Academic literature on the topic 'Grouting material'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grouting material"
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Yang, Qingguo, Ying Li, Hua Zou, et al. "Study of the Effect of Grouting Material Strength on Semiflexible Pavement Material." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (November 1, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5958896.
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In this study, cement mortars with different strengths are poured into the large void matrix asphalt macadam material as a semiflexible pavement (SFP) material and the experimental research is carried out. The current research on SFP is mainly focused on the performance of grouting materials and the influence of grouting matrix materials on the overall mechanical properties of SFP and road performance. However, there are some flaws in the study of the influence of grouting material strength on the performance of SFP materials: the difference between the strengths of the selected grouting materials is relatively small, and in some studies, the chosen grouting material strength is low, which leads to insignificant improvements of SFP material performance; besides, the research indicators are also not very comprehensive. In this study, cement grouting asphalt macadam materials are selected as the research object to examine the effect of grouting material strength on the mechanical properties and road performance of SFP materials. Grouting materials with strengths of 19.8 MPa, 30.7 MPa, and 40.2 MPa were poured into the matrix asphalt macadam with a target void ratio of 24% and asphalt content of 2.9% to prepare the corresponding SFP test specimens. The SFP specimens were then subjected to the compressive test, flexural and tensile test, high-temperature stability test, and low-temperature crack resistance test, and the compressive resilient modulus was measured, thereby analyzing the effect of the cement slurry strength on the cement grouting asphalt macadam materials. The results show that when the strength of the cement mortar is 19.8 MPa, 30.7 MPa, and 40.2 MPa, the corresponding SFP material has better mechanical properties. When the strength of the grouting material is 40.2 MPa, the compressive strength of the SFP material is about the same as that of the grouting material. The strength is more than double that of 19.8 MPa and 30.7 MPa, and the flexural tensile strength and elastic modulus also have the above growth laws. The low-temperature crack resistance and high-temperature stability of the SFP material are enhanced with the increase in the strength of the grouting material. When the strength of the grouting material is 40.2 MPa, the mechanical properties and road performance of the SFP material are relatively better. This study provides a reference for strengthening the mechanical properties of SFP materials and boosting the crack resistance of SFP.
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Duan, Hao Ran, Peng Zhao, Lei Qin, and Feng Jiao Shi. "Research on Grouting Materials for Underground Construction Projects." Materials Science Forum 1036 (June 29, 2021): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1036.319.
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The engineering practice shows that the application of grouting technology to treat underground engineering has strong applicability and is one of the most commonly used technical means at present. Based on the underground engineering, this paper introduces the research achievements of grouting materials in recent years, including cement-based grouting materials, mixed grouting materials, anti-scouring grouting materials, and ultra-fine cement grouting materials. Current demand of grouting materials in underground engineering, there exists large dosage of cement, high content, high cost, serious environmental pollution problems, such as looking for alternatives or mixed with other raw materials for preparation of cementation material become the development trend, compared with the cement grouting material, chemical grouting material with higher performance, but in smaller projects within the scope of application. How to reduce the production cost of chemical grouting materials, simplify the production process, overcome the existing toxicity, reduce environmental pollution and improve the durability of solidified body has become the bottleneck of its popularization and application. Some achievements have been made in the modification of cement or chemical materials by nanometer components, but there is still a long way to go before the large-scale application of grouting engineering.
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Yang, Yangkang, Jiandong Niu, Yong Sun, Jianxin Liu, and Liangliang Qiu. "Experimental Research on the Performance Characteristics of Grouting Slurry in a High-Ground-Temperature Environment." Buildings 13, no. 12 (2023): 3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123005.
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Grouting materials with good thermal insulation and reinforcement properties are the key factors in solving the temperature control problems of high geothermal tunnels using curtain grouting, as the existing grouting materials are unable to take into account the working performance and thermal insulation properties of high-temperature environments. In view of the above problems, this paper configures a high geothermal tunnel red-mud-based grouting material (RMGS) using red mud, carries out tests on the working performance (viscosity, setting time, and compressive strength) and thermal insulation performance (thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity) of the grouting materials at different temperatures (20, 40, 60, and 80 °C), and analyses the variation rules and micro-mechanisms of the various properties at different temperatures. The results show that the increase in temperature will accelerate the viscosity development and condensation of the grouting material and will also lead to the acceleration of the attenuation of the thermal conductivity of the three types of grouting material and the reduction in specific heat capacity. In addition, the appropriate temperature can improve the compressive strength of the material. The increase in temperature will accelerate the hydration reaction speed of the grouting material and will also lead to the development of the internal pore space of the material, which affects the macroscopic properties of the material and is the reason for the effect of the temperature on the performance of the grouting material. In terms of application, the cement slurry is suitable for grouting in a static water environment, the cement–water glass bi-liquid slurry is suitable for grouting in a dynamic water environment, and the RMGS is suitable for grouting in a high-ground-temperature environment.
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Zhao, Lin, Yang Wang, Youzhi Wang, Jinzhang Liu, and Changjin Tian. "Study on the Performance of Grouting Material Modified by Sodium Lignosulfonate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2920, no. 1 (2024): 012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2920/1/012008.
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Abstract In order to improve the problems of poor stability, low flowability, and weak corrosion inhibition of the grouting material, sodium lignosulfonate (SL) was used as a modified component of the pore grouting material in this paper. The non-uniformity coefficient was introduced to evaluate the stability of the grouting material. And, macro and micro experiments were used to comprehensively evaluate the influence of sodium lignosulfonate on the flowability, stability, strength, and corrosion inhibition of the grouting material, revealing the mechanism of SL’s modification effect on the pore grouting material. The results show that the addition of SL can significantly improve the stability of the grouting material. When the dosage is 4%, the mechanical properties of the grouting material are optimal; The addition of SL can significantly reduce the corrosion products on the surface of steel strand samples, and the research results provide data support and technical guidance for the application of SL in grouting materials.
