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1
Le, Gallais-Fatout Isabelle. "La définition juridique des groupes de société." Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN11022.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de cerner la notion de groupe de sociétés par l'étude des dispositions du droit des sociétés, du droit fiscal, du droit du travail, des procédures collectives et du droit de la concurrence, tant en ce qui concerne le droit français que ceux des pays de la communauté. Cette étude du droit commun qui montre la diversité des critères retenus, s'accompagne de celle des différents projets de droit spécifique des groupes et des dispositions législatives les plus récentes qui montrent une évolution dans la tentative de définir le groupement. Abandonnant les propositions de définition stricte du groupe permettant l'application d'un droit impératif, le droit positif privilégie maintenant une certaine autonomie laissée au groupe pour déterminer son périmètre, tout au moins en ce qui concerne les sociétés frontières par opposition au noyau dur du groupement. L'appréhension du groupe ne se fait plus de façon globale, mais suivant les impératifs spécifiques de chaque branche du droit<br>The aim of this thesis is to determine the concept of corporate group by studying the provisions of the companies law, of the taxation duty, of the law the labour, of bankrupt law and of competitition law as well with regard to the french juridiction as those of the cee countries. This study of the common right which shows diversity of the criteria selected, is accompanied by that of the various projects of specific right of the groups and the legislative provisions most recent which show an evolution in the attempt to define the group. Giving up the proposals for strict definition of the group allowing the application of an imperative juridiction, the law privilege now a certain autonomy left to the group to determine its perimeter, at least with regard to the companies borders by opposition to the hard core of group. The group is not now define globally, but according to the requirements of each section of juridictions
2
Ashraf, Eram. "Societal security, social identity, and the Uyghur Millet/Minzu." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678304.
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Otiso, Wycliffe. "La loi, l'Etat, la société et la police locale au Kenya : étude de cas dans le comté de Kisii." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2022/document.
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La thèse étudie la nature des formes locales de gouvernance dans le domaine de la police ; elle porte sur le Comté de Kisii situé au sud-ouest de la Kenya. L’étude reconstitue l’histoire des groupes locaux de police opérant dans le Comté de Kisii entre 1990-2016, en mettant l’accent sur la nature, les modes de fonctionnement et l’interaction avec les processus juridiques et politiques. Elle examine les acteurs au niveau local, leurs activités quotidiennes et leurs relations avec l’Etat en cherchant à expliquer les trajectoires de police locale (la police de proximité et les groupes de vigilantes d’autodéfense) sous l’influence de dynamiques juridique et non juridique ; en particulier la place du droit dans la mise en application de la loi et son rôle dans la réforme des pratiques policières d’autodéfense (Vigilantes) et de la police de proximité communautaire. Les facteurs sociaux et politiques sont pris en considération dans la mesure où ils affectent le maintien de l’ordre, les pratiques et les résultats, l’amélioration de la gouvernance. Ces facteurs sont mis en contexte en raison de grands changements suite aux réformes constitutionnelles. Pour ce faire, la recherche s’est appuyée sur des méthodes qualitatives d’enquête, principalement l’utilisation des entrevues et sur des sources primaires et secondaires pertinentes, sur une bibliographie, des lois et des recueils de jurisprudence. L’étude révèle des gains, une plus large participation et une « inclusivité » dans les mécanismes de gouvernance locale en comparaison avec les stratégies policières préexistantes pratiquées par la police et les groupes d’autodéfense, qui reposaient sur une participation communautaire minimale. Si l’usage accru du Droit associé au développement de formes nuancées de la police communautaire, reste minime pour l’Etat, les changements sont plutôt attribuables à des usages quotidiens dynamiques du droit et l’action sociale par les membres des communautés dans le cadre de mécanismes de gouvernance locaux désireux d’accroître et d’améliorer le potentiel et les relations État-société. L’étude conclut que malgré un certain nombre de changements dans la lutte contre la criminalité non violente, la transition n’a pas été sans faille : les améliorations dans les relations État-société et dans un meilleur respect sociétal du droit sont compromises par des épisodes de recours à la force, par des asymétries dans la coopération entre l’administration locale et la Communauté, et suite à un soutien inadéquat à la police communautaire et à ses supports culturels. (Gouvernance, police communautaire, groupe vigilante, Kisii, Kenya)<br>The thesis entails the study of the changing nature of local forms of governance in Kisii County situated in south-western Kenya. The study entails situating the histories of local policing groups operating in Kisii County between 1990-2016, focusing on the nature, modes of operation and interaction with legal and political processes. It examines actors at the societal level, their everyday activities and their relationship with the state in seeking to explain local policing (community policing and vigilante) trajectories as influenced by legal and non-legal dynamics. It examines the place of law in determining the nature of non-state enforcement of law and order and the extent to which it has played a role in reforming policing practices from vigilantism to community policing in Kisii County. It also examines social and political factors, how they affect policing practices and outcomes with an objective of advancing alternatives for better representations of the function of law and for purposes of improving governance. These factors are contextualized within the broad changes in the macro governance structure catalyzed by constitutional reforms. The study undertakes such examination through the use of qualitative methods of inquiry primarily the use of interviews and also review of relevant primary and secondary sources including books, scholarly journals, legislation and law reports. The study reveals that generally there are gains on wider participation and inclusivity in local governance mechanisms compared to pre-existing policing strategies as practiced by police and vigilante which had minimal community involvement. The increased instrumentalization of law by the state has made little contribution to the gains associated with the development of nuanced forms of community policing. Rather the changes in policing are attributable to dynamic everyday uses of law and societal action by community members in joint local governance mechanisms hence increasing the potential for better state-society relations. The study concludes that notwithstanding a number of changes towards non-violent crime fighting, the transition has not been seamless as gains on state-society relations and improved societal adherence to law are compromised by episodes of use of force, asymmetries in the co-operation between the local government administration and the community, inadequate support for community policing and existing cultural constructs on governance. (gouvernance, local policing group, vigilante, community policing, Kissi Kenya)
4
CHARLOT, NICOLE. "La fiscalite des groupes de societes." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX32043.
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Le developpement significatif des groupements dans un contexte economique caracterise par la mondialisation des relations et la mobilite des structures met en evidence l'utilite d'une fiscalite des groupes de societes les principales difficultes reposent sur l'absence de definition des groupements et sur l'evolution constante des mesures les concernant. Dans un premier temps, les pouvoirs publics interpretent les principes du droit fiscal, et en particulier l'independance des personnes morales et la neutralite, de maniere plus large, tout en conservant la possibilite d'exercer leur controle. Une telle attitude concerne les soutiens accordes a titre habituel ou exceptionnel et les transferts indirects de benefices a l'etranger, pour lesquels les modalites de preuve sont assouplies, et les doubles impositions allegees. En second lieu, des dispositifs specifiques sont instaures, telle l'integration fiscale, regime de droit interne progressivement amenage, qui a connu un grand succes, malgre sa complexite. De plus, les instances communautaires, apres de longues negociations, ont adopte des directives pour faciliter la circulation des dividendes et les restructurations effectuees entre des entreprises installees dans l'union europeenne cependant, l'evolution de la fiscalite des groupes de societes demeure limitee, en l'absence de veritable systeme juridique d'ensemble<br>The significant development of groups of companies in an economy characterized by world-wide relation ships and by mobility underlines the use fulness of group taxation. The main problems are based upon the lack of a clear definition of the groups and on the continual changes in taxation measures applicable to them. First of all, the authorities give a more flexible meaning to the principles of tax law, and particularly the independence of artificial persons and neutrality, at the same time keeping the option of controlling firms. This approach concerns the supports usually or exceptionally granted to companies. It also applies to indirect transfers of profits abroad for which it is easier to give proof, and for which double taxation is lower secondly, special systems are adopted, suchas fiscal integration, a measure of internal law which has been progressively improved, and which has been very success ful, despite its complexity. Moreover, the el authorities, after long negociations, adopted directives to make dividend distribution and restructuring easier for firms which have been set up in the european union. However, group taxation is not well developed, because a global legal system does not exist yet
5
Bomberger, Estelle. "La société politique contre la société civile, des années 1970 à nos jours. Le paradoxe démocratique français." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020045/document.
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Partout où l'homme est libre, il se croit dans les fers. Tel est le paradoxe démocratique qui ouvre à l'individu moderne un espace important de liberté, tout en lui conférant en parallèle le sentiment d'en être privé. A la séparation traditionnelle des pouvoirs, se superpose désormais celle des acteurs, organisés en société politique et civile. C'est dans la patrie des Lumières que ces notions chemineront le plus singulièrement. Historiquement confondues, elles vont progressivement se détacher l'une de l'autre, pour aujourd'hui s'opposer. Il est vrai que d'importantes secousses traversent la société politique et la mettent en difficulté. Il convient néanmoins, de s'interroger sur leur nature afin de déterminer si elles constituent le fondement d'une crise ou celui d'une mutation. Le recours politique a une société civile ainsi idéalisée remet en cause le lien essentiel qui agrège l'individu à l’Etat, à travers la citoyenneté. Conjugué à la montée de l'individualisme, comment alors restaurer le lien social dans lequel s'inscrit toute société ? La diversité de ces questions illustre l'intérêt de cette recherche qui permet d'une part,d'aborder les préoccupations actuelles à la lumière des sources de notre organisation politique et, d'autre part, d'observer les enjeux contenus dans les changements de comportement des différents protagonistes. Cette étude n'a pas la prétention de dresser un programme de travail dont le risque serait de déboucher sur une synthèse encore très prématurée. Nous nous sommes fixés pour objectif, moins d'apporter des réponses objectives ou de faire valoir des certitudes sur l'intégralité de ces thèmes, que de rassembler les principaux points de repère et de les organiser pour soumettre la problématique d'ensemble au débat<br>Everywhere man is free, he fells in chains. Such is the democratic paradox which gives the modern individual both a large space of freedom and the feeling to be deprived of any. On top of the traditional separation of powe rs or Checks and Balances now lies the one of actors, organized within a Political and Civil Society. It is in the homeland of Enlightenment that these notions are so singular.. Historically merged, they progressively broke apart and are now opposed to each other. It is true that the Political Society is going through important jolts, putting it in a difficult situation. However, one needs to specify the nature of these changes in order to determine if they are the symptoms of a crisis or the ones of a transformation. The political recourse to a Civil Society indeed idealized questions the essential link between theState and the individual, in other words citizenship. Combined with the rise of individualism, how can we reinstate the Social Link so essential in every society? The diversity of these questions illustrates the interest of this research. It analyzes both current issues by the light ofthe sources of our political organization and the stakes of the behavioral changes of our system’s protagonists. This research does not aim at building a work plan whose risk would be to result to definite conclusion. Its goal is certainly not to bring objective answers or certitudesto all these issues but to gather the main landmarks and to organize them to subject our problematic to the debate
6
Gauthier, Thierry. "Les dirigeants et les groupes de societes." Lyon 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO33006.
