Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD)'

This research will investigate the problem on the propagation of electromagnetic wave through a specific nanomaterial. The nanomaterial analyzed is a material consisting of a field of Pt nanorods. This field of Pt nanorods are deposited on a substrate which consists of a RuO2 nano structure. When the nanorod is exposed to an electron beam emitted by a TEM (Transmission electron microscopy). A wave disturbance has been observed. A video taken within the chamber shows a wave with a speed in the scale of um/s (Á?10Á?^(-6) m/s), which is 14 orders of magnitude lower than speed of light in free space (approximate 3ÁÁ?10Á?^8 m/s ). A physical and mathematical model is developed to explain this phenomenon. Due to the process of fabrication, the geometry of the decorated Pt nanorod field is assumed to be approximately periodic. The nanomaterials possess properties similar to a photonic crystal. Pt, as a noble metal, shows dispersive behaviours that is different from those ones of a perfect or good conductors. A FDTD algorithm is implemented to calculate the band diagram of the nanomaterials. To explore the dispersive properties of the Pt nanorod field, the FDTD algorithm is corrected with a Drude Model. The analysis of the corrected band diagram illustrates that the group velocity of the wave packet propagating through the nanomaterial can be positive, negative or zero. The possible zero-group velocity is therefore used to explain the extremely low velocity of wave (wave envelope) detected in the TEM.

In this study wave propagation, dispersion relations, and energy relations for linear elastic periodic systems are analyzed. In particular, the dispersion relations for monoatomic chain of infinite dimension are obtained analytically by writing the Block-type wave equation for a unit cell in order to capture the dynamic behavior for chains under prescribed vibration. By comparing the discretized model (mass-spring chain) with the solid bar system, the nonlinearity of the dispersion relation for chain indicates that the periodic lattice is dispersive in contrast to the continuous rod, which is non dispersive. Further investigations have been performed considering one-dimensional diatomic linear elastic mass-spring chain. The dispersion relations, energy velocity, and group velocity have been derived. At certain range of frequencies harmonic plane waves do not propagate in contrast with monoatomic chain. Also, since the diatomic chain considered is a linear elastic chain, both of the energy velocity and the group velocity are identical. As long as the linear elastic condition is considered the results show zero flux condition without residual energy. In addition, this paper shows that the diatomic chain dispersion relations are independent on the unit cell scheme. Finally, an extension for the study covers the dispersion and energy relations for 2D- grid system. The 2x2 grid system show a periodicity of the dispersion surface in the wavenumber domain. In addition, the symmetry of the surface can be exploited to identify an Irreducible Brillouin Zone (IBZ). Compact representations of the dispersion properties of multidimensional periodic systems are obtained by plotting frequency as the wave vector’s components vary along the boundary of the IBZ, which leads to a widely accepted and effective visualization of bandgaps and overall dispersion properties.

Endlessly single-mode fibers, which enable single mode guidance over a wide spectral range, are indispensable in the field of fiber technology. A two-dimensional photonic crystal with a silica central core and a micrometer-spaced hexagonal array of air holes is an established method to achieve endless single-mode guidance. There are two possible ways to determine the dispersion: measurement and calculation. We calculate the group velocity dispersion GVD based on the measurement of the fiber structure parameters, the hole diameter and the pitch of a presumed homogeneous hexagonal array and compare the calculation with two methods to measure the wavelength-dependent time delay. We measure the time delay on a three hundred meter test fiber with a homemade supercontinuum light source, a set of bandpass filters and a fast detector and compare the results with a white light interferometric setup. To measure the dispersion of optical fibers with high accuracy, a time-frequency-domain setup based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used. The experimental setup allows the determination of the wavelength dependent differential group delay of light travelling through a thirty centimeter piece of test fiber in the wavelength range from VIS to NIR. The determination of the GVD using different methods enables the evaluation of the individual methods for characterizing the endlessly single-mode fiber.