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Wang, Li Wei, You Li Feng, Jian Lin Li, and Li Hong Duan. "Studying on a New Kind of Grouting Material and its Application." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.230.
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Mine water-irruption is the second to gas explosion of major security problems. In order to ensure coal safty, the coal bed needs to be solidified. This paper design a new kind of grouting material, which is composed of coal fly ash and montmorillonite, these two grouting materials separately according to a certain proportion with pure cement material on the site grouting test and compare the compressive strength of the stones of the body and the size of the diffusion radius, and compare the grouting materials with pure cement materials. The experiment shows that the new grouting material has good property and the economic significance.
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Yan, Xin-e. "Study on properties of carbon fibre reinforced cement-based grouting materials." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019801012.
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As an efficient, eco-friendly and economical solution for connecting precast concrete components, grouted sleeve connectors aroused widespread interest in engineering site. However, as the key material of grouted sleeve connection, grouting material needs to provide enough good performance to meet the engineering requirements. In order to better design the mix proportion of grouting materials, this paper studies the influence of water binder ratio, carbon fibre content, expansion agent addition and other factors on the performance of grouting materials, and optimizes the mixture ratio of grouting materials by analyzing the workability, compressive strength and expansibility, and analyzes the bonding performance of grouting materials by using the half-grouting steel sleeve connector.
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Dou, Jing Lei, Jing Feng Dou, and Yu Juan Guo. "Researching on a New Grouting Material and its Engineering Application." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.544.
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Water-irruption is the second to gas explosion of major security problems in coal mine. The grouting material is composed of fly ash and montmorillonite separately according to a certain proportion with pure cement material. On the site grouting test and compare the compressive strength of the stones of the body and the size of the diffusion radius, and compare the grouting materials with pure cement materials. Through the comparative and analysis, the reasonable grouting materials are choosen.
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Guo, Li, Bing Xie, and Hong Fang Li. "Preliminary Study on Nanometer Grouting Materials." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.139.
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The application of grouting technology in the reinforcement and water shutoff of underground engineering is very extensive. The grouting technology mainly includes two aspects: grouting process and grouting material. The grouting material is a vital link in grouting. It affects the cost of construction directly, and determines the success or failure of the engineering. The smaller the molecular dimension of solution or solid particle dimension, the greater the scope that the grout can be injected into. And it is beneficial to the grouting effect. With the development of nanotechnology, the development of nanometer grouting materials is feasible, and is also a great breakthrough for the grouting technique.
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Yu, Yang, Zhengyuan Qin, Xiangyu Wang, Lianying Zhang, Dingchao Chen, and Siyu Zhu. "Development of Modified Grouting Material and Its Application in Roadway Repair Engineering." Geofluids 2021 (March 4, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8873542.
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It is very extraordinary for the success of coal mine roadway grouting with the following factors of high early strength, good fluidity, and convenient pumping, but the existing grouting materials make it difficult to achieve the above characteristics at the same time. Therefore, a modified grouting material is developed, which is composed of two kinds of dry materials A and B, which are mixed with water and in equal amounts. The physical and mechanical properties of modified grouting materials under different ratios were tested by laboratory orthogonal test, and the optimal ratio of grouting materials and additives was obtained: (1) the water-cement ratio is 0.8 : 1; (2) base material: the mass ratio of cement, fly ash, bentonite, and water is 1 : 0.3 : 0.1 : 1.44; (3) admixture: the mass ratio of water reducer C, accelerator D, and retarder E is 1.5% : 0.05% : 0.3%. The basic properties of the modified grouting materials were studied from the aspects of slurry flow state, diffusion range, and grouting parameters by using the numerical simulation method, and the reinforcement mechanism of slurry to the broken surrounding rock properties of the roadway was revealed: (1) the grouting pressure is the main factor affecting the slurry diffusion radius; (2) the mechanical properties of the roadway surrounding rock are improved, the plastic zone and deformation of surrounding rock are reduced, and the active support function of the anchor and cable is enhanced through grouting reinforcement; (3) the control effect of the roadway is improved, and the balanced bearing with anchorage structure of the roadway surrounding rock is realized through grouting reinforcement. On this basis, the modified grouting material is applied to roadway repair and reinforcement engineering practice. The field monitoring data show that the production practices were guided by roadway repair and reinforcement technology with the modified grouting material, as the core of the roadway surrounding rock control effect is good, and the modified grouting material has a wide range of application prospects.
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Wu, Dazhi. "Research on Carbon Fiber Polymer Ultrafine Cement Grouting Material." Architecture Engineering and Science 3, no. 2 (2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/aes.v3i2.896.
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With the gradual development of deep coal mining, the demand for roadway support strength is also increasing. For ordinary grouting materials, it cannot be injected into ultra-fine pores, and the tensile strength of its consolidated body is not high. Therefore, in this paper, ultra-fine cement and carbon fiber are used as the raw materials of the grouting fluid to increase the injectability of its fine pores and the tensile strength of the consolidated body. By designing experiments with different carbon fiber content, the grouting material with the best mix ratio was formulated. The test results show that: after the grouting material is mixed with graded sand to prepare a test block, the mechanical properties of the grouting material are optimal when the carbon fiber content is 1%, and the compressive strength is 17MPa and the tensile strength is 1.34MPa.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grouting material"
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Dolák, Martin. "Vývoj nových injektážních hmot pro rubovou injektáž kanalizací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433585.