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La concentration des entreprises represente l'un des phenomenes economiques les plus marquants de la deuxieme moitie du xxe siecle. Cependant, sa traduction juridique s'accompagne de nombreuses difficultes qui se focalisent essentiellement sur la notion de groupe de societes. La reglementation du droit des societes, et en particulier la notion de dirigeant de societe, sont directement malmenes par l'existence des groupes. Concu par la loi comme une autorite organique superieure au sein de la societe, le dirigeant peut n'etre dans le groupe qu'un haut cadre salarie. L'opposition des notions de groupe de societes et de dirigeant se traduit des lors par une opposition en termes de pouvoirs. Elle conduit a rechercher la teneur du pouvoir du groupe sur les dirigeants et des dirigeants sur le groupe, le groupe exerce un pouvoir de coercition et de subordination. Le pouvoir de coercition procede du pouvoir de revoquer le dirigeant. Le pouvoir de subordination repose sur la possibilite donnee aux groupes de conclure un contrat de travail avec les dirigeants. En effet, dans les societes liees, le cumul d'un mandat social et d'un contrat de travail peut revetir deux formes : il peut etre bilateral ou multilateral. Le pouvoir des dirigeants sur le groupe se singularise par les amenagements dont il fait l'objet. Par ailleurs, le pouvoir des dirigeants exprime des particularites lorsqu'il s'exerce de maniere defectueuse. La reglementation et la jurisprudence imposent en effet differentes obligations, souvent sanctionnees de facon penale, qui sont specifiques aux dirigeants de groupes. L'exercice de fonctions de direction au sein d'un groupe conduit des lors a constater differentes particularites relatives au statut comme au pouvoir des dirigeants. Au-dela des considerations concernant le seul dirigeant, c'est le probleme d'une reglementation plus large des groupes de societes qui est pose.
7
Du, Juan. "Family and group dynamics in a Pastoralist Society." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10024991/.
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How people survive and behave in different environment are some questions that Human Behavior Ecology seeks to answer. The choices that humans make in such conditions can either be considering parental and economical investments, or the pursuit of self or group interest. Using a Tibetan Pastoralist Society as a case study, this thesis explores how Tibetans adapt their behaviour to different contexts, from an evolutionary ecological, anthropological and demographic perspective. I start the thesis with a brief history and demographical presentation of how these Tibetan herders behave within and outside domestic life. The main analysis part starts from which gender get more parental care, by looking at duration of breastfeeding and the interbirth intervals. I find female-biased parental investment. Possible reasons are the high female workloads and the improved social status of women derived from the high economical contribution made by them. The next analysis focusing on how wealth flows, the fertility and the length of the trial time affects the stability of marriages. Then I examine the effects of kin on child well-being. Within domestic life, concepts like ‘Grandmother Hypothesis’ and ‘Mother Hypothesis’ are well-documented. While this research makes a contrary finding that it is the older male family members who are invested more in child caring than the females. The next analysis considers questions beyond domestic life by examining herders’ social networks. I investigate the motivations behind Tibetans who choose to herd in groups, and others who prefer to herd alone. Economic gift games are used to explore the cooperation strategy within villages, whether pastoralist prefer to share limited resources with their genetic relatives over others. The analysis concluded that stated social norms are slow to change, while actual individual behaviours appear to evolve faster, responding to recent social and political changes in the region.
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MAKHLOUF, HANAN. "La mise en place d'une societe holding dans les groupes familiaux." Rennes 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995REN11003.
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Notre these a etudie, dans une premiere partie, les raisons pour lesquelles les societes holdings peuvent etre considerees comme des techniques de transmission des groupes familiaux, qu'elles soient d'ordre financier, fiscal ou juridique. Dans une deuxieme partie, on a etudie les modalites de constitution de la societe holding. Sachant qu'il faut assurer la devolution du pouvoir majoritaire et proteger les droits des minoritaires<br>In the first part, our thesis shows the financial and juridical reasons to settle an holding society when it is important to assure the sucession of the firm for the inherit. In the second part. We have seen that it's important to give the power to the inherit and to preserve the rights of the others inherits when the moment is come to create the holding society
9
Sebbag, Valérie. "Les transferts de déficits dans les groupes de société." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010254.
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Les transferts de déficits dans les groupes de sociétés sont en principe interdits dans notre droit. Toutefois des dérogations existent : - à l'occasion de la structuration du groupe, lors d’Operations de fusions, scissions, lors d'implantations à l'étranger ou lors de la reprise de sociétés en perte ; - dans la vie quotidienne du groupe par les régimes de mondialisation et de consolidation des bénéfices et par l'utilisation d'autres mécanismes juridiques<br>Transfers of deficits in groups of companies are generally forbidden in our legislation. There are, however, some derogations : - when the group changes its organisation by mergers, divisions, by new implantations abroad or when it acquires companies which have chronc deficits; - in dally life of the group by world wide profits, consolidated profis and by the use of other juridical structures
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Thakur, Dhanaraj. "Online deliberation among regional civil society groups - the case of the Caribbean." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34812.
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Deliberative democracy has been promoted as a way improving legitimacy and political equality in policy debates. This dissertation seeks to understand how deliberation takes place within the intersection of two unique spaces: dialogue among members of regional civil society groups and communication in online fora. The motivation for this research is based on the notion that existing forms of decision-making have contributed to political inequality, a major issue in areas such as the Caribbean. Accordingly I examine the online discussions of three different civil society groups in the Caribbean.
I looked at how certain variables in these fora were related to three of the main dimensions of deliberation, the use of reasoned arguments, reciprocity and reflection. With regard to reasoned arguments I examined how diversity among members, the participation of the moderator and the topic and scope of the conversation were pertinent to a discussion in a regional and multi-national setting. For reciprocity I looked at how variables related to time and the posting structure of a conversation were relevant in an online forum. Finally I looked at the strategies that were employed by participants as part of the communication process in an online forum and how these were related to processes of reflection.
To address these questions I used a combination of content analysis and conversation analysis of email conversations and interviews with participants. One set of contributions from this dissertation is methodological through the development of a codebook and the novel application of conversation analysis to online deliberation. Also, the results are significant and can contribute to our understanding of deliberation in a context for which there has been little previous research. For example, I showed that national and occupational diversity can contribute to an increase in the proportion of reasoned arguments used in a conversation as does the presence of the moderator. However, these factors along with the scope and topic of a thread vary in their degree of influence on the use of reasoned arguments by the civil society group in question. I also showed that there are specific communication strategies that participants employ such as preference organization or speaker selection that are related to different forms of reflection evident in a conversation. Finally I observed that the posting structure of a conversation specifically the distribution of emails that participants send becomes less equal as reciprocity increases. This does not augur well for a deliberative ideal that envisions both reciprocity and equal participation.
Furthermore, when considering deliberation as a whole, the results indicate that its different parts are not always correlated with each other. None of the lists has more than one significant correlation between the three dimensions of deliberation. In fact, reciprocity and the use of reasoned arguments were never significantly correlated in any of the lists. Together these results point to another main finding of this dissertation which is deliberation as a whole is difficult to observe in practice.
Nevertheless I suggest that separately the results for each dimension can be useful from both a design perspective and for policy-makers in general. For example, encouraging the sharing of information and a more active moderator, having the opportunity to discuss regional issues could all help to promote a greater use of reasoned arguments overall. Experimenting with different ways in which group members can get to know each other might help to reduce the disparity between participation and reciprocity. Also encouraging participants to reply inline where possible, creating easier access to the message archives and having a system for collating threads and discussions online could all promote better reflection in the lists. Finally the list might benefit from having members go through an exercise of determining whether or not and in what way decision-making should be part of their discussions.
With regard to policy-makers I note that several members reported benefits for policy-makers who themselves were members of the lists. This could stem from listening and learning from the discussions of other members or actually contributing to discussions. The groups also showed the potential to collate many different policy positions around a specific problem, thus assisting policy makers in understanding issues at a regional level.
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Tarazona, Tornero Ana Celia. "Modelling with uncertainty the ideological evolution of a society with extreme groups." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/36068.
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The Basque Country is a northern Spanish region (Autonomous Community)
where, from 1960¿s, there is a organization called ETA that wants to
achieve its political goals by violent means. The Basque population is divided,
mainly, into the ones who support or reject the ETA¿s political goals
and its violent means. Also, the pressure of ETA and its supporters on the
Basque population are present in the daily life.
Taking into account the Basque scenario, in this PhD dissertation, we
are interested in how the di¿erent groups of people defined by their attitude
towards ETA evolve over the time, with two main aims:
¿ find out which the most relevant events that make changes in the attitude
evolution are,
¿ taking into account the relation between ETA¿s supporters and ETA¿s
member source, predict the attitude evolution in the next future in
order to see if the supporters group wanes and, as a consequence, ETA
also does.
To do that, on one hand, we use elections and Euskobarometro data (Euskobaromero
is a sociological statistical survey in the Basque Country), and
then, we build the mathematical models assuming the hypothesis that the
change of attitude, ideology or opinion may be socially transmitted. Therefore,
classical techniques in epidemiology are used to build and study these
models.
On the other hand, we should not forget that we want to study a problem
in Social Sciences, where data, coming from surveys, contain errors.
Therefore, during the development of this dissertation it is necessary to use
techniques to deal with uncertainty in the presented models. In fact, we use
some, trying to avoid in each new technique the disadvantages that appear
in the previous one.
The structure of this PhD dissertation is as follows. In Chapter 1 we
introduce the problem to be studied and make a historical overview of the
PhD thesis. In Chapter 2 we summarise the main facts in the history of ETA that we
consider relevant to the proper development of the present dissertation.
A firstmodel is presented in Chapter 3. Here, we divide the population of
the Basque Country depending on the political party they vote and classify
the political parties respect to their opinion on the idea of ¿independence
from Spain¿, one of the main goals of ETA. Thus, with data of general
elections, we build a type-epidemiological model and use the Latin Hypercube
Sampling technique to predict with uncertainty over the next election dates,
the dynamics of the population respect to the idea of ¿independence from
Spain¿.
In the Chapter 4, Euskobarometro data about the ¿population attitude
towards ETA¿ are used to build a model to find out if the ¿Law of Political
Parties¿ (LPP) passed in Jun 2002 had e¿ect on the attitude towards ETA
of the Basque Population. We use a bootstrapping technique to know if the
di¿erences between the model prediction and Euskobarometro data after LPP
are significative and quantify these di¿erences. In this case, bootstrapping is
the technique that allows us to deal with the model uncertainty.
In the Chapter 5, using the same model as in the Chapter 4 and Euskobarometro
data about the population attitude towards ETA since May 2005,
we predict with uncertainty the evolution dynamics of the groups providing
a model confidence band prediction over the next few years. To do that we
introduce a new computational technique to deal with the model uncertainty.<br>Tarazona Tornero, AC. (2014). Modelling with uncertainty the ideological evolution of a society with extreme groups [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/36068<br>TESIS
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Chellat, Ali. "Le contrôle au sein des groupes de société en droit marocain." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0694.
