Relevant bibliographies by topics / Growth from vapor

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Growth from vapor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Growth from vapor"

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Ittu Zugrav, M., and W. E. Carswell. "Thin film growth from vapors by effusive ampoule physical vapor transport." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 58, s1 (2002): c357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767302099270.

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Ting, Jyh-Ming, and Y. M. Chen. "Growth of tubular carbon from vapor phase." Materials Chemistry and Physics 72, no. 2 (2001): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-0584(01)00442-4.

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Knight, Charles A. "Ice Growth from the Vapor at −5°C." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 6 (2012): 2031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0287.1.

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Abstract Results are summarized and illustrated from a long series of experiments on ice growth from the vapor, nearly all in a very small range of conditions: −5°C, slightly below liquid water saturation, with minimal environmental gradients and no imposed ventilation. The temperature was chosen because c-axis ice needles grow in a narrow temperature interval there, which coincides with the temperature at which the Hallett–Mossop ice multiplication process operates most effectively, and one may suspect that this coincidence is likely to be meaningful. The ice growth habit is poorly reproducible in these conditions, dictating many runs with little change. Growth as plates can persist for hours, and two distinct types of needle growth occur, called sheath needles and sharp needles. Both are distinct from thin columns in that they taper to a point, with no discernible basal face. Both deviate slightly from parallel to the c axis. Sharp needles have been reported before, but only as occurring with an applied high DC voltage. New crystal orientations nucleate occasionally at the tips of the sharp needles; this also has been seen before in the presence of strong electric fields. There appears to be an ice multiplication mechanism in these conditions that does not involve riming.
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Kukovitsky, E. F., S. G. L'vov, and N. A. Sainov. "VLS-growth of carbon nanotubes from the vapor." Chemical Physics Letters 317, no. 1-2 (2000): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01299-3.

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Schönherr, E., K. Matsumoto, and M. Wojnowski. "Growth of C60 crystals from the vapor phase." Journal of Crystal Growth 146, no. 1-4 (1995): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(94)00538-9.

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Shimada, Shiro, and Ryutaro Taniguchi. "Growth of GaN crystals from the vapor phase." Journal of Crystal Growth 263, no. 1-4 (2004): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.11.080.

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Saitoh, Hidetoshi, and Walter A. Yarbrough. "Growth of cubic boron nitride from vapor phase." Diamond and Related Materials 1, no. 2-4 (1992): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-9635(92)90013-e.

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Sumi, Tomoaki, Yuuki Taniyama, Hiroaki Takatsu, et al. "Growth of GaN layers using Ga2O vapor obtained from Ga and H2O vapor." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 54, no. 5 (2015): 051001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.54.051001.

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Mohiuddin, Tariq, and Majid S. Al-Ruqeishi. "Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Composite Silicon-Silica Nanowires from Silicon Monoxide Vapor." Silicon 8, no. 2 (2014): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12633-014-9224-0.

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Karlina L. B., Vlasov A. S., Smirnova I. P., et al. "Influence of Source Composition on the Planar Growth of nanowires during Catalytic Growth in a Quasi-Closed Volume." Semiconductors 56, no. 11 (2022): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/sc.2022.11.54962.3885.

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The possibility of controlling the composition of lateral nanowires by the method of growth under quasi-equilibrium conditions in a quasi-closed volume from indium, phosphorus, and arsenic vapors with Au catalyst in the "vapor-liquid-solid" mechanism has been demonstrated for the first time. It has been experimentally shown that the additional presence of arsenic in the indium-phosphorus source leads to the coalescence of catalytic gold droplets at the initial stage of the growth, which determines the further morphology and growth kinetics of nanostructures. An additional formation of indium phosphide nanostructures with a composition different from that of the main nanowires was found. The results of the studies expand the possibilities of the developed method for obtaining lateral nanowires on gallium arsenide substrates. Keywords: InGaAsP lateral nanowires, "vapor-liquid-solid" growth mechanism, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Growth from vapor"

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Honda, Y., Y. Kuroiwa, M. Yamaguchi, and N. Sawaki. "Growth of GaN free from cracks on a (111)Si substrate by selective metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy." American Institute of Physics, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7003.