The optical properties of the guided modes in the core of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) can be easily manipulated by changing the air-hole structure in the cladding. Special properties can be achieved in this case such as endless singlemode operation. Endlessly single-mode fibers, which enable single-mode guidance over a wide spectral range, are indispensable in the field of fiber technology. A two-dimensional photonic crystal with a silica central core and a micrometer-spaced hexagonal array of air holes is an established method to achieve endless single-mode properties. In addition to the guidance of light in the core, different cladding modes occur. The coupling between the core and the cladding modes can affect the endlessly single-mode guides. There are two possible ways to determine the dispersion: measurement and calculation. We calculate the group velocity dispersion (GVD) of different cladding modes based on the measurement of the fiber structure parameters, the hole diameter and the pitch of a presumed homogeneous hexagonal array. Based on the scanning electron image, a calculation was made of the optical guiding properties of the microstructured cladding. We compare the calculation with a method to measure the wavelength-dependent time delay. We measure the time delay of defined cladding modes with a homemade supercontinuum light source in a white light interferometric setup. To measure the dispersion of cladding modes of optical fibers with high accuracy, a time-domain white-light interferometer based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used. The experimental setup allows the determination of the wavelengthdependent differential group delay of light travelling through a thirty centimeter piece of test fiber in the wavelength range from VIS to NIR. The determination of the GVD using different methods enables the evaluation of the individual methods for characterizing the cladding modes of an endlessly single-mode fiber.

A fotônica em silício é um campo de pesquisas emergente com grande potencial para contribuir com a resolução de alguns dos problemas tecnológicos da atualidade. O gargalo imposto por interconexões metálicas na expansão da taxa de transmissão de dados em sistemas de comunicação como os de computadores de alto desempenho talvez seja um dos maiores desafios a serem superados. A propagação de luz em baixas velocidades de grupo e com controle de dispersão é uma das linhas de pesquisa atuais nas quais se busca explorar de forma mais eficiente as propriedades ópticas do silício, e assim, aumentar a compatibilidade entre componentes fotônicos e a tecnologia CMOS (Complementary Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor) por meio da diminuição das dimensões e do consumo de energia de componentes ópticos ativos. Dessa forma, espera-se diminuir os custos de fabricação e viabilizar a produção em larga escala de dispositivos integrados optoeletrônicos, que poderiam ser utilizados em sistemas de comunicação de curtas distâncias e assim ampliar a largura de banda disponível. Investigações recentes têm demonstrado que a fabricação de dispositivos baseados em cristais fotônicos planares possui grande potencial para controlar simultaneamente a velocidade de grupo e a dispersão, além de permitir a redução do tamanho de elementos como curvas, divisores de potência e cavidades ressonantes devido ao efeito do confinamento dos campos através do bandgap fotônico. Dessa forma, esse trabalho aborda um estudo sobre a integração monolítica entre guias de onda, curvas de 60º e junções em Y que operam em baixas velocidades de grupo e com reduzida dispersão, construídos em cristais fotônicos planares formados por uma matriz periódica de furos em uma membrana de silício suspensa em ar. Essa investigação englobou atividades bastante intensivas, tanto de simulações por métodos numéricos, como de processos de fabricação dedicados à nanofotônica, assim como de caracterizações ópticas. Ao longo das discussões são identificados e analisados os mecanismos que afetaram de forma mais crítica a eficiência dos dispositivos propostos. Também foram avaliados os maiores problemas enfrentados nos processos de fabricação, e suas possíveis soluções foram apontadas. Os resultados demonstraram a possibilidade teórica de realizar tal integração de forma eficiente. O melhor entendimento sobre a relação entre a dispersão e os parâmetros geométricos dos guias de onda permitiram modelar curvas e divisores de potência que exibiram, respectivamente, larguras de banda em torno de 56 e 40 nm, cobrindo regiões do espectro com elevados índices de grupo. Foi possível fabricar cristais fotônicos com uma qualidade próxima das já reportadas na literatura sobre o tema e assim foram estabelecidas bases bastante sólidas para a fabricação de tais dispositivos localmente, sem a necessidade expressa de acessar centros de fabricação no exterior.