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En l'absence d'un code propre au groupe de sociétés, est-il nécessaire et même souhaitable d'envisager un droit spécifique à cette entité économique ? Cette thèse traite d'une manière approfondie les diverses situations de contrôle, sa cession, sa finalité et les effets qui en résultent. Son objet est double : Dans une première approche, elle décrit les modes d'encadrement juridique de la notion de contrôle qui est une notion de fait, c'est-à-dire, dépendante des circonstances de chaque groupe. En effet, le droit a multiplié les définitions réservées à l'application des textes spécifiques. En outre, une définition unique serait source de rigidités : la multiplicité des modes de caractérisation permet une application plus aisée des textes en fonction de finalités divergentes. Le contrôle est une notion de dynamique externe des sociétés commerciales, spécifique au groupe de sociétés. Dans une seconde approche, la question qui se pose est de savoir si la cession de contrôle doit être soumise au cadre de la cession des droits sociaux ou convient-il de lui trouver un cadre spécifique plus adéquat adossé à sa réalité économique ? La réponse diverge selon que l'on apprécie les rapports entre les parties ou que l'on envisage les effets de l'opération vis-à-vis des tiers. Entre les contractants, il existe forcément une asymétrie informationnelle portant sur la valeur de la société. En revanche, à l'égard des tiers, le régime de droit commun des titres sociaux souligne des défaillances concrètes. La cession de contrôle est susceptible de nuire aux membres du groupe de sociétés, mais aussi de bouleverser le fonctionnement des marchés<br>Because there is no appropriate law for a group of companies, is it necessary, and even hopefully, that there is a specific law for this economic entity? This thesis deeply analyses the different situations of control, its transfer, its finality and the effects that result from it. This thesis has a double purpose: In a first approach, it describes the different ways of legal supervision of the notion of control which is a notion of fact, that is to say, it depends on the circumstances of each group. This is despite the stock-market law that seem to control all the practices. Indeed, the law has multiplied the definitions reserved to the application of specific texts. In addition, a unique definition would be too rigid: the multiplicity of the ways of caracterisation allows more easy application of the texts according to the divergent finalities. Control is a notion of external dynamic of commercial companies, specific to the group of companies. In a second approach, the question is to know if the control must be submitted to the supervision of the transfer of social rights or if it is necessary to find a more appropriate specific supervision, suitable to its economic realities? The answer is different according to whether one is interested in the relation between the different parties or the effects of the operation in relation with the third-parties. Between the contracting parties, there is obviously an informational asymmetry depending on the value of the company. On the other hand, for third-parties, common law of the social titles underlies total failure. The transfer of control is susceptible to harm members of the group of companies, but also to disrupt of markets
13
Essayan, Johanna. "L’influence de l’environnement familial sur la délinquance du mineur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1031.
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L'approche criminologique de la délinquance du mineur permet de mettre en lumière les facteurs jouant un rôle dans le processus délinquantiel. Si certaines analyses s'attachent à démontrer l'influence déterminante de l'environnement familial sur la délinquance du mineur, ces propos méritent d'être nuancés. La famille est le modèle de socialisation primaire de l'enfant. Un contexte familial, régi des comportements déviants ou une autorité défaillante, entraînerait dès lors des conséquences criminogènes pour l'enfant. Pour autant, celui-ci ne reproduit pas automatiquement le schéma familial et bénéficie d'une intégration sociale.Dès lors, les analyses multifactorielles de la délinquance mettent en évidence l'importance des autres facteurs environnementaux dans le passage à l'acte du mineur, celui-ci évoluant par la rencontre d'agents extérieurs à la famille.L'influence des facteurs tels que l'école et les groupes de pairs peut se manifester de telle sorte que cette hypothèse remettrait en cause la théorie selon laquelle la famille est un facteur déterminant. Si ces analyses se justifient, elles demeurent incomplètes, soulevant alors la question du lien entre la délinquance juvénile et le fonctionnement de la société occidentale<br>A criminalogy approach makes it possible to highlight decisive factors of the delinquency process (ou the criminal process). Some analysts aims to prove the importance of familial context on juvenile delinquency although these explanations seems insufficient. Family is the primary socialisation instance and familial background with deviant behaviors and defaulting authority could thus have an impact on juvenile delinquency. One can observe however that children sometimes do not reproduce the family scheme and are socially integrated. Consequently, a multi-factors analysis of delinquency points up the importance of other contextual factors, among them the external agents to the family encounters, in explaining the first acts of delinquency. Influence of factors as education and peer group imply the questioning of the familial background considered as a key factor of juvenile delinquency. If verified, these analysis remain nonetheless an incomplete explanation, while raising the question of the causal relationship between juvenile delinquency and the workings of Western society
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Tindall, Catherine F. "Are All Immigrants Criminals? Societal Perceptions Across Select Social Groups." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3019.
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This study explores the perceptions toward immigrant criminality in Utah of four distinct social groups: state legislators, immigrants, law enforcement personnel, and incarcerated immigrants. Each group was examined separately and found to have a variety of perceptions among their members. Themes emerged that provided insight into the overlap and complexity of these differences across social groups. Legislators appeared the most dichotomous: some believed immigration and crime to be positively correlated, especially for undocumented immigrants, while others perceived no such connection. Among immigrants, perceptions were extremely diverse, but generally represented by reference to an unsubstantiated stereotype that immigrants committed crime at a higher rate than non-immigrants, though there were wide gaps in other areas within this group. For law enforcement, perceptions varied according to social distance and the degree of interaction with immigrants: those officers who dealt more intimately with immigrants had more sympathetic and nuanced perceptions. Incarcerated immigrants represented a diversity of perceptions with complexities similar to those manifested in the immigrant group; but overall, most did not consider themselves to be criminal. Future research is suggested and recommended.
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鄺偉賢 and Wai-yin Kwong. "The co-operative building society : Olsonian group theory and economic factor analyses." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193424.
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This thesis uses Hong Kong’s empirical data to refute “Olson’s conjecture,” which stated that it is harder for a smaller group than a larger group to disintegrate. It investigates the rise and fall of the civil servants’ co-operative building society, which was a special form of housing arrangement for civil servants in Hong Kong that began in the 1950s. The focus is on the voluntary dissolution of civil servants’ co-operative building societies. Members of a society have a choice to maintain the status quo or opt for dissolution to potentially increase the value of their properties. Olson’s group theory (Olson 1965) and neo-classical economics factors were adopted to evaluate the decision time (i.e., from 1985 until the dissolution date) of the co-operative building society. Group size, land value, the real option value of redevelopment, and the overall housing market sentiment were significant factors that affected the timing of the dissolution of each co-operative building society.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Real Estate and Construction<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Lin, Szu-Yu. "Insider Perspectives of Mate Selection in Modern Chinese Society." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7698.
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With the increased exposure to Western cultures and the transition towards modernization, Chinese society has experienced substantial social change, which has influenced marital relationships. Although recent research has documented contemporary patterns of marital interaction, less is known about what Chinese adults consider to be an ideal marital partner and what their parent' roles play in the mate selection process. What do contemporary Chinese adults value in a partner? How much parental influence is involved in choosing an ideal marital partner? These questions were addressed by conducting six focus groups in Taipei, Taiwan. The focus groups included a total of 51 participants (male = 25; female = 26) and included separate groups for middle-aged married men, middle-aged married women, younger married men, younger married women, never-married young adult men, and never-married young adult women. The results from qualitative analysis indicated three major themes in an ideal partner: family-of-origin (e.g., similar family background, good relationship with in-laws), personal qualities (e.g., financially stable, responsible), and relationship qualities (e.g., getting along, communicating well, mutual respect, gender equality). These results indicate that contemporary Chinese adults value a combination of traditional Chinese (e.g., similar family background) and Western (e.g. good communication) values. When it comes to parental approval on their marriage, most younger participants reported that they would marry a person despite their parents' disapproval, although many indicated that they would want their parents' approval because it would increase family harmony. The older participants, on the other hand, were more likely to still favor parents having significant influence on who their children marry. Overall, the young Chinese participants showed greater incorporation of Western values than the older participants. These findings suggest that modern Chinese society is being increasingly influenced by individualistic Western values.
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Rhinefield, Jeffrey D. "Implications of societal fragmentation for state formation can democracy succeed in Afghanistan?" Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA445561.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Johnson, Thomas H. "March 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-104). Also available in print.
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Cruickshank, Neil A. "Power, civil society and contentious politics in post communist Europe." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/559.
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This dissertation examines how contentious collective action in two post communist states, Poland and the Czech Republic, has broadened to include European and international actors. It identifies the emergence of new opportunities for contention brought about by recent episodes of institutional change, specifically EU accession, and questions how they benefit materially or politically weak NGOs. With the intention of determining how three interrelated processes, democratization, Europeanization and internationalization, affect the nature and scope of contentious politics, this dissertation carries out an investigation of several concrete episodes of political mobilization and contention. As shown these 'contentious events' involved a myriad of national, European and international actors, mobilizing to challenge national policy. Data from NGO questionnaires, interviews and newswire/newspaper archives are used to discern the nature and scope of contentious collective action. This dissertation assesses the extent to which transnationalization of advocacy politics has disrupted existing power arrangements at the national level between NGOs and government. Hypothesizing that European Union accession in 2004 changed the nature and scope of contentious collective action in post communist Europe, this dissertation undertakes a comparative empirical examination of three sectors, environment, women and Roma, and twenty-nine representative NGOs. My research identifies three important developments in the Polish and Czech nonprofit sector: first, European advocacy networks and institutions are helping national NGOs overcome power disparities at the national level; second, issues once confined to national political space have acquired a European dimension, and; third, despite Europeanization, a few notable policy issues (i.e. reproductive rights, nuclear energy and domestic violence) remain firmly under national jurisdiction. This dissertation contributes to existing collective action/post communist scholarship in three ways. It applies established theories of contention/collective action to several recent episodes of political mobilization; it confirms that post accession institutional change does offer new political opportunity structures to national NGOs, and finally; it presents new empirical research on post communist collective action.
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Lewis, Nathalie. "Idéologie et action : quatre groupes écologiques québécois : la Société pour vaincre la pollution, the Society to overcome Pollution, l'Union québécoise de conservation de la nature et la Fédération québécoise de la faune." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6467.
