts that examine employability from the perspective of theory and discourse, policy and the graduate labour market, and as a career and identity process. Moreover, it introduces novel methodological perspectives to study graduate employability as a process.
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Setiati, Rini, Septoratno Siregar, and Deana Wahyuningrum. "Laboratory Optimization Study of Sulfonation Reaction toward Lignin Isolated from Bagasse." In Biomass [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93662.
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Bagasse is scientifically defined as waste from the extraction of sugarcane liquid after the grinding process. Bagasse is biomass which is used as raw material to be processed into surfactants. Bagasse fiber cannot be dissolved in water because it consists mostly of cellulose, pentosane and lignin. The optimum conditions for obtaining the highest yield and the best conversion of bagasse to lignin were achieved when used 80 mesh bagasse and 3 M NaOH as a hydrolysis agent. Then lignin is reacted with 0.25 sodium bisulfite to the surfactant sodium lignosulfonate. Lignin and sodium lignosulfonate were further characterized using a FTIR spectrophotometer to determine the components contained therein. The lignin component consists of phenolic functional group elements, aliphatic and aromatic groups, ketone groups, aren functional groups, amine groups and alkyl groups along with standard lignin components. Likewise with lignosulfonates, with indicator components consisting of C═C alkenes, Sulfate S═O, C═O carboxylic acids and S-OR esters. The NMR test was resulted the monomer structure of SLS surfactant bagasse. The results indicate that the lignin isolation process from bagasse has been successfully. Likewise, the sulfonation of lignin to lignosulfonate is also successful.
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"Mesodynamics." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 117–35. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1912-7.ch006.
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In social networks, an “inward gravitation” leading to a structure within which everyone is connected to one another does not occur. Instead, the network in question evolves into structural groups that are tightly connected within but with scarce ties between. An analogous situation is observed in all “complex” systems even if they are not social. We see a similar pattern in microbiological (concerning the interaction of molecular structures within the chemical system of the cell), macrobiological (regarding the interaction of species within an ecological system), and socio-economic (supply mechanisms and specialization of firms within a sector, organization of individuals in an office) systems. The factor underlying this pattern is the “specialization” of small systems through evolutionary processes. Owing to these relations, micro dynamics take place within the group while meso dynamics take place between groups. This chapter explores these groups and groupings.
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Procter, Garry. "Hydrolysis and esterification." In Stereoselectivity in Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198559573.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on hydrolysis and esterification. Enzymes can be regarded simply as enantioselective catalysts. However, they are much larger and much more complicated than ‘normal’ enantioselective catalysts. In addition, many enzymes are selective about the structure of the substrates which they will accept, but some of them will accept a reasonably wide range of substrates. There are two basic processes which can be carried out by enzyme hydrolysis: resolution of a racemate by kinetic resolution and conversion of a meso-compound into a chiral product. Typically, the meso-compound used as starting material possesses two enantiotopic ester groups, so hydrolysis of one of these will produce enantiomeric products. This is sometimes referred to as ‘asymmetrization’. Careful chemical manipulation of a single enantiomer produced by asymmetrization can give products in either enantiomeric form.
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Hutcheon, Nick. "Transformations and Defeats: Eta and the End of the Armed Campaign." In Bullets to Ballots, 134–52. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474467117.003.0007.
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The chapter examines the transformation of an armed secessionist movement into a peaceful one. The Basque armed group ETA was founded in 1959 and formally disbanded in 2018. During those six decades, this clandestine group evolved to become the central node in a complex network of organizations that shared the strategic goal of political independence from Spain. The chapter argues that the pressures of the armed path, innovative counterterrorism policies, and an internal process of debate triggered a factional transformation of the ETA. The chapter accounts for the transition from armed to unarmed activism with a multi-level approach that combines individual, organisational and contextual data. Ultimately, the transformation of ETA can be accounted for by analysing the meso- and the macro-level variables of leadership, internal and external interactions with the “other,” inducements and failures of the armed path. The continuous factional transformation of ETA – from the 1970s to 2017 – has shown the critical importance of meso-level factors (especially charismatic leadership), even when macro-level changes occur (such as democratic transition in Spain and the EU’s consistent support for transformations to unarmed politics).