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ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the development of silicate based reverse grouts for the purpose of rehabilitation of sewers. The work also examines the possibility of substitution of basic input raw materials with secondary raw materials, meaning replacements of both filler components and binder components. As secondary raw materials, we refer to wastes from the production process which, after the necessary treatment, are used in another production. The development and experimental verification of the functionality of the developed grout was focused mainly on the use of secondary raw materials as much as possible, while maintaining or even improving its physical and mechanical properties. Based on the results of the work, it can be stated that with a 100% replacement rate of filler components in combination with 20% replacement rate of binder components, it is possible to largely maintain the properties of the material, or even optimize them. The results of the thesis also point to the possibility of reducing the economic and environmental demands of production of building materials.
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CHIEREGATO, ALESSIO. "Permeation grouting of granular soils by innovative materials." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2601354.
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The injection technique based on cement mixtures had a constant evolution since its first application in 1802 by Bérigny for the rehabilitation of masonry diving. Later it was implemented in France and England in the mid-1800s, but by the twentieth century it has started to spread and to globalize the method for applications related to the ground treatment. Initially it was used for the construction of hydraulic works mainly by injecting unstable cement suspensions, with which they could only deal fissured rocks and were therefore excluded granular soils. Then techniques moved to stable cement mixtures and finally to chemical solutions.
These technologies have been widely used in the construction of underground structures for roads, subways, as well as for the construction of underground structures in the proximity of existing buildings, where it is necessary the treatment of the soil in order to obtain an improvement of the mechanical and hydraulic characteristics of themselves. Nowadays, the research and experimentation are oriented towards innovative materials so as to broaden the application fields, in order to increase the penetration, and the achievement of high mechanical strength. This thesis has focused on performing injection tests on various soils with different characteristics. In the tests was set as a target, the study of two new materials such as colloidal nanosilica and microcements, through their characterization, their behavior during permeation in granular soils and consolidation that these materials can get. The application of these mixtures depends on several external parameters which vary from the characteristics of the soil, up to the used techniques of injection; for this reason, even today the fields of application are not well defined.
The tests carried out in the laboratory of Tunnel and Underground Space Center of the Politecnico di Torino, since there is no normative references, was based on procedures designed ex novo, or in some cases, on standards for geotechnical methods and to the concretes, depending of appropriate theoretical and practical considerations.
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Alrtimi, Abdulbaset Ahmed. "Experimental investigation of thermal conductivity of soils and borehole grouting materials." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2723.
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Exploitation of thermogeology energy in heating and cooling of buildings starts to spread worldwide as an alternative renewable source of heat energy. The thermal conductivity of soils is among the critical parameters required to achieve a proper design of ground heat exchangers or any underground systems that involve thermo-active processes. This research is a part of study related to the laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity of soils and thermal grouts used for borehole heat exchangers. The first part of this project involves a design of a new thermal cell that can be used to measure the thermal conductivity of soils. The design of the apparatus is based on the application of Fourier’s law at steady state condition where unidirectional heat flux is generated through two identical specimens. A new concept of minimizing the radial heat losses that occur due to the ambient temperature interface (ATI) using a thermal jacket as a heat insulation barrier has been introduced in the design and experimentally performed. The obtained results and the analysis of the heat flow reveal that the longitudinal heat flow can be maximized and the radial heat flow can be minimized when the thermal jacket is used with proper temperature control. Also, it has been revealed that the measured thermal conductivity of soils is sensitive to further boundary conditions such as thermocouples and temperature of sink disks. In addition to its simplicity, the new cell can be used for undisturbed field samples (U100 samples) as well as laboratory-prepared specimens. The sample preparation and the test procedure for the two different soil conditions highlighted the simplicity of using the new apparatus in measurement of the thermal conductivity of soils. The second part of this research concerns a production of new thermal grout for borehole heat exchangers using unwanted industrial and domestic materials (PFA and ground glass-low cost) and the commodity fluorspar, all of which have relatively high thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of different PFA based grouts that comprise different enhancing materials at different mix proportions has been measured dry and at saturation using the new thermal call. The results highlighted the effect of mineralogy and the particle size distribution of the mix constituents on the thermal conductivity of the grout. The results showed that a combination of fluorspar with coarse ground glass can provide good thermal enhancement in both dry and saturated conditions. The grout that consist of 20% cement, 30% PFA, 15% coarse ground glass and 35% fluorspar by weight with dry and saturated thermal conductivity of 1.283 and 1.985 W/m respectively can be considered as a suitable grout that can be used successfully in UK. Comparing with thermally enhanced bentonite (1.46 W/m.K), it is expected that with London Clay Formation optimal performance of borehole heat exchangers and cost savings would be achieved using the selected grout. The work done in the final part can be considered as an application of the new steady state thermal cell in the estimation of the thermal conductivity of sandy soils. Also, it can be considered as a case study where the thermal conductivity was measured for soils that have not been previously thermally tested (Tripoli sand). The effects of the porosity and degree of saturation on the thermal conductivity of Tripoli sand were investigated. The results of twenty experimental tests showed that the effect of the saturation degree is significant compared with the effect of dry density especially at saturation degree less that 10%. Also, the results revealed that the thermal conductivity is approximately linearly proportional to the dry density at all levels of saturation. The validation of some existing selected prediction models showed that none of the selected models is able to correctly match the thermal conductivity of Tripoli sand at all conditions. However, some models were more accurate than others in certain conditions. It is also concluded that all presented models failed to estimate the thermal conductivity of such soil in low or partially saturated conditions where convection started to play a role in the heat transfer mode. On the other hand, the variation of thermal conductivity of Tripoli sand can be fittingly described as logarithmic function of the water content at all levels of porosity with R2 value ranges between 0.9694 and 0.9732. As a result, an empirical model based on the experimental results expressing the thermal conductivity in terms of water content and porosity has been obtained and validated.
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Zhang, Suihan. "Design of grout curtains under dams founded on rock." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294207.