<br>Silicon photonics is an emerging research field that has great potential to contribute to solving some of the technological problems nowadays. Maybe, one of the greatest challenges to be overcome is the bottleneck imposed by electrical interconnections in the expansion of the bandwidth of communication systems such as those of high performance computers. Slow light propagation in dispersionless media is a hot topic in the current research fields that seek to more efficiently explore the silicon optical properties, and thus, increase the compatibility between photonic components and CMOS technology by decreasing the footprint and power consumption of active optical components. This way, the manufacturing costs it is expected to be reduced by making the large-scale production of integrated optoelectronic devices feasible, and so, they could be used in short distance communication systems to expand the available bandwidth. Recent researches has also shown that photonic crystal slab waveguides are very promising to simultaneously control group velocity and devices dispersion, as well as in the reduction of the size of elements such as bends, power splitters and nanocavities due to the fields confinement through the photonic bandgap effect. Thus, this work addresses a study of the monolithic integration of slow light and dispersionless waveguides, 60º bends, and Y-junctions fabricated in air-bridge photonic crystal slabs formed by the drilling of a periodic array of air holes in a silicon membrane. The research was accomplished with intensive activities in numerical simulations, as well as in nanophotonic manufacturing processes, and optical characterizations. Throughout the discussions were identified and analyzed the mechanisms that more critically affected the devices efficiency. The major problems faced in the manufacturing processes were also evaluated, and their possible solutions were pointed out. The results demonstrated a theoretical possibility of performing such integration more efficiently. Having a better understandment about the relation between the photonic crystal waveguides geometrical parameters and their dispersion allowed the modeling of bends and power splitters which exhibited 3 dB bandwidths that covered, respectively, ranges around 56 and 40 nm, along spectral regions with very high group indices. It was possible to fabricate photonic crystals with a quality close to those already reported in the literature on this subject and thus, very solid bases were established for the manufacture of such devices locally, without the necessity of accessing manufacturing centers abroad.

This work aims at testing a convolutional neural network (CNN), developed by Zhang et al. (2020), to measure group velocity of Rayleigh waves, extracted from records of background seismic noise, and at studying the crustal structure of Central Italy. I investigate an area in Central Italy by means of seismograms recorded by 73 seismic stations located approximately in the Central and Northern Apennines. The study is part of a larger project, named MUSE (Multiparametric and mUltiscale Study of Earthquake preparatory phase), that has the goal, among others, of detecting the spatial and temporal evolution of the velocity in the Earth’s crust. In this context, I have obtained the group velocity maps representative of the entire time span, from 01/01/2010 to 01/05/2021. In this study, I employ the technique of seismic ambient noise interferometry to extract Rayleigh wave measurements from the fully diffuse wavefields (Shapiro and Campillo, 2004). I then use CNN and other methods to determine the dispersion characteristics of the Rayleigh wave fundamental mode: a traditional method, requiring operator interaction; a classical automated procedure; and the recent neural network. I then invert each of the three dispersion data sets retrieved with the different approaches, to compute group velocity maps at different periods. I compare the performance of the different methods employed, and thus evaluate the performance of the CNN network, by comparing the maps among them, with geological observations, and also with a pre-existing model from the literature (Molinari et al., 2015). The CNN method shows excellent potential, but – at the current stage of development – it needs more accurate and specific training to reach the precision of manual picks. My maps image the crustal structure of the Northern Apennines area with unprecedented detail. This work poses the basis for further studies, to image the time variations of 3D structure (i.e., 4D tomography).

Kvantové kaskádové laserové frekvenční hřebeny jsou slibnými kandidáty pro nové miniaturizované spektrometry bez pohyblivých částí. Mohou být generovány v samočinném režimu pomocí různých nelinearit vyvolaných asymetrickým ziskem a vlnovodovou disperzí. K simulaci samočinných hřebenů byl použit dostupný vysoce optimalizovaný nástroj založený na modelu postupné vlny. Dále byl rozšířen o funkci zamykání optickým vstřikováním, koherentní techniky ovládání frekvenčních hřebenů. Následné simulace potvrdily uzamčení pomocí vstřikovaného signálu. Bylo zjištěno, že disperze grupové rychlosti (GVD) má významný dopad na rozsah zamykání. GVD byla vypočtena pro typické zařízení a frekvenční hřeben byl uzamčen pomocí optického vstřikování v rozsahu ladění od -2 do 47 MHz.