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Ilosvay, Kimberly. "Dynamics of Translanguaging Practices." In Beyond Language Learning Instruction, 262–80. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1962-2.ch011.
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Translanguaging is a process by which people draw from all of their semiotic resources to co-construct meaning, thus learning from each other. While scholars tout translanguaging as being advantageous for work environments and cognitive development, educational practices often do not include translanguaging. Teaching of and through language traditionally adheres to the boundaries of separate language systems. Additionally, students may not want to code-mesh because traditionally, languages have been treated as distinct systems and individuals take on identities based on these systems as they provide membership in specific groups. Drawing on data from two different educational contexts, this chapter highlights some ways educators can legitimize translanguaging in the classroom in concrete ways. Suggestions offer new spaces to be explored when designing curricula and learning environments that value the language practices of students and families.
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Ilosvay, Kimberly. "Dynamics of Translanguaging Practices." In Research Anthology on Applied Linguistics and Language Practices, 503–17. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5682-8.ch022.
Full textAbstract:
Translanguaging is a process by which people draw from all of their semiotic resources to co-construct meaning, thus learning from each other. While scholars tout translanguaging as being advantageous for work environments and cognitive development, educational practices often do not include translanguaging. Teaching of and through language traditionally adheres to the boundaries of separate language systems. Additionally, students may not want to code-mesh because traditionally, languages have been treated as distinct systems and individuals take on identities based on these systems as they provide membership in specific groups. Drawing on data from two different educational contexts, this chapter highlights some ways educators can legitimize translanguaging in the classroom in concrete ways. Suggestions offer new spaces to be explored when designing curricula and learning environments that value the language practices of students and families.
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Timmers, Renee, Freya Bailes, and Helena Daffern. "Together in music." In Together in Music, 277–82. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860761.003.0036.
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Looking back at the diverse chapters of the “Together in music” volume, three main themes are identified that reoccur. These relate to the relevance of embodied in-the-moment interaction between musicians for the creative processes to develop, the rich multi-dimensionality of the group music-making experience at a micro-, meso-, and macro-level, and the close relationships between social and musical coordination. These themes highlight the need to advance research by investigating ensemble performance and creativity at multiple analytical levels, e.g. taking microtiming, social coordination, and identity into account, and by explicitly considering developments and emergence over time. Furthermore, these themes promote the advancement of methods and techniques to investigate ensemble music-making processes, several of which are identified and illustrated in the book, including pattern detection in behavioral interaction, visualization of relationships between musicians, and innovations in the measurement and analysis of entrainment behavior in timing and intonation.
Conference papers on the topic "Group Processes [MESH]"
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Doyle, Christopher, William Dempster, and Steven Taggart. "An Assessment of the Validity of Quasi-Steady Analysis of Pressure Relief Valves." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10607.
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Abstract In this paper, the validity of the commonly used quasi-steady design approach to pressure relief valves (PRV) is examined by comparing detailed steady state conditions of valve behavior directly with transient conditions. To achieve this, a PRV conforming to ASME VIII standards was modelled using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package ANSYS FLUENT to account for transient fluid-structure interaction processes. Detailed steady state CFD simulations were conducted using quasi-steady assumptions and compared to high fidelity transient moving mesh simulations to allow the piston forces to be examined. The results indicated that noticeably different magnitudes can occur between steady state and transient simulations; highlighting the possibility of significant differences occurring between quasi steady designed valves and their ultimate performance. In this paper, a single operating condition is examined, using air at 10.3 barg, for a 5231BX refrigeration valve supplied by the Henry Group to highlight the main issues. Analysis has indicated that the differences in performance are generated by temporal, short lived vortices at the piston surface which influences the bulk flow features as the disc accelerates and decelerates; altering the net disc forces when compared to steady state conditions.
