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Lehmann, Sharon, and Frank B. Cerra. "Growth Hormone and Nutritional Support: Adverse Metabolic Effects." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 7, no. 1 (February 1992): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011542659200700127.
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&NA;. "Lack of adverse effects on LV with growth hormone." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 988 (May 1995): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199509880-00041.
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Souza, Flavio Moutinho, and Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg. "Adverse effects of growth hormone replacement therapy in children." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 55, no. 8 (November 2011): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302011000800009.
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Human growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy has been widely available for clinical purposes for more than fifty years. Starting in 1958, hGH was obtained from cadaveric pituitaries, but in 1985 the association between hGH therapy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was reported. In the same year, the use of recombinant hGH (rhGH) was approved. Side effects of rhGH replacement therapy in children and adolescents include rash and pain at injection site, transient fever, prepubertal gynecomastia, arthralgia, edema, benign intracranial hypertension, insulin resistance, progression of scoliosis, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Since GH stimulates cell multiplication, development of neoplasms is a concern. We will review the side effects reported in all rhGH indications.
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Darendeliler, Feyza. "Growth and growth hormone: recent papers on efficacy and adverse effects of growth hormone and World Health Organisation growth standards." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2017-0531.
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Wass, John A. H., and Raghava Reddy. "Growth hormone and memory." Journal of Endocrinology 207, no. 2 (August 9, 2010): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-10-0126.
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Growth hormone (GH) replacement unequivocally benefits growth, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life. Less is known about the effects of GH on learning and memory. The recent paper on ‘early onset – GH deficiency (GHD) results in spatial memory impairment in mid life – and is prevented by GH supplementation’ by Nieves-Martinez importantly adds to this literature. Other data suggest that GH beneficially affects cognitive function in rats. In man, treatment of GHD has been associated with improvements in measures of memory and attention. There are also differences in verbal memory of patients with childhood onset GHD. Further questions remain, and the beneficial effects or otherwise of treating GHD in different age groups remain to be better defined. Certainly for reasons of maturation of neural connections and their development to young adulthood contemporaneous with rises in GH and IGF1 make these important areas for further study in man. Lastly because of what we already know in terms of cognitive effects of GHD, it is important to replace GH when studying other potential causes of adverse effects on cognition, for example, with radiotherapy.
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&NA;, &NA;. "Growth Hormone In the Elderly: Trying to Balance Dose and Adverse Effects." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 94, no. 3 (March 1994): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199403000-00032.
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Bessarione, D., F. Perfumo, M. Giusti, F. Ginevri, G. Mazzocchi, R. Gusmano, and G. Giordano. "Growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal and uraemic children. Comparison with hypoglycaemia following insulin administration." Acta Endocrinologica 114, no. 1 (January 1987): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1140005.
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Abstract. The uraemic syndrome is characterized by several endocrinological disturbances. This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the GH response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) in children with chronic renal failure (CRF) and to compare the results with those observed after insulin hypoglycaemia. Twenty-two children with CRF, 10 undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 12 on conservative treatment (CT), age ranges 2–15 years, were studied and the data were compared with those from 14 children with normal renal function and normal hormonal behaviour, affected by short stature (NC), and those form 13 healthy adult volunteers (NA). The GRH test (1 μg/kg body weight, iv) was carried out in 8 CAPD, 8 CT, 9 NC and 10 NA subjects. The blood samples were taken every 30 min for 3 h in CAPD and CT and for 2 h in NC and NA starting at 09.00 h. The following hormones were measured: GH, LH, FSH, Prl, TSH and cortisol (F). The insulin test (0.1 U/kg body weight, iv) was carried out in 5 CAPD, 5 CT, 10 NC and 9 NA on blood samples taken every 30 min for 2 h, measuring GH and glycaemia. No adverse effects were observed after the infusion of GRH. GRH administration induced a prompt response in all subjects, but GH plasma levels were significantly higher in uraemic children than in adults (peak value of 43.5 ± 8.2, 45.0 ± 8.4, 27.8 ± 6.0; 13.5 ± 2.6 μg/ml in CAPD, CT, NC and NA, respectively). The secretory areas were significantly narrower in NC (P < 0.05) and NA (P < 0.01) than in CAPD, and in NA than in CT (P < 0.01). The GH response to insulin did not differ in the 4 groups. The secretory area in CAPD and CT was wider after GRH than after insulin. The GH peak value of CAPD and NC was significantly higher after GRH than following insulin. No significant variation in TSH, LH and FSH was observed after the infusion of the neuropeptide, whereas Prl and F showed a reduction. The behaviour of Prl and F in NA and NC was similar after placebo and GRH. Our data show: a) There is a greater response of GH to GRH in children than in adults; b) compared with the insulin test, GRH stimulation seems to be a reliable means of evaluating GH secretion both in normal and uraemic children owing to the absence of qualitatively different responses and to the freedom from the adverse effects or risks which follow insulin infusion; c) GRH administration does not induce any significant variation on other hypophyseal hormones and the reduction of Prl and F seems to follow the normal sleep-wake and circadian behaviour.
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Jørgensen, Jens O. L., Søren A. Pedersen, Leif Thuesen, Jørgen Jørgensen, Jens Møller, Jørn Müller, Niels E. Skakkebæk, and Jens S. Christiansen. "Long-term growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient adults." Acta Endocrinologica 125, no. 4 (October 1991): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1250449.
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Abstract. Growth hormone treatment in GH-deficient adults has proved beneficial in recent short-term trials, but long-term results have not yet been reported. Thirteen GH-deficient adults (4 females, 9 males; mean (sem) age 26.4 (1.7) years), who had completed 4 months of GH therapy in a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study were followed, for further 16.1 (0.8) months of uninterrupted GH therapy in an open design. A significant mean increase of 1.3 cm in linear height was recorded, whereas body mass index remained unchanged. Mean muscle volume of the thigh, estimated by computerised tomography, increased significantly compared with that of the initial placebo period (p=0.01), and a slight decrease was recorded in adipose tissue volume of the thigh (p=0.10) and subscapular skinfold thickness (p=0.10). Still, the muscle to fat ratio of the thigh was significantly lower compared with that of normal subjects (72.6/27.4 vs 77.9/22.1) (p<0.01). The mean isometric strength of the quadriceps muscles increased significantly during long-term GH therapy (p<0.01), but remained lower compared with that of normal subjects (1.66 (0.10) vs 2.13 (0.11) Nm/kg body weight). Exercise capacity performed on a bicycle ergometer increased significantly after long-term therapy (p<0.05), but still did not reach the values seen in normal subjects (22.5 (3.4) vs 37.4 (4.2) watt · min · kg−1· No adverse reactions were recorded during long-term therapy and hemoglobin A1c remained unchanged. These data suggest that long-term GH replacement therapy in GH-deficient adults has beneficial effects on several physiological features which are subnormal in these patients.
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Galbraith, Hugh. "Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues." Nutrition Research Reviews 15, no. 2 (December 2002): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr200246.