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Hou, Wenbo. "Crystal growth of an organic non-linear optical material from the vapour phase." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366941.

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Vijapur, Santosh H. "Engineering Graphene Films from Coal." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1449157836.

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Li-Pook-Than, Andrew. "In Situ Raman Spectroscopy of the Type Selective Etching of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Growth from C60 Seeds." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33014.

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In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to explore etching of carbon nanotubes as well as their growth from C60. The thesis is in three parts: (1) C60 seed particles were partially oxidized in air and were used to grow carbon nanotubes and other nanocarbon structures. Seed oxidization was characterized by monitoring the evolution of the Raman Ag(2) peak and the D band, and oxidation temperature was found to be critical to nanotube growth. (2) To further explore oxidation, carbon nanotubes were thermally oxidized in air at different temperatures, while the evolution of different Raman bands was tracked. Etching dynamics and band intensity evolution were tracked in situ. Notably, metallic species were found to etch much more rapidly than semiconducting species of similar diameter. (3) To confirm and expand on this, a novel, simultaneous two-laser Raman spectroscopy setup was used to track the thermal oxidation of carbon nanotubes in O2 and CO2 gases at different temperatures. Metallic species were resonant with one laser line, while semiconducting species were resonant with the other, so changes to sample metallicity could be tracked unambiguously in two separate spectra. Again, metals were found to etch more rapidly. In situ Raman spectroscopy can track the evolution of nanotubes in real time and provide insight into processing. In general, detailed process monitoring like this can help in the development of selective synthesis and processing.
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Farmer, Benjamin Lionel. "The growth of carbon fibres from the vapour phase." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421504.

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Lane, Penelope Anne. "Investigation of the vapour phase growth of oxide films from metal alkoxides." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47144.

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Barbier, Eric. "Epitaxie par la methode des organometalliques d'heterostructures gaas/gaalas a application en hyperfrequence." Orléans, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ORLE2003.

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Croissance reproductible de materiaux de haute purete qui se caracterisent dans le cas de gaas par une concentration en impuretes residuelles voisine de e14 porteurs par cm**(3), une mobilite electronique a 77k superieur a 110. 000 cm**( non2)v. S et dans le cas du gaalas par un niveau de dopage residuel de e15 porteurs par cm**(3) pour une teneur en aluminium de 25%. La caracterisation des interfaces par microscopie demontrent la croissance reproductibles d'heterojonctions aux transitions de l'ordre de la monocouche
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Lassalle, Francis. "Conception et mise en oeuvre d'un reacteur d'epitaxie gainas/inp par la methode aux hydrures, analyse des conditions de croissance." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2D193.

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Reacteur permettant la croissance de couches epitaxiques dans le systeme (ga,in,as,p) par transport en phase vapeur et par la methode aux hydrures (ph::(3),ash::(3),h::(2),hcl,in,ga). Sa conception autorise la realisation d'heterostructures a interfaces abruptes en conservant une geometrie de reacteur monochambre. Analyse des conditions de croissance du ternaire gainas sur support inp (100). Mise en evidence de l'effet du non equilibre entre les especes as::(2) et as::(4) sur la presence d'un depot parasite en amont de l'echantillon et sur les caracteristiques du depot. Proposition d'un modele rendant compte de l'influence des cinetiques de reactions de surface sur la composition en gallium de gainas
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Porte, Agnès. "Determination des parametres qui regissent la cinetique et la composition d'un depot de gainas/inp par la methode aux hydrures." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF2D162.