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Física<br>In this work several techniques to monitor the performance of optical networks were developed. These techniques are dedicated either to the measurement of the data signal parameters (optical signal to noise ratio and dispersion) or to the detection of physical failures on the network infrastructure. The optical signal to noise ratio of the transmitted signal was successfully monitored using methods based on the presence of Bragg gratings imprinted on high birefringent fibres that allowed the distinction of the signal from the noise due to its polarization properties. The monitoring of the signal group-velocity dispersion was also possible. In this case, a method based on the analysis of the electric spectrum of the signal was applied. It was experimentally demonstrated that this technique is applicable on both amplitude and phase modulated signals. It was also developed a technique to monitor the physical infrastructure of an optical access network. Once again, the application of Bragg gratings (this time imprinted on standard single mode fibres) was the basis of the developed method.<br>Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas diversas técnicas que permitem a monitorização de desempenho das redes de comunicações ópticas. Estas técnicas dedicam-se quer à determinação de parâmetros do próprio sinal de dados (como a relação sinal ruído óptico e a dispersão), quer à detecção de eventuais falhas físicas na infra-estrutura da rede. Relativamente à monitorização da relação sinal-ruído óptico foram desenvolvidos métodos baseados na aplicação de redes de Bragg gravadas em fibras birrefringentes que permitiram distinguir o sinal do ruído através das suas propriedades de polarização. A monitorização da dispersão cromática sofrida pelo sinal durante a sua propagação também foi possível. Neste caso foi testada uma técnica baseada na análise do espectro eléctrico do sinal. Demonstrou-se que esta técnica pode ser aplicada quer em sinais modulados na amplitude quer em sinais modulados na fase. Foi também desenvolvida uma técnica para a monitorização da infra-estrutura física de uma rede de acesso. Mais uma vez, aqui foi utilizado um método baseado na presença de redes de Bragg, desta vez gravadas em fibras monomodo que são utilizadas como pontos de monitorização em locais estratégicos da rede.

La plasmonique vise à utiliser des nanostructures métalliques très petites devant la longueur d’onde pour manipuler la lumière. Les structures métalliques sont particulières parce qu’elles contiennent un plasma d’électrons libres qui conditionne complètement leur réponse optique. Notamment, lorsque la lumière se propage à proximité des métaux, sous forme de mode guidés comme les plasmons et les gap-palsmons, elle est souvent lente, présentant une vitesse de groupe faible. Dans ce travail, nous présentons une analyse physique qui permet de comprendre cette faible vitesse en considérant le fait que l’énergie se déplace à l’opposé de la lumière dans les métaux. Nous montrons que la vitesse de groupe est égale à la vitesse de l’énergie pour ces modes guidés, et proposons la notion de ralentissement plasmonique. Finalement, nous étudions comment cette « trainée plasmonique » rend une structure aussi simple qu’un coupleur à prisme sensible à la répulsion entre les électrons du plasma<br>The field of plasmonics aims at manipulating light using deeply subwavelength nanostructures. Such structures present a peculiar optical response because of the free electron plasma they contain. Actually, when light propagates in the vicinity of metals, usually under the form of a guided mode, it presents a low group velocity. Such modes, like plasmons and gap-plasmons, are said to be slow. In this work we present a general physical analysis of this phenomenon by studying how the energy propagates in metals in a direction that is opposite to the propagation direction of the mode. We show that the group velocity and the energy velocity are the same, and finally introduce the concept of plasmonic drag. Finally, we study how slow guided modes make structures as simple as prism couplers sensitive to the repulsion between electrons inside the plasma

[EN] Phononic crystals are artificial materials formed by a periodic arrangement of inclusions embedded into a host medium, where each of them can be solid or fluid. By controlling the geometry and the impedance contrast of its constituent materials, one can control the dispersive properties of waves, giving rise to a huge variety of interesting and fundamental phenomena in the context of wave propagation. When a propagating wave encounters a medium with different physical properties it can be transmitted and reflected in lossless media, but also absorbed if dissipation is taken into account. These fundamental phenomena have been classically explained in the context of homogeneous media, but it has been a subject of increasing interest in the context of periodic structures in recent years as well. This thesis is devoted to the study of different effects found in sonic and phononic crystals associated with transmission, reflection and absorption of waves, as well as the development of a technique for the characterization of its dispersive properties, described by the band structure. We start discussing the control of wave propagation in