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AbstractBeef and its products are an important source of nutrition in many human societies. Methods of production vary and include the use of hormonal compounds (‘hormones’) to increase growth and lean tissue with reduced fat deposition in cattle. The hormonal compounds are naturally occurring in animals or are synthetically produced xenobiotics and have oestrogenic (oestradiol-17β and its esters; zeranol), androgenic (testosterone and esters; trenbolone acetate) or progestogenic (progesterone; melengestrol acetate) activity. The use of hormones as production aids is permitted in North American countries but is no longer allowed in the European Union (EU), which also prohibits the importation of beef and its products derived from hormone-treated cattle. These actions have resulted in a trade dispute between the two trading blocs. The major concern for EU authorities is the possibility of adverse effects on human consumers of residues of hormones and metabolites. Methods used to assess possible adverse effects are typical of those used by international agencies to assess acceptability of chemicals in human food. These include analysis of quantities present in the context of known biological activity and digestive, absorptive, post-absorptive and excretory processes. Particular considerations include the low quantities of hormonal compounds consumed in meat products and their relationships to endogenous production particularly in prepubertal children, enterohepatic inactivation, cellular receptor- and non-receptor-mediated effects and potential for interference with growth, development and physiological function in consumers. There is particular concern about the role of oestradiol-17β as a carcinogen in certain tissues. Now subject to a ‘permanent’ EU ban, current evidence suggests that certain catechol metabolites may induce free-radical damage of DNA in cell and laboratory animal test systems. Classical oestrogen-receptor mediation is considered to stimulate proliferation in cells maintaining receptivity. Mathematical models describing quantitative relationships between consumption of small amounts of oestrogens in meat in addition to greater concentrations from endogenous production, chemical stoichiometry at cellular level and human pathology have not been developed. Such an approach will be necessary to establish ‘molecular materiality’ of the additional hormone intake as a component of relative risk assessment. The other hormones, although generally less well researched, are similarly subject to a range of tests to determine potentially adverse effects. The resulting limited international consensus relates to the application of the ‘precautionary principle’ and non-acceptance by the European Commission of the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which determined that meat from cattle, hormone-treated according to good practice, was safe for human consumers. The present review considers the hormone issue in the context of current international social methodology and regulation, recent advances in knowledge of biological activity of hormones and current status of science-based evaluation of food safety and risk for human consumers.
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Ranke, Michael B. "Effects of Growth Hormone on the Metabolism of Lipids and Water and Their Potential in Causing Adverse Events during Growth Hormone Treatment." Hormone Research 39, no. 3-4 (1993): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000182707.
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Rick, Ferenc, Luca Szalontay, Andrew Abi-Chaker, Norman L. Block, Gabor Halmos, and Andrew V. Schally. "Effect of novel growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonists on growth of experimental renal cell carcinomas." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2013): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.6_suppl.469.
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469 Background: Although targeted therapy has improved the clinical outcome for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a complete response is rare and therapy has adverse effects. Early antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) were shown to inhibit experimental RCC cell line, Caki-1, in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we investigate the effects of novel and highly potent antagonists of GHRH of MIA class on the growth of three RCC cell lines. Methods: The expression of GHRH receptor in all three cell lines was evaluated by ligand competition studies. The influence of GHRH antagonists MIA-602, MIA-604, MIA-606, and MIA-690 on cell viability was assessed by MTS assay in ACHN, A498, and 786-0 human RCC cells. GHRH antagonists were given at dose of 5µg daily in these three nude-mice xenograft models. Cell cycle parameters were analyzed by laser flow cytometry. Results: Ligand competition studies revealed specific, high affinity binding sites for GHRH receptor in all three RCC cell lines. GHRH antagonists inhibited the proliferation of all three RCC cells in a dose dependent manner. GHRH antagonists caused significant inhibition of tumor growth of ACHN, A498, and 786-0 RCCs ranged from 53-75% after 35 days of treatment (p<0.001). Treatment of ACHN cells with MIA-690 (10µM) led to a significant increase in number of cells with subG1DNA content, suggesting apoptosis. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the novel GHRH antagonists in inhibiting growth of experimental RCC models in vitro and in vivo was demonstrated. The inhibitory effect of GHRH antagonists is mainly due to direct inhibitory effects exerted through GHRH receptors. Biochemical and histological evaluation is needed to explore the mechanisms of action of GHRH antagonists in RCC.
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Alvarado-Flores, Jesús, and Roberto Rico-Martínez. "Effects of waterborne luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone on reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (Monogononta: Brachionidae)." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 55 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2019008.
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This study used freshwater rotifers to evaluate the effects of two endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which can be considered emergent contaminants in urban and rural wastewater and are of ecotoxicological importance. LH stimulates the synthesis of testosterone, whereas FSH promotes the maturation of follicles and sperm in vertebrates and invertebrates. However, in rotifers, there are no reports of the effects of chronic exposure to these hormones when added to reconstituted culture medium, as a way to study potential adverse effects that might occur in the environment. Therefore, we studied the reproductive effects of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas 1766 using a 4-day reproductive assay. Our results indicate that LH has a significant effect in increasing the production of females, males, and cysts, while FSH had no significant effect compared to control treatment. Additionally, our results indicate that LH exposure resulted in 0.33% of organisms being deformed, whereas FSH exposure resulted in 1.09% of organisms being deformed. Deformations included: (a) abnormal growth of lorica, (b) joined foot-head, (c) deformed anterior spine, and (d) deformed parthenogenetic eggs. The organisms with LH-induced deformations did not reproduce and only lived 48 h after 4 days of exposure, while those with FSH-induced deformities survived 15 days and produced 105 cysts with a hatching percentage of 58.10%. Our goal was to contribute to the knowledge of endocrine systems and endocrine hormones of rotifers, to explain the potential mechanism of endocrine disruption that results in adverse effects in freshwater rotifers.
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Thirunagari, Rajeev, Alexandra Marrone, Hannah Elsinghorst, and Lucy D. Mastrandrea. "Hematuria as an adverse outcome following provocative growth hormone stimulation testing in children." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 31, no. 5 (May 24, 2018): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2017-0458.
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Abstract Background: Provocative growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing is used to evaluate short stature and growth failure in children. Agents commonly used for testing include clonidine, arginine and glucagon. While stimulation testing is generally considered safe, gross hematuria has been described as a rare idiopathic complication of GH stimulation testing. This study was designed to estimate the incidence of both microscopic and macroscopic hematuria following GH testing with different provocative agents. Methods: Subjects undergoing GH stimulation testing were invited to participate in the study. Prior to testing, vital signs were measured and baseline point-of-care (POC) urinalysis was done. The subjects performed urine testing at home on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 following GH stimulation studies. Families notified the study team with any positive findings and returned the data collection tool by mail. Results: In total, 34 subjects aged 11.14±2.71 years (91.2% male) completed the study. Agents used in provocative testing included arginine (73.5%), clonidine (94.1%) and glucagon (32.4%). Three subjects developed hematuria after GH stimulation testing (clonidine/arginine). The hematuria resolved by 7 days after testing. Additional adverse effects included nausea, vomiting and hypotension. Conclusions: In this study of children undergoing GH testing, hematuria was identified in three subjects. This study demonstrates that side effects to agents used for GH testing are self-limited, yet not rare, and should be discussed with patients and families prior to stimulation testing.
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Pinessi, L., I. Rainero, L. Savi, W. Valfrè, P. Limone, P. Calvelli, P. Del Rizzo, et al. "Effects of Subcutaneous Sumatriptan on Plasma Growth Hormone Concentrations in Migraine Patients." Cephalalgia 20, no. 4 (May 2000): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00054.x.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of 5-HT1D receptors in migraine using sumatriptan as a pharmacological probe. The drug stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) and this effect may be used to explore the function of cerebral serotonergic systems in vivo. We administered sumatriptan and placebo to 15 migraineurs and to 10 controls. Blood samples were collected -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after injection. Placebo had no effect on hormone concentrations. Sumatriptan induced a significant ( P < 0.01) increase in GH concentrations both in migraine patients and healthy controls. The GH increase was not significantly different in the two groups. Our results suggest that cerebral serotonergic functions mediated by 5-HT1D receptors are not altered in migraine. Sumatriptan overuse could lead to adverse effects mediated by its neuroendocrine activity.
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Molehin, Deborah, Marloes Dekker Nitert, and Kerry Richard. "Prenatal Exposures to Multiple Thyroid Hormone Disruptors: Effects on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism." Journal of Thyroid Research 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8765049.