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Le monde d'aujourd'hui est en mutation comme il le fut d'ailleurs a diverses epoques de l'histoire. La pensee moderne est-elle en crise? D'aucuns le postulent. Pour le mouvement ecologique, la particularite de notre siecle se retrouve au niveau physique, dans la realisation du caractere fini de la biosphere. Le vaste monde, par le truchement de la science et des communications, est devenu accessible. Conceptualiser l'etendue de notre planete est maintenant chose courante. Dans cet elan, les humains, seduits par les bienfaits de la science, ont, du meme coup, les connaissances necessaires pour realiser la precarite de la planete. Globalement, le defi du mouvement environnemental est d'arreter la degradation de la biosphere. A cet egard, chaque groupe qui lutte a la defense de l'environnement a des buts et des moyens propres. Toutefois, pour chacun, c'est une course contre la montre, tres serree. Dans la recherche de solutions, on tente de redefinir un cadre d'action. Entre le global et le local, on tergiverse. L'enjeu est de taille. Ce mouvement environnemental, qui est de plus en plus visible, sera l'objet de cette these. Nous etudierons particulierement la nature de l'ideologie vehiculee par le mouvement ecologique quebecois. Quelle est cette ideologie? Sommes-nous face a une ideologie analogue partagee par tous les groupes environnementaux ou avons-nous plusieurs courants ideologiques au sein du mouvement? Assistons-nous a la naissance d'une ideologie se demarquant des courants ideologiques modernes--liberalisme, conservatisme, marxisme...--ou est-ce un continuum logique d'une de ces ideologies modernes? Toutefois, avant d'entrer au coeur de cette problematique, glissons un mot sur le contexte environnemental quebecois.
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Ferran, Carole. "Le développement de la société holding dans les PME." Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0040.
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En France, à l'instar des grandes entreprises, le paysage économique se compose de petites et moyennes entreprises (pme), qui réalisent un pourcentage important du chiffre d'affaire global. Les chefs entreprises, désirant assurer le développement harmonieux des pme, recourent à la technique de la société holding, de manière croissante depuis quelques années. A côté des grands groupes financiers, un dirigeant de pme peut être à la tête d'un mini-groupe, constitué grâce à la création d'une société holding qui détient et gère les diverses participations détenues dans les sociétés opérationnelles. Cet instrument est devenu une forme d'organisation des pme, car il permet de créer un groupe de sociétés, qui en l'absence de règlementation globale, constitue une unité économique, financière et sociale, sans porter atteinte à l'indépendance juridique des sociétés. La société holding est également une technique de transmission des pme, transmission qui semble inquiéter l'unanimité des chefs d'entreprises, car elle est difficile et constitue une charge financière trop importante en France. Ce procédé de transmission permet grâce à l'effet de levier juridico-financier qu'il produit, d'abord, de transmettre la pme aussi bien à un héritier repreneur qu'à un tiers, et, constitue ensuite, un outil de financement de la transmission.
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Hu, Xinyu. "LE GROUPE DE SOCIETES EN DROIT FRANÇAIS ET EN DROIT CHINOIS." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967978.
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La création des groupes de sociétés est devenu un phénomène économique incontournable dans notre société moderne. Ce phénomène est reconnu, de manière différente, par les diverses branches de droit, tant en France qu'en Chine. Nous constatons sa prise en considération en droit des sociétés, en droit comptable, en droit fiscal, en droit financier, en droit social, en droit de la concurrence et même en droit pénal. Au sein d'un même pays, la reconnaissance juridique des groupes de sociétés n'est pas uniforme, en raison de la différence des finalités poursuivies par chacune des branches de droit. La création d'un droit spécial de groupe de sociétés, visant à lui affecter un statut juridique unique, s'avère inopportun. Actuellement, le groupe de sociétés n'est pas encore parfaitement défini en termes juridiques, et se caractérise par une certaine relativité en droit. Un droit régissant le groupe de sociétés semble impossible sauf à réaménager profondément le régime actuel du droit des sociétés. Afin de ne pas ignorer la réalité économique du groupe dans l'ordre juridique, il est plus pertinent d'adapter les règles de droit actuelles. A cet égard, le droit français sert de modèle pour le droit chinois. Ce dernier pourrait, dans les prochains travaux législatifs, s'inspirer des dispositifs légaux et jurisprudentiels français cherchant à préserver non seulement la dynamique économique de groupe de sociétés, mais aussi le maintien de l'équilibre des intérêts conflictuels entre les diverses parties prenantes. A l'égard des relations entre les associés majoritaires, minoritaires et les dirigeants sociaux, le droit français démontre que les règles traditionnelles du droit des sociétés sont a priori suffisantes pour résoudre les problèmes engendrés dans le cadre du groupe de sociétés. Ainsi les règles juridiques françaises paraissent équilibrées dans la mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité du groupe vis-à-vis des créanciers, y compris les salariés. Cet équilibre est assuré par une série de régimes classiques, tel que la fictivité, la confusion des patrimoines et la responsabilité des dirigeants de fait. Le droit chinois, fortement influencé par les régimes anglo-saxons, notamment par ceux de la "Business Judgement Rule " et de la " levée du voile corporatif ", pourrait s'inspirer des dispositifs français, plus adaptées et efficaces.
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Idris, Nor Azizan. "Malay-Muslim ethnicity and civil society groups : Linkages and their impact on malaysia's International relations." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497034.
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Kelley, LaFray. "Solution-Focused Couples' Group Therapy." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2573.
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Solution-focused therapy is one of the models of brief family therapy that has come into prominence during the 1980s and 90s. Whereas earlier forms of family therapy concentrated on problems and the behaviors that maintained them, solution-focused therapy places its emphasis on "exceptions" to the problem--times when it is not happening--and seeks to elaborate on and amplify these exceptions.
A solution-focused therapy model has been used with individuals, couples, and groups of individuals, but a search of the relevant literature revealed no information on its use with couples' groups. The purpose of this study was to develop a solution-focused treatment plan for a couples ' group and to test its effectiveness. A single-case research design was used with a multiple baseline assessment strategy across subjects. Participants' improvement on measures of overall marital satisfaction and specific goal achievement was considered in evaluation of effectiveness.
Five couples completed the program. Marital satisfaction was measured using the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) and the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMS) . On both measures 7 of the 10 participants showed improvement between baseline and intervention scores. Two participants showed little change in scores and 1 subject recorded a decline in score.
A self-report goal sheet utilizing a 0-10 scale was used to record progress toward individual and couple goals. Eight participants reported progress, 1 no change, and 1 a decline on both types of goals. The results of this study lend support to the supposition of positive out comes from solution-focused couples ' group work and suggest the need for further study.
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Martin, De Almagro Maria. "(Un)globalizing civil society: when the boomerang rebounds :transnational advocacy networks and women groups in post-conflict Burundi and Liberia." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209092.
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To date, few scholars have addressed the internal dynamics of transnational advocacy networks (TANs) and their impact on the production of international norms. The lack of research on the topic seems rather surprising at a time when constructivists produce literature on the significance of global civil society and the role networks play in processes of recruitment and collective identity construction (Crugel 1999; Keck and Sikkink 1998; Boli and Thomas 1999; Anheier et al. 2001; Taylor and Rupp 2001; Keane 2003; Bob 2005). I cover this gap by looking at how power struggles between the international and the local members of a TAN shape the implementation of international norms in post-conflict settings. The purpose of the thesis is twofold: firstly to contribute to a broader literature on global civil society and secondly, to propose a new, more dynamic account on the life-cycle of international norms. The campaign for the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security presents an ideal case study. First, it is one of the most successful stories of global norm creation and diffusion thanks to the advocacy efforts of non-state actors. Second, it also shows a case of policy gridlock, where the international efforts to bettering the situation of women in non-Western settings through an implicit liberal normative teleology have shown their limits by the socializee’s formal acceptance of the framework and informal resistance to the dominant norm. Based on extensive fieldwork, my approach combines feminist research methodology (Bar On 1993; Devault 1990; Pillow 2003; Taylor 2000), with the reflexive approach advocated by qualitative researchers in post-colonial and post-structuralist studies (Said 1978; Butler 1990; Escobar 1995). I conducted 60 semi-structured interviews with women activists during 4 field visits in Bujumbura (Burundi) and Monrovia (Liberia) between 2012 and 2013. Following discourse analysis theory (Shepherd 2008; Hansen 2006) and using NViVo8, the interviews were systematically analysed with regard to the reasons they put forward to explain their engagement in the women’s movement and the type of rights they sought to accomplish. The research is conducted through a relational approach in which the interactions of agents are affected by 1) a diversity of structural opportunities through three mechanisms: brokerage, gatekeeping and diffusion and, 2) a compound of ideas forming the master-frame. Those two, in turn, modify interests and identities, both understood as outputs and not as variables determining the interactions of agents. I show how a certain discourse on gender security became accepted as the master frame of the campaign, and how other discourses were left out. That is, I show how discourses created boundaries and identities amongst actors, and how these actors used their agency to stretch those boundaries and identities in order to steer other activists to move towards certain behaviour. Building upon my empirical findings, the thesis sets out a theoretical model of identity boundaries stretching and adaptation in order to analyse the discursive construction of identity and subjectivity as political action. It develops the concept of rebound effect, that is, the point where the ideational boundaries between the thrower of the boomerang (issue entrepreneur) and the receiver (issue follower) are so impervious that the boomerang bounces back and never reaches its destination. I found out that norms based on a liberal peacebuilding approach such as UNSCR1325 are created and maintained by a failure to engage with local and grassroots movements (Richmond 2013). This, in turn, contributes to a process of de-legitimization of NGOs and local associations who form the TAN vis-à-vis the affected population. My findings have important implications for international relation theories of global governance and global activism since they provided a critique of the mainstream norm’s cascade model by introducing new temporalities and geographies in the analysis of the life-cycle of international norms.<br>Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Aydin, Aysun. "A Different Approach To Evolutionary Ethics: From Biology To Society." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609245/index.pdf.
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In this thesis I analyze the evolutionary ethics and propose a new perspective that develops on the notion of altruism. The view of evolutionary ethics, especially the sociobiological account, has some problems. The most important philosophical problem is the &ldquo<br>is-ought&rdquo<br>problem which refers to the question as to whether moral propositions can be inferred from factual statements. In order to overcome this problem I suggest a different reading of the notion of altruism namely &ldquo<br>altruistic behavior practice&rdquo<br>that refers to norms, habits and repeated actions that provide the sustainability of society. The notion of altruistic behavior practice is presented and evaluated with the help of Alasdair MacIntyre&rsquo<br>s and John Dewey&rsquo<br>s moral philosophy. The moral views of these two philosophers are based on human practices and habitual formations in society. In this respect, evolutionary ethics and the notion of altruism are re-established on the basis of human practices and habitual modes of socialization.
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Anosike, Philemon O. Sr. "Praxialism: A Philosophical Foundation of Multicultural Education in a Democratic Society." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1365124962.
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Ouassini, Sahli Meriem. "La responsabilité de la société mère du fait de ses filiales." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090062/document.
