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Sobngwi, E., R. Djoumessi, F. J. Kaze Folefack, A. P. Menanga, M. Azabji-Kenfack, J. L. Nguewa, M. Dehayem, and J. Cl Mbanya. "P2027 Hypertension Artérielle Résistante au sein d’un groupe de patients Diabétiques à Yaoundé : Effet de la Spironolactone." Diabetes & Metabolism 39 (March 2013): A75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(13)71937-2.
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Lonla, B., M. Mbarga Dissake, and J. Saji. "P14 Evaluation du niveau d'activité physique d'un groupe de personnes vivant avec le diabète de type II suivies à l'hôpital Central de Yaoundé." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 103 (February 2014): S36—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(14)70122-6.
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Levoa Eteme, Fabrice, Charles Fokunang Ntungwen, Fernand Tchuenguem Fohouo, Désiré Nolna, Angeline Boula, Valentine Ngum Ndze, Grace Kemadjou, Estella Tembe-Fokunang, and Donatien Gatsing. "Epidémiologie moléculaire du rotavirus du groupe A associé aux gastroentérites chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans dans la ville de Yaoundé (Cameroun)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 9, no. 5 (February 5, 2016): 2561. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v9i5.25.
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Ferreira-Meyers, Karen. "Ndemby Mamfoumby (Pierre), (textes réunis par -), Les Écritures gabonaises : histoire, thèmes et langues. Tome 1. Introduction générale de Audrey Small. Yaoundé : Éditions CLE (Institut de Recherche en Sciences humaines ; Ourika. Groupe de recherche sur l’identité littéraire négro-africaine), 2009, 298 p. – ISBN 9956-0-9128-6." Études littéraires africaines, no. 30 (2010): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027374ar.
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Fouépé Takounjou, Alain, Gloria Takem Eyong, Dorice Kuitcha, Robert Kringel, Wilson Fantong Yetoh, Josephine Ndjama, and Alex Tejiobou. "Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater flow mechanisms in shallow aquifer in Yaoundé, Cameroon." Water Supply 20, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1334–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.050.
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Abstract Hydrogeochemical processes and flow mechanisms of groundwater in the urban area of Yaoundé were investigated using major chemical constituents, stable isotopes (18O and 2H), and multivariate statistical analysis. Thirty five groundwater samples were collected and analysed for various parameters. Hydrogeochemical evolution visualized with the Gibbs diagram showed that the groundwater is mainly controlled by water–rock interactions. Factor analysis on the other hand identified three major groups of geochemical constituents and showed that weathering and anthropogenic inputs are the dominant factors controlling groundwater chemistry in the study area. Isotopic analyses revealed that oxygen-18 of groundwater (18O = −2.96 ‰ VSMOW) is close to that of rainfall (18O = −2.47), indicating that the groundwater is recharged by rainwater without evaporation. The geogenic composition of urban groundwater in Yaoundé is modified by secondary processes and anthropogenic input.
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Yotebieng, Kelly A., Jennifer L. Syvertsen, and Paschal Kum Awah. "Cessation Clauses, Uncertain Futures and Wellbeing among Rwandan Urban Refugees in Cameroon." Journal of Refugee Studies 32, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 436–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey037.
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AbstractOver half of the world’s displaced persons live in urban areas of developing countries. As they settle into countries with already strained health services, urban refugees face a unique set of challenges related to accessing social and mental health services. Humanitarian policy can inadvertently exacerbate these problems. This article discusses the intersection of humanitarian policy and physical and mental wellbeing among the Rwandan urban-refugee community facing uncertain futures in Yaoundé, Cameroon, as the result of a Cessation Clause. This analysis drew from participant observation, focus groups and unstructured interviews with 30 Rwandan refugee households in Yaoundé, Cameroon, over 11 months in May–August 2016, May–August 2017 and February–June 2018. The theme of uncertain futures stemming from humanitarian policy changes as a source of anxiety about the future organically emerged from the Rwandan research participants. Our analysis highlights the need to review the impacts that global humanitarian policies have on refugees’ wellbeing and the ways in which it can erode hope.
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Noche, C. Domngang, O. Njajou, and F. X. Etoa. "No Association between CagA- and VacA-Positive Strains of Helicobacter Pylori and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Case–Control Study." Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases 8 (January 2016): OED.S35895. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/oed.s35895.
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Introduction Glaucoma is a public health issue worldwide, particularly in Africa. In Cameroon, the prevalence rate of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) ranges between 4.5% and 8.2%. Helicobacter pylori (HP) has been implicated in digestive and extra-digestive diseases, including glaucoma. The objective of this work was to evaluate the implication of CagA- and VacA-positive strains of HP in POAG using a case-control design. Methods An analytical study was conducted from October 2013 to December 2013. Participants were recruited in eye care centers in Yaoundé. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were carried out in the La Grace Laboratory in Yaoundé. Results The total sample consisted of 50 POAG patients and 31 controls with a mean age of 58.5 ± 12.2 years and 45.5 ± 14.6 years, respectively. The prevalence rates of HP in the POAG and control groups were 74% (37/50) and 87% (27/31), respectively ( P = 0.125). The prevalence rates of CagA-positive HP seropositivity in the POAG and control groups were 26% and 22.58%, respectively ( P = 0.47), and the prevalence rates of VacA-positive HP participants were 6% and 0%, respectively ( P = 0.22). Conclusion The HP prevalence rates among POAG patients and controls were 74% and 87%, respectively. There was no significant difference between prevalence rates of HP in the POAG and control groups. There was no association between POAG and CagA- or VacA-positive HP infection.
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Ugochukwu, Françoise. "FANDIO (Pierre) & TCHUMKAM (Hervé), dir., Exils et migrations postcoloniales. De l’urgence du départ à la nécessité du retour. Mélanges offerts à Ambroise Kom. Préface de Fabien Eboussi Boulaga. Postface de Bernard Mouralis. Yaoundé : Ifrikiya / GRIAD (Groupe de recherche sur l’imaginaire de l’Afrique et de la diaspora), coll. Interlignes, 2011, 359 p. – ISBN 9956-473-44-8." Études littéraires africaines, no. 36 (2013): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1026357ar.
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Tchinda, Paul Emile, and Seung-Nam Kim. "The Paradox of “Eyes on the Street”: Pedestrian Density and Fear of Crime in Yaoundé, Cameroon." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 5300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135300.
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Most studies highlighting the link between the urban environment and fear of crime (FoC) have focused on less populated spaces in urban areas, and concluded that the presence of activities and people in a space makes its users more confident. This study analyses the paradoxical phenomenon of FoC in occupied public spaces in the setting of Yaoundé, Cameroon. To this end, this study analyses the relationship between intersection level, pedestrian density and perceived FoC. The results of the multi-level binary logistic regression demonstrate that women, vulnerable age groups, people with a weak sense of community and high-income people tend to express a higher level of FoC. Among the major FoC theories, these results confirm the theories of physical vulnerability and social networks and invalidate the theory of social vulnerability in the local context. The results also reveal that the relationship between “pedestrian density” and FoC seems to be a convex curve with the minimum value, implying that the concept of ‘eyes on the street’ is not valid in places where pedestrian density exceeds a specific threshold. This suggests that policy makers and planners should consider pedestrian density when designing public spaces, not only to secure wellbeing, but also due to the impact it can have on perceived FoC among those who use such spaces.
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Socpa, Antoin. "New Kinds of Land Conflict in Urban Cameroon: the Case of the ‘landless’ Indigenous Peoples in Yaoundé." Africa 80, no. 4 (November 2010): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2010.0402.