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Background.Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for normal human fetal development and play a major role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Delivery of TH to target tissues is dependent on processes including TH synthesis, transport, and metabolism. Thyroid hormone endocrine disruptors (TH-EDCs) are chemical substances that interfere with these processes, potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes.Objectives.This review focuses on the effects of prenatal exposures to combinations of TH-EDCs on fetal and neonatal glucose and lipid metabolism and also discusses the various mechanisms by which TH-EDCs interfere with other hormonal pathways.Methods.We conducted a comprehensive narrative review on the effects of TH-EDCs with particular emphasis on exposure during pregnancy.Discussion.TH imbalance has been linked to many metabolic processes and the effects of TH imbalance are particularly pronounced in early fetal development due to fetal dependence on maternal TH for proper growth and development. The pervasive presence of EDCs in the environment results in ubiquitous exposure to either single or mixtures of EDCs with deleterious effects on metabolism.Conclusions.Further evaluation of combined effects of TH-EDCs on fetal metabolic endpoints could improve advice provided to expectant mothers.
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Kim, Su Jin, Joong Bum Cho, Min Jung Kwak, Eun Kyung Kwon, Kyung Hoon Paik, and Dong-Kyu Jin. "Effects and adverse-effects of growth hormone therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: A two year study." Korean Journal of Pediatrics 51, no. 7 (2008): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2008.51.7.742.
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Tritos, Nicholas A., Gudmundur Johannsson, Márta Korbonits, Karen K. Miller, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, Kevin C. J. Yuen, Donna King, et al. "Effects of Long-term Growth Hormone Replacement in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency Following Cure of Acromegaly: A KIMS Analysis." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 2018–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1013.
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Context: GH deficiency (GHD) may occur in adults with cured acromegaly (acroGHD). Objective: Our objective was to examine the effectiveness and safety of GH replacement in acroGHD. Design: This study was a retrospective analysis of data from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database). Setting: Data were extracted from a pharmaco-epidemiological survey of >16 000 GHD adults from 31 countries. Patients: The effectiveness population included 115 adults with acroGHD and 142 age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched GHD adults with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) followed up to 5 years on GH. The safety population included 164 adults with acroGHD and 2469 with NFPA, all GH-replaced. Both acroGHD and NFPA were compared with several cohorts from the general population (including the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease). Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included quality of life (QoL-AGHDA), lipids, serious adverse events, and additional safety endpoints. Results: Median GH dose was 0.3 mg/d in acroGHD and NFPA at 5 years. There were comparable improvements in QoL-AGHDA and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in acroGHD and NFPA. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased only in acroGHD. Cardiovascular mortality was increased in acroGHD vs NFPA (standardized mortality ratio = 3.03, P = .02). All-cause mortality was similar in acroGHD (ratio between observed/expected cases [95% confidence interval] = 1.32 [0.70–2.25]) and lower in NFPA [observed/expected = 0.58 [0.48–0.70]) in comparison with the general population. There was no difference in incidence of all cancers, benign or malignant brain tumors, or diabetes mellitus between acroGHD and NFPA. Conclusions: GH replacement has comparable effects on quality of life and lipids in acroGHD and NFPA. Further investigation is needed to examine whether the increased cardiovascular mortality may be attributed to the history of previous GH excess in acroGHD.
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Aljuburi, Hameed J. "585 Indole Acetic Acid Reduced Some Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Date Palm Seedlings." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 547D—547. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.547d.
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An experiment was conducted at the United Arab Emirates Univ., in Al-Ain, to study the effect of saline water on the growth characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seedings cultivar Lulu-salt alone or a combination of NaCl and indole acetic acid (IAA) or IAA alone were tested with different levels. Then the plant growth characteristics were measured. Hormone did not antagonize the salt effect on shoot length of date palm seedlings. Application of 24 mg·L–1 salt alone or in combination with hormone and 12 mg·L–1 in combination with 0.2 mg·L–1 IAA significantly increased the root: shoot ratio over the control. Irrigation date palm seedlings with saline water alone or in combination with IAA for 80 days resulted in a significant increase in dry matter (percentage) of leaves with salt symptoms, whereas the number of leaves per seedling were reduced over the control. The results also showed that the irrigation of seedlings with 0.15 mg·L–1 IAA in combination with 24 or 12 mg·L–1 salt alleviated adverse effect of salt by increasing or reducing significantly root length or leaves with salt symptoms percentage over using 24 or 12 mg·L–1 salt alone.
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Riedl, M., M. Hass, R. Oberbauer, J. Gisinger, A. Luger, and G. Mayer. "The effects of prolonged substitution of recombinant human growth hormone on renal functional reserve in growth hormone-deficient adults." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6, no. 5 (November 1995): 1434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v651434.
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Twelve growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults with normal renal function were recruited for a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of prolonged recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) substitution therapy on renal functional parameters. RhGH was administered at a dose 0.125 IU/kg per week sc the first 4 wk and 0.25 IU/kg per week thereafter. At baseline and after 6 months of therapy, GFR and RPF were measured by the use of iothalamate and para- aminohippurate clearance techniques before and after an intravenous infusion of amino acids (AA) to determine the renal functional reserve capacity (RFRC). At baseline, GFR and RPF were similar in the GH-deficient patients and a group of normal, healthy controls (GFR, 117 +/- 10 mL/min; RPF, 567 +/- 57 mL/min, and filtration fraction, 22 +/- 1.6% in the patient group and GFR, 117 +/- 10 mL/min; RPF, 509 +/- 54 mL/min; and filtration fraction, 24 +/- 1.3% in the control group). GFR increased significantly in the control and patient group after AA infusion; the RFRC, however, was significantly larger in healthy individuals (GFR post-AA infusion, 141 +/- 10 mL in GH-deficient patients and 182 +/- 20 mL/min in controls). Thereafter, six patients received placebo therapy for 6 months and GFR as well as RFRC remained constant (GFR, 107 +/- 9 and 106 +/- 12 mL/min before AA infusion and 132 +/- 14 and 134 +/- 5 mL/min after AA infusion at baseline and after 6 months, respectively). Four patients of the placebo group then continued with rhGH therapy for another 6 months. They and six patients who had rhGH therapy from the beginning form the rhGH treatment study group. During rhGH treatment, plasma insulin-like growth factor activity increased significantly from 93 +/- 17 to 229 +/- 23 ng/mL. Baseline GFR and RPF as well as RFRC were unaltered by the 6 months of rhGH replacement therapy (basal GFR, 124 +/- 7 mL/min before and 123 +/- 9 mL/min after 6 months of rhGH therapy; GFR after AA infusion, 145 +/- 9 mL/min at baseline and 144 +/- 8 mL/min after 6 months of therapy). Kidney size as evaluated by ultrasonography was normal at baseline when compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls (10.3 +/- 0.2 versus 9.9 +/- 0.1 cm) and was unchanged after 6 months of therapy (10.3 +/- 0.3 cm). It was concluded from this study that rhGH substitution for 6 months at a dose of 0.25 IU/kg per week in GH-deficient patients with normal renal function has no adverse functional effects on the kidney.
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Albrecht, Andrea, Theresa Penger, Michaela Marx, Karin Hirsch, and Helmuth G. Dörr. "Short-term adverse effects of testosterone used for priming in prepubertal boys before growth hormone stimulation test." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2017-0280.
