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Ross, Erin Sundseth. "Early growth faltering predicts longitudinal growth failure /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph.D. in Clinical Science) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-146). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Brasil, Samara Keylla Dantas. "Atua??o do enfermeiro no acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento da crian?a." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14779.
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The nurses assistance in monitoring the growth and development of children has been characterized mostly a service based on the biological dimension of illness, when in reality, the actions should be combined in the reorientation of care model of the Family Health Strategy. Thus, the research aimed to examine the role of nurses in the growth and development of children. This is an exploratory and descriptive, qualitative approach. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte under Opinion No. 191/2012. Data collection was developed in the Health Units from the city of Natal, RN, Brazil. Survey participants were nurses who worked in the Family Health Strategy for at least two years and who performed the monitoring of child growth and development in the health unit selected. Data were collected through an in-depth interview, and seized material from speeches was treated as categorical thematic analysis proposed by Bardin. This process revealed three themes, which were analyzed in the light of Relief Models and Process Work in Health and Nursing and discussed based on the findings literary. The results elucidated that nurses consider their performance satisfactory as it has favored the accession of mothers of children under one year nursing visits, contributing to the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to prevalent diseases, as well as the establishment of a connection between the professionals and mothers. It was shown that despite having a promotion and prevention with the use of lightweight technologies, the nurses also emphasized the care of mothers in complaints and signs and symptoms of children, followed by referrals to professionals in the unit or to other sectors. Furthermore, we found that the process of working nurses face challenges regarding the organizational structure of services and social situation of the family. Given these statements, it is observed that despite the strong interference from hegemonic health model in the performance of nurses, it is found that these professionals have been investing in promotion and prevention to injuries to children in care, with a focus on family context. Thus, nurses are embarking on making the reorientation of health care through the use of relational technologies, which has contributed to solving the integral care to the pediatric population
A assist?ncia do enfermeiro no acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento da crian?a tem se caracterizado, em sua maioria, num atendimento baseado na dimens?o biol?gica do adoecer, quando na realidade, as a??es deveriam estar conjugadas na reorienta??o de modelo assistencial da Estrat?gia Sa?de da Fam?lia. Deste modo, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a atua??o do enfermeiro no acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento da crian?a. Trata-se de um estudo explorat?rio e descritivo, em uma abordagem qualitativa. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte sob parecer de n? 191/2012. A coleta de dados desenvolveu-se nas Unidades de Sa?de da Fam?lia do munic?pio de Natal-RN, Brasil. Os participantes da pesquisa foram ?s enfermeiras que atuavam na Estrat?gia Sa?de da Fam?lia por no m?nimo dois anos, e que realizavam o acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento da crian?a na unidade de sa?de selecionada. Os dados foram obtidos mediante uma entrevista em profundidade, e o material apreendido dos discursos foi tratado conforme a an?lise categorial tem?tica proposta por Bardin. Deste processo emergiram tr?s categorias tem?ticas, as quais foram analisadas ? luz dos Modelos Assistenciais e do Processo de Trabalho em Sa?de e de Enfermagem e discutidos com base nos achados liter?rios. Os resultados elucidaram que as enfermeiras consideram a sua atua??o satisfat?ria, pois tem favorecido na ades?o das m?es dos menores de um ano ?s consultas de enfermagem, na contribui??o para a redu??o da morbidade e mortalidade infantil por doen?as prevalentes, bem como no estabelecimento de v?nculo entre as profissionais e genitoras. Foi evidenciado, que apesar de realizarem a??es de promo??o e preven??o com a utiliza??o de tecnologias leves, as enfermeiras ainda enfatizam o cuidado nas queixas das m?es e sinais e sintomas das crian?as, seguido dos encaminhamentos aos profissionais da unidade ou a outros setores. Al?m disso, constatou que o processo de trabalho das enfermeiras enfrenta desafios quanto ? estrutura organizacional dos servi?os e da conjuntura social da fam?lia. Diante destas coloca??es, observa-se que apesar da forte interfer?ncia do modelo de sa?de hegem?nico na atua??o das enfermeiras, ? verificado que estas profissionais v?m investindo em a??es de promo??o e preven??o aos agravos no cuidado ?s crian?as, com o foco no contexto familiar. Assim, as enfermeiras est?o enveredando o fazer na reorienta??o do modelo assistencial de sa?de, mediante a utiliza??o das tecnologias relacionais, o que tem contribu?do para a resolutividade do cuidado integral a popula??o infantil
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Argyle, Jennifer. "Statistical analysis of child growth data." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4113/.