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ABSTRACTThe land disputes in Cameroon that are best known are between groups of local (indigenous) populations and people originating from elsewhere (incomers). This situation is fairly common in the cosmopolitan towns of Douala and Yaoundé. The purpose of this article is not to revisit these types of conflict, but rather to explore conflicts over land between the indigenous populations and the state. This new kind of opposition demonstrates that it is not only the incoming populations who are dispossessing indigenous people of their land. In fact, in various and more effective ways, the state is playing a significant part in the expropriation of indigenous land heritage. This process may be witnessed in urban housing developments, as well as in areas set aside for public utility, or those that are too dangerous to be developed (slopes, piedmonts and marshlands). Through its policy of urbanization, the state is seemingly contributing to producing ‘landless indigenous people’ in much the same way as and probably more effectively than the incomers. This article reviews the historical processes of land expropriation from the time of the colonial state, analysing the grievances of indigenous people faced with this situation, as well as the strategies they have developed in an effort to take back control of their lost lands.
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Farenkia, Bernard Mulo. "Compliment strategies and regional variation in French." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 447–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.22.3.05mul.
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The present study examines differences and similarities in the realization of compliments (on skills) in Cameroon and Canadian French. The data were collected by means of discourse completion tasks (DCT) administered to 55 participants in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and 39 respondents in Montréal (Canada). The 277 compliments obtained were analyzed according to the following three aspects: a) head act strategies (direct and indirect compliments), b) lexico-semantic and syntactic features of complimentary utterances, and c) external modification. With regard to head act strategies, the results show a preference for double head acts by the Cameroonian participants, while the Canadians more frequently employed single head acts. It was also found that indirect realizations of head acts occurred only in the Cameroonian data. Positive evaluation markers (e.g. adjectives, adverbs, verbs) and syntactic devices appearing in the compliments varied in type and frequency in the two varieties of French under investigation. The analysis of external modifications reveals that participants of both groups used many speech acts to externally modify their compliments. Overall, interjections, address forms, greetings, self-introductions and apologies were used as pre-compliments, with some speech acts, namely greetings and self-introductions, occurring only in the Cameroonian data.
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Corinne, Tchoula Mamiafo, Pieme Constant Anatole, and Ngogang Yonkeu Jeanne. "Comparison of Serum Inhibin B and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Level between Normal and Infertile Men in Yaoundé." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2020 (January 25, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4765809.
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Objective. Hormones play a vital role in initiating and maintaining male reproductive function. The present study explores the influence and predictive ability of two reproductive hormones on semen quality among men who were partners in an infertile couple. Design. During our cross sectional study, men were recruited from private and public hospital and laboratories for clinical evaluation of fertility status. Methods. Fresh semen samples were assessed for quality (concentration, motility and morphology) according to the 2010 World Health Organization manual and the serum levels of hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Inhibin B was measured (ELISA). Results. We found a significant difference in the two groups regarding sperm concentration (p<0.0001), total sperm count (p<0.0001), progressive motility (p<0.0001), vitality (p<0.0001) and the percentage of normal forms (p=0.043). We found a strong and negative correlation between FSH and Inhibin B in the overall population, the normozoospermic reference group and the case group. Our study confirmed that Inhibin B was significantly and positively correlated with sperm concentration and leucocytes, and that FSH was negatively correlated to sperm concentration and vitality. Conclusion. Consistent with other studies, our results show strong association between semen quality and FSH and Inhibin B.
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Ndongmo, C. B., L. Zekeng, and L. Kaptue. "Increased HIV prevalence among individuals attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Yaounde, Cameroon." International Journal of STD & AIDS 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646203762869205.
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Monitoring HIV prevalence among selected groups provides important data on infection trends. The present study assessed current HIV prevalence and risk correlates among 255 men and women consecutively attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Yaounde, Cameroon. Prevalence of 21.96% and 5.5% were found for HIV and syphilis, respectively, with a significant correlation between the two infections. Although marriage was not a significant predictor for HIV, married men were twice as likely as unmarried men to be infected; no such difference was observed for women. Inconsistent condom use was positively, but not significantly, associated with HIV. Also, age, education, and number of sex partners were not significant correlates of HIV infection. Compared to data collected in 1997, HIV prevalence in this clinic has increased nearly 6%. Our findings highlight the increasing spread of HIV infection in Cameroon and the need for additional control strategies to curb the epidemic.
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Fouda Mbarga, Nicole, Emilienne Epee, Marcel Mbarga, Patrick Ouamba, Herwin Nanda, Aristide Nkengni, Joseph Guekeme, et al. "Clinical profile and factors associated with COVID-19 in Yaounde, Cameroon: A prospective cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e0251504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251504.
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Background A year after the COVID-19 pandemic started, there are still few scientific reports on COVID-19 in Africa. This study explores the clinical profiles and factors associated with COVID-19 in Cameroon. Materials and methods In this prospective cohort study, we followed patients admitted for suspicion of COVID-19 at Djoungolo Hospital between 01st April and 31st July 2020. Patients were categorised by age groups and disease severity: mild (symptomatic without clinical signs of pneumonia), moderate (with clinical signs of pneumonia without respiratory distress) and severe cases (clinical signs of pneumonia and respiratory distress not requiring invasive ventilation). Demographic information and clinical features were summarised. Multivariable analysis was performed to predict risk. Findings A total of 313 patients were admitted during the study period; 259 were confirmed cases of COVID-19 by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Among the confirmed cases, the male group aged 40 to 49 years (13.9%) was predominant. Disease severity ranged from mild (26.2%; n = 68) to moderate (59%; n = 153) to severe (14.7%; n = 38); the case fatality rate was 1% (n = 4). Dysgusia (46%; n = 119) and hyposmia/anosmia (37.8%; n = 98) were common features of COVID-19. Nearly one-third of patients had comorbidities (29%; n = 53), of which hypertension was the most common (18.9%; n = 49). Participation in mass gatherings (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.37; P = 0.03) and dysgusia (OR = 2.09, P = 0.02) were predictive of diagnosis of COVID-19. Age groups 60 to 69 (OR = 7.41; P = 0.0001), 50 to 59 (OR = 4.09; P = 0.03), 40 to 49 (OR = 4.54; P = 0.01), male gender (OR = 2.53; P = 0.04), diabetes (OR = 4.05; P = 0.01), HIV infection (OR = 5.57; P = 0.03), lung disease (OR = 6.29; P = 0.01), dyspnoea (OR = 3.70; P = 0.008) and fatigue (OR = 3.35; P = 0.02) significantly predicted COVID-19 severity. Conclusions Most COVID-19 cases in this study were benign with low fatality. Age (40–70), male gender, HIV infection, lung disease, dyspnoea and fatigue are associated with severe COVID-19. Such findings may guide public health decision-making.
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Konings, Piet. "University Students' Revolt, Ethnic Militia, and Violence during Political Liberalization in Cameroon." African Studies Review 45, no. 2 (September 2002): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002020600031486.
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Abstract:The political liberalization process in Cameroon was marked by protracted strike actions on the campus of the University of Yaounde during the period 1990–96. Political liberalization provided space for students to organize and voice their multiple grievances about the poor living and study conditions on campus as well as the process of “institutional liberalization,” which blocked their pursuit of upward mobility. The unprecedented degree of violence that accompanied the protracted strikes may be attributed not only to the persistent refusal of the university authorities and the regime to enter into any meaningful form of dialogue with the students, but also to the internal divisions among the students along party and ethnoregional lines. The mayor lines of division were between two groups: the “stranger” students organized in the Students' Parliament and closely allied to the radical opposition; and the “autochthonous” Beti students organized in the Committee for Self-Defense and the Beti milida and closely allied to the regime in power. In their fight with Parliament, the latter groups resorted to violent forms of ethnic exclusion to reestablish control over what they considered to be their university and to maintain their regime in power.