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AbstractBackground:Despite the fact that priming with sex steroids in prepubertal children before growth hormone (GH) provocative tests is recommended, there is an ongoing controversial discussion about the appropriate age of the children, the drug used for priming, the dose and the period between priming and the GH test. Interestingly, there is no discussion on the safety of this procedure. To date, only little data have been available on the possible side effects of priming with testosterone.Methods:We analyzed the outcome in 188 short-statured prepubertal boys who had been primed with testosterone enanthate (n=136: 50 mg; n=51: 125 mg, and accidentally one boy with 250 mg) 7 days prior to the GH test. Serum testosterone levels were measured on the day of the GH test in 99 boys.Results:Overall, only five boys developed adverse side effects. Two boys (dose 125 mg) showed severe low-flow priapism and had to undergo decompression of the corpora cavernosa. One boy suffered from self-limiting priapism and testicular pain (dose 50 mg). Two patients reported testicular pain (each dose 50 mg). The single patient with 250 mg testosterone did not show any adverse effects. The total side effect rate was 2.7%. The serum testosterone levels of the boys with side effects were not different from the testosterone levels of the boys without any side effects.Conclusions:Parents and patients should be informed about the possible side effects of priming with testosterone such as priapism and testicular pain. However, the overall side effect rate is low. We found no correlation between the outcome and the testosterone dose used and/or the level of serum testosterone.
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Sountoulides, Petros, and Thomas Rountos. "Adverse Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Prevention and Management." ISRN Urology 2013 (July 25, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/240108.
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The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ. The increase, growth, homeostasis, and function of the prostate largely depend upon the intraprostatic and serum concentrations of androgens. Therefore, androgens are essential for the physiologic growth of prostatic epithelium. Prostate cancer, the second leading cause of death for men, is also androgen dependent, and androgen suppression is the mainstay of treatment for advanced and metastatic disease. In the state of metastatic disease, androgen suppression is a palliative treatment leading to a median progression-free survival of 18–20 months and an overall survival of 24–36 months. Theoretically, the majority of patients will develop hormone-refractory disease provided that they will not die from other causes. Although androgen suppression therapy may be associated with significant and sometimes durable responses, it is not considered a cure, and its potential efficacy is further limited by an array of significant and bothersome adverse effects caused by the suppression of androgens. These effects have potentially significant consequences on a variety of parameters of everyday living and may further decrease health-related quality of life. This review focuses on the aetiology of these adverse effects and provides information on their prevention and management.
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Vickers, MH, BA Ikenasio, and BH Breier. "Adult growth hormone treatment reduces hypertension and obesity induced by an adverse prenatal environment." Journal of Endocrinology 175, no. 3 (December 1, 2002): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1750615.
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The discovery of a link between an adverse in utero environment and the propensity to develop metabolic and cardiovascular disease in adult life is one of the most important advances in epidemiological research of recent Years. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that alterations in the fetal environment may have long-term consequences for the development of metabolic disorders in adult life. This process has been termed 'fetal programming' and we have shown that undernutrition of the mother during gestation leads to development of the metabolic syndrome X during adult life. Striking metabolic similarities exist between syndrome X and untreated GH deficiency (GHD). In the present study we have investigated the effects of GH treatment on blood pressure and metabolic parameters. Virgin Wistar rats (age 75+/-5 days, n=20 per group) were time-mated and randomly assigned to receive food either ad libitum (AD) or 30% of AD intake (UN) throughout pregnancy. At weaning, male offspring were assigned to one of two diets (control or hypercaloric (30% fat)). Systolic blood pressure was measured at day 100 and following twice daily treatment with recombinant bovine GH for 21 days. GH treatment increased body weights in all treated animals but significantly reduced retroperitoneal and gonadal fat pad weights. Following GH treatment, systolic blood pressure was markedly decreased in all UN offspring. Saline-treated animals showed no change in systolic blood pressure over the treatment period. GH treatment increased heart-to-body weight ratio in all GH-treated animals. Our data demonstrated that GH treatment reduces hypertension and improves cardiovascular function in animals exposed to adverse environmental conditions during fetal or postnatal life.
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Dedov, I. I., O. B. Bezlepkina, E. B. Koledova, E. V. Nagaeva, V. C. Oganov, L. V. Murashko, and A. V. Bakulin. "The first domestic experience with the use of human growth hormone in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency." Problems of Endocrinology 50, no. 1 (February 15, 2004): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11301.
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The paper presents the results of treatment in 45 adult patients with somatotropic insufficiency. The study was undertaken to compare the efficiency of treatment of the patients with different doses of the human growth hormone Humatrop and to evaluate its safety. The treatment lasted 6 months. Within the first 3 months, Group 1 patients (n = 24) received Humatrop in a dose of 3.0 pg/kg/day, Group 2 patients (n = 24) had its dose of 6.0 pg/kg/day. Later on the dose was doubled in both groups. The criteria for therapeutic efficiency were changes in the body’s structure (LBM, FM), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF-binding protein-3. In both groups, there was an increase in lean body mass (p < 0.001 in Group 1 and p < 0.018 in Group 2) and a decrease in fatty body mass (p — 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively) by the end of treatment. The levels of IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 were higher just by the end of the third month of treatment (p < 0.001). There were group differences in all the indices of therapeutic efficiency throughout the treatment period. Side effects were slightly more frequently observed in Group 2 patients. The findings allow Humatrop to be recommended in a dose 3 pg/kg/day within the first 3 months of treatment since the dose is as effective as the larger dose (6 pg/kg/day). Further, the dose of the agent should be changed on an individual basis depending on the levels of IGF-1 and the presence of adverse reactions.
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Leung, Wing, Susan R. Rose, Yinmei Zhou, Michael L. Hancock, Stephen Burstein, Elizabeth A. Schriock, Robert Lustig, et al. "Outcomes of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2002): 2959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.09.142.
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PURPOSE: Little is known about the long-term efficacy or adverse effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who have GH deficiency. We investigated the adult height of patients who had received GH and estimated their risk of leukemia relapse or development of a second malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 910 patients treated for ALL at a single institution, 47 had received GH replacement therapy. The linear growth of these 47 patients was retrospectively evaluated. Their risk of leukemia relapse or second malignancy was compared with that of survivors who did not undergo GH therapy. RESULTS: The median height SD score at the start of GH therapy had decreased by 1.0 since the time of diagnosis of ALL. After a median duration of 4.5 years of GH therapy, adult height SD scores improved and approached height SD scores at the time of diagnosis of ALL. The median adult height for male patients was 173.2 cm (range, 157 to 191.9 cm), and for female patients, it was 158.1 cm (range, 141 to 168 cm). None of the patients developed adverse effects requiring discontinuation of GH treatment. At the 7-year and 11-year landmarks in continuous hematologic remission, there was no statistical evidence that GH therapy was associated with leukemia relapse or development of a second malignancy. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that GH replacement therapy is safe and efficacious for the correction of GH deficiency in survivors of childhood ALL.
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Amat o, Giovanni, Giovanni Izzo, Giovanni La Montagna, and Antonio Bellastella. "Low dose recombinant human growth hormone normalizes bone metabolism and cortical bone density and improves trabecular bone density in growth hormone deficient adults without causing adverse effects." Clinical Endocrinology 45, no. 1 (July 1996): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.00735.x.
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Amato, Giovanni, Giovanni Izzo, Giovanni La Montagna, and Antonio Bellastella. "Low dose recombinant human growth hormone normalizes bone metabolism and cortical bone density and improves trabecular bone density in growth hormone deficient adults without causing adverse effects." Clinical Endocrinology 45, no. 1 (July 1996): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1996.tb02056.x.
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Wu, Jing, Fei Zhao, Yuan Zhang, Jiang Xue, Jiangying Kuang, Zhi Jin, Taie Zhang, Chunjie Jiang, Dingding Wang, and Shuang Liang. "Effect of One-Year Growth Hormone Therapy on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Boys with Obesity." BioMed Research International 2020 (February 20, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2308124.