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Johnson, B. "Toward a Process for Quantifying Uncertainty in a CFD Solution: Analysis of Mesh Refinement." In 2007 DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program Users Group Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hpcmp-ugc.2007.77.
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Wang, Yunfeng, and Gregory S. Chirikjian. "Workspace Generation As a Diffusion Process." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/mech-14063.
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Abstract In this paper we show that the workspace of a highly articulated manipulator can be found by solving a partial differential equation. This diffusion-type equation describes the evolution of the workspace density function depending on manipulator length and kinematic properties. The support of the workspace density function is the workspace of the manipulator. The PDE governing workspace density evolution is solvable in closed form using the Fourier transform on the group of rigid-body motions. We present numerical results that use this technique.
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Seong, Bo-Ok, Jimin Ahn, Myeongjun Son, and Hyeongok Lee. "Three-degree graph and design of an optimal routing algorithm." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001466.
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Learning, as well as the importance of a high-performance computer is significantly emerging. In parallel computing, we denote the concept of interconnection between the single memory and multiple processors as multi-processor. In a similar context, multi-computing signifies the connection of memory-loaded processors through the communication link. The relationship between the performance of multi-computing and the processor’s linkage structure is extremely proximate. Let the connection structure of the processor be an interconnection network. The interconnection network can be modeled through a classical graph consisting of node and edge. In this regard, a multi-computing processor is expressed as a node, communication link as an edge. When categorizing the suggested interconnection network through the criteria of the number of nodes, it can be classified as follows: Mesh class type consisted of the n×k nodes (Torus, Toroidal mesh, Diagonal mesh, Honeycomb mesh), Hypercube class type with 2^n nodes (Hypercube, Folded hypercube, Twisted cube, de Breijin), and Star graph class type (Star graph, Bubblesort star, Alternating group, Macro-star, Transposition) with n! nodes. The mesh type structure is a planar graph that is widely being utilized in the domains such as VLSI circuit design and base station installing (covering) problems in a mobile communication network. Mesh class types are comparatively easier to design and could potentially be implemented in algorithmic domains in a practical manner. Therefore, it is considered as a classical measure that is extensively preferred when designing a parallel computing network system. This study suggests the novel mesh structure De3 with the degree of three and designs an optimal routing algorithm as well as a parallel route algorithm (병렬경로알고리즘) based on the diameter analysis. The address of the node in the De3 graph is expressed with n-bit binary digits, and the edge is noted with the operator %. We built the interval function (구간 함수) that computes the locational property of the corresponding nodes to derive an optimal routing path from node u to node v among the De3 graph structure. We represent the optimal routing algorithm based on the interval function, calculating and validating the diameter of the De3 graph. Furthermore, we propose the algorithm that establishes the node disjoint parallel path which addresses a non-overlap path from node u to v. The outcome of this study proposes a novel interconnection network structure that is applicable in the routing algorithm optimization by limiting the communication links to three while the number of nodes These results implicate the viable operation among the high-performance edge computing system in a cost-efficient and effective manner.
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Sheung, Hoi, Siu-Ping Mok, and Charlie C. L. Wang. "A Highly Parallel Approach to Meshing Scattered Point Data." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86936.
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In this paper, we present a parallel mesh surface generation approach for unorganized point clouds that runs on the graphics processing unit (GPU). Our approach integrates point cloud simplification, point cloud optimization, and local triangulation techniques into the same framework. The input point cloud will be processed through three steps of algorithms, which are 1) preprocessing: to generate the neighborhood table of points and estimate the normal vectors, 2) clustering: to group points into optimized clusters that minimize the shape approximation error, and 3) meshing: to connect the seed points in clusters to form the resultant triangular mesh surface. As the number of clusters can be specified by users, the number of vertices on resultant mesh surfaces is controlled. The algorithms exploited here are highly parallelized to take advantage of the single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) parallelism that is available on consumer-level graphics hardware with GPU. Moreover, to overcome memory limitation on graphics hardware, the algorithms in all these steps are able to process massive data in streaming mode.