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Teto, Georges, Jules S. Kenmegne, Joseph Fokam, Flore N. Nguemaim, Beatrice Dambaya, Desire Takou, Reine C. Dombu, Nadege M. Goumkwa, Anatole C. Pieme, and Alexis Ndjolo. "Differential of Antioxidant Ability, CD4+T Cells Count and Viral Load in HIV Infected Patients on cART in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Current Viruses and Treatment Methodologies 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-8862.jvat-20-3417.
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Background Decreased antioxidant ability is one of the worsening conditions in AIDS.We aimed to evaluate total antioxidant ability among others, and their variation in HIV infected patients following their CD4+T cells count and viral load, in a context of new ART scarcity in most LMICs. Material and Methods We conducted a cross sectional study on 167 individuals (76 controls, 33 treatments naïve and 58 HIV-1 infected patients on ART). We assessed their plasma total antioxidant ability (FRAP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol (SH) groups using standard spectrophotometric methods, then we calculated lipid peroxidation index (LPI). Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 6. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired t-test for two groups’ comparison and ANOVA for more than two groups. Pearson correlation between CD4+T cells count, viral load and the above markers was determined; P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The following controls/naïve/treated subjects’ values for FRAP(mM) (1.907±0.074/1.77±0.05/1.695±0.03); MDA(μΜ) (0.781±0.081/1.115±0.118/ 1.342±0.109); SH (μΜ) (2.747±0.130/1.582±0.197/1.498 ±0.140)and LPI (0.43±0.61/ 0.61±0.7/2.59±0.83) were all obtained with P ≤ 0.05. The FRAP increased only with 3TC+TDF+EFV and 3TC+ABC+NVP cART while MDA decrease significantly with the later(p=0.027). MDA and LPI significantly increased in heavily treated patients with p<0.0014 and p=0.0001 respectively. overall, the patients showed an increase of viral loads following a decrease of CD4+T cells (r= -0.803, p=0.016) but 3TC+TDF+EFV seem to better manage the both. The only significant correlation was established between SH groups and CD4+Tcells count (r=0.447; p=0.0006); Conclusion Our study showed that thiol groups may be protective againstCD4+Tcells count depletion and that the cART 3TC+TDF+EFV, 3TC+ABC+NVP may be helpful in fighting against free radical generation and particularly 3TC+TDF+EFV as controlling CD4+Tcells count and viral load in long term treated patients. The study particularly showed the implication of cART in increasing lipid peroxidation index following the treatment duration in heavily treated patients, which aggravated their conditions in an area where drug options are limited, calling for new drugs availability and personalized medicine.
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Chiabi, Andreas, Julius Sama, Elvis Meten, Annick Tchouamou, Sylvie Nolna, Felicite Dongmo, Evelyn Mah, Seraphin Nguefack, Assumpta Bella, and Robinson Mbu. "The Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Sexually Abused Children: A Hospital-Based Study." Asploro Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 3, no. 1 (July 3, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36502/2021/asjpch.6166.
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Introduction: Child sexual abuse is an extensive health and societal problem as even the lowest prevalence of child sexual abuse includes a huge number of victims who still need to be considered. Africa has the highest prevalence of child sexual abuse yet still with a paucity of literature on the subject matter. Objective: Describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of children victim of sexual abuse reported at the Yaounde Gynaeco-obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (YGOPH). Methods: A hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from January 1st, 2017 – December 31st, 2019 at the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital. Consultation files were examined and identified cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) recruited. Epidemiological and clinical data of included participants were treated using a pre-established questionnaire. Collected data were entered and analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software version 26.0 with p-values calculated following a one variable binomial sampling. Results: In total, data was assessed from 51,331 pediatric consultation files of which 127 cases of child sexual abuse met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of child sexual abuse was 0.25%. Most victims of child sexual abuse were of the female gender (92%) from single parenting homes (36.8%) (p< 0.05) within two age groups < 5years (32.9%) and 10-15 years (32.9%). Perpetrators were in majority males (84%) of age ≥18 years (72.4%) and were persons known to the victims (73.7%) who proceeded by taking advantage of the victims’ trust. Vaginal penetration (57.9%) with vaginal lesions (59.2%) were the most encountered cases which were placed on highly active anti-retroviral prophylaxis however with poor clinical follow-up (35.5%) as the patients did not turn-up for their visits. Conclusion: Child sexual abuse though not addressed as a matter of urgency, yet it is a problem with a gradual upward trend in our community most especially as perpetrators are persons we are familiar with. Thus, a call for greater vigilance with regards to the guidance we leave our children with.
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Toteu, Sadrack Félix, Joseph Penaye, Etienne Deloule, William Randall Van Schmus, and Rigobert Tchameni. "Diachronous evolution of volcano-sedimentary basins north of the Congo craton: Insights from U–Pb ion microprobe dating of zircons from the Poli, Lom and Yaoundé Groups (Cameroon)." Journal of African Earth Sciences 44, no. 4-5 (April 2006): 428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.011.
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Denis, Goh. "L'exploitation Artisanale De L'or En Côte D'ivoire: La Persistance D'une Activite Illegale." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n3p18.
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The present article is the result of investigations to try to understand the persistence of illegal artisanal gold mining in Côte d'Ivoire where the phenomenon, although illegal, continues to grow for about twenty years. Relying on the case of the Yaouré area, the study was conducted mainly from the consultation of secondary data and groups and key informant interviews. Survey data indicate that the illegal artisanal gold mining activity is a very lucrative business in which many players involved at various levels and with specific roles, are catered for at financially. The presence of people from the modern environment supposed to fight against clandestine gold mining continues certainly an explanatory factor for the persistence of this illegal activity itself. Other causes for the development of illegal gold mining are the poor sales of traditional agricultural products (cocoa and coffee) and ignorance of the negative impacts of this activity on the biophysical and human environment by most of those involved in the sector. It is clear from this study that ultimately illegal artisanal gold mining in the Yaouré, and certainly also in Ivory Coast, is a total social fact; Also, the fight against this phenomenon, to give the expected results, must not be limited to sporadic acts of repression against well diggers and other ore washers, weak link in the chain of illegal production of gold.
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Françoise, Ngo Sack, Lontsi Sonkwa Edgard, and Chetcha Tchemegni Bernard. "Clinical, biological, therapeutic and evolving profile of malignant hemopathies in adults at the central hospital of Yaounde." Journal of Medical Research 7, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2021.7306.