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The study of child growth is complex. There are many clinical questions to answer but not necessarily the statistical methodology to deal with these questions. Human growth begins at conception and continues into adult life. In chapter 1 we discuss the characteristics of the growth process from conception to maturity and the purpose of growth monitoring. In chapter 2 we summarise the mathematical approaches to growth data. In chapter 3 we summarise the approaches that have been used to detect growth faltering. In this chapter we introduce the conditional gain Z-score. The data set analysed within this thesis is from the Newcastle growth and development study. In infancy we have routine weights of 3415 term infants. A sub-sample of these infants were followed-up at 7-9 years as part of a research study. These children belonged to three subgroups: cases were children that were defined as failing to thrive in infancy, controls were matched to cases and a 20% systematic sample. The school entry data of the sub-sample followed at 7-9 years were retrieved from school health records. In chapter 4 we carry out a preliminary analysis of the routine infancy weight Z-scores. The infancy data provided the opportunity to generate the correlation structure of routine weight Z-scores in infancy. In chapter 5 we develop a model for this correlation structure. In chapter 7 we explore patterns in the conditional weight gain Z-scores and also suggest some alternative criteria for identifying growth faltering in infancy. In chapters 6, 8 and 9 we analyse the anthropometric data obtained at follow-up and school entry. In childhood, the conditional gain Z-score is used to contrast height with mid-parental height and height at follow-up with height at school entry. The anthropometric data of the case and control children will be compared.
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Lo, Pang-yuen. "Early childhood growth patterns and adult health indicators." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38030603.
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Lo, Pang-yuen, and 羅鵬遠. "Early childhood growth patterns and adult health indicators." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724864.
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Kuhn, Louise. "Why growth monitoring fails : an exploratory study of child malnutrition intervention in a rural African area." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13538.
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Bibliography: leaves 199-209.This study is an exploratory one of growth monitoring in a rural African village, Thornhill. Growth monitoring is a primary health care approach to prevent child malnutrition in under-developed areas promoted by a variety of development agencies, particularly UNICEF, as a part of the "child survival revolution." It involves weighing children regularly and plotting their weights on a growth chart retained by the child's mother. Growth charts provide a visual display of a child's growth to allow health workers and mothers to identify early signs of growth faltering in order to facilitate ameliorative action (usually food supplementation or nutrition education) to prevent malnutrition. It also aims to facilitate the active participation of mothers in ensuring their child's continual good growth. The history of growth monitoring and its use in the South African context is discussed. The underlying rationale and component processes needed to implement it effectively are identified in a review of process evaluation studies of growth monitoring. Thornhill is an impoverished African rural area in the Ciskei in which malnutrition is a serious health problem and growth monitoring has been systematically implemented. However, although the health service had a demonstrated capacity for successful health interventions it had been unable to improve nutritional status. Background information and previous research in the area is presented. The study aimed to explore why growth monitoring had failed to improve nutritional status in Thornhill by investigating the way in which the component objectives of growth monitoring in terms of making growth visible, facilitating nutrition intervention and facilitating mothers' participation in their children's care were perceived by mothers and health workers.
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Malik, Umm ie Salma. "Effect of therapeutic interventions on skeletal growth & development in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4421/.