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Onur Şahin, E., C. Eyovge, and T. Öztürk. "Plasma Processing of AB2 Alloy as Negative Electrode Material for NiMH Batteries." In ITSC2017, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. DVS Media GmbH, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2017p0840.
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Abstract The present work deals with a Laves phase C14 AB2 alloy, namely (TiZr)(VNiMnCrSn)2. The alloy in many ways is a good alternative to a rare earth AB5 alloy with a superior capacity reaching a value of 400 mAh/g. A drawback with this alloy is that it is difficult to activate and therefore it is desirable to develop processing techniques which would readily activate the alloy. In this study we have plasma processed the alloy so as to see if this processing would exercise a positive effect on activation. AB2 powder was therefore fed to plasma torch with 25 kW power. The powders of -325 mesh had a range of particles sizes, the finer ones were evaporated and condensed into nanoparticles less than 100 nm in size. The larger ones spheroidized and were collected in the form of two groups of powders. We have characterized all three groups of powders both chemically and the latter two in terms of electrochemical performance.
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Dalle Vacche, Sara. "Biobased composites from renewable monomers and cellulosic reinforcements by photoinduced processes." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ingy4050.
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Polymeric materials are under tremendous pressure for improving their greenness: despite their important role in several essential aspects of human life, in public opinion they are mostly associated with single-use plastics pollution and use of fossil resources. Sustainable polymer-based materials may be prepared from biobased monomers and polymers, through photoinduced processes. Owing to low energy requirements, high reaction rates at room temperature, and low VOC emissions, photoinduced polymerization is recognized as a green technology. Among the biobased monomers explored in this field, those derived from cardanol (a natural phenolic lipid obtained from cashew nutshell liquid) and from unsaturated vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, are interesting for industrial applications, being commercially available.However, polymers obtained by photoinduced polymerization of biobased monomers often have low thermomechanical properties; biobased monomers are thus typically used as co-monomers to increase the biobased content of fossil-based polymers, in non-structural applications, such as coating or adhesives, or are added with reinforcements to obtain composite materials. The latter option is particularly interesting when natural fillers, such as cellulosic fibers, are used, thus obtaining fully biobased composites.
In our group we exploited photoinduced reactions to produce composites from biobased monomers, using wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanocellulose from hemp waste fibers as reinforcements. Two routes were explored: (i) epoxidized and (meth)acrylated monomers derived from cardanol and from soybean oil, were polymerized by photoinduced radical or cationic chain growth reactions; (ii) copolymer latexes obtained from derivatives of eugenol and coumarin were crosslinked through a photocycloaddition reaction. In the latter case, the potential reversibility of the crosslinking was explored in view of recyclability.
The photoinduced polymerization and crosslinking reactions were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopies; high degrees of conversion were obtained. The thermal, mechanical, and functional properties of these composites make them interesting for e.g packaging applications.
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Santamarina, A., N. Hfaiedh, R. Letellier, V. Marotte, S. Misu, A. Sargeni, C. Vaglio, and I. Zmijarevic. "Advanced Neutronics Tools for BWR Design Calculations." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89493.
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This paper summarizes the developments implemented in the new APOLLO2.8 neutronics tool to meet the required target accuracy in LWR applications, particularly void effects and pin-by-pin power map in BWRs. The Method Of Characteristics was developed to allow efficient LWR assembly calculations in 2D-exact heterogeneous geometry; resonant reaction calculation was improved by the optimized SHEM-281 group mesh, which avoids resonance self-shielding approximation below 23eV, and the new space-dependent method for resonant mixture that accounts for resonance overlapping. Furthermore, a new library CEA2005, processed from JEFF3.1 evaluations involving feedback from Critical Experiments and LWR P.I.E, is used. The specific “2005–2007 BWR Plan” settled to demonstrate the validation/qualification of this neutronics tool is described. Some results from the validation process are presented: the comparison of APOLLO2.8 results to reference Monte Carlo TRIPOLI4 results on specific BWR benchmarks emphasizes the ability of the deterministic tool to calculate BWR assembly multiplication factor within 200 pcm accuracy for void fraction varying from 0 to 100%. The qualification process against the BASALA mock-up experiment stresses APOLLO2.8/CEA2005 performances: pin-by-pin power is always predicted within 2% accuracy, reactivity worth of B4C or Hf cruciform control blade, as well as Gd pins, is predicted within 1.2% accuracy.