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En principe, les sociétés intégrées à un groupe sont juridiquement indépendantes et sont des sociétés comme d’autres, jouissant de la personnalité morale, et participant à la vie juridique comme tout sujet de droit. Cette indépendance juridique de principe concorde mal avec la réalité caractérisée par le contrôle exercé par la société mère, chef de groupe, et qui est dicté par la communauté d'intérêts qui cimente le groupe, il y a une asymétrie entre la situation de fait et la situation de droit. La responsabilité du groupe ne pouvant, de fait, pas être engagée, l’autre option est la recherche de la responsabilité de la mère, en sa qualité de société contrôlante, lorsqu’un acte dommageable a été commis par sa filiale. Toutefois, la notion d’autonomie pose un écran juridique très résistant qui protège la mère de toute action menée à son encontre du fait de ses filiales. Par principe, la responsabilité de la société-mère pour les faits de sa fille ne peut donc être recherchée.Par ailleurs, les groupes de sociétés présentent généralement la particularité d’être marqués par le sceau de l’extranéité, en raison de leurs activités qui se déploient bien souvent au-delà des seules frontières nationales, ce visage transnational de l’activité des sociétés rend plus difficile la responsabilisation de la société mère pour les actes commis par ses filiales, il faut, effectivement, dire que le droit international public, n’est pas en mesure de développer un système de responsabilité globale pour des cas de dommages trans-frontières<br>In principle, a company incorporated in a group is legally independent and is a company like others, having its own legal personality, and participating in the legal life as any entity. This legal principle of independence hardly consistent with the reality characterized by the control exercised by the parent company, Group Head, which is dictated by the community of interest that binds the group, there is a mismatch between the actual situation and the legal situation. Responsibility for the group that can, in fact, not be engaged, the other option is to search the responsibility of the mother, in her capacity as controlling company, where a tort was committed by its subsidiary. However, the concept of autonomy is a very strong legal shield that protects the mother of any action taken against him because of its subsidiary. In principle, the responsibility of the parent to the facts of his daughter cannot be sought.In addition, groups of companies generally have the distinction of being marked by the seal of the foreign element, because of their activities which often deploy beyond national boundaries, this transnational face of corporate activity complicates accountability of the parent for the acts of its subsidiaries, it must indeed say that international law is not able to develop a system of global liability for transboundary damage
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DIEUMEGARD, JEAN-JACQUES. "Le g. I. E. : instrument de gestion et de developpement des groupes de societes." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010282.
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Les groupes de societes, apres avoir connu une forte croissance externe jusqu'au milieu des annees 1980, sont aujourd'hui confrontes a des difficultes de gestion inherentes a leur taille, qui doivent les conduire a rechercher des moyens de controler les activites des societes dont ils detiennent le capital, et les engager a reduire leurs couts de gestion, notamment administrative, en supprimant les doubles depenses. Pour ce faire, les societes d'un meme groupe doivent d'abord se rassembler, lister leurs besoins communs, et determiner la forme de leur cooperation : cooperation contractuelle, societaire, associative, ou au travers d'un groupement d'interet economique (g. I. E. ). Le g. I. E. Constitue une structure tres bien adaptee a cet objectif, car dote de la personnalite morale, qui lui confere la necessaire capacite de contracter et de s'engager, son objet legal est entierement oriente vers la satisfaction des besoins de ses membres, ce qui permet de faire de ce groupement le fondement de la croissance qualitative qui est recherchee, et un efficace instrument de developpement. La cooperation tres large qui peut ainsi etre instituee entre les societes du groupe a pour domaines d'application, la gestion de tresorerie, la commercialisation des produits, l'achat des matieres premieres, la gestion du personnel et des formalites administratives. La grande souplesse de fonctionnement du groupement d'interet economique, voulue par le legislateur qui en a fait une structure plus contractuelle qu'institutionnelle, permet egalement d'associer a son developpement les actionnaires et les salaries des societes du groupe, et constitue a cet egard, un pas decisif dans l'adaptation en droit francais des societes, des reflexions contemporaines relatives au gouvernement d'entreprise<br>After the important external groth of the mid eighties, groups of companies are now facing administration difficulties, because of their size, that might induce them to seek after means of controlling their companies, and reducing costs of administration, by the suppression of double expenses. To obtain this result, the companies belonging to the same group have primarly to assemble, determining their common needs, and afterward, to choose the mean of cooperation they want : contract, company, or economic interest group. The economic interest group is a mean of cooperation well adapted to this aim, because this form of group is a legal entity, able to contract, especially and only interested in the satisfaction of its members' needs, which allows them to use that group to build the group of companies' qualitative growth they are wanting to establish. The large functioning flexibility of the economic interest group enables also to associate to its development the salaries and shareholders of the companies belonging to the group, and constitute a first step to transpose in french company law, the contemporary corporate governance' reflexions
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Walter, Jean-Luc. "Etude d'implantation de la technologie de groupe : application à la société Holweg International." Mulhouse, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MULH0295.
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Parmi les stratégies possibles assurant la mutation de l'entreprise, l'approche basée sur la technologie de groupe semble très prometteuse. En effet, la technologie de groupe est un concept basé sur l'identification et l'exploitation des ressemblances ou similarités entre les produits et entre les processus de conception et de fabrication en vue de rationaliser la production et de diminuer les coûts industriels. Les objectifs fixés dans le cadre de notre étude portent sur le développement d'une méthodologie d'implantation de la technologie de groupe et le développement d'outils informatiques pouvant faciliter l'intégration de cette dernière au sein des entreprises. Le mémoire se divise en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre introduit le concept général de technologie de groupe. Le deuxième chapitre propose un modèle conceptuel d'étude d'implantation de la technologie de groupe. Nous utilisons l'outil S. A. D. T. (Structured Analysis Design Technique) pour restituer les fonctions principales d'une telle démarche. Le troisième chapitre présente l'étude et la réalisation d'un système général de technologie de groupe G. T. S. (Group Technology System). Les caractéristiques principales de G. T. S. Par rapport aux autres systèmes de T. G. A. O. (Technologie de Groupe Assistée par Ordinateur) sont: 1) l'utilisation d'algorithmes nouveaux de classification automatique, 2) l'utilisation de nouveaux algorithmes de discrimination, 3) l'utilisation d'une base de données unique pour l'analyse des flux et des codes. Le quatrième chapitre illustre l'application de notre méthodologie à l'étude d'un cas industriel relatif à une production manufacturière. Lors de cette étude, réalisée au sein de la société Holweg International, nous avons entre autres défini deux systèmes de codification, l'un dédié aux composants et l'autre attribué aux sous-ensembles des machines. La méthodologie développée conduit à une proposition de canevas de réflexion qui tente d'intégrer aussi bien l'homme, la machine et l'organisation. Le système G. T. S. Propose des outils d'analyse des données de production et d'exploitation de la technologie de groupe au sein d'une entreprise dans le but de réaliser une meilleure intégration avec les outils préexistants comme la G. P. A. O. Et la C. A. O.
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Dymock, Laura. "No compromise with their society : the politics of anarchy in anarcho-punk, 1977-1985." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101878.
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In order to analyze the relationship of punk to anarchy, this thesis will investigate the discursive function of "anarchy" both in contemporaneous accounts of punk and in subsequent histories. Beginning with the genesis of British punk and the first references to anarchy in different media during the late 1970s, subsequent chapters focus on the seminally influential anarcho-punk band Crass in order to discern their impact on the evolution of the anarcho-punk genre and its relationship to anarchism up through the mid-1980s. Several other anarcho-punk bands will also be considered for their contributions to this genre. In addition to providing an in-depth study of anarcho-punk, which has been largely ignored by scholars, the present work seeks to enhance understanding of the role of anarchy in punk discourse and hopes to offer a starting point for analysing recent developments in other politicised subcultures.
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Mercier, Géraldine. "Equipo 57. Un art expérimental collectif au service d’une transformation de la société, entre l’Espagne franquiste et l’Europe (1957-1966)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040200.
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Dans une Espagne étouffée par la dictature de Francisco Franco qui tente de réintégrer la scène artistique internationale en promouvant à l’étranger certains artistes abstraits informels, la position de collectif d’artistes abstraits géométriques Equipo 57 est singulière. Désireux de découvrir un monde libre et assoiffés de savoir, les jeunes artistes Juan Serrano, José Duarte, Agustín Ibarrola et Ángel Duart se rencontrent à Paris en 1957. Partageant les mêmes affinités pour l’art construit, les avant-gardes russes et la même volonté de rénovation de la vie culturelle espagnole, ils décident de former une équipe de travail et de discussion. De retour à Cordoue, rejoints par Juan Cuenca, les cinq membres du collectif élaborent la théorie de l’Interactivité de l’espace plastique qui sous-tend leurs créations, où l’individualité de chacun est gommée au profit de l’oeuvre collective. À la recherche d’un art qui puisse se réintégrer dans la vie quotidienne tout en questionnant la responsabilité de l’artiste, Equipo 57 emploie un langage rationnel et objectif qui s’exprime aussi bien dans le champ de la peinture, de la sculpture que du design. Il tente ainsi de conjuguer recherches formelles et engagement social. Cette première étude monographique en français propose d’analyser le parcours d’Equipo 57, depuis sa formation à Paris en 1957 jusqu’à dissolution officielle en 1966, en le confrontant au contexte socioculturel de l’Espagne franquiste et de l’Europe occidentale au tournant des années cinquante et soixante<br>In the 1950s, as Francisco Franco’s dictatorship tries to reintegrate its stifled country’s art scene onto the world stage by promoting certain Spanish abstract expressionists abroad, the position of Equipo 57, a collective of geometrical abstractionists, is unique. Eager to discover the free world, and thirsty for knowledge, the young artists Juan Serrano, José Duarte, Agustín Ibarrola and Ángel Duart meet in Paris in 1957. Sharing the same affinity for constructivist art and the Russian avant-garde, and united in their desire to renew Spanish cultural life, they decide to form a team of work and discussion. Upon their return to Cordoba, where they are joined by Juan Cuenca, the five members of the team elaborate a theory of the Interactivity of plastic space which guides their creation. The individuality of each member is thus erased for the good of the collective work. Aiming for an art that is able to enter into everyday life while questioning the responsibility of the artist, Equipo 57 uses a rational and objective language which takes form in painting, sculpture and design. They try to combine formal experiments as well as socio-political engagement. This premier monographic study in French aims to analyze the career of Equipo 57, from its inception in Paris in 1957 to its official dissolution in 1966. The group’s existence will be confronted with its sociocultural context in Franco’s Spain and Western Europe at the turn of the decade of the 1950s and 1960s
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GEREMIA, MARTA. "CONSUMO ETICO: DALL'ENGAGEMENT DEL CONSUMATORE AGLI EFFETTI TRASFORMATIVI SULLA SOCIETA'." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6046.