transmission in conservative systems. Specifically, our interest is to show how sonic crystals can modify the spatial dispersion of propagating waves leading to control the diffractive broadening of sound beams. Making use of the spatial dispersion curves extracted from the analysis of the band structure, we first predict zero and negative diffraction of waves at frequencies close to the band-edge, resulting in collimation and focusing of sound beams in and behind a 3D sonic crystal, and later demonstrate it through experimental measurements. The focusing efficiency of a 3D sonic crystal is limited due to the strong scattering inside the crystal, characteristic of the diffraction regime. To overcome this limitation we consider axisymmetric structures working in the long wavelength regime, as a gradient index lens. In this regime, the scattering is strongly reduced and, in an axisymmetric configuration, the symmetry matching with acoustic sources radiating sound beams increase its efficiency dramatically. Moreover, the homogenization theory can be used to model the structure as an effective medium with effective physical properties, allowing the study of the wave front profile in terms of refraction. We will show the model, design and characterization of an efficient focusing device based on these concepts. Consider now a periodic structure in which one of the parameters of the lattice, such as the lattice constant or the filling fraction, gradually changes along the propagation direction. Chirped crystals represent this concept and are used here to demonstrate a novel mechanism of sound wave enhancement based on a phenomenon known as "soft" reflection. The enhancement is related to a progressive slowing down of the wave as it propagates along the material, which is associated with the group velocity of the local dispersion relation at the planes of the crystal. A model based on the coupled mode theory is proposed to predict and interpret this effect. Two different phenomena are observed here when dealing with dissipation in periodic structures. On one hand, when considering the propagation of in-plane sound waves in a periodic array of absorbing layers, an anomalous decrease in the absorption, combined with a simultaneous increase of reflection and transmission at Bragg frequencies is observed, in contrast to the usual decrease of transmission, characteristic in conservative periodic systems at these frequencies. For a similar layered media, backed now by a rigid reflector, out-of-plane waves impinging the structure from a homogeneous medium will increase dramatically the interaction strength. In other words, the time delay of sound waves inside the periodic system will be considerably increased resulting in an enhanced absorption, for a broadband spectral range.<br>[ES] Los cristales fonónicos son materiales artificiales formados por una disposición periódica de inclusiones en un medio, pudiendo ambos ser de carácter sólido o fluido. Controlando la geometría y el contraste de impedancias entre los materiales constituyentes se pueden controlar las propiedades dispersivas de las ondas. Cuando una onda propagante se encuentra un medio con diferentes propiedades físicas puede ser transmitida y reflejada, en medios sin pérdidas, pero también absorbida, si la disipación es tenida en cuenta. La presente tesis está dedicada al estudio de diferentes efectos presentes en cristales sónicos y fonónicos relacionados con la transmisión, reflexión y absorción de ondas, así como el desarrollo de una técnica para la caracterización de sus propiedades dispersivas, descritas por la estructura de bandas. En primer lugar, se estudia el control de la propagación de ondas en transmisión en sistemas conservativos. Específicamente, nuestro interés se centra en mostrar cómo los cristales sónicos son capaces de modificar la dispersión espacial de las ondas propagantes, dando lugar al control del ensanchamiento de haces de sonido. Haciendo uso de las curvas de dispersión espacial extraídas del análisis de la estructura de bandas, se predice primero la difracción nula y negativa de ondas a frecuencias cercanas al borde de la banda, resultando en la colimación y focalización de haces acústicos en el interior y detrás de un cristal sónico 3D, y posteriormente se demuestra mediante medidas experimentales. La eficiencia de focalización de un cristal sónico 3D está limitada debido a las múltiples reflexiones existentes en el interior del cristal. Para superar esta limitación se consideran estructuras axisimétricas trabajando en el régimen de longitud de onda larga, como lentes de gradiente de índice. En este régimen, las reflexiones internas se reducen fuertemente y, en configuración axisimétrica, la adaptación de simetría con fuentes acústicas radiando haces de sonido incrementa la eficiencia drásticamente. Además, la teoría de homogenización puede ser empleada para modelar la estructura como un medio efectivo con propiedades físicas efectivas, permitiendo el estudio del frente de ondas en términos refractivos. Se mostrará el modelado, diseño y caracterización de un dispositivo de focalización eficiente basado en los conceptos anteriores. Considérese ahora una estructura periódica en