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Dalle Vacche, Sara. "Bio-based cationic waterborne polyurethane dispersions from high oleic soybean oil." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/xdga8424.
Full textAbstract:
Polymeric materials are under tremendous pressure for improving their greenness: despite their important role in several essential aspects of human life, in public opinion they are mostly associated with single-use plastics pollution and use of fossil resources. Sustainable polymer-based materials may be prepared from biobased monomers and polymers, through photoinduced processes. Owing to low energy requirements, high reaction rates at room temperature, and low VOC emissions, photoinduced polymerization is recognized as a green technology. Among the biobased monomers explored in this field, those derived from cardanol (a natural phenolic lipid obtained from cashew nutshell liquid) and from unsaturated vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, are interesting for industrial applications, being commercially available. However, polymers obtained by photoinduced polymerization of biobased monomers often have low thermomechanical properties; biobased monomers are thus typically used as co-monomers to increase the biobased content of fossil-based polymers, in non-structural applications, such as coating or adhesives, or are added with reinforcements to obtain composite materials. The latter option is particularly interesting when natural fillers, such as cellulosic fibers, are used, thus obtaining fully biobased composites. In our group we exploited photoinduced reactions to produce composites from biobased monomers, using wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanocellulose from hemp waste fibers as reinforcements. Two routes were explored: (i) epoxidized and (meth)acrylated monomers derived from cardanol and from soybean oil, were polymerized by photoinduced radical or cationic chain growth reactions; (ii) copolymer latexes obtained from derivatives of eugenol and coumarin were crosslinked through a photocycloaddition reaction. In the latter case, the potential reversibility of the crosslinking was explored in view of recyclability. The photoinduced polymerization and crosslinking reactions were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopies; high degrees of conversion were obtained. The thermal, mechanical, and functional properties of these composites make them interesting for e.g., packaging applications.
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Vidaurre, Ana, José M. Messeguer-Dueñas, Jaime Riera, José Molina Mateo, José Antonio Gómez-Tejedor, M. Amparo Gámiz-González, and Isabel Tort Ausina. "Is the Lessons tool useful to support students learning?" In INNODOCT 2018. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2018.2018.8830.
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Nowadays, Information and Communication Technologies play an important role in the teaching-learning process. Universities have incorporated different platforms specifically designed to educational institutions; among others Moodle and Sakai are being used in Spanish Universities. In particular, the Universitat Politècnica de València has adopted the PoliformaT platform, adapted from Sakai. It consists on different tools that facilitate the teaching and learning processes and the teacher–student communication. It enables teachers to improve their instructional design and it is of key importance in blended learning and flipped classroom approach. Lessons is a specific tool available in PoliformaT, which enables the organization of the different educational resources. It combines lecture slides, video lectures (from the teacher or from others sources), exams (quizzes, self-/peer-assessment), tasks and so on. The extensive use of the online platform in the daily learning of the subject, by several teachers and different student groups, needs to pay special attention to the resources organization. In contrary case, the subject platform can become a mess, losing its usefulness. In this paper, the utilization of Lessons by students in two first course subjects at the Universitat Politècnica de València is studied. The teachers of physics of the Aerospace Engineering Degree and electricity of Electronic and Automatic Engineering Degree have designed the course activities by means of the Lessons tool. There are important research questions related to the Lessons tool: how often, when, and how students access to the different contents?, do they think it is useful? At a second level, one can be asked if student perceptions are related to learning outcomes. We will use students' learning tracks, student’s survey and scores to answer these questions.
Reports on the topic "Group Processes [MESH]"
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin, and Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.
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Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.