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Grouting has long been implemented as a ground improvement technique to reduce the seepage through the rock mass. Grout curtains are usually constructed under dams as a barrier to prevent leakage from the reservoir. So far, the grout curtains under dams have mainly been designed by using an empirical design approach. However, the empirical approach has its limitations. Generally, the usage of “rules of thumbs” makes the design highly dependent on the experience of the designers. Lack of experience can result in insufficient or over-conservative grout curtains. For example, the stop criteria for the grouting process adopted by the empirical approach can lead to long grouting time and thus becomes inefficient. In addition, high grouting pressure may cause unexpected deformations of the rock and open up new leakage paths. To deal with these limitations, a theory-based design methodology has been developed. Theories on rock grouting developed in recent decades are used to build up the design methodology. In the theory-based design methodology, the grout curtain is treated as a structural component in the dam foundation. The geometry and location of the grout curtain is first designed with respect to three requirements: (i) the hydraulic conductivity reduction, (ii) prevention of erosion of fracture infillings and (iii) optimization of uplift reduction. Grouting work is then designed to obtain the designed geometry of the grout curtain. In the design of the grouting work, analytical calculations are implemented to determine the grouting pressure, grouting time and grout hole layout. The stop criteria are based on the grouting time, which is believed to obtain better efficiency. The principles of the observational method are implemented to deal with the uncertainties involved in the grouting process. One of the main limitations with the proposed methodology is the limited research on the erosion process of fracture infilling materials in flowing water. To study this issue, coupled numerical analyses are performed to better understand the initiation of erosion of fracture infillings. The results show that the Hjulström and Shields diagram are not appropriate to be used to estimate the incipient motion of fracture infilling materials. Instead, a previous equation derived under laminar flows shows better agreement with the results.<br>Injektering har länge använts som en metod för att förstärka grunden och reducera vattenflödet i en bergmassa. Injekteringsridåer uppförs ofta under dammar som en barriär med syfte att förhindra läckage av magasinets vatten. Hittills har injekteringsridåerna i huvudsak dimensionerats baserat på empiriska metoder. De empiriska metoderna har emellertid sina begränsningar. Användandet av olika tumregler resulterar i att dimensioneringen i hög utsträckning är beroende av ingenjörens erfarenhet. Brist på erfarenhet kan resultera i en ineffektiv, eller en för konservativ, utformning av injekteringsridåerna. Till exempel kan de stoppkriterier som tillämpas i det empiriska tillvägagångssättet leda till en för lång injekteringstid och därmed bli ineffektiv. Utöver detta kan höga injekteringstryck leda till oväntade deformationer i bergmassan och nya läckagevägar. För att hantera dessa typer av begränsningar har en teoribaserad dimensioneringsmetodik utvecklats. Teorier för berginjektering som utvecklats under de senaste decennierna används för att bygga upp metodiken. I metodiken utformas injekteringsridån som en strukturell komponent i berggrunden under dammen. Den geometriska utformningen och läget för injekteringsridån bestäms med hänsyn till tre kriterier: (i) erforderlig reduktion av den hydrauliska konduktiviteten, (ii) förhindrande av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial, och (iii) optimering av reduktionen i upptryck under dammen. Injekteringsarbetet utformas därefter i syfte att eftersträva den erforderliga utformningen. I utformningen av injekteringsarbetet används analytiska beräkningar för att bestämma injekteringstryck, injekteringstid och hålavstånd. Stoppkriterier baseras på erforderlig injekteringstid, vilket bedöms uppnå en mer effektiv injektering. Principerna för observationsmetoden används för att hantera de osäkerheter som kvarstår. En av de huvudsakliga begränsningarna med den föreslagna metodiken är den begränsade kunskapen som idag finns om erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial vid flödande vatten. För att studera denna fråga genomfördes kopplade numeriska analyser för att bättre förstå processen kring initiering av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial. Resultaten visar att Hjulströms och Shields diagram inte är lämpliga att använda. Istället visar en tidigare framtagen ekvation för laminära förhållanden en bättre överensstämmelse.<br><p>QC 210512</p>
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Sung, Yu-O., and 宋幼娥. "Study of modified cement-based grouting material for repairing cracks." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44k7b9.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>河海工程學系<br>107<br>This study is based on the feasibility of cement-based crack injection materials blended with different proportions of high-aluminum cement (calcium aluminate cement) and type I cement. The goal is to find out that the injection material that can meet the requirements of the EN1504-5 specification, i.e., the passing time is within 8 minutes, and the 28-day splitting strength exceeds 3MPa. The experimental method includes the passing time test, the splitting strength test, the viscosity test, and the mortar compressive strength test.
The research results show that the injection material with water-to-gel ratio of 0.475, 80% type I cement accounts and 20% high aluminum cement, and 2.0% boric acid, can reach the best splitting tensile strength. The splitting strength obtained by this mix is even higher than that using type I cement alone while the passing time is still within 8 minutes (388 sec). Through the splitting strength values of different passages, it is found that blended cement may have a phenomenon of segregation. From the viscosity test, it was found that when the amount of high alumina cement increased, the viscosity of the slurry decreased, which is consistent with the results of the passability test (passing time).
The reason may be explained as the followings. First, the carboxylates superplasticizer may be not effective to disperse the high- aluminum cement such that when the amount of high-aluminum cement increases, the reaction is faster, and quick-setting, clustering, flocculation, etc. occur, and results in blockages. The mortar compressive strength test showed that when the curing conditions can ensure sufficient water, the mortar with type I cement alone had the best strength. When the amount of type I cement is lower, the compressive strength is lower. However, when the curing condition follows the EN-1774 specification (21oC, R.H.=60%) the splitting strength increased as the amount of high-aluminate cement increased which is contradictory to the results of compressive strength. The reason comes from the different curing condition.