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Malignant hemopathies designate neoplasias of hematopoietic tissues, characterized by a disorder of the multiplication and differentiation of cells from one or more blood lines; Very few related studies are carried out in Africa due to diagnostic difficulties. We have carried out the present study to enrich the data on these pathologies. An analytical retrospective study was carried out in the hematology and medical oncology department of the Central Hospital of Yaoundé in Cameroon over 10 years, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2017. A technical sheet in which the epidemiological variables were noted, clinical, biological, therapeutic and evolutionary has been developed. Of the 167 files selected, the average age of the patients was 52 years +/- 16, with extremes of 21 and 87 years. Acute myeloid leukemias (AML) was more common in patients aged 45 to 54 (8 cases) and the disease affected more women than men at this age group (1H / 7F). Lymphoproliferative syndromes were the most common group of malignant hemopathies, accounting for 52.7% (88 patients). Non hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) were represented at all age groups with a male predominance. Patients with multiple myeloma clinically presented osteoarticular pain in 66.7% of cases. The chemotherapy protocols were varied according to the pathologies and their evolutionary stages. Toxic events were rare. Survival after one year was 9% for AML cases, 30% for CML cases. Few data being available on malignant hemopathies, this work allowed us to measure the importance of this group of pathologies in our context and to identify the clinical-biological profiles and the survival of the patients
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Ekono, Claire Françoise Bitchong, Thérèse Azoumbou Mefant, Jean Jacques Ze, ,. Armel Philippe Awana, Jean Claude Mballa Amougou, Catherine Nke Eyenga, and Emmanuel Afane Ze. "Clinical and radiological epidemiological features of smear-positive tuberculosis patients in the era of triple antiretroviral therapy." Journal of Medical Research 7, no. 4 (August 15, 2021): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2021.7403.
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Introduction: The aim of this work was to compare the epidemiological, clinical and radiological aspects during bacilliferous tuberculosis between HIV positive patients under ARV treatment and HIV negative. Methodology: This was a prospective, descriptive and comparative study conducted from December 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019 (6 months) at Jamot Yaoundé Hospital. Smear-positive tuberculosis patients meeting our inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. We split them into two groups, HIV + and HIV - Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software. The comparison of the data was made by the Chi² test, that of the quantitative data with the Student's T test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: For HIV positive, the mean age was 41.1 ± 14.4 years versus 39.8 ± 14.8 years in the HIV negative group. HIV + patients aged 35 to 44 were more represented [49.5 versus 17.1% (P <0.0001)]. The sex radio was 1.03 for the HIV positive versus 3.31 for the HIV negative group. The HIV + group had fewer single people, had more history of tuberculosis (22.2 versus 9.8%). HIV + patients were more likely to have a WHO performans status score 4, and were more febrile [96.8 versus 85.4% (p = 0.021)]. The normal chest x-ray was more common. Interstitial and alveolar syndromes were less common. Conclusion: The proportions of both sexes were almost identical. Almost half were 35 to 44 years old They had more history of tuberculosis. A WHO score of 4 and were generally febrile. Chest x-ray was often normal.Interstitial and alveolar syndromes were less common.
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Ndomgue, Therese, Michel Kengne, Patrick A. Njukeng, Valentine N. Ndze, Damien N. Anong, Tracy M. Masebe, Ubald Tamoufe, Anastasia Y. Bongajum, Daniel Ter Goon, and Julius M. Nwobegahay. "Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among haemodialysis patients, sickle cell patients and blood donors at a tertiary hospital in Yaounde, Cameroon." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v33i1.26.
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Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious health care problem in haemodialysis patients, sickle cell patients and blood donation in Africa. However, there is a paucity of information about this in Cameroon. This study presents the prevalence of antibodies to HCV among haemodialysis patients, sickle cell patients and blood donors at the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon.Methods: A total of 113 participants were included in the study. Sociodemographic data were collected using a questionnaire. The prevalence of HCV antibodies was determined by a rapid diagnostic test (DiaSpot HCV One Step Hepatitis C Virus Test Strip) and data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: Of the 113 patients, 18 tested positive, giving an overall prevalence of 15.9%. 15.6% (12/77) males had HCV antibodies, while 16.7% (6/36) females tested positive with HCV antibodies. HCV positive rates of 26.3% (10/38), 8.6% (3/35) and 12.5% (5/40) for haemodialysis patients, sickle cell patients and blood donors, respectively, were recorded. However, no statistical significant differences were observed in these three groups (p = 0.089).Conclusion: The present study reveals that the rate of HCV antibodies among the study population is high and Cameroon could be a highly endemic society for HCV infection.
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Foumane, Pascal, Felix Essiben, Julius Sama Dohbit, Carine Yondjeu Tongn, Esther Juliette Ngo Um Meka, Samuel Ojong, and Emile Telesphore Mboudou. "Assessment of labor and delivery in pregnant women on sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine regimen in Yaoundé gynaeco-obstetric and paediatric hospital: a comparative study of 313 cases." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 3 (February 19, 2017): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20170588.
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Background: Malaria is still a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim was to determine the prevalence of malaria infection at the onset of labor and the resulting complications.Methods: We carried out a five-month cross-sectional study at the Yaoundé Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital. We used results from the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to compare two groups of pregnant women admitted into the labor room. Women who tested positive were assigned to the exposed group versus negative to the non-exposed group. Independent factors associated with malaria infection were investigated by the logistic regression method.Results: Up to 79.6% (249/313) of women had received the sulfadoxin-pyrimethamine regimen with 32.9% (82/249) receiving at least 3 doses. Malaria infection was detected in 32.2% (101/313) of women. Only 14.9% (15/101) of the exposed group had received 3 doses of SP versus 31.6% (67/212) of the non-exposed group. After univariate analysis, malaria infection at the onset of labor was associated to premature rupture of membranes (OR=1.39; CI=1.01-1.94), fever during labor (OR=73.37; CI=64.80-681.95), non-reassuring fetal status (OR=2.08; CI=1.36-3.20), low birth weight (OR=1.65; CI=1.23-4.13), prematurity (OR=2.79; CI=2.12-367), a poor Apgar score at the 1st minute and postpartum fever (OR=3.19; CI=2.56-4.00). Linear logistic regression indicated that the occurrence of fever during labor (aOR=63.09), and low Apgar score at the first minute (aOR=6.27) remained significant and malaria infection was significantly associated to the single marital status (aOR=2.56) and a history of malaria during the current pregnancy (aOR=2.56).Conclusions: Systematic RDTs is thus recommended at the last antenatal consultation to avoid identified complications.
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Dohbit, Julius Sama, Pascal Foumane, Joel Noutakdie Tochie, Fadimatou Mamoudou, Mazou N. Temgoua, Ronni Tankeu, Veronica Aletum, and Emile Mboudou. "Maternal and neonatal outcomes of vaginal breech delivery for singleton term pregnancies in a carefully selected Cameroonian population: a cohort study." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e017198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017198.
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Background and objectivesVaginal breech delivery (VBD) is known to be associated with more perinatal and maternal complications. Very few studies on the subject have been carried out in poor-resource settings. The aim of this study was to determine maternal and neonatal outcomes in carefully selected cases of VBD for singleton term pregnancies in a tertiary centre in Cameroon.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingA tertiary hospital in Yaounde, Cameroon.ParticipantsCases of VBD of newborns weighing 2500–3500 g were matched in a ratio of 1:4 to consecutive vaginal cephalic deliveries (VCDs) of newborns weighing 2500–3500 g over a 5-year period. Both groups were matched for maternal age and parity. We excluded cases of multiple gestations, footling breech, clinically inadequate maternal pelvis, preterm delivery, post-term pregnancies, fetal demise prior to the onset of labour, placenta praevia and fetal anomaly incompatible with vaginal delivery.Outcome measuresNeonatal and maternal adverse outcomes of VBD observed till 6 weeks after delivery analysed using Bonferroni correction.ResultsFifty-three (53) VBDs were matched against 212 VCD. Unlike women who had VCD, those who underwent VBD were more likely to have prolonged labour (OR 8.05; 95% CI 3.00 to 11.47; P<0.001), and their newborns were more likely to suffer from birth asphyxia (OR 10.24; 95% CI 4.92 to 21.31; P<0.001).ConclusionThe study infers a strong association between VBD of singleton term pregnancies and maternofetal morbidity when specific protocols are applied. This, however, failed to translate into higher differences in perinatal mortality. This finding does not discount the role of VBD in low-income countries, but we emphasise the need for specific precautions like close monitoring of labour and adequate anticipation for neonatal resuscitation in order to reduce these complications.