la que uno de los parámetros de la red, sea el paso de red o el factor de llenado, cambia gradualmente a lo largo de la dirección de propagación. Los cristales chirp representan este concepto y son empleados aquí para demostrar un mecanismo novedoso de incremento de la intensidad de la onda sonora basado en un fenómeno conocido como reflexión "suave". Este incremento está relacionado con una ralentización progresiva de la onda conforme se propaga a través del material, asociado con la velocidad de grupo de la relación de dispersión local en los planos del cristal. Un modelo basado en la teoría de modos acoplados es propuesto para predecir e interpretar este efecto. Se observan dos fenómenos diferentes al considerar pérdidas en estructuras periódicas. Por un lado, si se considera la propagación de ondas sonoras en un array periódico de capas absorbentes, cuyo frente de ondas es paralelo a los planos del cristal, se produce una reducción anómala en la absorción combinada con un incremento simultáneo de la reflexión y transmisión a las frecuencias de Bragg, de forma contraria a la habitual reducción de la transmisión, característica de sistemas periódicos conservativos a estas frecuencias. En el caso de la misma estructura laminada en la que se cubre uno de sus lados mediante un reflector rígido, la incidencia de ondas sonoras desde un medio homogéneo, cuyo frente de ondas es perpendicular a los planos del cristal, produce un gran incremento de la fuerza de<br>[CAT] Els cristalls fonònics són materials artificials formats per una disposició d'inclusions en un medi, ambdós poden ser sòlids o fluids. Controlant la geometría i el contrast d'impedàncies dels seus materials constituents, és poden controlar les propietats dispersives de les ondes, permetent una gran varietatde fenòmens fonamentals interessants en el context de la propagació d'ones. Quan una ona propagant troba un medi amb pèrdues amb propietats físiques diferents es pot transmetre i reflectir, però també absorbida si la dissipació es té en compte. Aquests fenòmens fonamentals s'han explicat clàssicament en el context de medis homogenis, però també ha sigut un tema de creixent interés en el context d'estructures periòdiques en els últims anys. Aquesta tesi doctoral tracta de l'estudi de diferents efectes en cristalls fonònics i sònics lligats a la transmissió, reflexió i absorció d'ones, així com del desenvolupament d'una tècnica de caracterització de les propietats dispersives, descrites mitjançant la estructura de bandes. En primer lloc, s'estudia el control de la propagació ondulatori en transmissió en sistemes conservatius. Més específicament, el nostre interés és mostrar com els cristalls sonors poden modificar la dispersió espacial d'ones propagants donant lloc al control de l'amplària per difracció dels feixos sonors. Mitjançant les corbes dispersió espacial obtingudes de l'anàlisi de l'estructura de bandes, es prediu, en primer lloc, la difracció d'ones zero i negativa a freqüències próximes al final de banda. El resultat és la collimació i focalització de feixos sonors dins i darrere de cristalls de so. Després es mostra amb mesures experimentals. L'eficiència de focalització d'un cristall de so 3D està limitada per la gran dispersió d'ones dins del cristall, que és característic del règim difractiu. Per a superar aquesta limitació, estructures axisimètriques que treballen en el règim de llargues longituds d'ona, i es comporten com a lents de gradient d'índex. En aquest règim, la dispersió es redueix enormement i, en una configuració axisimètrica, a causa de l'acoblament de la simetría amb les fonts acústiques que radien feixos sonors, l'eficiència de radiació s'incrementa significativament. D'altra banda, la teoria d'homogeneïtzació es pot utilitzar per a modelar, dissenyar i caracteritzar un dispositiu eficient de focalització basat en aquests conceptes. Considerem ara una estructura periòdica en la qual un dels seus paràmetres de xarxa, com ara la constant de xarxa o el factor d'ompliment canvia gradualment al llarg de la direcció de propagació. Els cristalls chirped representen aquest concepte i s'utilitzen ací per a demostrar un mecanisme nou d'intensificació d'ones sonores basat en el fenòmen conegut com a reflexió "suau". La intensificació està relacionada amb la alentiment progressiva de l'ona conforme propaga al llarg del material, que està associada amb la velocitat de grup de la relació de dispersió local en els diferents plànols del cristall. Es proposa un model basat en la teoria de modes acoblats per a predir i interpretar este efecte. Dos fenòmens diferents cal destacar quan es tracta d'estructures periòdiques amb dissipació. Per un costat, al considerar la propagació d'ones sonores en el plànol en un array periòdic de capes absorbents, s'observa una disminució anòmala de l'absorció i es combina amb un augment simultani de reflexió i transmissió en les freqüències de Bragg que contrasta amb la usual disminució de transmissió, característica dels sistemes conservatius a eixes freqüències. Per a un medi similar de capes, amb un reflector rígid darrere, les ones fora del pla incidint l'estructura des de un medi homogeni, augmentaran considerablement la interacció. En altres paraules, el retràs temporal de les ones sonores dins del sistema periòdic augmentarà significativament produint un augmen<br>Cebrecos Ruiz, A. (2015). Transmission, reflection and absorption in Sonic and Phononic Crystals [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/56463<br>TESIS<br>Premiado