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En s'appuyant sur les resultats experimentaux de la croissance de ga::(x)in::(1-x)as/inp en phase vpeur par la methode aux hydrures et sur une theorie cinetique de croisssance qui permet d'exprimer facilement le rapport des pressions partielles de chlorures en fonction de x, detection et analyse de differents phenomenes en jeu dans la croissance. Calcul des parametres necessaires a la prise en compte de ces phenomenes pour la determination des pressions partielles reelles de chacun des constituants de la phase vapeur dans chaque experience realisee. La maitrise de la cinetique du depot et de la composition de la couche de ga::(x)in::(1-x)as est de ce fait rendue possible dans l'epitaxie par la methode aux hydrures
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Zwierz, Radoslaw [Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Kersten, Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Reif, and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Siche. "Plasma enhanced growth of GaN single crystalline layers from vapour phase / Radoslaw Zwierz ; Holger Kersten, Jürgen Reif, Dietmar Siche." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1114282960/34.

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Books on the topic "Growth from vapor"

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Center, Ames Research, ed. A membrane-based subsystem for water-vapor recovery from plant-growth chambers. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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Center, Ames Research, ed. A membrane-based subsystem for water-vapor recovery from plant-growth chambers. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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Rosenberger, F. Morphological stability and kinetics in crystal growth from vapors: Final report, period of performance January 20, 1989 - July 19, 1990. Center for Microgravity and Materials Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1990.

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Carrà, Sergio, and C. Paorici. Joint Italo-German meeting on Current issues in crystal growth from the vapour: Rome, 8-9 November 2005. Bardi, 2007.

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A membrane-based subsystem for water-vapor recovery from plant-growth chambers. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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Solymar, L., D. Walsh, and R. R. A. Syms. Semiconductors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0008.

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Both intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are discussed in terms of their band structure. The acceptor and donor energy levels are introduced. Scattering is discussed, from which the conductivity of semiconductors is derived. Some mathematical relations between electron and hole densities are derived. The mobilities of III–V and II–VI compounds and their dependence on impurity concentrations are discussed. Band structures of real and idealized semiconductors are contrasted. Measurements of semiconductor properties are reviewed. Various possibilities for optical excitation of electrons are discussed. The technology of crystal growth and purification are reviewed, in particular, molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapour deposition.
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Book chapters on the topic "Growth from vapor"

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Dhanasekaran, Ramasamy. "Growth of Semiconductor Single Crystals from Vapor Phase." In Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_27.

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Teyssandier, F. "Growth of Ceramic Layers from Vapor Phase." In Surfaces and Interfaces of Ceramic Materials. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1035-5_39.

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Givargizov, E. I. "Growth of Whiskers from the Vapor Phase." In Highly Anisotropic Crystals. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3709-3_2.

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Ammer, S. A., and A. F. Tatarenkov. "Role of Defects in the Nucleation of Whiskers Growing from Vapor." In Growth of Crystals. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7119-3_8.

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Greene, J. E. "Physics of Film Growth from the Vapor Phase." In Multicomponent and Multilayered Thin Films for Advanced Microtechnologies: Techniques, Fundamentals and Devices. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1727-2_3.

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Wang, Ji-Tao. "Activated Low-Pressure Diamond Growth from the Vapor Phase." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04829-0_4.

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Lümmen, N., B. Fischer, and T. Kraska. "Homogeneous nucleation and growth from highly supersaturated vapor by molecular dynamics simulation." In Soft Matter under Exogenic Impacts. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5872-1_23.

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Greene, J. E., S. A. Barnett, J. E. Sundgren, and A. Rockett. "Low-Energy Ion/Surface Interactions during Film Growth from the Vapor Phase: Effects on Nucleation and Growth Kinetics, Defect Structure, and Elemental Incorporation Probabilities." In Plasma-Surface Interactions and Processing of Materials. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1946-4_18.

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Nakanishi, Tomoko M. "Water-Specific Imaging." In Novel Plant Imaging and Analysis. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4992-6_1.