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Kamga, Hortense Gonsu, Yves Le Grand Napa Tchuedji, Emilia Lyonga Mbamyah, Jérémie Djiraibe, Anicette Chafa Betbeui, Michel Noubom, Bonaventure Jemea, Paul Owono Etoundi, and Arthur Essomba. "Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Care Units of Two University Hospitals in Cameroon." Microbiology Research Journal International, May 23, 2020, 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2020/v30i430210.
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Aim: The aim of this work was to carry out a screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in nasal cavity of patients in the intensive care units of the University Hospital Center (UHC) and the Central Hospital of Yaounde (CHY) in Cameroon.
Study Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out.
Pace and Duration of the Study: Collection of nasal swab was done in Intensive Care Unit of University Teaching Hospital of Yaounde, and Intensive Care Unit of Central Hospital of Yaounde. Identification and susceptibility test were done in bacteriology laboratory of University Hospital Center, Yaounde between August 2018 and March 2019.
Methods: Nasal swabs were collected from patients by performing rotation in each nose. The identification of bacteria was carried out by observation of mannitol fermentation on Chapman agar, catalase, coagulase and DNAse tests. The susceptibility test was carried out by the method of diffusion of the discs in Mueller-Hinton agar.
Results: A total of 29 S. aureus were identified from 127 patients of which 44.10% were women and 55.90% were men. The antibiotic resistance profile showed cross-resistance of S. aureus between cefoxitin and others antibiotics with high resistance of amoxicillin, Amoxi / Clavulanic, fusidic acid, gentamycin and tetracycline with rates ranging from 62% to 82%. We detected 58.62% resistant species to cefoxitin and 51.72% were resistant to vancomycin. Statistical analysis found that there was not association between age groups, gender with nasal carriage of S. aureus. However there was an association (P=0,0060) between the hospital attended and the portage of S. aureus.
Conclusion: The prevalence of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is quite high in intensive care patients. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from carriers also shows resistance to others antibiotics. This can increase the incidence of nosocomial infections. There is a need to implement effective control strategies to prevent infection cross transmission in intensive care Units.
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Nkeunen, Gerard, Tsafack Takadong Julie Judith, Simo Gustave, Betrand Ayuk Tambe, Ayangma Celestin Roger, and Tume Christopher Bonglavnyuy. "Evaluation of Lifestyle and Some Biochemical Parameters Involved in Bone Health in Pre and Postmenopausal Cameroonian Women." International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, December 14, 2019, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2019/v28i430150.
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Aims: A healthy skeletal system with strong bones is essential to overall health. This study aimed to assess lifestyle and bone’s biomarkers of women.
Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The enrollment took place at the Yaounde Military Hospital from November 2016 to July 2017.
Methodology: A set of 105 postmenopausal and 127 premenopausal participants were enrolled from November 2016 to July 2017 in Yaounde. Their physical activities level was evaluated using a questionnaire. Sunlight exposure between 10:00AM and 4:00PM was assessed. Colorimetric methods were used to evaluate calcium, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma. These parameters were then compared within year since menopause (YSM) and osteoporosis risk assessment instrument (ORAI) sub-groups.
Results: 13.4% participants were moderately active. Only 22.8% participants had at least 30 minutes sun exposure daily. A multivariable analysis of demographic, lifestyle, biochemical characteristic revealed age, BMI, albumin and calcium were the main factors that influenced bone health among our participants. A significant difference of calcium concentration was found between the two groups whereas albumin was significantly higher in premenopausal than postmenopausal. Albumin was the only variable with a significant difference in the YSM sub-groups while only calcium was non-significantly higher among the ORAI sub-groups.
Conclusion: Elevated plasma level of calcium, albumin and alkaline phosphatase could be indicators of high bone turnover.
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Ngoupa, Joël Brice, Patrick Achiangia Njukeng, Eric Ngoh Akwa, Michel Kengne, Ubald Tamoufe, Daniel Ter Goon, and Julius Nwobegahay. "Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for Hepatitis B virus infection among barbers and their clients in two cities in Cameroon." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 34, no. 1 (January 7, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v34i1.154.
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Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health problem in Africa and worldwide. Barbers are regularly in contact with the blood fluid of their clients, who could develop skin cuts and abrasions during shaving practices. There is scarcity of information about HBV among barbers in Cameroon. This study presents seroprevalence and associated risk factors for HBV infection among barbers and their clients in two cities (Yaounde and Douala) in Cameroon.Methods: Three millilitres of venous blood was collected into EDTA tubes from each of the 262 consenting participants. Plasma was obtained and transported to the Military Health Research Centre (CRESAR) for analysis. Sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined by a rapid diagnostic test (DiaSpot HBsAg) and confirmed with an ELISA sandwich test. Data were analysed using SPSS, version 21.Results: Thirty-three participants tested positive, giving an overall prevalence of 12.6%. A seroprevalence of 15.0% and 10.6% was obtained for barbers and their clients respectively. In Yaounde, the frequency of HBsAg among barbers and their clients was 14.9% and 10.4% respectively, while in Douala it was 15.4% and 11.1% respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in these groups. There was also no statistically significant association between the knowledge of the modes of HBV transmissions and HBV status.Conclusion: The present study reveals that the rate of HBsAg among the study population is high in Cameroon and most people are not still properly sensitised regarding prevention measures.
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Simo Fotso, Arlette, Géraldine Duthé, and Clifford Odimegwu. "A comparative analysis of disability measures in Cameroonian surveys." Population Health Metrics 17, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12963-019-0198-4.
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Abstract Background Although identifying vulnerable groups is an important step in shaping appropriate and efficient policies for targeting populations of disabled people, it remains a challenge. This study aims to evaluate for the first time the comparability of the different disability measurements used in Cameroon. This is done by comparing them with the international standards proposed by the Washington Group (WG). It also evaluates the consistency of the association between the disability as measured by these surveys and the sociodemographic characteristics. Method We used data from the third Cameroonian Population and Housing Census (3RGPH) of 2005, the third Cameroonian Household survey (ECAM3) of 2007, the Demographic Health and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (DHS-MICS) of 2011 and a survey conducted on adults in Yaoundé (HandiVIH) in 2015 with the WG tool. The proportion and their confidence intervals, chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regressions are used for analyses. Results In the city of Yaoundé and for the 15–49 age group, disability prevalence was estimated at 3.6% (CI = [2.5, 5.1]), 2.7% CI = [2.1, 3.5]), 2.6% (CI = [2.4, 2.7]) and 1.0% (CI = [1.0, 1.10]), according to DHS-MICS, ECAM3, HandiVIH and 3RGPH, respectively. The prevalence of severe motor and mental disabilities in DHS-MICS (0.4% CI = [0.2, 0.8], 1.1% CI = [0.7, 1.8] and 0.5% CI = [0.2, 1.1], respectively) are not significantly different from the findings of HandiVIH (0.3% CI = [0.2, 0.3], 0.8% CI = [0.7, 0.9] and 0.5% CI = [0.5, 0.6], respectively). Only motor disability prevalence in ECAM3 (0.8%, CI = [0.5, 1.2]) is not different from that of HandiVIH. When the WG screening tool is used in HandiVIH, disability is positively associated with age, negatively associated with educational level, being in a union and socioeconomic status (SES) and it is not associated with sex. Severe disability, for its part, is not associated with SES and is positively associated with being a male. A different association trend is observed with 3RGPH, ECAM3 and DHS-MICS. Conclusion None of the instruments used in the nationally representative Cameroonian surveys produced both disability prevalence and association trends that are exactly similar to those obtained when using the WG disability screening tool, thus highlighting the necessity to include the WG questions in nationally representative surveys.