<p>All-optical devices have attracted many research interests due to their ultimately low heat dissipation compared to conventional devices based on electric-optical conversion. With recent advances in nonlinear optics, it is now possible to design the optical properties of a medium via all-optical nonlinear effects in a table-top device or even on a chip.</p><p>In this thesis, I realize all-optical control of the optical group velocity using the nonlinear process of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers. The SBS-based techniques generally require very low pump power and offer a wide transparent window and a large tunable range. Moreover, my invention of the arbitrary SBS resonance tailoring technique enables engineering of the optical properties to optimize desired function performance,</p><p>which has made the SBS techniques particularly widely adapted for</p><p>various applications.</p><p>I demonstrate theoretically and experimentally how the all-optical</p><p>control of group velocity is achieved using SBS in optical fibers.</p><p>Particularly, I demonstrate that the frequency dependence of the</p><p>wavevector experienced by the signal beam can be tailored using</p><p>multi-line and broadband pump beams in the SBS process. Based on the theoretical framework, I engineer the spectral profile</p><p> to achieve two different application goals: a uniform low group velocity (slow light) within a broadband spectrum, and a group velocity with a linear dependence on the frequency detuning (group velocity dispersion or GVD).</p><p>In the broadband SBS slow light experiment, I develop a novel noise current modulation method that arbitrarily tailors the spectrum of a diode laser. Applying this method, I obtain a 5-GHz broadband SBS gain with optimized flat-topped profile, in comparison to the ~40 MHz natural linewidth of the SBS resonance. Based on the broadband SBS resonance, I build a 5-GHz optical buffer and use this optical buffer to delay a return-to-zero data sequence of rate 2.5 GHz (pulse width 200 ps). The fast noise modulation method significantly stabilizes the SBS gain and improves the signal fidelity. I obtain a tunable delay up to one pulse-width with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 7. I also find that SBS slow light performance can be improved by avoiding competing nonlinear effects. A gain-bandwidth product of 344 dB.GHz is obtained in our system with a highly-nonlinear optical fiber.</p><p>Besides the slow light applications, I realize that group velocity dispersion is also optically controlled via the SBS process. In the very recent GVD experiment, I use a dual-line SBS resonance and obtain a tunable GVD parameter of 7.5 ns$^2$/m, which is 10$^9$ times larger than the value found in a single-mode fiber. The large GVD system is used to disperse an optical pulse with a pulse width of 28 ns, which is beyond the capability for current dispersion techniques working in the picosecond and sub picosecond region. The SBS-based all-optical control of GVD is also widely tunable and can</p><p>be applied to any wavelength within the transparent window of the</p><p>optical fiber. I expect many future extensions following this work</p><p>on the SBS-based all-optical GVD control using the readily developed SBS tailoring techniques.</p><p>Finally, I extend the basic theory of backwards SBS to describe the forward SBS observed in a highly nonlinear fiber, where asymmetric forward SBS resonances are observed at the gigahertz range. An especially large gain coefficient of 34.7 W$^{-1}$ is observed at the resonance frequency of 933.8 MHz. This is due to good overlap between the optical wave and the high order guided radial acoustic wave. The interplay from the competing process known as the Kerr effect is also accounted for in the theory.</p><br>Dissertation

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>光電工程系所<br>97<br>Group velocity dispersion (GVD) plays an important role in many applications such as high speed communication, nonlinear optics, ultrafast optical processing and other scientific researches. A new Group velocity dispersion (GVD) measurement method has been reported and demonstrated by using a periodic wavelength-scanning pulse source such as an asynchronously modelocked Er-fiber soliton laser or a frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation light source with a RF spectrum analyzer. In the experimental work of the thesis, an asynchronous mode-locked fiber soliton laser has been used as the main light source. The laser was previously developed in our lab and is with some interesting properties including the slow periodic variation of the pulse timing position variation and the pulse central wavelength. By observing the pulse timing position variation of the pulse train before and after test fiber with the use of a RF spectrum analyzer, the group velocity dispersion of the test fiber can be inferred from the theoretical formula.