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Obiettivo della tesi è l’esplorazione di aspetti della relazione tra consumatori eticamente orientati ed aziende, considerando molteplici manifestazioni di relazioni problematiche consumatori-impresa o dalla cui relazione scaturiscono modificazioni sociali e di mercato. Nel primo studio si è indagata la capacità trasformativa dei consumatori eticamente orientati organizzati in GAS (Gruppi di Acquisto Solidali) mediante l’engagement relazionale con le imprese. Attraverso un duplice livello di engagement, tra membri del gruppo e del gruppo con i fornitori, si determinano collaborazioni impresa-consumatori basate sui valori che spingono alla modificazione di meccanismi di mercato alternativi rispetto a quelli mainstream. Nel secondo studio si è indagata la relazione, talora problematica tra consumatori-cittadini etici e non nei confronti di business sostenibili, nel caso specifico la produzione di energia da biomassa. Nonostante il business sia considerato sostenibile, la relazione dei consumatori etici con tali business può risultare non lineare e generare comportamenti positivi o negativi dei consumatori-cittadini nei confronti della fonte energetica. Infine, adottando la prospettiva dell’impresa, si è esplorato come business sostenibili, nel caso specifico setting di ricerca sono i servizi di car sharing, sono in grado di modificare atteggiamenti e comportamenti degli utenti attraverso l’uso del servizio.<br>The dissertation aims at exploring multifaceted aspects of ethical consumers-organization relationships. It takes into consideration multiple manifestations of issues aroused by the relationship and the market transformations lead by said relationships. The first study explores the potential of collective ethical consumers grouped in Solidarity Purchasing Groups (GAS) engaged with organizations to cooperate in order to affect market mechanisms and determine ethical transformations. A collaboration enhanced at switching mainstream market mechanisms towards improving sustainability values based markets is established between the ethical consumers groups and producers. On the second study a questionable ethical and non ethical consumers relationship with sustainable businesses, specifically biomass energy producers, has been taken into consideration. Though being sustainable, the consumer-citizen relationship with the firm could lead both to positive and negative behaviours. The last research, stemming from a car sharing organization’s perspective, explores the potential of a sustainable business model to affect and modify towards sustainability features consumers’ attitudes and behaviours through the use of sustainable business model as the car sharing services.
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Tanji, Miyume. "The enduring myth of an Okinawan struggle: the history and trajectory of a diverse community of protest." Thesis, Tanji, Miyume (2003) The enduring myth of an Okinawan struggle: the history and trajectory of a diverse community of protest. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/334/.
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The islands of Okinawa have a long history of people's protest. Much of this has been a manifestation in one way or another of Okinawa's enforced assimilation into Japan and their differential treatment thereafter. However, it is only in the contemporary period that we find interpretations among academic and popular writers of a collective political movement opposing marginalisation of, and discrimination against, Okinawans. This is most powerfully expressed in the idea of the three 'waves' of a post-war 'Okinawan struggle' against the US military bases. Yet, since Okinawa's annexation to Japan in 1879, differences have constantly existed among protest groups over the reasons for and the means by which to protest, and these have only intensified after the reversion to Japanese administration in 1972.
This dissertation examines the trajectory of Okinawan protest actors, focusing on the development and nature of internal differences, the origin and survival of the idea of a united 'Okinawan struggle', and the implications of these factors for political reform agendas in Okinawa. It explains the internal differences in organisation, strategies and collective identities among the groups in terms of three major priorities in their protest. There are those protesters principally preoccupied with opposing the US-Japan security treaty and for whom the preservation of pacifist clauses of the Constitution and the utilisation of formal legal and political processes are paramount as a modus operandi. There are also those primarily concerned to protect Okinawa's distinctive lifestyle and natural environment, as well as an assortment of feminist groups fundamentally opposed to the presence of US bases due to concerns about patriarchy and exploitation of women, fostered by militarism. In these last two perspectives, protest tends to be conducted much more via informal, network-oriented processes, and includes engagement with international civil society groups.
The increasing range of protest groups derived from the expansion of these last two perspectives, diversifying beyond the traditional workers' unions and political parties, is consistent with the 'new social movement' theory. This theory's emphasis on the importance of socio economic change for the emergence of groups with post-materialist reform agendas and a stronger predisposition towards informal political processes resonates with the Okinawan experiences. However, the impact of this has been, especially after the reversion in 1972, to hinder effective coalition building among the Okinawan protest groups and organisations, weakening their power to bring about political reforms, particularly towards the removal of the US military bases from the island.
Crucially, though, the idea of an 'Okinawan struggle' has endured in the community of protest throughout the post-war period. Ideas about marginalisation of, and discrimination against, Okinawans constitute a powerful myth of an 'Okinawan struggle', which has a long history of being redefined, used and exploited differently by a wide range of protest actors, adjusted to their particular and historically specific struggles. Indeed, in the event that the US military bases were withdrawn from Okinawa, the ability and appeal of the myth of an 'Okinawan struggle' would therefore not necessarily expire, even if it will increasingly be joined by other protest perspectives as a result of the flowering of new social movements.
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Tanji, Miyume. "The enduring myth of an Okinawan struggle : the history and trajectory of a diverse community of protest /." Tanji, Miyume (2003) The enduring myth of an Okinawan struggle: the history and trajectory of a diverse community of protest. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/334/.
Full textAbstract:
The islands of Okinawa have a long history of people's protest. Much of this has been a manifestation in one way or another of Okinawa's enforced assimilation into Japan and their differential treatment thereafter. However, it is only in the contemporary period that we find interpretations among academic and popular writers of a collective political movement opposing marginalisation of, and discrimination against, Okinawans. This is most powerfully expressed in the idea of the three 'waves' of a post-war 'Okinawan struggle' against the US military bases. Yet, since Okinawa's annexation to Japan in 1879, differences have constantly existed among protest groups over the reasons for and the means by which to protest, and these have only intensified after the reversion to Japanese administration in 1972.
This dissertation examines the trajectory of Okinawan protest actors, focusing on the development and nature of internal differences, the origin and survival of the idea of a united 'Okinawan struggle', and the implications of these factors for political reform agendas in Okinawa. It explains the internal differences in organisation, strategies and collective identities among the groups in terms of three major priorities in their protest. There are those protesters principally preoccupied with opposing the US-Japan security treaty and for whom the preservation of pacifist clauses of the Constitution and the utilisation of formal legal and political processes are paramount as a modus operandi. There are also those primarily concerned to protect Okinawa's distinctive lifestyle and natural environment, as well as an assortment of feminist groups fundamentally opposed to the presence of US bases due to concerns about patriarchy and exploitation of women, fostered by militarism. In these last two perspectives, protest tends to be conducted much more via informal, network-oriented processes, and includes engagement with international civil society groups.
The increasing range of protest groups derived from the expansion of these last two perspectives, diversifying beyond the traditional workers' unions and political parties, is consistent with the 'new social movement' theory. This theory's emphasis on the importance of socio economic change for the emergence of groups with post-materialist reform agendas and a stronger predisposition towards informal political processes resonates with the Okinawan experiences. However, the impact of this has been, especially after the reversion in 1972, to hinder effective coalition building among the Okinawan protest groups and organisations, weakening their power to bring about political reforms, particularly towards the removal of the US military bases from the island.
Crucially, though, the idea of an 'Okinawan struggle' has endured in the community of protest throughout the post-war period. Ideas about marginalisation of, and discrimination against, Okinawans constitute a powerful myth of an 'Okinawan struggle', which has a long history of being redefined, used and exploited differently by a wide range of protest actors, adjusted to their particular and historically specific struggles. Indeed, in the event that the US military bases were withdrawn from Okinawa, the ability and appeal of the myth of an 'Okinawan struggle' would therefore not necessarily expire, even if it will increasingly be joined by other protest perspectives as a result of the flowering of new social movements.
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Gaillard, Fabien. "Le droit des sociétés à l’épreuve de la société privée européenne." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40013/document.
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« L’Europe ne se fera pas en un jour, ni sans heurts.», dixit Monsieur Robert Schuman. Tel est le constat qui peut encore être fait à l’heure actuelle avec l’adoption, après trente ans d’intenses débats au niveau européen, de la Societas Europaea, introduite en droit français avec la loi du 26 juillet 2005 pour la confiance et la modernisation de l’économie, complétée par les décrets du 14 avril 2006 et du 9 novembre 2006. La même analyse peut s’appliquer à la proposition du règlement de la commission européenne relatif au statut de la société privée européenne faite le 25 juin 2008, en cours d’examen devant le Parlement Européen. Il s’agit de démontrer l’existence de normes communautaires flexibles propices au développement des normes statutaires, à l'image de celles applicables à la société privée européenne (SPE) d'origine communautaire et d'essence contractuelle. La SPE doit être analysée comme structure sociétaire, symbole de l’émancipation du droit communautaire et vecteur du principe de libre établissement des sociétés, à la fois par rapport à sa « grande cousine », la société européenne, et à travers l’étude des normes communautaires comme éléments nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des structures européennes.La question est enfin de savoir si le recours à la SPE constitue un instrument pertinent dans les opérations de restructuration intra-communautaire. Deux axes de réflexion semblent s’imposer : l’aménagement des relations contractuelles intragroupe via le modèle de la SPE et la SPE comme élément moteur dans le cadre des opérations de fusion intracommunautaire<br>“Europe will not be made in a day, nor without any clashes,” according to Mr Robert Schuman. The statement proved to be true with the adoption, after thirty years of intense debates at the European level, of Societas Europaea, introduced into French law with the bill of July 26, 2005 for the confidence and modernization of the economy, supplemented by the decrees of April 14, 2006 and November 9, 2006. The same analysis can be made of the European Commission proposals for the regulations relating to the statute of the European private company made on June 25, 2008, and now under consideration before the European Parliament. The question is to show the existence of flexible Community standards favourable to the development of statutory standards, in the image of those applicable to the European Private Company of Community origin and which is contractual in essence. The European Private Company should be analysed as a member structure and a symbol of the emancipation of Community legislation as well as a vector of the principle of free establishment of companies both in relation to its “big cousin,” the European Company, and through the study of Community standards as necessary elements to the correct operation of European structures. The next step is to question if resorting to the European Private Company constitutes a relevant instrument in the operations of intracommunitarian reorganization following two main lines of investigation: the adjustment of contractual intragroup relations via the model of the European Private Company and the European Private Company as a mainspring within the framework of intracommunitarian fusion operations
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Erisman, Wendy Elizabeth. "Forward into the past : the poetics and politics of community in two historical re-creation groups /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Hagege, Patrick. "Les Projets de société européenne face aux nouvelles formes de l'entreprise." Amiens, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AMIE0052.
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Boutoulle, Frédéric. "Société lai͏̈que en Bordelais et Bazadais des années 1070 à 1225 (pouvoirs et groupes sociaux)." Bordeaux 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR30038.