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AbstractOur first target was water, namely, how to obtain a water-specific image nondestructively. Using a neutron beam, we could visualize water-specific images of plants, including roots and flowers, which were never shown before. Each image suggested the plant-specific activity related to water.We briefly present how to acquire the image and what kind of water image is taken by neutron beam irradiation. We present a variety of plant samples, such as flowers, seeds, and wood disks. It was noted that neutrons could visualize the roots imbedded in soil without uprooting. When a spatial image of the root imbedded in soil was created from many projection images, the water profile around the root was analyzed. Then, fundamental questions were raised, such as whether plants are absorbing water solution or water vapor from the soil, because there was always a space adjacent to the root surface and hardly any water solution was visualized there. The roots are in constant motion during growth, known as circumnutation, and it is natural that the root tip is always pushing the soil aside to produce space for the root to grow. If the roots are absorbing water vapor, then the next question is about metals. Are the roots absorbing metal vapor? Since we tended to employ water culture to study the physiological activity of plants, the physiological study of the plants growing in soil was somewhat neglected. Later, when we could develop a system to visualize the movement of element absorption in a plant, there was a clear difference in element absorption between water culture and soil culture.
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Lecestre, A., E. Dubois, A. Villaret, et al. "Confined and Guided Vapor–Liquid–Solid Catalytic Growth of Silicon Nanoribbons: From Nanowires to Structured Silicon-on-Insulator Layers." In Semiconductor-On-Insulator Materials for Nanoelectronics Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15868-1_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Growth from vapor"

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Stoloff, N. S. "Crack Growth in High Temperature Materials." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98268.

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Abstract Many intermetallic compounds are brittle at low temperatures. Some compounds, including NiAl and MoSi2 seem to be intrinsically brittle. Other compounds, including Ni3Al, FeAl and Fe3Al, are reasonably ductile when tested in inert environments. Water and water vapor can severely embrittle these and other compounds because they contain an active element such as aluminum or silicon. The release of atomic hydrogen from water leads, at room temperature, to hydrogen embrittlement. Another source of embrittlement, at elevated temperatures, is oxygen from the atmosphere. The effects of aggressive environments on the crack growth behavior of several intermetallics under monotonic or cyclic loading are described. Alleviation of embrittlement by means of alloying, the use of coatings or by prestrain are described, although no single method is effective for all intermetallics. A brief survey of environmentally induced crack growth in superalloys is included.
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Rakowski, J. M., and B. A. Pint. "Observations of the Effect of Water Vapor on the Elevated Temperature Oxidation of Austenitic Stainless Steel Foil." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00517.

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Abstract The elevated temperature oxidation of 18Cr-8Ni austenitic stainless steels in air is normally characterized by the formation of a protective, external chromium oxide scale. The low growth rate of this layer protects the underlying metal from further oxidation. Laboratory7 testing of thin stainless steel foil specimens demonstrates that the presence of water vapor decreases the time required for breakaway oxidation to occur. Accelerated oxidation begins after the end of an incubation period, the length of which is affected by the amount of water vapor present. Changes in scale microstructure accompany the transition from normal to accelerated oxidation. Rapid oxidation is accompanied by the formation of a thick, duplex scale comprised of a complex inner layer and an iron oxide outer layer.
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Gray, Elizabeth L., and Arnon Chait. "Numerical Modeling of Transport Processes During Protein Crystallization." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1315.

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Abstract We present results from preliminary research on evaporation kinetics and transport during protein crystallization. Our focus has been on understanding and quantifying the dynamics of the vapor diffusion process, the technique by which the majority of both space-grown and earth-grown protein crystals are produced. In the vapor diffusion process, an aqueous solution containing protein is allowed to evaporate within a closed cell, thereby increasing the protein concentration and causing subsequent nucleation and growth. The rate of evaporation is a complex function of the pre-determined process parameters. Present methodologies are largely inadequate to describe the role of each parameter and its relative importance in achieving a desired evaporation rate curve. In this work we present initial results from a comprehensive numerical model of the process that includes all relevant physics. We systematically investigate the role of different modes of transport in each phase (natural convection and diffusion) and explore process sensitivities to external parameters that are user-defined. Full, large scale numerical simulations of the governing equations for the transport of heat and mass in the droplet and the vapor gap are simultaneously solved and results are presented and compared to data obtained from careful experiments. We demonstrate that natural convection even in earth gravity does not contribute to the evaporation process. We also show that very small fluctuations in temperature can cause significant variations in evaporation rates. Finally, we explore issues that are important for accurate simulations of this seemingly simple, yet complex process of protein crystallization.
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Bavarian, Behzad, Anita Gregorian, Aline B. Avanessian, Boris Miksic, and Lisa Reiner. "Improving the Durability of Packaging Materials Using Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14294.