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It has been recognized that people with obesity are more likely to have low growth hormone secretion. Recent studies have also confirmed that the abnormalities of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis were associated with cardiovascular complications in people with obesity. However, little is known about whether recombinant human growth hormone therapy could improve cardiovascular and metabolic risks in obese children. This study aims to evaluate the effect of one-year growth hormone therapy on obesity-related comorbidities and to assess the safety in Chinese boys with obesity. Eighteen boys with obesity were treated with recombinant human growth hormone for one year. Anthropometric measurements, endocrine testing, and cardiovascular risk markers were performed in all obese boys in baseline, and follow-up visits were performed at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and one year, respectively. After one year of recombinant human growth hormone treatment, the body mass index standard deviation scores decreased (P<0.001) and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels increased (P<0.001). GH treatment also reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.001), total cholesterol (P<0.001), triglycerides (P=0.042), and alanine aminotransferase (P=0.027) when compared with the baseline. One-year of recombinant human growth hormone treatment could improve cardiometabolic risk markers, without adverse effects on glucose homeostasis in boys with obesity.
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Milsom, Stella R., Bernhard H. Breier, Brian W. Gallaher, Vanessa A. Cox, Alistair J. Gunn, and Peter D. Gluckman. "Growth hormone stimulates galactopoiesis in healthy lactating women." Acta Endocrinologica 127, no. 4 (October 1992): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1270337.
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Sixteen normally lactating women underwent a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) to assess the effect of hGH on milk production in early lactation. Milk volumes were measured by test weighing procedures of the infants and removal of residual milk on a control day and after 7 days of treatment with recombinant hGH (0.1 IU·kg−1 body weight·d−1) or placebo treatment. Although all women were lactating normally before the study commenced, milk volume in 8 hGH treated mothers was increased (p<0.02) by 18.5±1.4% (mean±sem) compared to 11.6±2.0% in the placebo-treated group (N=8). No adverse effects were seen with hGH treatment and no major changes noted in milk constituents. The hGH concentrations in milk were low and did not change with therapy. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 increased significantly within 24 h of hGH treatment and increased further towards the end of the trial to values of 2.6-fold above the pretreatment values. The concentration of IGF-1 in milk was approximately 100-fold lower than those observed in plasma and could only be reliably measured after size exclusion chromatography to remove the interfering influence of IGF binding proteins in the radioimmunoassay. All women treated with hGH showed a small increase in milk IGF-1 concentrations but the values remained within the range of values observed in women receiving the placebo treatment (1.2–4.4 μg/l). Growth hormone treatment increased milk volume in normal lactating women during early lactation. This galactopoietic effect of hGH treatment was accompanied by an increase in plasma IGF-1 with no major change in milk constituents and no side effects to the mothers and the babies. Since our results show that a moderate dose of hGH can increase milk volume in healthy, normally lactating women during peak lactation, we suggest that hGH therapy should be considered in future trials for treatment of lactational insufficiency or lactational failure.
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Epstein, Samuel S. "Potential Public Health Hazards of Biosynthetic Milk Hormones." International Journal of Health Services 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/prtt-ht8g-4fnq-atjj.
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The use of biosynthetic milk hormones raises fundamental ethical, social, and economic considerations, including the continued viability of the small family dairy farm and adverse veterinary effects. The past and expanding use of synthetic bovine growth hormone manufactured by the Agricultural Chemicals Division of Elanco (Eli Lilly and Co.) in conjunction with Dow Chemical Co. and Upjohn Co., and its methionyl analog, manufactured by American Cyanamid Co. and Monsanto Co., also poses significant potential public health hazards which have not so far been investigated. These concerns are exacerbated by the domination of synthetic hormone research by industry and its indentured academics, by failure of the industries concerned to disclose their unpublished data, by their manipulation of published data, and by refusal to label milk and meat from cows treated with biosynthetic hormones, and by denial of consumers' rights to know. These concerns are further exacerbated by the abdication of regulatory responsibility by the Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Grootjen, Lionne N., Joost P. H. J. Rutges, Layla Damen, Stephany H. Donze, Alicia F. Juriaans, Gerthe F. Kerkhof, and Anita C. S. Hokken-Koelega. "Effects of 8 years of growth hormone treatment on scoliosis in children with Prader–Willi syndrome." European Journal of Endocrinology 185, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-21-0211.
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Objective Scoliosis is frequently seen in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). There is still concern that growth hormone (GH) treatment might increase the risk of onset or progression of scoliosis. Short-term data suggested no adverse effects of GH on scoliosis, but long-term effects of GH treatment on development of scoliosis in PWS are unknown. This study investigated the effects of 8 years of GH treatment on scoliosis in children with PWS. Design Open-label, prospective cohort study in 103 children with PWS receiving GH for 8 years was analyzed. Prevalence and severity of scoliosis were compared to a group of 23 age-matched GH-untreated children with PWS. Methods Spine X-rays and DEXA-scans were performed, and Cobb angel was measured by two independent observers. Results After 8 years of GH treatment, at median age of 10.8 years, prevalence of scoliosis was 77.7%. No difference in prevalence or severity of scoliosis was found between GH-treated and age-matched untreated children with PWS (P = 0.409 and P = 0.709, respectively). Height SDS and trunkLBM were significantly higher in GH-treated children. Higher bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was found in children without scoliosis after 8 years of GH. Bone mineral apparent density of lumbar spine (BMADLS) SDS was associated with lower Cobb angle (r = −0.270, P = 0.008). Conclusions Eight years of GH treatment has no adverse effects on the prevalence and severity of scoliosis in children with PWS until 11 years of age. As BMADLS SDS is inversely associated with Cobb angle, it is pivotal to optimize the BMD status in children with PWS.
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Mekala, Kavya C., and Nicholas A. Tritos. "Effects of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Therapy in Obesity in Adults: A Metaanalysis." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1357.
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Abstract Objective: To conduct a metaanalysis of human studies examining the efficacy and safety of recombinant human GH (rhGH) as therapy for obesity in adults. Design: A thorough search of the literature (including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Register) was performed for pertinent studies, which were analyzed and subsequently synthesized in a comprehensive metaanalysis. Results: Administration of rhGH led to significant changes in body composition [weighted mean difference (95% confidence interval)], including fat mass [−0.9 kg (−1.3 to −0.4)], percent body fat [−1% (−1.3 to −0.7)], lean body mass [1.8 kg (0.6–2.9)], visceral adipose area [−22.8 cm2 (−39.8 to −5.7)], and lipid profile, including total cholesterol [−7 mg/dl (−11 to −3)] and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [−9 mg/dl (−13 to −5)]. There were increases in fasting plasma glucose [3 mg/dl (1–6)] and insulin [1.9 μU/ml (0.2–3.7)]. The latter finding was found only in shorter-term studies. Adverse effects included [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)] arthralgias [6 (1.9–18.6)], peripheral edema [5 (2.4–10.5)], and paresthesias [6.5 (1.5–27.3)]. Conclusions: Our metaanalysis suggests that rhGH therapy leads to decrease in visceral adiposity and increase in lean body mass as well as beneficial changes in lipid profile in obese adults, without inducing weight loss. Administration of rhGH was associated with increases in fasting plasma glucose and insulinemia. Because the rhGH doses used in many studies were supraphysiological, future studies of longer duration, using carefully titrated rhGH protocols, will be needed to fully establish the effects of rhGH therapy in obesity, including effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Margaret, F. Keil, and A. Stratakis Constantine. "Advances in the Diagnosis, Treatment and Molecular Genetics of Pituitary Adenomas in Childhood." US Endocrinology 04, no. 01 (2008): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/use.2008.04.01.83.
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The pituitary gland has an essential role in the maintenance of homeostasis, normal growth and reproductive function. Although pituitary tumours are rare in childhood and adolescence and are typically histologically benign, significant morbidity may result due to their location, mass effect and/or interference with normal pituitary hormone functions.1The early identification of pituitary tumours in children is necessary to avoid serious adverse effects on both physiological and cognitive outcomes as a result of pituitary hormone dysregulation during the critical periods of growth in childhood and adolescence. In this report, we review recent findings on the diagnosis, evaluation, treatment and molecular genetics of pituitary adenomas presenting in childhood.