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"Coagulation Tests’ Normal Values in a Cameroonian Adult Population." Journal of Bioscience & Biomedical Engineering, January 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47485/2693-2504.1029.
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Coagulation tests are routine analyses most prescribed in routine medical practices. Africans tend to use the thresholds of other races since they don’t have their own normal values. This was a prospective descriptive study carried out at the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital to determine normal values for coagulation’s tests. We included 160 venous samples from healthy blood donors, aged 18 to 56 years. Standard techniques were used for the measurement of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen levels in all samples. The median prothrombin time was 13.01 s (10.2.-15.2) with a significant difference between males (PT=13,2s(11,1-15,5)) and females (PT=13,0s(10,1-15,2)), p=0,02 but not significant between the age groups (p=0,31).The median of APTT and fibrinogen were 32.4 s(22.2.-40.5), 2.8 g/L (1.5-4.2) and not significant between sex and age groups, p=0,34 and 0,14 respectively. Although the sample size does not allow for generalized conclusions, nevertheless, these findings provide indications to normal ranges for these coagulation tests among healthy adult Cameroonians. Furthermore, it may be relevant to consider the gender when interpreting coagulation tests in Cameroonian settings.
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"Coagulation Tests’ Normal Values in a Cameroonian Adult Population." Journal of Bioscience & Biomedical Engineering, January 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47485/2693-2504.1029.
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Coagulation tests are routine analyses most prescribed in routine medical practices. Africans tend to use the thresholds of other races since they don’t have their own normal values. This was a prospective descriptive study carried out at the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital to determine normal values for coagulation’s tests. We included 160 venous samples from healthy blood donors, aged 18 to 56 years. Standard techniques were used for the measurement of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen levels in all samples. The median prothrombin time was 13.01 s (10.2.-15.2) with a significant difference between males (PT=13,2s(11,1-15,5)) and females (PT=13,0s(10,1-15,2)), p=0,02 but not significant between the age groups (p=0,31).The median of APTT and fibrinogen were 32.4 s(22.2.-40.5), 2.8 g/L (1.5-4.2) and not significant between sex and age groups, p=0,34 and 0,14 respectively. Although the sample size does not allow for generalized conclusions, nevertheless, these findings provide indications to normal ranges for these coagulation tests among healthy adult Cameroonians. Furthermore, it may be relevant to consider the gender when interpreting coagulation tests in Cameroonian settings.
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Dohbit, Julius Sama, Namanou Ines Emma Woks, Carlin Héméry Koudjine, Willy Tafen, Pascal Foumane, Assumpta Lucienne Bella, Rosemary Nkemdilim Ogu, and Fru Fobuzshi Angwafo. "The increasing use of the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist: lessons learned at the Yaoundé Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital, Cameroon." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 21, no. 1 (July 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03966-4.
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Abstract Background Safe childbirth remains a daunting challenge, particularly in low-middle income countries, where most pregnancy-related deaths occur. Cameroon’s maternal mortality rate, estimated at 529 per 100,000 live births in 2017, is significantly high. The WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) was designed to improve the quality of care provided to pregnant women during childbirth. The SCC was implemented at the Yaoundé Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital to improve the quality of care during childbirth. Methods This study was a retrospective study to determine the adoption rate of the SCC and its association with maternal (eclampsia, perineal tears, and postpartum haemorrhage) and neonatal (stillbirth, neonatal asphyxia and neonatal death) complications. Data were collected 6 months after the introduction of the SCC. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between the use of the SCC and maternofoetal complications. Results Out of 1611 deliveries conducted, 1001 records were found, giving a retrieval rate of 62%. Twenty-five records were excluded. During the study period, the checklists were used in 828 of 976 clinical notes, with an adoption rate of 84.8% and a utilization rate of 93.9% at 6 months. Severe preeclampsia/eclampsia was associated with the non-use of the SCC (2.1 vs 5.4%, p = 0.041). Stillbirth, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal death rates were not significantly different between the checklist and non-checklist groups. However, for all neonatal outcomes, the proportion of complications was lower when the checklist was used. Conclusion The use of the SCC was associated with significantly reduced pregnancy complications, especially for reducing the rates of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. The use of the SCC increased to 93.9% of all deliveries within 6 months. We advocate for the use of the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist in maternity units.
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Ndamukong-Nyanga, Judith Lum, Kitio Falone Linda, Signi Todjom Chysine Lucile, and Demanou Teubow Dolly-Misper. "The Severity of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Co-Infections among Pregnant Women in Yaounde, Cameroon." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, June 15, 2021, 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2021/v27i530387.
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Malaria and toxoplasmosis are two diseases caused by parasites of the same phylum (Apicomplexa). They have severe consequences on the health of pregnant women and their unborn babies. As such, they are of importance for the public health, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and Cameroon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the severity of toxoplasmosis among malaria-positive pregnant women attending the Biyam-Assi District Hospital. It was a cross-sectional study that took place from May to November 2019 involving 232 pregnant women who voluntarily accepted to take part in the study. Demographic data was collected using structured questionnaires and blood was collectd by finger prick. Thick blood films were prepared for the detection of malaria and the Giemsa-stained slides were read microscopically. A drop of blood was used for the detection of toxoplasmosis using the chromatographic cassette (Rapid Diagnostic Test) and the results were read after 15 minutes. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS version 24. The results showed that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 22.84 %. This prevalence didn’t depend on the trimester of pregnancy (P = 0. 08). The prevalence of malaria was 38.9%. No significant difference was observed for either the prevalence or severity of malaria over the three trimesters of pregnancy (p = 0.60 and p = 0.9 respectively). The prevalence of co-infection with malaria and toxoplasmosis was 9.05%. Women without toxoplasmosis were more prone to severe malaria (20.29 %) than their counterparts who had toxoplasmosis (4.78 %) and the difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.02). The severity of toxoplasmosis was not influenced by the presence of Plasmodium (p = 0. 20). It was concluded that the occurrence and severity of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women does not depend on their malaria serological status. However, the presence of severe malaria in pregnant women depends on their toxoplasmosis status. Indeed, women already infected with T. gondii are less susceptible to malaria than their counterparts who are negative for toxoplasmosis. These findings suggest that T. gondii in a person confers some form of reistance to infections with Plasmodium. It was recommended that the Public Health Ministry in Cameroon could include screening for toxoplasmosis among the routine test for pregnant women in order to improve on the health of mother and baby.
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"Oral health status of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis in two hospitals of Yaoundé Cameroon: A comparative study." Open Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2021, 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28933/ojgh-2021-01-0608.