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En Bordelais et Bazadais, le milieu du XIIe siècle représente une césure majeure. Entre les années 1070 et les années 1150, c'est le temps des "principes". Le Duc d'Aquitaine, malgré une très vaste directe, est un personnage à l'autorité lointaine ne s'interposant pas dans les contentieux entre puissants. Les châtelains, au nombre d'une vingtaine, et les barons non châtelains con stituent le groupe des "principes". Leur autorité s'appuie sur une structure seigneuriale faite de cellules dipersées et sur des fidélités et des clientèles soudées par des donations en pleine propriété ou par des concessions de fief. La féodalité régionale est encore souple. Le mariage d'Henri Plantagenêt et de la duchesse Aliénor change la donne (1152) : c'est le temps du roi-duc (1052-1225). Avec les Plantagenêts la région est engagée dans une série de conflits et de guerres. Les rois-ducs imposent un renforcement de leur autorité par l'introduction de nouvelles coutumes féodales, par le relèvement de la fiscalité et par le biais de la paix du roi. Il en résulte une nette militarisation de l'aristocratie. Parallèlement les seigneuries lai͏̈ques se renforcent. La paysannerie cependant n'est pas massivement asservie : derrière les "questaux", la majorité des ruraux reste composée d'alleutiers et de censitaires, assimilées à des feudataires. En revanche, les bourgeoisies des villes du roi-duc profitent de l'essor économique ou des besoins du roi pour s'affirmer socialement et obtenir d'importants privilèges dans les années 1205-1206.
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Huynh, Thuy Phan Trang. "Situation juridique de la filiale vietnamienne d'une société mère française." Toulouse 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU10009.
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Avec le développement des groupes de sociétés dans le monde, l'installation de filiales à l'étranger paraît être un phénomène évident, parfois incontournable. Ce sujet d'actualité intéresse tout particulièrement le Vietnam, qui se présente aujourd'hui comme l'une des destinations d'investissements les plus attrayantes au monde. En tant que société, la filiale est avant tout une personnalité juridique indépendante de sa société mère. Elle satisfait elle-même aux obligations demandées par le système juridique vietnamien. Toutefois, l'apparence du groupe exige de la filiale des contributions en tant que membre du groupe. Par conséquent, le principe de l'autonomie de la filiale en tant que personne morale au sein d'un groupe de sociétés doit pouvoir coexister avec les relations qui peuvent avoir lieu entre la filiale et la société mère, même si ces étroites relations portent atteinte au principe d'autonomie des personnes morales. Face à cette réalité, le droit vietnamien et le droit français ont reconnu l'existence de la relation entre la filiale et la société mère et cherchent à les encadrer en persévérant l'autonomie juridique de la filiale. A travers de nombreuses réformes juridiques entreprises, le Vietnam a su offrir aux investisseurs un environnement favorable et familier en se conformant aux normes internationales. La main-d'oeuvre y représente un coût relativement faible et a une propension croissante à la consommation. Avec un environnement d'investissement assuré, une stabilité politique forte, une législation et un système juridique sans cesse complétés et améliorés, ainsi qu'une force de travail motivée, le Vietnam est actuellement un des marchés qui parvient à attirer les investisseurs étrangers<br>With the development of groups of companies around the world, the installation of foreign affiliates seems obvious, sometimes unavoidable. This topic is particularly relevant to Vietnam, which stands today as one of the most attractive places to invest in the world. As a company, the subsidiary is, above all, a legal personality independent of the parent company, complying with Vietnamese law. However, the group requires contributions of the subsidiary as a member of the group. Therefore, the sacrosanct principle of autonomy of subsidiary and the parent company, even if these close relationships affect the principle of autonomy of legal persons. Faced with this reality, Vietnamese law and French law have recognized the existence of the relationship between the subsidiary and the parent company and seek to define them in persevering the legal autonomy of the subsidiary. Through numerous legal reforms, Vietnam attracts investors with a familiar business environment in accordance with international standards. The workforce represents a relatively low cost and has a growing propensity for consumption. With a guaranteed investment environment, political stability, a legal system in constant improvement, and an industrious and disciplined work force, Vietnam is currently one of the key markets to attract foreign investors
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Vuillermot, Catherine. "L'énergie industrielle : d'une société à un groupe de production-distribution d'énergie électrique (1906-1945)." Lyon 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO22020.
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Ce travail decrit la formation et le fonctionnement d'un groupe industriel de 1906 a 1945, l'energie industrielle qui opte pour une strategie de croissance externe. Pour se constituer un important portefeuille-titres, pierre-marie durand met en oeuvre des strategies financieres communes aujourd'hui, mais, qui sont alors precoces. Elles resultent de la politique de la societe-mere et de celle de son holding. L'essentiel de la croissance est de type horizontal. Elle contribue a l'etablissement de veritables monopoles regionaux en bretagne ou en rhone-alpes apres une intense politique de concentration et de rationalisation. Toutefois, la structure de fonctionnement de l'ensemble n'aboutit pas a une grande compagnie mais a un groupe. Ensemble de societes juridiquement independantes, le groupe n'existe que par un reseau humain centre sur la famille durand qui lui insuffle une politique d'ensemble. Des bases de donnees permettent d'analyser, a la fois, les proprietaires du groupe, c'est-a-dire les actionnaires, et sa realite, c'est-a-dire le reseau d'administrateurs. On peut ainsi preciser si le groupe est une structure entrepreneuriale, familiale ou manageriale. La famille durand maintient une politique paternaliste sans uniformite, multiplie les ententes avec ses concurrents et participe a la mise en place du reseau national d'interconnexion. Apres avoir axe sa croissance sur la distribution, le groupe fait le pari de developper la production hydroelectrique. Dans l'ensemble, les filiales degagent d'importants benefices ce qui permet de distribuer de bons dividendes. Cette politique a l'avantage de multiplier les petits souscripteurs potentiels et d'eviter le recours a un actionnaire important. Elle laisse donc l'integralite du pouvoir de decision dans les mains de la famille. Mais, en 1946, le groupe est nationalise<br>This research work depicts the formation and functioning of an industrial group from 1906 to 1945. The energie industrielle chooses a strategy of external development. So, as to make up an important portfolio of securities, p-m. Durand plans financial strategies, which are common today, but which were precocious then. Those strategies result from a policy of parent company as well as from its holding company. The main part of the growth is horizontal. It contributes to the creation in brittany or in the "rhone-alpes" area of real regional monopolies due to an intense policy of concentration and rationalization. However, its working structure does not result in the creation of a large company but in the creation of a group. Being a group of legally independent companies, the latter only exists through a network of people centered on the durand family who inspire that group with a management. Databases allow to analyse both the group's owners, that is to say the stockholders, and its reality, that is to say the network of managers. So, we can point out whether the group is either an entreprise-like, family-like or corporation-like structure. The durand family is faithfull to a paternalistic policy without uniformity, it multiplies the agreements with its competitors and is involved in the setting up of the interconnexion national network. After basing its growth on the distribution, the group bets on the development of the hydro-electric production. On the whole, affiliates make important profits, which enables to give out good dividends. This policy has the advantage of multiplying the number of potential small subscribers and of avoiding the use of an important shave-holder. Thus, the whole decision-making power is left in the hands of the family. But in 1946 the group is nationalized
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Colton, Katie L. "The Sue-and-Settle Phenomenon: Its Impact on the Law, Agency, and Society." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7412.
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Sue-and-settle is the name applied to a federal agency’s use of litigation to create policy outside of the normal regulatory process. This paper discusses the impact that the sue-and-settle policy has had on Congress, the judiciary, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Specifically, this paper will discuss the issues caused by the perception of collusion within the sue-and-settle policy. First, this paper examines whether a relationship occurs between the litigants. The paper then discusses whether the relationship between the litigants in sue-and-settle cases tends to be collusive or not. The second part of the paper examines how Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary are viewed because of the continued perception of collusion in the agency’s settlements. Overall, this paper finds that, the impacts of the sue-and-settle policy, and the perception of collusion, has affected Congress, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the judiciary by increasing regulation, distorting the purpose of the courts, and resulting in a lost value for the regulatory process.
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Dennis, Alan Robert. "Parallelism, anonymity, structure, and group size in electronic meetings." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185494.
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An Electronic Meeting System (EMS) is a computer-based environment that supports group meetings that may be dispersed in space and time. The focus of this dissertation is on EMS meeting rooms containing networked computer workstations that enable groups to meet face-to-face, with computer-supported electronic communication used to support or replace verbal communication. This electronic communication provides anonymity, the ability to work in parallel, and the ability to structure group interaction. This dissertation presents 10 laboratory and field studies using the University of Arizona GroupSystems EMS. The first experiment found 6- and 12-member EMS groups to be more satisfied and to generate more ideas of greater quality than similarly-sized verbally interacting groups. Experiments Two and Three found 9- and 12-member (respectively) EMS groups to be more satisfied and to generate more ideas than similarly-sized nominal groups (i.e., individuals working separately). Experiment Four found 18-member groups to generate more ideas than two 9-member groups, six 3-member groups or 18 individuals; and 12-member groups to generate more ideas than three 4-member groups or 12 individuals. The remaining three experiments examined the separate impacts of anonymity, parallelism, and structure. Parallelism and structure both had significant effects on performance; anonymity did not. The three field studies were conducted to help understand how organizational groups used this technology, and whether there was any evidence to support the theory developed and tested in the laboratory. The first studied 10 operations management groups, the second six small project teams, and the third organizations' use of EMS in the strategic management process. These field studies found EMS groups to perceive EMS support to improve effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. These effects were stronger for larger groups and for groups that used more electronic communication relative to verbal communication. Parallelism, and to a lesser degree structure, where seen to be important. Anonymity was very important for groups with power and status differences, but had few effects for groups of peers or groups whose members worked together on a regular basis.
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McDougall, William Andrew. "Pressure groups and occupational health : the society for the prevention of asbestosis and industrial diseases (SPAID), 1976-2008." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.688294.
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Eastman, Cari Lee Skogberg. "Civil society on the line: Examining the relationship between media and activist groups along the Arizona/Sonora border." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3303869.
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Paisnel, Etienne. "La noblesse de Normandie au XIXème siècle. : Du comportement socio-politique des membres de l'ancien Ordre et de son intégration au sein de la Nation." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC015.