Keywords: passing time test, splitting strength test, viscosity test, mortar compressive strength test
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Fang, Po-chun, and 方鉢淳. "A study of appling basic oxygen furnace slag to cement grouting repairing or strengthening material." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27383262268664500720.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>海洋環境及工程學系研究所<br>103<br>General cementitious repair materials will added the epoxy or acrylic resin to increase material cohesiveness. And added aluminum powder or iron powder as a bulking agent of slurry (or add a commercially available expansion agent) to reduce the amount of shrinkage. In this study, we hopes to replace the use of silica fume to increase cohesiveness and using the expanding features of basic oxygen furnace slag to make the slurry reaches zero shrinkage or micro-expansion goals.
The results from the study found that silica fume can effectively enhance bond strength, although it will make the workability of the slurry lower, but by the use of water-reducing agent can improve this problem. Comparing with commercially available expansion agent and basic oxygen furnace slag of the experiment results, basic oxygen furnace slag has lower expantion rate, about 21 days only significant change, but expansion agent has significant expansion in 14 days or so. At about 28 days, expansion agent can reach the goal of micro-expantion, but basic oxygen furnace slag just only near the zero shrinkage. But on the strength of performance, basic oxygen furnace slag are more outperformed than expansion agent on compressive strength and bond strength .
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Lee, Chai-Rong, and 李佳融. "The application of dispersion curve on evaluation of the thickness and material properties of upper-layer soil in soil grouting." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64198438181842584496.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>營建工程系碩士班<br>97<br>This study used SASW method to evaluate the thickness and material properties of upper-layer soil in soil grouting. In this study, a finite difference numerical analysis software FLAC3D will be used to simulate the SASW method. In the parametric study of dispersive curve, the delay of loading, upper-layer soil thickness and shear wave velocity were varied.
The representing dispersion curve was evaluated from some composite dispersion curves in various distance of receivers by using numerical analysis software FLAC3D. By comparing the representing dispersion curve of a single soil with that of a stratum with grouting body, thickness of upper layer soil can be found. The regression formulas will be developed from the slopes of the representing dispersion curve to calculate the shear wave velocity of soil and grouting body. Finally, a practical case study was performed in order to illustrate the proposed procedures for evaluation of the thickness of upper layer soil and shear wave velocity by SASW method.
From the results of this study, the delay of loading is insignificant influence factor on dispersion curve. The phase velocity increases with increasing shear wave velocity of upper layer soil.
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Ganaw, Abdelhamed I., David C. Hughes, and Ashraf F. Ashour. "Grout rheological properties for preplaced aggregate concrete production." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7506.
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yes<br>This paper investigates the effect of cement based grout rheology on the injection process through coarse aggregate for producing preplaced aggregate concrete. Four different sands were used in the grout production at different water-cement ratios and cement-sand ratios. Superplasticiers and pulverised fuel ash were also employed in the grout production. Coarse aggregate of known weight was compacted into 150 mm cubic forms, and then the grout was injected through a plastic pipe under self weight into the stone ‘skeleton’. It has been found that there are threshold values of the rheological parameters beyond which full injection is not possible. In particular, all grout mixes with and without additives and admixtures exhibited the same yield stress threshold value for full injection, whereas the threshold values for other rheological properties including the grout plastic viscosity, flow time and speed were different according to the materials added to the mix.
Books on the topic "Grouting material"
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Geo-Logan, '97 Conference ((1997 Logan Utah). Grouting: Compaction, remediation, and testing : proceedings of sessions sponsored by the Grouting Committee of the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjuction with the Geo-Logan '97 Conference, Logan, Utah, July 16-18, 1997. American Society of Civil Engineers, 1997.
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1956-, Vipulanandan Cumaraswamy, Center for Innovative Grouting Materials and Technology., American Society of Civil Engineers. Geo-Institute. Grouting Committee., and Geo-Logan '97 (1997 : Logan, Utah), eds. Grouting: Compaction, remediation, and testing : proceedings of sessions sponsored by the Grouting Committee of the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjuction with the Geo-Logan '97 Conference, Logan, Utah, July 16-18, 1997. The Society, 1997.
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J, Domone P. L., and Jefferis S. A, eds. Structural grouts. Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993.
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Leeyun, W. The research of grouting technique of consolidating sand and sealing water by a new chemical material for water-drain tunnel. s.n, 1985.
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US Army Corps of Engineers. Engineering and design: Beneficial uses of dredged material. Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1987.
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Canada, Atomic Energy of. Comparative Study of Clay-Type Grouting Materials. s.n, 1985.
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Im, Hyo-jae. Chŏka, kohyoyul chijung yŏl kyohwanʼgi kŭrautʻing chaeryo kaebal mit DB kuchʻuk =: Development of highly efficient grouting materials and construction of ground thermal conductivity database. Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2008.
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Im, Hyo-jae. Chŏka, kohyoyul chijung yŏl kyohwanʼgi kŭrautʻing chaeryo kaebal mit DB kuchʻuk =: Development of highly efficient grouting materials and construction of ground thermal conductivity database. Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2008.
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Chongrui, Z. Research and application of new grouting materials in China coal industry. s.n, 1985.
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US Army Corps of Engineers. Engineering and design: Laboratory soils testing. Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grouting material"
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Hu, Jian, Xiaohong Gao, Zengyin Wen, Guojiao Wen, and Miao Zhang. "Research on Preparation Technology and Properties of Grouting Materials for Prefabricated Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5814-2_4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSleeve grouting materials are important to connect steel bars in prefabricated buildings since their quality and properties not only affect the stability, safety, and seismic capacity of buildings but also influence the operation of buildings. Quality issues in grouting materials can potentially result in joint damage and embrittlement, which may compromise the safety and service life of buildings, thereby leading to an increase in maintenance costs. Consequently, appropriate grouting materials should be carefully selected according to the operational characteristics of the buildings. This study conducted experiments to analyze the properties of grouting materials under different cement-sand ratios, with the cement-sand ratio of 1.0 selected as the base grout of grouting material. Subsequently, the orthogonal test method was employed to investigate the correlations between the properties of grouting materials and varying amounts of water reducers, expansion agents, and silica fume. Through this analysis, the optimal mixing amounts were determined as 15.7 g, 1.2 g, and 42 g for water reducers, expansion agents, and silica fume, respectivelys. Finally, based on the foregoing conclusions, a high-performance sleeve grouting material with a 3 h compressive strength of 40 MPa was successfully developed by adding sulphoaluminate and lithium carbonate. This study provides some references for the production and application of sleeve grouting materials.