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Background: Liver cirrhosis is an ultimate complication of all chronic liver diseases. The oral cavity especially the periodontium is affected by malnutrition, coagulation disorders, immunodeficiency which are some of the main features present in patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of oral pathologies in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis in two hospitals of Yaoundé Cameroon. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and analytical study comparing the oral health status of decompensated liver cirrhotic patients in Yaoundé with sex and age (±3 years) matched healthy controls from the same area. We enrolled patients with liver cirrhosis (Child Pugh score greater than or equal to 7) and their corresponding healthy controls. For each participant, socio-demographic data, clinical data on liver cirrhosis and on oral examination were collected. Oral examination evaluated the level of oral hygiene, gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and Clinical attachment loss (CAL), determined and identified oral mucosal lesions. The mean Decayed-Missing-Filled-Teeth (DMFT) index and prevalence of dental caries were also determined. The groups were then compared with regards to periodontal oral mucosal and dental variables using chi square test and Mantel – Haenszel odds ratio was used to determine the strength of association between decompensated liver cirrhosis and oral pathologies. The student‘s T-test was used to compare mean values of quantitative variables. A p-value ˂ 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: We included a total of 80 participants among which 40 liver cirrhotic patients and 40 sex and age (±3 years) matched controls. The mean age was 50.0(±19.0) years for the cases and 52.4(±17.9) years for the healthy controls. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) were the main aetiology of liver cirrhosis representing 42.5% and 30% respectively and Child Pugh class B (65% of cases) was the most represented stage of the disease. A number of past bucco-dental consultations was significantly less frequent in the cases than the controls (09 versus 18, p = 0.03). Over 80% of cases used an inappropriate brushing technique compared to 60% of controls and 55% of cases used toothbrushes and toothpaste compared to 85% controls (p=0.09). A frequency of brushing at least twice daily was 42.5% in cases compared to 55% in controls (p=0.19). Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis had a significantly greater prevalence of periodontal disease than the controls (95% versus 77.5%, p = 0.013). In addition, they had greater mean PI (1.8(±0.7) versus 1.6(±0.5), p = 0.182), mean GI index (1.9(±0.8) versus 1.3(±0.64), p = 0.004) and periodontal recession (77.5% versus 47.5%). Oral mucosal lesions and salivary lesions were more frequent in cirrhotic patients than in the healthy controls. These lesions include xerostomia (45% versus 17.5%, p ˂0.001), oral candidiasis (7.5% versus 0%, p = 0.120), lichen planus (17.5% versus 2.5%, p = 0.028), petechiae (57.5% versus 5%, p ˂ 0.001), halitosis (50% versus 7.5%, p ˂0.001) and sialadenitis (17.5% versus 0%, p = 0.006). Higher prevalence’s of dental and mean DMFT index were found in cases than in controls. Factors associated with the development of oral pathologies in decompensated cirrhotic patients were oral consultations (p = 0.046), presence of cytolysis (OR = 2.58, p = 0.042) and inadequate brushing technique (p = 0.004). Conclusion: The prevalence of oral pathologies is higher in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis than corresponding age-sex matched healthy controls.
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Ze, Nardis Nkoudou, Robert Ndjouenkeu, and Jean Justin Essia Ngang. "Effect of Accelerated Retting Process on Physiochemical and Pasting Properties of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Flours." Asian Food Science Journal, June 4, 2020, 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/afsj/2020/v15i430160.
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Aims: To compare the physicochemical (water, total titratable acid, amylose and amylopectin contents), functional (swelling and solubility powers) and pasting characteristics of cassava flour retted in two different ways.
Study Design: Flours were produced from two cassava cultivars subjected to natural and accelerated fermentations using a multi-strain mixed starter.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology of the University of Yaounde 1 and Department of Food Science and Nutrition at the University of Ngaoundere, both in Cameroon, between November 2019 and February 2020.
Methodology: The cassava roots of each cultivars were divided into two groups and fermented by submerging peeled roots in tap water. One group of each cassava cultivar was inoculated with 1% (w/w) of the starter, while the other was subjected to a spontaneous fermentation. Retting stopped after the softening of the roots; that is after twenty-six hours for the inoculated groups, and after seventy-two hour for the control groups. The fermented roots were then squeezed, dried and grounded in a blender. Flours obtained were subjected to physicochemical, functional and pasting analysis.
Results: Flours produced in accelerated fermentation (AF) were characterized by their low amylopectin contents (46.59% and 43.57%), swelling power (6.71% and 7.56%), solubility (6.03% and 7.96%), and peak viscosity (6182 cP and 5676 cP) for Six-mois and Mintol-meko flours respectively. Whereas setback viscosity (1032 cP and 1068 cP), stability (0.27 and 0.24) and final viscosity (3565 cP and 3566 cP) of flours from natural fermentation (NF) were lower than those from AF.
Conclusion: The accelerated fermentation reduces the tendency of paste to downgrade, that is responsible for staling in baked products and could therefore produce flours that are less fluid.
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Mezui, Christophe, André Perfusion Amang, Rigobert Espoir Ayissi Mbomo, Mimosette Mesmine Kuissu Teukam, Merveille-Celeste Lontsi-Nolah, Yolande Mossebo Toungainbo, and Paul Vernyuy Tan. "Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Oxalis barrelieri (Oxalidaceae) Aqueous Aerial Parts Extract." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, September 5, 2019, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2019/v22i230110.
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Aims: The present study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of the Oxalis barrelieri aqueous aerial parts extract.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences (Animal Physiology Laboratory), Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I. Between April 2017 and June 2018.
Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity using a single dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered to mice and effects were observed for 14 days. In sub-acute toxicity, the experimental rats (males and females) received aqueous extract of Oxalis barrelieri at doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg daily for 28 days while the control and satellite control groups received distilled water and satellite test group received extract at the dose of 800 mg/kg. The physical parameters were evaluated throughout the treatment, while the haematological, biochemical and histological parameters were evaluated at the end of the treatment.
Results: In acute toxicity, the results obtained show no death and no significant variation (p>0.05) in behavioral and morphological parameters. In sub-acute toxicity assay, few modifications were observed in haematological and biochemical parameters. At the higher dose of extract (800 mg/kg),the rate of red blood cells decreased significantly (p<0.05) two weeks after treatment in male rats , there were a significant increase (P˂0.001) in ASAT activity in male and female rats two weeks after extract administration, and a reversible significant increase (P˂0.05) in triglyceride level in male rats only. Histopathology showed a reversible slight dose dependent structural alteration of the kidney and reversible vascular congestion in liver.
Conclusion: The aqueous aerial parts extract of Oxalis barrelieri could possess moderate toxicity at high doses and adequate caution should be exercised in its use in ethnomedicine.
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Nitcheu, Irina Lydia Sudeu, Thomas Djifack Tadongfack, Falmata Amazia, Melissa Guechoun Choundong, Marthe Pelagie Alogo, Paul Talla, Batakeh B. Agoons, and Vicky Jocelyne Ama Moor. "Diagnostic Performance of Faecal Calprotectin among People with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases of the Bowel in Cameroon: A Pilot Study in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, September 4, 2021, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2021/v30i530264.
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Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are relatively common in African countries. The use of faecal markers, Calprotectin in particular, is presently of considerable interest to IBD patients. The high faecal calprotectin level has a good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating intestinal organic and functional diseases and enables the selection of patients in need of other invasive diagnosis such as endoscopy.
Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of faecal calprotectin as a useful diagnostic tool for IBD patients in Cameroon.
Study design: This was a case control cross-sectional multicentre study conducted in major gastroenterology units of the towns of Yaoundé and Douala involving 64 participants grouped as 32 IBD positive subjects and 32 IBD negative subjects.
Methods: Stool sample collected from participants at various recruitment sites were collected, conditioned and transported to the CIAB laboratory for analysis using a direct ELISA method. The R software was used for data analysis.