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>光電工程學系<br>100<br>Fiber communication has played a major role in the information age nowadays due to the vast advantages of optical fibers over existing copper wires. Since the transmission distance or bandwidth is impacted by the fiber dispersion, the measurement of fiber dispersion has been an important R&D focus. In the thesis, an economic non-interferometric method is developed to measure the group velocity dispersion of optical fibers. A modulated wavelength-swept light source is created with a broadband source followed by an EO modulator and a tunable optical filter. The source is intensity-modulated at the 10GHz high frequency with a slow periodic central wavelength variation. By measuring the RF spectra before and after the light propagates through the test fiber, the group velocity dispersion coefficient of the test fiber can be experimentally determined through the developed theory.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>營建工程系碩士班<br>98<br>Concrete structures strengthened by steel plate have been used for more than a decade. As full bonding between the steel and matrix concrete is essential for effectively transmitting loading, infilling must be fully filled inside the gap between steel plate and concrete. The defects which are enclosed inside the steel plate may not be observed by visual observation. Present research is a preliminary study on using the dispersive characteristics of the Lamb wave modes traveling within the steel layer to assess the bonding condition between steel plate and substrates. The advantage of the technique is the capability on investigating large range of the interfacial condition with fast speed. The dispersive curves are obtained by analyzing the surface waves recorded by one receiver and generated by one impact source. In present study, numerical models were constructed to simulate an impact applying on the surface of a steel plate. The spectrogram contains image of the numerical dispersion curves were obtained from the dynamic responses of the receiver. These images were compared with the theoretical solution obtained from a software DISPERSE. The numerical models include steel plate and steel-concrete bi-layered plate. Numerical results show that the most suitable parameters for obtaining the best image are 3 μs for impact-duration, and 40.05 to 50.05 cm for the impact-receiver instance. The high-amplitude images corresponding to A0, S0 and A1 theoretical modal dispersion curves of the steel plate can be found. In addition, numerical images corresponding to steel-concrete composite plate show that the high-amplitude image close to the dispersive curve of fundamental antisymatric mode(A0) of the steel plate becomes lower in slowness. The images of S0, A1 and A0 at lower frequency range cannot be found.

Although it has been well established that abnormal group delay is a real physical phenomenon and is not in violation of Einstein causality, there has been little investigation into whether or not such abnormal behaviour can be used to reduce signal latency in practical communication systems in the presence of noise. In this thesis, we use time-varying probability of error to determine if abnormal group delay “channels” can offer reduced signal latency. Since the detection system plays a critical role in the analysis, three important detection systems are considered: the correlation, matched filter and envelope detection systems. Our analysis shows that for both spatially negligible microelectronic systems and spatially extended microwave systems, negative group delay “channels” offer reduced signal latency as compared to conventional “channels”. The results presented in the thesis can be used to design a new generation of electronic and microwave interconnects with reduced or eliminated signal latency.

Submitted Ph.D. thesis is concerning the application and interpretation of seismic surface waves in a broad range of frequencies and scales. Using surface waves as a supplement to the methods dealing with body waves seems to be worth the effort. Surface wave interpretation can be used to obtain new information about the studied medium and simultaneously it can overcome, in some cases, the limitations of other seismic techniques. Moreover, surface waves are usually present on measured records and hence for its usage it is not necessary to modify the standard measuring procedures. One of the results of this thesis is an original algorithm for dispersive waveform calculation. The program works in an arbitrary range of frequencies and scales. The input parameter for the calculation is the dispersion curve. In this point the algorithm differs from all other approaches used so far. Algorithm is based on a summation of frequency components with shifts corresponding to the velocity dispersion and distance. The resulting waveform only contains an individual dispersive wave of the selected mode, thus being particularly suitable for testing of methodologies for dispersive wave analysis. The algorithm was implemented into the program DISECA. Furthermore, a new procedure was designed to calculate the dispersion...