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Wang, H. L., J. J. Ge, M. Wang, et al. "Study on the Influence of Secondary Grouting on Soil Settlement Above Shield Tunnel." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_35.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSecondary grouting can effectively control the ground settlement caused by shield construction and is widely used in urban shield tunnel construction. Therefore, it is necessary to study the grouting material and grouting effect of secondary grouting. Based on the background of below-passed Metro Line, this paper determines the optimal ratio of grouting materials by studying the effects of different cement content and superplasticizer addition on the fluidity, consistency, initial setting time and compressive strength of cement inert slurry, this paper also studies the influence of grouting on the settlement of soil above the tunnel by monitoring the settlement value of soil above the tunnel during grouting. This study contributes to the understanding of grouting techniques in urban shield tunnel construction. The results show that Grouting has a significant effect on controlling the settlement of shield machine in the later stage of crossing, and the ground settlement can be basically stable within 4 days.
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Guo, Jiaxu, Shaowei Hu, Xuan Zhao, Xiu Tao, and Ying Nie. "Compressive Strength Performance of Additives for Cement-Based Grouting Material with Low Water-Binder Ratio by Response Surface Methodology." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_34.
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AbstractIn order to research the influence and the function mechanism of calcium formate and defoaming agent on the compressive strength of cement-based grouting material with low water-binder ratio at different ages, quadratic polynomial regression models were established by RSM, and the mix proportion was optimized. The function mechanism of additives was analysed by macroscopic mechanical properties and microstructure. The results indicated that the response surface method is scientific in optimizing the mix proportion of cement-based grouting material. The optimal mix proportion was obtained as fallow: the calcium formate was 0.64%, the water-binder ratio was 0.21 and the defoaming agent was 0.26%, with taking 1d, 3d, 28d compressive strength as the optimization objective. Calcium formate is highly significant for the early compressive strength of cement-based grouting materials with low water-binder ratio, while the water-binder ratio and defoaming agent are highly significant for that of the middle and late period. Calcium formate promotes the formation of CSH gel and $$\mathrm{Ca}{\left(\mathrm{OH}\right)}_{2}$$ Ca OH 2 crystallization in the early period, and the defoaming agent can effectively reduce macropores. The results can provide an optimization method for the mix proportion design of cement-based grouting material and a theoretical reference for its mechanical properties.
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Shen, Duwen, Qili Gan, and Langhua Li. "Research on Quality Inspection Method of Reinforcement Sleeve Grouting Joint." In Novel Technology and Whole-Process Management in Prefabricated Building. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5108-2_38.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAt present, the connection of vertical members of prefabricated concrete structures in our country is mainly based on reinforcement sleeve grouting technology, which is a hidden project, and the inspection of construction quality determines the evaluation of connection quality. Therefore, this paper introduces the construction quality detection technology of sleeve grouting currently commonly used in our country, and analyzes the applicability and effectiveness of different quality detection methods for reinforcement sleeve grouting joint joints from the aspects of filling degree of grouting material and insert length of steel bar, which determine the quality of sleeve grouting, and combined with the actual detection situation of engineering projects.
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Hong, Dan, and Dan Liu. "Research on the Cooling Effect of Environmentally Friendly Semi-flexible Pavement Material." In Novel Technology and Whole-Process Management in Prefabricated Building. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5108-2_47.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe article studies the cooling mechanism of environmentally friendly semi-flexible pavement by studying the cooling by evaporation of water in the mortar to take away the latent heat of the pavement to form a natural and environmentally friendly water retention and cooling effect. Using a large pore matrix asphalt mixture filled with water retention mortar, simulated indoor sunlight irradiation warming to 60 ℃ after artificial sprinkling and natural rainfall test method, recorded the asphalt mixture with different void ratio and different grouting amount of specimens before and after the grouting matrix asphalt mixture to do the temperature reduction comparison. The results show that: environmentally friendly semi-flexible pavement materials compared to ordinary asphalt mixture with high reflectivity, less heat absorption, water retention and cooling effect is obvious, to alleviate the urban heat island effect has a certain role in promoting the cooling effect with the size of the void rate or the amount of grouting is positively proportional to the size of the grout.
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Liu, Quanwei, Zhijing Zhu, Weihao Li, et al. "Development and Application of High Permeability and Low Shrinkage Synchronous Grouting Materials." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4090-1_36.
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AbstractIn order to develop a synchronous grouting material with good comprehensive performance, this paper selected cement, fly ash, mineral powder and slag by orthogonal experimental design method to carry out the proportioning test research, which provided the most suitable slurry proportion for engineering construction. The effects of group proportioning on fluidity, compressive and flexural strength, impermeability and volumetric stability were investigated. The results show that the increase of mineral powder content improves the fluidity performance of the system; the slurry nodules with high cement dosage have higher mechanical properties and impermeability; the secondary hydration of fly ash plays a slower role, so it reduces the early strength of the material and increases the late strength; the slag reduces the impermeability and drying shrinkage of the nodules. The research focuses on the characteristics of synchronous grouting in a subway station construction project in Qingdao. It investigates the mechanical and engineering properties of a new type of material and applies it to the field of engineering control. To some extent, this material can replace cement and effectively prevent tunnel water leakage, reduce operation and maintenance costs, and extend the operation and maintenance cycle, showing significant potential for widespread application.