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Kristensen, Petter, Aage Andersen, and Lorantz M. Irgens. "Hormone-dependent cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes in farmers' families - effects of climatic conditions favoring fungal growth in grain." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 26, no. 4 (August 2000): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.550.
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Anderson, Lindsey J., Jamie M. Tamayose, and Jose M. Garcia. "Use of growth hormone, IGF-I, and insulin for anabolic purpose: Pharmacological basis, methods of detection, and adverse effects." Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 464 (March 2018): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.010.
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Kosakivska, I. V. "GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 2 (February 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005.
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Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.
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Strasburger, Christian J., Peter Vanuga, Juraj Payer, Marija Pfeifer, Vera Popovic, László Bajnok, Miklós Góth, et al. "MOD-4023, a long-acting carboxy-terminal peptide-modified human growth hormone: results of a Phase 2 study in growth hormone-deficient adults." European Journal of Endocrinology 176, no. 3 (March 2017): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0748.
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Objective Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy currently requires daily injections, which may cause distress and low compliance. C-terminal peptide (CTP)-modified growth hormone (MOD-4023) is being developed as a once-weekly dosing regimen in patients with GH deficiency (GHD). This study’s objective is to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and efficacy of MOD-4023 administered once-weekly in GHD adults. Design 54 adults with GHD currently treated with daily GH were normalized and randomized into 4 weekly dosing cohorts of MOD-4023 at 18.5%, 37%, 55.5% or 123.4% of individual cumulative weekly molar hGH dose. The study included 2 stages: Stage A assessed the effectiveness and PK/PD profiles of the 4 dosing regimens of MOD-4023. Stage B was an extension period of once-weekly MOD-4023 administration (61.7% molar hGH content) to collect further safety data and confirm the results from Stage A. Results Dose-dependent response was observed for both PK and PD data of weekly MOD-4023 treatment. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) SDS levels were maintained within normal range. The 18.5% cohort was discontinued due to low efficacy. MOD-4023 was well tolerated and exhibited favorable safety profile in all dose cohorts. The reported adverse events were consistent with known GH-related side effects. Conclusions Once-weekly MOD-4023 administration in GHD adults was found to be clinically effective while maintaining a favorable safety profile and may obviate the need for daily injections. Weekly GH injections may improve compliance and overall outcome. The promising results achieved in this Phase 2 study led to a pivotal Phase 3 trial, which is currently ongoing.
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GROESBECK, MICHAEL D., A. F. PARLOW, and WILLIAM H. DAUGHADAY. "Stimulation of Supranormal Growth in Prepubertal, Adult Plateaued, and Hypophysectomized Female Rats by Large Doses of Rat Growth Hormone: Physiological Effects and Adverse Consequences*." Endocrinology 120, no. 5 (May 1987): 1963–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-120-5-1963.
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Aft, R., M. Naughton, K. Trinkuas, M. Watson, and K. Weilbaecher. "Reversal of adverse effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on bone turnover in pre- and post-menopausal women with zoledronic acid." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.556.
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556 Background: Ovarian failure secondary to adjuvant chemotherapy is known to have an adverse effect on bone mineral density and to increase bone turnover markers. The effects of chemotherapy with growth factor support in the absence of hormonal changes have not been described. The impact of zoledronic acid on these changes was also explored. Methods: We evaluated bone turnover markers in 82 women undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for localized stage II/III breast cancer at initial diagnosis prior to treatment and after 4 cycles of epirubicin (75mg/m2)-docetaxel (75mg/m2) with pegylated G-CSF support with or without zoledronic acid. 47% of patients were post-menopausal and all groups were balanced for other variables. Women were randomized to receive zoledronic acid 4 mg IV every 3 weeks concurrently with chemotherapy (n=41) versus no bisphosphonate treatment (n=41). Bone turnover markers included: urinary N-telopeptide (NTx), serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP)and osteocalcin (OSTEO). Results: Women, regardless of menopausal status, who received no bisphosphonate had statistically significant increases in NTx, from baseline after 3 months of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using multivariable mixed repeated measures (p=0.0213). Women who received zoledronic acid concurrently with neoadjuvant chemotherapy had statistically significant decreases in NTx (p<0.0001), BAP (p<0.0001) and OSTEO (p=0.0295) from baseline. This is the first demonstration that anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy with growth factor support increased bone turnover markers in both post-menopausal and pre-menopausal women independent of hormone therapy, radiation therapy and surgery. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anthracycline- taxane and growth factor support increased bone resorption markers in both post-menopausal and pre-menopausal women. Zoledronic acid given concurrently with each cycle of chemotherapy reversed this increase in bone turnover markers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Johansen, T., M. Deckert, T. Mandrup-Poulsen, and K. Malmlof. "The role of growth hormone and glucocorticoid in glucose handling in vivo." Journal of Endocrinology 162, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1620087.
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Growth hormone (GH) can oppose the catabolic effects of glucocorticoids. However, both hormones have adverse effects on carbohydrate metabolism. Here we examined the interactive effects of GH and the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone (MP) on glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and [3H]2,6-deoxyglucose uptake of peripheral tissues in rats. Female Wistar rats received either saline, GH (2.7 mg/kg), MP (5.0 mg/kg) or GH+MP. After 7 days treatment, animals were subjected to an i.v. glucose tolerance test. In a second experiment, animals treated as above were anesthetized and injected with human insulin (0.5 U/kg), [3H]2,6-deoxyglucose (500 microCi/kg), and [14C]mannitol (25 microCi/kg), to estimate insulin resistance and [3H]2,6-deoxyglucose uptake in fat and muscle. Weight gain in controls was 7.6+/-1.7 g, while GH treatment increased the mean body weight by 18.7+/-2.2 g (P<0.0002) and MP inhibited weight gain down to 0.0+/-1.0 g (P<0.004). This drop in weight gain was reversed back to normal when GH was given in combination with MP. After a glucose tolerance test no significant differences in glucose area under the curve were detected when comparing individual groups with the control group, but samples taken just before this test revealed that basal insulin was significantly elevated in the group treated with GH (174+/-27 pM, P<0.008), or GH+MP (209+/-21 pM, P<0.004), when compared with controls (107+/-17 pM). MP alone had no effect (122+/-19, P<0.3). After an i.v. bolus of insulin the group receiving GH+MP had a significantly (P<0.007) higher level of circulating glucose compared with controls (6.5+/-0.3 mM vs 4.4+/-0.7 mM). Despite this, there were no differences in peripheral glucose uptake between the two groups. In conclusion this study shows that a combined administration of GH and MP decreases the potency by which insulin decreases circulating glucose levels, but that peripheral tissues are not primarily involved in this insulin resistance.
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Glibbery, Meghan, Adam Fleming, Rahul Chanchlani, Olufemi Abiodun Ajani, Norma Marchetti, Alexa Marr, and M. Constantine Samaan. "Myalgia and Hematuria in Association with Clonidine and Arginine Administration for Growth Hormone Stimulation Tests." Case Reports in Medicine 2020 (May 26, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4827072.
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Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children has significant impacts on growth and metabolism. Two-agent GH stimulation tests are commonly used to diagnose GHD, and these tests are generally considered safe. We report the case of a 5-year 5-month-old boy with a history of anaplastic ependymoma who underwent GH stimulation testing for growth deceleration using clonidine and arginine. He developed bilateral calf myalgia and gross hematuria within 24 hours of the tests. Myalgia and hematuria resolved spontaneously. Importantly, the literature review and database searches for hematuria identified 6 cases with clonidine and 20 cases with arginine. This case highlights an unusual combination of adverse reactions to clonidine and arginine in children undergoing GH stimulation testing to assess for GHD. Pediatric endocrinologists need to be aware of the potential for these side effects to allow appropriate management, and further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms and frequency of these side effects. We recommend that patients and families need to be counselled about hematuria as an association of GH testing with these medications.