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Abstract On a global scale, the packaging industry is an enormous economic generator. The global market value for the packaging industry will reach $1 trillion by 2020; an increase from $839 billion in 2015. This immense growth rate is driven by consumer and industry trends. Reduce, reuse and recycle is part of the green commitment and ecological fight to being responsible in the world. The packaging industry recognizes its responsibility in attaining a closed loop cycle for these materials through the use of green corrosion inhibitors. Application of green corrosion inhibitor in packaging materials (wrapping paper, films, and corrugated boxes) is one of the best options. In this study several green inhibitors impregnated papers and film were investigated. Qualification tests of these products were conducted using MIL-STD-3010C including the vapor-inhibiting ability (VIA) (similar to the NACE TM 208-2018) before and after exhaustion test of VCI (volatile corrosion inhibitor) impregnated materials. VIA tests showed very satisfactory results for all the impregnated wrapping paper and film prior to the exhaustion test procedure (grade 3-4 according to NACE TM 208 grading criteria). The VIA grading decreases to 2 or 1 after the exhaustion tests. When the steel samples were wrapped with the VCI impregnated wrap paper and then subjected to exhaustion test conditions, post VIA tests showed good results (grades of 3). It is more realistic approach to conduct the exhaustion tests on the wrapped steel samples with VCI packaging materials and subject those samples to the VIA tests. These tests demonstrate that the VCI adsorbed compound can maintain its attachment to the surface during the exhaustion tests and protect steel samples against corrosion later.
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Chen, B., J. Lindsay, R. A. Ainsworth, and F. Scenini. "Oxidation Behavior of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Used in the UK Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05965.

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Abstract The UK’s advanced gas-cooled (AGR) nuclear reactors have operated over the last 30 years, with the austenitic stainless steel sections primarily operating at temperatures ranging from 470 °C up to 650 °C. The coolant gases used in this type of nuclear system contain a mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane and water vapor. A number of cracks have been reported in superheater boiler components made from 4 mm thick austenitic stainless steel tubes. The mechanism underlying the initiation of cracks is believed to be creep-fatigue which may be exacerbated by carburization of the metal surface, associated with the presence of a duplex oxide layer. In this paper, complementary microstructural characterization techniques have been used to investigate the oxidation behavior of Type UNS S31609 stainless steel in the simulated AGR environments. A primary focus was given to the effects of surface finish and the water vapor content on oxidation. The experimental results show that surface deformation promotes the formation of a thin oxide layer, whereas a deformation-free surface leads to formation of thick duplex oxide layers. Furthermore, the presence of water vapor in the mixed gas environment accelerated the growth of the oxides.
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Ray, R. J., D. D. Newbold, R. H. Colton, and S. B. McCray. "Water Vapor Recovery from Plant Growth Chambers." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/911502.

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Stringfellow, G. B. "Fundamentals of Vapor Phase Epitaxial Growth Processes." In PERSPECTIVES ON INORGANIC, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CRYSTAL GROWTH: FROM FUNDAMENTALS TO APPLICATIONS: Basedon the lectures presented at the 13th International Summer School on Crystal Growth. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2751909.

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Greiffenberg, D., R. Sorgenfrei, K. H. Bachem, and M. Fiederle. "Growth of thick films CdTe from the vapor phase." In 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2006.353791.