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Lin, Yuezhong, Qiang Zhang, Qinghe Song, and Yiwen Wang. "Effect of SAC Cement on Properties of Cement Based Grouting Material." In Advances in Engineering Research. Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-336-8_65.
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Huby, Abdullah N., Sadjad A. Hemzah, and Wajde S. Alyhya. "The Effect of Grouting Material on the Behavior of Segregated Concrete Beams." In Current Trends in Civil Engineering and Engineering Sciences 2024, Vol 2. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9368-6_18.
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Shimada, Hideki, Yasuhiro Yoshida, Yasutaka Maeda, et al. "Development of Grouting Material for Fly Ash Backfilling by Application of Chemical Injection." In Mine Planning and Equipment Selection. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02678-7_39.
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Kavyashree, K., and K. Gourav. "Study on Compression Strength of Masonry Prism Using Cementitious Grouting Material as Mortar." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9502-8_40.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Grouting material"
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Ikhsan Sugiarto, H., Rita Irmawaty, and Januarty Jaya Ekaputri. "Flexural Behavior of Hybrid Geopolymer Fly Ash Beams with Addition of PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) Fiber." In The 6th International Symposium on Infrastructure Development. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-g5u7of.
Full textAbstract:
Using cement as the primary material for making concrete, around 7%-15%, requires a significant amount of energy and generates abundant waste, thus significantly impacting the environmental conditions. Innovative materials are needed as alternatives to cement. Fly ash, as an environmentally friendly material, can be a solution to minimize the use of cement. The selected fiber is Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fiber due to its high tensile strength, which can effectively inhibit the rate of crack development occurring in the beams. The research process was divided into two stages: geopolymer mortar compressive strength testing and beams flexural testing. Compressive strength testing of geopolymer mortar was conducted on 50x50x50 mm cube samples, tested at ages of 3, 7, and 28 days using both air curing and moist curing methods. Geopolymer mortar was created using fly ash as the base material, along with activators such as Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3). Meanwhile, flexural beams were tested in 5 samples of 150x200 mm beams with a length of 3300 mm each. The samples consisted of a control beam, a beam reinforced with commercial grouting mortar, a beam reinforced with commercial grouting mortar and PVA geopolymer fibers, a beam reinforced with geopolymer mortar, and a beam reinforced with geopolymer mortar and PVA fibers. The research results indicated that adding PVA fibers to geopolymer mortar could enhance the maximum load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the beams. Regarding failure modes, beams reinforced with PVA-free geopolymer mortar experienced delamination failure, whereas beams reinforced with PVA-containing geopolymer mortar encountered debonding failure.
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Lau, Kingsley, Ivan Lasa, Mario Paredes, and Juan Rafols. "Laboratory Corrosion Assessment of Post-Tensioned Tendons Repaired with Dissimilar Grout." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02602.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Recently, corrosion problems have occurred with new formulation grouts in post-tensioned tendons that were specified to meet low bleed-water requirements. Severe material deficiencies were observed in external post-tensioned tendons of several bridges in Florida, one of which had tendon failures after only ˜8 years in service. The deficient grout there was typically characterized as having high moisture content, high pore water pH, low total chloride concentrations, and enhanced sulfate concentrations. There was interest in gauging the extent to which corrosion may develop for repaired PT systems in which void spaces have been re-grouted with dissimilar grouting materials and where differences in pore water chemistry may contribute to corrosion development. In laboratory testing, there was no evidence of significant corrosion development in PT tendons with voids repaired with dissimilar grout when the base and repair grouts were properly cast and conditions were free of tendon material deficiencies. The cause of the lack of steel passivation in the deficient grout that led to corrosion activity and enhanced macrocell corrosion was thought to be due to the presence of high moisture content that contained enhanced levels of sulfate ions. If steel was allowed to develop a stable passive layer, later exposure to sulfates at levels tested may not be sufficient in high pH environment to cause local depassivation of the steel and corrosion development. But, results suggest that if there is early exposure to sulfates in the deficient grout, development of a stable passive layer may be impaired.
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Lau, Kingsley, Mario Paredes, and Juan C. Rafols. "Corrosion Evaluation of Post-Tensioned Tendons with Dissimilar Grout." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01738.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The presence of voids in the grout of post-tensioned tendon ducts provides conditions whereby corrosion development may occur. The causes of the voids have been attributed to development of bleed water during grouting and subsequent re-absorption or evaporation from the grout. Poor grouting during construction is of concern as well. Recent early corrosion failure of tendons and ongoing tendon repair of a bridge (constructed with grout conforming to low bleeding requirements) has led to interest in gauging the extent to which corrosion may develop for repaired post-tensioned systems where void spaces (or segregated grout) have been re-grouted with dissimilar grouting materials. Preliminary results on the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to characterize grout properties and corrosion condition of strand after repair of PT systems with dissimilar grouting materials are presented.