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Nikolic, Bozana, and Dusica Rakic. "The use of anabolic androgenic steroids: A focus on polypharmacy." Medical review 71, no. 11-12 (2018): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1812413n.
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Introduction. Anabolic androgenic steroids, such as testosterone and its synthetic analogue, nandrolone, have clear clinical indications. However, their abuse is practiced to enhance physical performance in professional, recreational and non-professional athletes; outside of sports, their nonmedical use is associated with different social groups (criminal activities, substance abuse). Polypharmacy. Testosterone and its synthetic analogues are also used for nonmedical purposes, mainly administered in supraphysiological doses in cycles lasting a few weeks. In order to potentiate the anabolic properties and control the adverse effects, the users also administer other pharmacological agents. Thus, growth hormone and insulin are complement to anabolic steroids; clenbuterol, amphetamine and thyroid hormones stimulate body fat loss; diuretics reduce the body weight and improve muscle definition; and erythropoietin increases the training capacity and accelerates the recovery after hard competitions. To control adverse effects, cardiovascular drugs, central nervous system depressants, central nervous system stimulants, human chorionic gonadotropin, sexual enhancement drugs, estrogen antagonists, analgesics/opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and others, are administered. Probenecid, finasteride and diuretics mask the administration of other doping agents. Additionally, during the last two decades, attention has increasingly been focused on the relationship between the use of anabolic androgenic steroids and psychoactive substances (alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens). Conclusion. Supraphysiological doses and polypharmacy additionally increase the risk of adverse effects, including withdrawal syndrome; therefore, prevention of nonmedical use of anabolic androgenic steroids should be a public health priority.
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Toppo, Amardeepak, D. Sudheer, G. S. Rajawat, and Thomas Kurian. "Endocrinal assessment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients as compared to control groups." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 4 (March 28, 2017): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171279.
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Background: Hormones also take part in respiratory control via peripheral chemo receptors or by their local effects on the lungs and the airways. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, respiratory muscles are required to work efficiently than normal individuals to establish a sufficient respiration. Changes in serum hormone levels of COPD patients adversely affect functioning of respiratory muscles. Objective of the study was to assess endocrinal profile in COPD patient with comparable control groups.Methods: A Hospital based Case control study conducted at Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Late B.R.K.M Government Medical College, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India during July 2016 to January 2017. Study included 75 diagnosed cases of COPD in which moderate, severe, very severe COPD was 25 in each of this group (per GOLD ‘s guideline) and compared to age matched 25 healthy control.Results: In this study serum growth hormone and serum testosterone showed significant difference between COPD cases and control group and fair significant difference in serum FSH between COPD cases and control groups. There was no significant correlation between serum growth hormone, serum testosterone and serum FSH with COPD grading. There was no statistically difference observed in serum LH (p=0.425) level between COPD cases and control groups. Present study showed there was statistically difference in FT3, FT4 and TSH level between COPD cases and control groups. There was significant negative correlation between FT4 levels between COPD grading. But no correlation seen between COPD grading and control with respect to serum FT3 and TSH level.Conclusions: Endocrinal assessment in present study showed significant decrease in serum growth hormone and serum testosterone in COPD patients, which are anabolic hormones. Early detection and correction of such an anabolic hormonal abnormality may prevent skeletal and diaphragmatic muscle weakness, and improve respiratory drive of COPD patients.
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Al-Janadi, Anas, Borys Hrinczenko, Vijay Chaudhary, Shalini Chitneni, Sarah Ali, Jennifer Saultz, and Nikolay V. Dimitrov. "Musculoskeletal events associated with the management of endocrine-responsive breast cancer." Oncology Reviews 4, no. 3 (December 5, 2011): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2010.185.
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Musculoskeletal symptoms have been reported in patients treated with third generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and with blockers of hypothalamic–pituitary gonadal axis. AIs act by suppressing postmenopausal estrogen biosynthesis through inhibition of the enzyme aromatase, which is responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens in many tissues. Maximal estrogen and/or androgen deprivation is beneficial for cancer growth suppression but could be associated with side effects such as accelerated bone loss and osteoporotic fractures which are extensively reported. Musculoskeletal events, another group of adverse events, have been studied to a lesser extent and are usually commonly reported as arthralgia and myalgia. Furthermore, the pathogenesis and anatomical findings of musculoskeletal symptoms have not been adequately elucidated. In this communication, we review recent information related to musculoskeletal symptoms in breast cancer and speculate on possible explanations for musculoskeletal pain related to hormone deprivation. We outline treatment options for control of arthralgia and myalgia due to hormonal therapy. More knowledge about the etiology and management of musculoskeletal adverse effects breast cancer during endocrine therapy is needed because discontinuation of the treatment due to intolerant symptomatology may result in disruption of the treatment schedule.
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Hawcutt, Daniel B., Jennifer Bellis, Victoria Price, Anne Povall, Paul Newland, Paul Richardson, Matthew Peak, and Jo Blair. "Growth hormone prescribing and initial BMI SDS: Increased biochemical adverse effects and costs in obese children without additional gain in height." PLOS ONE 12, no. 7 (July 17, 2017): e0181567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181567.
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Pestka, J. "Toxicological mechanisms and potential health effects of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol." World Mycotoxin Journal 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 323–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2010.1247.
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Produced by the mould genus Fusarium, the type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their acetylated precursors. These mycotoxins often contaminate cereal staples, posing a potential threat to public health that is still incompletely understood. Understanding the mechanistic basis by which these toxins cause toxicity in experimental animal models will improve our ability to predict the specific thresholds for adverse human effects as well as the persistence and reversibility of these effects. Acute exposure to DON and NIV causes emesis in susceptible species such as pigs in a manner similar to that observed for certain bacterial enterotoxins. Chronic exposure to these mycotoxins at low doses causes growth retardation and immunotoxicity whereas much higher doses can interfere with reproduction and development. Pathophysiological events that precede these toxicities include altered neuroendocrine responses, upregulation of proinflammatory gene expression, interference with growth hormone signalling and disruption of gastrointestinal tract permeability. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve deregulation of protein synthesis, aberrant intracellular cell signalling, gene transactivation, mRNA stabilisation and programmed cell death. A fusion of basic and translational research is now needed to validate or refine existing risk assessments and regulatory standards for DON and NIV. From the perspective of human health translation, biomarkers have been identified that potentially make it possible to conduct epidemiological studies relating DON consumption to potential adverse human health effects. Of particular interest will be linkages to growth retardation, gastrointestinal illness and chronic autoimmune diseases. Ultimately, such knowledge can facilitate more precise science-based risk assessment and management strategies that protect consumers without reducing availability of critical food sources.
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Seleiman, Mahmoud F., Nasser Al-Suhaibani, Nawab Ali, Mohammad Akmal, Majed Alotaibi, Yahya Refay, Turgay Dindaroglu, Hafiz Haleem Abdul-Wajid, and Martin Leonardo Battaglia. "Drought Stress Impacts on Plants and Different Approaches to Alleviate Its Adverse Effects." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020259.