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Choi, Yongho, Jennifer Sippel Oakley, Andrew Rinzler, and Ant Ural. "Carbon nanotube growth from ion-implanted catalyst by chemical vapor deposition." In Optics East 2005, edited by M. Saif Islam and Achyut K. Dutta. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.630924.

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Vlieg, Elias. "X-ray Diffraction Studies of Crystal-Vapor and Crystal-Solution Interfaces." In PERSPECTIVES ON INORGANIC, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CRYSTAL GROWTH: FROM FUNDAMENTALS TO APPLICATIONS: Basedon the lectures presented at the 13th International Summer School on Crystal Growth. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2751921.

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Reports on the topic "Growth from vapor"

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Sitar, Z., R. Schlesser, H. Shin, E. Arkun, and R. F. Davis. Growth of AlN and GaN Bulk Crystals from the Vapor Phase. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389828.

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Siripatrawan, Ubonratana. Active Chitosan-Based Film with Antimicrobial Property for Food Packaging Application. Chulalongkorn University, 2010. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2010.22.

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This research was aimed to develop an active film from chitosan film incorporated with green tea extract to enhance antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in order to be used for food shelf life extension. The experiments were divided into 3 parts. Firstly, chitosan-based film preparation and modification were determined. The results suggested that the optimum chitosan films could be prepared from 2% chitosan in 1% acetic acid. However, the chitosan film was brittle and had low flexibility. Mechanical property of chitosan film was modified by adding different concentrations of glycerol, as a plasticizer, including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% (w/w of chitosan). The effect of plasticizer concentration on the mechanical properties of the chitosan film was determined by measuring their tensile strength, elongation at break, thickness, surface colors and water vapor transmission rate. The results showed that 30% glycerol was the optimum concentration to improve flexibility, while maintaining tensile strength and other physical properties of the film. Secondly, chitosan-based film was incorporated with green tea extract (GT) in order to improve film’s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The optimum concentration of green tea extract was then determined by adding 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20% (w/v) of green tea in film-forming solution, and tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability (WVP), density, total phenolic compounds (TPC), radicals scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of the film were determined. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was carried out to observe the potential modifications of the chitosan films when incorporated with GTE. The ability to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 118, Salmonella enteritidis DMST 17368, Escherichia coli TISTR 780 and Pseudomonas fluorescens TISTR 358 was conducted using agar diffusion method. It was found that WVP and lightness (L) decreased, while density, TPC, DPPH scavenging activity, redness (a), and yellowness (b) increased with increasing green tea concentration. The results also showed that films containing green tea extract had inhibition zone and could inhibit bacterial growth underneath film, while chitosan-alone film had no inhibition zone. The results suggested that incorporation of GT into chitosan films improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties and enhanced polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial property of the films. Changes in the FTIR spectra of the chitosan films were observed when GTE was incorporated, suggesting some interactions occurred between amine group of chitosan and hydroxyl group of green tea polyphenols. Lastly, the chitosan film containing green tea extract (CGT-film) was used as an active film for shelf life extension of pork sausage. Qualities of pork sausages wrapped with CGT-film were compared with those wrapped with chitosan-alone film without green tea incorporation (C-film) and those without chitosan film wrapping (Control). Changes in the physical qualities including color values and texture, the chemical qualities including pH and thiobarbituric value (TBA), the microbiological qualities including total plate count, yeasts/moulds, and lactic acid bacteria were determined throughout the storage. The sensory qualities including odor, color, slime formation, and overall acceptance were also evaluated using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. The results showed that samples wrapped with CGT-film had higher cutting force, lightness and yellowness values, but lower TBA and microbial growth than those wrapped with C-film and control. Based on microbiological analysis and sensory evaluation, control samples and those wrapped with C-film had shelf life of less than 12 and 20 days, respectively. Samples wrapped with GCT-film had better qualities than other samples and had shelf life of up to 20 days at 4℃. Incorporation of GT into chitosan film could enhance the antioxidant and antiomicrobial properties of the film. CGT-film reduced the lipid oxidation and inhibited microbial growth and, consequently, could maintain qualities and extended shelf life of the pork sausage.
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3

Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.