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L’histoire de la noblesse au cours du XIXeme siècle est un champ historiographique peu exploité par les historiens français. La première grande étude étant celle de David Higgs. Auparavant, l’histoire de la noblesse post-révolutionnaire a toujours été envisagée comme partie de l’histoire des élites telles qu’établie par Louis Bergeron et Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret. Pour envisager la noblesse du XIXeme sujet spécifique, il faut dépasser le bilan dressé par Karl Marx et Jean Jaures qui ont voulu voir dans la noblesse l’expression d’une société sclérosée disparue au cours des événements révolutionnaires.Le premier point à résoudre est de trouver une définition de la noblesse qui permette d’établir une base de travail non équivoque. Ainsi, la noblesse du XIXeme siècle n’est plus celle de l’Ancien Régime. Elle n’est plus protégée par des statuts et des privilèges qu’elle a souhaité elle-même supprimer. Par conséquent la noblesse est composée d’hommes et de femmes qui ont une conscience ethnologique d’appartenir à un groupe ayant des valeurs et des comportements similaires.Le cadre géographique de la recherche est élargi à l’ensemble des cinq départements normands afin de mieux repérer et suivre les particularismes de la noblesse ainsi que l’influence de Paris limitrophe avec la région.La période s’étend de 1789 à 1910 afin de saisir l’ensemble des variations de l’influence politique de la noblesse normande. L’impact de chacune des révolutions ainsi que le rôle de la noblesse dans l’émergence des mouvements révolutionnaires entrent ainsi dans le champ de l’étude.De manière connexes seront envisagés les influences économiques et intellectuelles de la noblesse, notamment son rôle sur les tracés de chemins de fer ou sur la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie<br>The history of the nobility during the 19th century is a historiographical field less strudied by historians. The first of them were the one of David Higgs. Previously, the history of the post-revolutionary nobility was always envisaged as part of elites hystory, such as established by Louis Bergeron and Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret. To envisage the nobility of the specific subject 19th, it is necessary to exceed the balance assessment raisedby Karl Marx and Jean Jaures who wanted to see in the nobility the expression of a calcified society, which has disappeared during the revolutionary events.The first point to be solved is to find a definition of the nobility which allows to establish basis of not ambiguous work. So, the nobility of the 19th century is not any more the one of the Ancien Régime.It is not any more protected by statutes and privileges which she wished herself to rease. Consequently the nobility consists of men and women who have an ethnological consciousness to belong to a group having values and similar behavior.The geographical frame of the search is widened to the set of five Norman departments in order to find and follow the senses of identity of the nobility as well as the influence of bordering Paris.The period extends from 1789 till 1910 to seize all the variations of the political influence of the Norman nobility. The impact of each of the revolutions as well as the role of the nobility in the emergence of the revolutionary movements so enter the field of the study.In a related way will be envisaged the economic and intellectual influences of the nobility, in particular its role on the plans of railroads or on the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie
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Desoutter, Vanessa. "La responsabilité civile de la société mère vis-à-vis de sa filiale : comparaison entre l'Arkiengesetz allemande et le droit français des groupes." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30090.
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Le phénomène de groupe s’est accentué et internationalisé bouleversant ainsi les intérêts en présence dans une société. L’Allemagne est un des premiers États à s’intéresser au phénomène de groupe et surtout à l’appréhender au travers de la codification de l’Aktiengesetz en 1965 qui introduit des mécanismes propres aux relations de groupe destinés à protéger les intérêts de la société par actions dépendante, ses actionnaires et ses créanciers externes. Le législateur français a renoncé à une réglementation cohérente du droit des groupes privilégiant le recours aux instruments du droit commun. Face aux particularités des relations de groupe, il s’est néanmoins efforcé à améliorer sa prise en compte par des interventions correctives ponctuelles.Les solutions retenues par chacun des deux régimes pour appréhender le phénomène de groupe divergent donc profondément. L’examen de la responsabilité de la société mère du fait de sa filiale, plus particulièrement les cas spécifiques de responsabilité de l’entreprise dominante dans le cadre de la codification allemande, illustre parfaitement la diversité des appréhensions. Les derniers revirements de la jurisprudence allemande à l’égard de l’applicabilité de la codification du droit des groupes à la société à responsabilité limitée conduisent néanmoins à un rapprochement du droit allemand par rapport au droit français. En abandonnant l’application par analogie de la codification du droit des groupes à l’égard des sociétés à responsabilité limitée au profit d’un nouveau cas de responsabilité fondée sur l’atteinte à l’existence, la Cour fédérale allemande de Justice s’écarte de la recherche prioritaire de protection du patrimoine social pour privilégier la sanction d’un comportement abusif et rejoint en cela la conception retenue par le droit français<br>The group phenomenon has strongly evolved within the last decades; it increased tremendously and turned international.Germany is one of the first states which legally takes the group into consideration. With the Aktiengesetz from 1965, the German legislator introduced specific mechanisms to regulate the group relationships between the dominant company and a dependant Aktiengesellschaft (public limited company). The main purpose of this partial codification of the group law was to protect the interests of the dominated company, its shareholders and creditors.The French legislator renounced a consistent regulation of the group law and privileged the use of the legal instruments provided by ordinary law. However, the particularity of intra-group relationships forced the legislator to take intermittent corrective measures to protect threatened interests within the dominated company.The solutions chosen by both of the studied law systems deeply diverge from each other. The examination of the liability of the parent company towards its subsidiary’s behaviour, particularly the specific cases of liability defined in the German codification, illustrates perfectly the diversity of the apprehensions.However, the lastest development of the German jurisprudence towards the applicability of the Aktiengesetz codification to the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (Limited liability company) leads to a rapprochement of German law to French law. In refusing to apply per analogy the liabilities according to the Aktiengesetz codification to the limited liability company and introducing a new principal of liability based on the German civil code, the Bundesgerichtshof (German federal court of justice) follows the conception of the French law focusing its attention on the abusive behaviour rather than on the protection of the dependant company<br>Im Laufe der letzten Jahre nahm die Zahl der in Konzernstrukturen integrierten Unternehmen zu. Juristisch stellt der Konzern die große Herausforderung, die theoretische unabhängige Rechtspersönlichkeit der verbundenen Unternehmen mit den tatsächlichen Gegebenheiten eines Konzerns in Einklang zu bringen, dar. Als Lösungsansatz wählte der deutsche Gesetzgeber eine Teilkodifizierung der Konzernproblematik in dem im Jahre 1965 in Kraft getretenen Aktiengesetzes. Ziel der sich im dritten Buch aufgenommenen Regeln ist es, das durch das Konzernphänomen gestörte Verhältnis der unterschiedlichen Interessen der abhängigen Gesellschaft, dessen Aktionäre und Gläubiger, durch einen Interessenausgleich wiederherstellen. Der französische Gesetzgeber verfolgte hingegen den Ansatz einer punktuellen Anpassung verschiedenster Rechtsgebiete.Die Besonderheiten der deutschen Teilkodifizierung des Konzernrechts im Aktiengesetz werden herausarbeitet und mit der französischen Herangehensweise verglichen. Durch eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse wird dann die besondere und außergewöhnliche zivilrechtliche Haftung der Muttergesellschaft gegenüber ihrer Tochtergesellschaft dargestellt. Insbesondere weist die Aufgabe der Rechtsprechung zum qualifiziert faktischen Konzern gegenüber der GmbH und die Einführung der Existenzvernichtungshaftung eine Annäherung der konzeptionellen Entwicklung des deutschen Rechts zum französischen Recht auf. Demnach wird als grundlegende Voraussetzung für eine außervertragliche Haftung das Vorliegen eines Missbrauches in den Vordergrund gestellt.Abschließend zeichnet sich ein deutliches Abrücken von einer vollumfänglichen Kodifizierung zugunsten von punktuellen Anpassungen des Gesetzes sowie die Ausgestaltung und Verfeinerung der Rechtsprechung aus
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Serrato, Margaret Gilchrist. "The role of the physical environment in work group communication patterns." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21410.
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Alexandrov, Timur. "Central Asian civil society : dynamics of associational life in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285175.
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This thesis analyses local forms of civil society practised in contemporary Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and provides a common thread on which to base a Central Asian understanding of civil society. I look to find out factors and constituents, which on the surface might be different from a classical liberal concept of civil society. The thesis applies a wider anthropological framework, which sees civil society as a broad network of social relationships, including traditional forms of associational life that can be relatively independent of the state. The study draws upon a multi-locale ethnography in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan including in-depth and focus group interviews, participant observations, case studies, and archival research. I have investigated associations whose activities are concerned with reciprocal relations within society based on community solidarity, self-help, and mutual trust. These include professional associations, trade unions, ethno-cultural associations, religious organisations, courtyard clubs, the traditional Uzbek neighbourhood institution of mahalla, and informal practices of gap and khashar. While arguing that the meaning of civil society depends on context, the study has found that traditional elements of the preserved social fabric in Central Asian societies are reflected in today's networks of individuals. The thesis has generated knowledge on how local forms of associational life define the civil sphere by shaping social organisation, solidarity and mobilisation. Through empirical understanding of the public space, formal and informal networks that bond people together, we can locate wider ethnographic differences between not only the original and Central Asian concepts of civil society but also between two local cultures of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
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Yesmin, Shova Tahmina. "Liberal Citizenship in a Multicultural Society : Brian Barry's and William Galston's Approaches to Citizenship." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138441.
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This thesis demonstrates a comparative and analytic discussion of citizenship idea based on two distinct liberal doctrines of two contemporary political philosophers: Brian Barry and William Galston. Barry's egalitarian liberalism argues for 'common citizenship' notion in order to promote liberty and equal treatment of all individuals irrespective of any social differences. On the other hand, 'liberal pluralist citizenship' of William Galston's signifies his liberal pluralism to mitigate cultural and religious conflicts of liberal democratic society. The fundamental disagreements among these liberal approaches over the issues of public recognition of group rights and restricted state authority are analysed in this study. Finally, by analysing both the liberal positions under the challenge of multicultural issues the author defends Galston's liberal idea and judges it as more convincing than Barry's liberal approach.
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Lihoreau, Mathieu. "Organisation et fonctionnement des groupes sociaux chez une blatte grégaire : un autre modèle de société d’insectes." Rennes 1, 2009. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01147410.
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Les théories clés en sociobiologie ont été élaborées à partir du fonctionnement des espèces eusociales au détriment de la majorité des espèces, dont l’étude est cependant une étape indispensable pour une compréhension globale de l’évolution de la socialité. Les blattes constituent alors un modèle de choix, par leur proximité phylogénétique avec des espèces solitaires et des espèces eusociales. Ce travail est consacré à l’analyse de l’organisation et du fonctionnement des groupes sociaux chez une blatte grégaire, Blattella germanica (L. ). Avec une approche interdisciplinaire (éthologie, écologie, chimie, modélisation), nous démontrons i) une interdépendance des individus envers le groupe, ii) une reconnaissance de parentèle qui régit les interactions entre les membres du groupe, et iii) une coopération sous forme d’un recrutement alimentaire pour exploiter les ressources du milieu. Les agrégats de B. Germanica constituent par conséquent des groupes sociaux organisés, sièges de communication et de coopération. L’ensemble de ce travail décrit un modèle de société d’insectes principalement basé sur les avantages écologiques de la vie en groupe<br>Key theories in sociobiology have been based mainly on the functioning rules of eusocial species, while the great majority of species were neglected, although their study is a necessary step to improve our understanding of social evolution. In this context, cockroaches constitute a good model because of their phylogenetic proximity with solitary as well as eusocial species. My thesis focused on the analysis of the organization and functioning of social groups in a gregarious cockroach, Blattella germanica (L. ). With an interdisciplinary approach (ethology, ecology, chemistry, modelling) I demonstrated i) interdependence of group members, ii) kin recognition mechanism that shapes interactions among group members, and iii) the occurrence of cooperation between group members to exploit food resources. My results evidence that aggregates form real social groups involving communication and cooperation. All my data allow me to present a model of insect society when group-living is primarily based on ecological benefits