Full textAbstract:
Drought stress, being the inevitable factor that exists in various environments without recognizing borders and no clear warning thereby hampering plant biomass production, quality, and energy. It is the key important environmental stress that occurs due to temperature dynamics, light intensity, and low rainfall. Despite this, its cumulative, not obvious impact and multidimensional nature severely affects the plant morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular attributes with adverse impact on photosynthetic capacity. Coping with water scarcity, plants evolve various complex resistance and adaptation mechanisms including physiological and biochemical responses, which differ with species level. The sophisticated adaptation mechanisms and regularity network that improves the water stress tolerance and adaptation in plants are briefly discussed. Growth pattern and structural dynamics, reduction in transpiration loss through altering stomatal conductance and distribution, leaf rolling, root to shoot ratio dynamics, root length increment, accumulation of compatible solutes, enhancement in transpiration efficiency, osmotic and hormonal regulation, and delayed senescence are the strategies that are adopted by plants under water deficit. Approaches for drought stress alleviations are breeding strategies, molecular and genomics perspectives with special emphasis on the omics technology alteration i.e., metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, glyomics and phenomics that improve the stress tolerance in plants. For drought stress induction, seed priming, growth hormones, osmoprotectants, silicon (Si), selenium (Se) and potassium application are worth using under drought stress conditions in plants. In addition, drought adaptation through microbes, hydrogel, nanoparticles applications and metabolic engineering techniques that regulate the antioxidant enzymes activity for adaptation to drought stress in plants, enhancing plant tolerance through maintenance in cell homeostasis and ameliorates the adverse effects of water stress are of great potential in agriculture.
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Mohd Azmi, Amirul Faiz, Hafandi Ahmad, Norhariani Mohd Nor, Goh Yong Meng, Mohd Zamri Saad, Md Zuki Abu Bakar, Punimin Abdullah, Anuraga Jayanegara, and Hasliza Abu Hassim. "Effects of Concentrate and Bypass Fat Supplementations on Growth Performance, Blood Profile, and Rearing Cost of Feedlot Buffaloes." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072105.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the effects of supplementation of the basal diet with concentrate and rumen bypass fat on the dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, blood metabolites and hormonal changes, and the feeding cost of feedlot water buffaloes. Thirty-six healthy, three- to four-month-old male Murrah crossbred (n = 18) and Swamp (n = 18) buffaloes with a similar average initial body weight of 98.64 ± 1.93 kg were each randomly allocated into three dietary experimental groups. Buffaloes were fed with Diet A, which consisted of 100% Brachiaria decumbens, Diet B, consisting of 70% Brachiaria decumbens and 30% concentrate, and Diet C, consisting of 70% Brachiaria decumbens, 26% concentrate, and 4% rumen bypass fat for a period of 730 days. Feed intake was measured daily, while blood samples were collected for every eight months. Furthermore, body scores were noted prior to and at the end of the experimental period. The results showed that the average daily gain for buffaloes fed with Diet C was the highest. The DMI, BCS, FI, and FCR for the three groups showed significant (p < 0.05) differences, in the following order: Diet C > Diet B > Diet A. At the end of the two-year feeding trial, buffaloes fed with Diet B had significantly (p < 0.05) higher cholesterol levels than Diet A and Diet C. In addition, buffaloes fed with Diet C had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of serum total protein, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I hormone compared to Diet A and Diet B. On the other hand, buffaloes fed with Diet B and Diet C showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glucose levels. Supplemented diet improved the buffalos’ weight gain to achieve the market weight in a shorter period of time, thus, giving farmers a greater return. In conclusion, concentrate and bypass fat supplementations in the diet of water buffaloes improved the growth performance without adverse effect on the blood metabolites, which enabled better farmer profitability.
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Lutsenko, Alexander S., Elena V. Nagaeva, Zhanna E. Belaya, Olga S. Chukhacheva, Tatiana S. Zenkova, and Galina A. Melnichenko. "Current aspects of diagnosis and treatment of adult GH-deficiency." Problems of Endocrinology 65, no. 5 (November 23, 2019): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl10322.
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Adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency (AGHD) is a condition characterized by alterations in body composition, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, bone mineral density and poor quality of life; however, clinical presentations of AGHD are mostly non-specific. Untreated AGHD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Stimulation tests are used for the diagnosis: insulin tolerance test, glucagon stimulation test, growth-hormone releasing hormone and arginine stimulation test. Moreover, in 2017 FDA approved the use of macimorelin (oral GH secretagogue) for the diagnosis of AGHD. In childhood GH-deficiency, apolipoprotein A-IV, CFHR4 (complement factor H-related protein 4) and PBP (platelet basic protein) were identified as potential biomarkers of the disease, however, this was not investigated in AGHD. GH treatment starts from the minimal dose, which allows minimizing the adverse effects. According to published meta-analyses, AGHD treatment generally does not lead to increased risk of malignancy and recurrence of sellar neoplasms in adult patients. Published data on GH receptor polymorphism associations with treatment efficacy remains controversial. Development of long-acting GH formulations is a currect perspective for the increase of treatment compliance.
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Fan, Hairui, Shiqin Wang, Haifei Wang, Mingan Sun, Shenglong Wu, and Wenbin Bao. "Melatonin Ameliorates the Toxicity Induced by Deoxynivalenol in Murine Ovary Granulosa Cells by Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071045.
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Melatonin is an important endogenous hormone that shows antioxidant functions and pleiotropic effects, playing a crucial role in animal reproduction. Ovary granulosa cells (GCs) surround the oocyte, which play an important role in regulating oocytes development. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common fusarium mycotoxin contaminant of feedstuff and food, posing a serious threat to human and animal reproductive systems. Herein, murine ovary GCs were studied as a reproduction cell model, aimed to assess the protective effect of melatonin on DON-induced toxicity in murine ovary GCs. The results showed that DON adversely affected the viability and growth of murine ovary GCs and increased the apoptosis rate, while melatonin administration ameliorated these toxic effects. We further reveal that DON exposure increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species level, reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, and upregulated Tnfα (tumor necrosis factor α), Il6 (interleukin 6), and Il1β (interleukin 1 β) gene expression. Moreover, DON exposure downregulated reproductive hormone gene expression and significantly increased nuclear factor kappa B (p65) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Melatonin treatment attenuated all these effects, suggesting that melatonin protects GCs from the adverse effects of DON by ameliorating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. Overall, these results reveal the mechanisms of DON and melatonin in GCs and provide a theoretical basis for melatonin as a drug to improve mycotoxin contamination.
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Giannoulis, Manthos G., Peter H. Sonksen, Margot Umpleby, Louise Breen, Claire Pentecost, Martin Whyte, Carolyn V. McMillan, Clare Bradley, and Finbarr C. Martin. "The Effects of Growth Hormone and/or Testosterone in Healthy Elderly Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0957.
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Context: Declines in GH and testosterone (Te) secretion may contribute to the detrimental aging changes of elderly men. Objective: To assess the effects of near-physiological GH with/without Te administration on lean body mass, total body fat, midthigh muscle cross-section area, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, condition-specific quality of life (Age-Related Hormone Deficiency-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire), and generic health status (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) of older men. Design, Settings, and Participants: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 80 healthy, community-dwelling, older men (age, 65–80 yr). Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive 1) placebo GH or placebo Te, 2) recombinant human GH (rhGH) and placebo Te (GH), 3) Te and placebo rhGH (Te), or 4) rhGH and Te (GHTe). GH doses were titrated over 8 wk to produce IGF-I levels in the upper half of the age-specific reference range. A fixed dose of Te (5 mg) was given by transdermal patches. Results: Lean body mass increased with GHTe (P = 0.008) and GH (P = 0.004), compared with placebo. Total body fat decreased with GHTe only (P = 0.02). Midthigh muscle (P = 0.006) and aerobic capacity (P < 0.001) increased only after GHTe. Muscle strength changes were variable; one of six measures significantly increased with GHTe. Significant treatment group by time interactions indicated an improved Age-Related Hormone Deficiency-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire score (P = 0.007) in the GH and GHTe groups. Bodily pain increased with GH alone, as determined by the Short-Form Health Survey (P = 0.003). There were no major adverse effects. Conclusion: Coadministration of low dose GH with Te resulted in beneficial changes being observed more often than with either GH or Te alone.