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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784
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สิริภัทราวรรณ, อุบลรัตน์, สุวัสสา พงษ์อำไพ та สุภาภรณ์ ดั๊กกลาส. การใช้ฟิล์มเคลือบบริโภคได้จากไคโตซานเพื่อยืดอายุการเก็บของผลิตภัณฑ์อาหารแช่เย็นพร้อมบริโภคได้ : รายงานการวิจัย. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2009. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2009.42.

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The objective of this research was to use chitosan coating for shelf life extension of refridgerated ready-to-eat food product. The research was separated into 3 sections. Firstly, the optimum packaging material and condtion for packaging of brioled boneless por1<. (BBP) was determined by using polypropylene bag under atmospheric air (OPP) and polyamide bag under atmospheric air (PA) and vacuum condition (PA-V) and stored at 2 ± 1 °C. The results suggested that PA-V could maintain qualities including color, texture, pH, peroxide values (POV) and organoleptic qualities of BBP better than PA and OPP. Therefore, PA-V was used for further experiment. Secondly, the optimum method for preparation of chitosan coating was determined by using different solvents including lactic acid 1% (wlv) and acetic acid 1% (w/v) and different concentrations of plasticizer including 0, 10, 20 and 30 % w/w of chitosan. It was found that using acetic acid, the chitosan film had higher tensile strength (TS), while thickness, elongation at break (% EAS) and water 'vapor transmission rate (WVTR) were not different from those using lactic acid. It was also found that 20 % plasticizer was optimum to be used for preparing chitosan film because the film had higher % EAB, while maintaining thickness, TS, and WVTR. Lastly, the effect of using chitosan coating on qualities and shelf life of BBP was determined by coating the BBP with chitosan concentrations of 2.0 % w/v (Coat-A) and 2.5 % w/v (Coat-B), SSP without chitosan coating was used as Control. All samples were then packaged in PA-V and stored at 2 ± 1°C. It was found that BBP coated with chitosan could maintain color, texture, pH, POV and organoleptic qualities better than Control. The results suggested that chitosan coating could inhibit microbial growth and lipid oxidation of the product and thus extending the shelf life of the SSP, Control samples had had shelf life of less than 21 days, while BBP coated with chitosan had shelf life of up to 28 days .
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5

Alig, Robert, David Burton, Elliot Kennel, and Max Lake. Development of pilot plant for the production of vapor grown carbon fiber from Ohio coal. Final report, July 1997 to July 2000. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1185202.

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6

Høegh, Britt Haker, Lies Vanhouttegehem, and Thor Hansen. Documentation of moisture reduction up to two years after refurbishment of moisture damaged exterior basement wall. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541578714.

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In Denmark, many old buildings are constructed with massive masonry basement walls. Originally, these basements were used for storage or as boiler room. Hence moisture in the basement walls was not considered a problem, and moisture protection of basement constructions was not considered necessary. However, leaving older buildings basement walls exposed to moisture from the surrounding soil, results in a high risk for damage and mould growth on the interior surface of the exterior basement walls. Today, many of these basements are used for daily purposes. Accordingly, moisture problems in the basements are no longer acceptable. Therefore, drainage systems in combination with external insulation of the basement walls are installed in many buildings. Traditionally, insulation materials with a high water vapour resistance are used as external insulation for basement walls in Denmark. However, theoretical approach and field experiences indicate that application of insulation materials with a low water vapour diffusion resistance, results in a larger reduction of the moisture content in the masonry of the basement’s exterior walls. This paper documents moisture measurements from a basement, in which external insulation with low vapour diffusion resistance was applied to the external basement walls. Additionally, at the bottom of the basement walls a horizontal moisture barrier and perimeter drain were installed, as well as heating and natural ventilation of the basement. After one year, a noticeable reduction in moisture content was measured compared to the moisture content before installation, while no further reduction was seen after the second year.
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