Results: The calprotectin levels of IBD patients were significantly higher than those of the control subjects (P < .001.) The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.96 [95%CI: 0.92 – 1.00; P < .001]. A threshold value of 2.51µg/g was chosen to exclude the diagnosis of IBD with an 87.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The CRP levels correlated with those of calprotectin (r꞊0.579, P ꞊ .005). Calprotectin concentrations became abnormally elevated in all UC patients with an Endoscopy Score greater than or equal to 6 (P = .001). Correlation between the endoscopy score for Crohn's disease and calprotectin concentration did not retain significance (ρ꞊0.800; P > .05).
Conclusion: Calprotectin dosage is a sensitive test for IBD, excludes unnecessary investigations and accurately predicts disease recurrence and response to treatment.
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Sandrine, Mengue Ngadena Yolande, Essoh Etouke Adrien, Tchiedjo Marie Laure, Sulem Yong Nina Nindum, Fifen Ngapout Rodrigue, Owona Pascal Emmanuel, Etchu Kingsley Agbor, and Dzeufiet Djomeni Paul Désiré. "Uses of Elaeis guineensis oil for Stress Management during the Transportation of Catfish Fingerlings: A Dose-Dependent Outcome." Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, August 14, 2021, 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jocamr/2021/v15i330267.
Full textAbstract:
Cameroonian farmers used Elaeis guineensis oil (EGO) named usually palm oil to reduce stress and mortality during the transportation of catfish fingerlings. The present study is aimed to evaluate the uses of EGO for stress management during the transportation of catfish fingerlings. Antioxidant activities of EGO were assessed in vitro. 1500 fingerlings were transported from Douala (Littoral Region, Cameroon) to Yaoundé (Centre Region Cameroon). The transportation was for 7 h 55 min in black tins of 10 L which contain 8 L of water and 100 fingerlings each. The following treatment was administrated: commercial anti-stress, 2, 4, and 6 drops of EGO. Control received no treatment and all groups were triplicated. After 10 fingerlings were sacrificed by decapitation. Total protein, total bilirubin (TB), triglycerides level, and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) activity were assessed in the liver as well as oxidant stress parameters. Brain and gills were fixed for histopathological analysis. Results showed that transportation of catfish fingerlings induced a significant increase of TB level and LDH activity in the liver. Indeed, it induced cerebellar and gills necrosis. Moreover, EGO exhibits antioxidant activities in vitro against DPPH, ABTS radicals, and possesses a ferric reducing antioxidant power of 6.31 mEAG/g. This observation was confirmed in vivo by the increase in a dose-dependent manner of GSH and nitrites levels in the liver compared to control. However, the administration of 6 drops of EGO increased significantly (p < 0.05) the activity of LDH in the liver compared to control. Thus, high dose induced anaerobic respiration which was confirmed by alveolar necrosis in gills and neurodegeneration although low dose of EGO (2-4 drops) prevented those alterations compared to control. Hence, low doses of Elaeis guineensis oil can prevent liver, cerebellar and gills impairment during artisanal transportation to reduce the effects of stress.
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Hall, Kirsty K., Joelle Tambekou, Linda Penn, Alioune Camara, Naby M. Balde, and Eugene Sobngwi. "Association between depression, glycaemic control and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a diabetic population in Cameroon." South African Journal of Psychiatry 23 (June 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v23i0.983.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing especially in low- and middle- income countries in which 75% of the world’s diabetic population reside. The macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy are also set to increase in these populations. The relationship between depression and glycaemic control has been established in high- income countries, but evidence from low- and middle-income countries is scarce. This research aimed to determine an association between depression and glycaemic control and record the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a diabetic population in Cameroon.Methods: Analysis of cross-sectional data from the ‘Improving access to HbA1c measurements in sub-Saharan Africa’ study was used. Primary data were collected from six diabetic care facilities in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Participants were aged ≥ 18 years with at least a 6-month history of diabetes. Depression was assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A CES-D score ≥ 16 was used to identify the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Data on glycaemic control were measured using HbA1c measurements at baseline. The presence of diabetic retinopathy was established through ophthalmoscopy and angiography using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification.Results: A total of 261 participants were included in the study, and information on depressive symptoms at baseline (CES-D score) were available for 240 participants. The results of the data analysis found that 60% of the study participants had clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D > 16). A weak non-significant positive correlation was found between CES-D score and HbA1c level (p = 0.46, r = 0.05) using the Pearson’s correlation co-efficient. Gender and attendance to a patient support group were significantly associated with the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Poor glycaemic control (HbA1c > 7%) was found in 72.8% of the population. Educational level and insulin use were significantly associated with glycaemic control. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 27.2% (23.4% non-proliferative, 2.5% pre- proliferative and 3.2% proliferative), and the prevalence of diabetic maculopathy was 10.0%.Conclusion: The study found that a large proportion of diabetic patients may be experiencing depressive symptoms for which they are currently not receiving treatment or support. We also found a large proportion to have poor glycaemic control that is known to worsen the vascular complications of diabetes. In light of the increasing epidemic of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important that the recognition of depressive symptoms becomes integrated into future healthcare policies in the nations of sub-Saharan Africa. This research suggests that individuals experiencing depressive symptoms may be more likely to engage in patient support groups. These groups can be beneficial in providing patients with diabetes valuable information, which could lead to better glycaemic control.
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"Prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies during a screening campaign in August 2019." Open Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2021, 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28933/ojgh-2021-01-0609.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus infections represent a major public health problem, with significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies, and to investigate the risk factors associated with these two infections. Patients and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out during a free screening campaign for viral hepatitis B and C organized by the University Teaching Hospital of Yaounde from 20th to 23rd August 2019. Screening for HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies was carried out using a rapid diagnostic test (On Site HBsAg/HCV Ab Rapid Test (CTK Inc 10110 Mesa Rim Road San Diego, CA 92121 USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s Instruction. Positive samples had a confirmatory ELISA test. A structured questionnaire was used to investigate the risk factors for viral hepatitis B and C. Results: A total of 746 participants (412 women, 334 men) were registered. The average age of the participants was 29.6 ± 15.5 years. The prevalence of HBsAg was 10.3% (men: 14.7%; women: 7%; p = 0.002). The prevalence of HCV-Ab was 4.7% (men: 6.3%; women: 3.4%; p = 0.08). Unprotected sexual intercourse (59.4%), dental care (38.7%) and scarification (37.1%) were the main factors of HBV and HCV transmission. Male sex (OR = 2.2; IC = 1.3 – 3.6; p = 0.002), lack of vaccination (OR = 3.4; IC = 1.2 – 9.6; p = 0.01), tattoos (OR = 6.6; IC = 1.4 – 30.2; p = 0.02) and close contact with an HBV-infected person (OR = 1.7; IC = 1.01 – 2.9; p = 0.04) were the factors associated with HBV transmission. Age groups ≥ 55 years (OR = 1.3; IC = 1.1 – 1.5; p < 0.0001) and [45 – 54] (OR = 1.06; IC = 1.0 – 1.1; p = 0.03) unprotected sexual intercourse (OR = 3.5; IC = 1.4 – 8.7; p = 0.003), dental care (OR = 2.3; IC = 1.1 – 4.5; p = 0.02) were associated with HCV infection. Conclusion: The prevalences of HBsAg and HCV-Ab are high in this population. Unprotected sexual intercourse, dental care and scarification were the most common risk factors.