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Wierzchowski, Stephen M., and Rajesh Turakhia. "Epoxy Revolutionizes Water and Wastewater Underground Infrastructure Protection and Rehabilitation with Energy Efficient Green Technology." In SSPC 2011. SSPC, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2011-00077.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Smart water and wastewater system owners and managers are continually seeking out high quality materials, reliable technology and support to rehabilitate and maintain their conveyance systems cost effectively. Trenchless technology opened up a new world for these owners over 40 years ago with innovations for rehabilitating aging, damaged and deteriorating collection and distribution systems. During this time, many types of trenchless rehabilitation materials and techniques have been developed to first achieve performance demands based upon identified deteriorated conditions of the infrastructure while reducing the economic and social impact with less construction time, less above grade interference, and less damage or disruption to adjacent infrastructure. As time progresses, so has demand for the evolution of materials and processes to lessen environmental, social and economic impact with sustainable solutions for buried infrastructure. Many trenchless technologies use liquid resin systems, including protective coatings, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), point repairs and grouting. And, many of the technologies have relied upon polyurethane, ureas, polyester and vinyl ester resins identified with handling advantages, low cost and acceptable mechanical properties. Increased regulatory enforcement has raised concerns related to the use of these styrenatedand isocyanate based resin systems and their potential affect on health, safety and the environment. These concerns, coupled with the demand to increase quality controls for delivery of more consistent performance results exposed a need for the development of safer, cleaner and stronger resin systems to transform buried infrastructure rehabilitation and its impact on minimizing social, economic and environmental disruption while managing high value infrastructure assets. Although epoxy resins have been used to build, secure, protect and repair all types of infrastructure for the past 75 years, their use in underground rehabilitation was limited due to handling constraints and high cost. Today, chemistry and process technology has evolved that enables their use packaged with mobile equipment removing many restraints found with traditional systems, including a further reduction in carbon footprint. This paper presents an overview of systems available in the market today, their health and safety characteristics, performance capabilities and delivery mechanisms. Installation technologies are analyzed on their energy efficiencies, environmental impact, performance result consistency, ease of use and cost. The goal was to identify currently available systems; analyze concerns and limitations with these systems; and provide a basis for material selection and installation practices to achieve long-term expectations; while maintaining the utmost protection of humans, animals and the environment.
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Li, Jie, and Lei Qin. "Study on hydrodynamic resistance of nano-composite cement-based grouting materials." In The International Conference Optoelectronic Information and Optical Engineering (OIOE2024), edited by Yang Yue and Lu Leng. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3045362.
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Olsen, Seth P. "The Use of Liquefied Metal as Grout Material." In Grouting 2017. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480786.014.
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Kenny, Brian, and Mike Almeida. "Calaveras Dam Replacement Project-Transverse Cutoffs and Two Phase Foundation Drilling and Grouting Scope through Overburden Material to Minimize Duration on Critical Path." In Grouting 2017. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480786.002.
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Naito, Morimasa, Hirokazu Kishi, Naomi Fukuoka, Tsutomu Yamada, and Hideaki Ishida. "Development of Superfine Spherical Silica Grout as an Alternative Grouting Material for the Geological Disposal of Long-Lived Radioactive Waste." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30141.
Full textAbstract:
As an alternative grouting material for the geological repository of long-lived radioactive waste, the “Superfine Spherical silica Grout” (SFSG) material is developed using a fine spherical silica and a fine calcium hydroxide. The developed SFSG material takes an advantage of its smaller particle size distribution (max. ∼1 micron or less) than those of the cementitious materials, and also provides a low alkaline environment so as to reduce unfavorable effects on the long-term performance of geological disposal system. The SFSG is a mixture of the “super fine silica powder”, the superfine calcium hydroxide and additives such as superplasticizer. Presently, the mixture being investigated for grouting materials is focused on water/binder ratio (W/B) of 1.2. Some preliminary laboratory experiments were carried out to characterize its fundamental properties from the viewpoint of practical use for geological disposal, which is required to be equivalent with the conventional cementitious materials in terms of penetrability, strength, pH performance and workability. From a series of experiments, it was concluded that SFSG is expected to become an alternative grouting material for a geological repository.
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Gu, Fan, Aike Xian, Weijian Zhao, and Wei Wei. "Influence of Grouting-material Compressive-strength on the Mechanical Properties of Grouting-sleeve Reinforcement-connection Component." In 2015 International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesm-15.2015.18.
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Liu, Fuqiang, Mulian Zheng, and Yanshi Ye. "Durability of a Newly Developed Powder Geopolymer Grouting Material." In 21st COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483565.165.
Full textReports on the topic "Grouting material"
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McDonald, Willie E. Evaluation of Grouting Materials for Anchor Embedments in Hardened Concrete. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada337585.
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Behnood, Ali, and Jan Olek. Development of Subgrade Stabilization and Slab Undersealing Solutions for PCC Pavements Restoration and Repairs. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317128.
Full textAbstract:
The loss of functionality and the development of distress in concrete pavements is often attributable to the poor subbase and subgrade conditions and/or loss of support due to the development of the voids underneath the slab. Subgrade soil stabilization can be used as an effective approach to restore the functionality of the subgrades in patching projects. This research had two main objectives: (1) identifying the best practices for soil stabilization of the existing subgrade during pavement patching operations and (2) identifying and developing new, modified grouting materials for slab stabilization and undersealing. Various stabilization scenarios were tested and showed improved performance of the subgrade layer. The use of geotextile along with aggregate course was found to significantly reduce the settlement. Non-removable flowable fill was also found to significantly reduce the subgrade settlement. Cement-treated aggregate and lean concrete provided the best performance, as they prevented formation of any noticeable settlement in the underlying subgrade.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HGMFSST COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION-EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.4.10.
Full textAbstract:
High-strength grouting material (HGM) has the characteristics of early strength, high strength, high self-flow, and micro-expansion, but research on composite columns formed by steel tube and HGM is relatively scarce. Therefore, in this paper, the mechanical properties of HGM-filled square steel-tube columns (HGMFSST columns) under axial compression were experimentally studied. The main parameters included tube thickness (t) and HGM strength (fck). The test results showed that members with t = 4 mm failed due to local buckling, and members with thicker steel tube thickness failed mainly due to overall buckling. The measured and predicted ultimate bearing capacity values of the HGMFSST columns based on the existing standards of GB 50936-2014, CECS 159: 2004, AISC/ANSI 360-16, EC4, and AS/NZS 2327: 2017 were compared. The ultimate bearing capacity derived with CECS 159: 2004 was the closest to the measured values and had minimum discreteness.