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Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Once considered rare in the paediatric population, it is recognized with increasing frequency among children of all ages. Approximately 20-30% of all patients with CD present when they are younger than 20 years. With its increasing recognition, CD has become one of the most important chronic diseases that affect children and adolescents. In addition to the common gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, and abdominal pain) children often experience growth retardation, pubertal delay, and bone demineralization. In these children, maintenance of skeletal health is a complex process that is influenced by a number of different mechanisms including steroid therapy, the disease process, nutritional status, endocrine status and the response of the body to inflammatory mediators. The recent introduction of biologic therapy that targets specific mediators of the proinflammatory process is a promising adjunct in the therapeutic management of the child with chronic inflammation. These drugs may also exert beneficial effects on the adverse effects of inflammation on growth and skeletal development. It is unclear whether these beneficial effects are due to improvement in overall disease or due to a direct ‘anti-cytokine’ effect at the level of the target tissue involved in growth and skeletal development. The hypothesis of this study was that the biologic therapy improves linear growth, puberty, bone health, body composition and muscle function in children with CD and this is associated with changes in the IGF-1 axis and markers of bone formation and bone resorption. Chapter 1 is an extensive literature review about the effects of biologic therapy on growth and skeletal development in paediatric patients with chronic inflammatory conditions particularly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The main aim of this review was to summarize and evaluate effects of inflammation and biologic therapy on growth and skeletal development in children with chronic inflammatory conditions and to explore the areas of interest for further research. Chapter 2 is the study about the growth in children receiving contemporary disease specific therapy in children with CD. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of short stature and poor growth and their relationship to disease course and therapy in children with CD. Clinical records of all children with a confirmed diagnosis of CD, who were between 2yrs and 18yrs at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow were examined retrospectively. Data were collected at diagnosis, 1-yr, 2-yr and 3-yr after diagnosis and at maximum follow-up. The relationship of a number of factors including therapeutic modalities to two commonly used anthropometric markers of growth height velocity standard deviation scores (HVSDS) and change in height standard deviation scores (∆HtSDS) was examined. This study suggested that ∆HtSDS may be a more valid method of assessing and reporting longitudinal growth in children with chronic disease, particularly when there is a high prevalence of children of a peri-pubertal age. This study provides clear evidence that despite advances in therapy, short stature and slow growth continue to be encountered in a sub-group of children with CD. Chapter 3 is about the effect of Infliximab therapy on growth, puberty and disease activity in children with CD. The aim of this study was to assess growth, puberty, markers of disease and concomitant therapy over the six months prior to starting Infliximab and for the 6 and 12 months following treatment. Clinical records of all children with IBD who were started on Infliximab therapy between 2003 and 2008 at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children were examined retrospectively. This study has shown an average improvement of approximately 50% in HV in the 6 months after the initiation of Infliximab therapy which was further sustained for a further 6 months. Improvement in growth was found to be better in those children who were responders as compared to non-responders suggests that growth improved as a result of disease control. Improvement in growth was also observed in children who remained pre-pubertal and those who had never been on glucocorticoids (GC) compared to those who had been on GC. This study suggests that increase in height may not be simply due to progress in pubertal status or reduction in glucocorticoid dose. Chapter 4 is about the effect of Adalimumab therapy on growth in paediatric patients with CD. This is the one and only world wide multicentre study that adequately assess the effect of Adalimumab on linear growth in children with CD. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Adalimumab therapy on growth, puberty and disease activity over the 6 months prior to and 6 months after starting Adalimumab treatment in children with CD. This study provides evidence that Adalimumab is associated with improvement in short term linear growth in children with CD who enter remission but not in those who do not. It is also more likely to happen in children who are on immunosuppression and those in early puberty but seems to be relatively independent of steroid use. These findings suggest that growth improves as a result of several interrelated factors, including improved disease control. It was also interesting to note that the growth response to Adalimumab varied dependent on the reason for discontinuing Infliximab; those who had an allergic reaction to Infliximab fared best. Chapter 5 is Longitudinal observational prospective study of changes in physical growth, IGF-1 axis, bone health, body composition, muscle function and disease activity at baseline (BL), 2 weeks (2wk), 6 weeks (6wk), 6 and 12 months (6M & 12M) following biologic therapy in paediatric patients with CD. The aim of this longitudinal observational prospective study was to assess changes in physical growth, puberty, IGF-1 axis, bone health; body composition and muscle function following biologic therapy in paediatric patients with CD. Patients either newly diagnosed or patients with long-lasting disease in clinical relapse, who started treatment with biologic therapy as part of their standard clinical management, were recruited. A non significant improvement was observed in both ∆HtSDS and HVcms/yr at 12M as compared to BL. Individually, the majority of the children experienced improvement in clinical activity and improvement of the systemic inflammatory markers. A significant increase in biomarker of bone formation bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and a non-significant increase in a biomarker of bone resorption cross-linked c-terminal telopeptides (CTX-1) was observed from BL to 12M. This observation suggests the beneficial effect of biologic therapy on bone formation. This study showed a significant change in fat mass (FM (kg) in paediatric patients with CD following biologic therapy an effect that has not been reported extensively in previously published studies. A significant change in both fat free mass (FFM (kg) and fat free mass index (FFMI(kg/m²) shows that the treatment with anti-TNF-α therapy also had a significant impact on fat mass accrual. This is the first study that charts the effect of biologic therapy on changes in lower limb muscle function using jumping mechanography in paediatric patients with CD. A non significant change was observed in jump height (m), V-max (m/s), EFI (%), efficiency % from BL to 12M following biologic therapy and a significant increase in both F-max (kN), and P-max (kW) at 12M. Despite the fact that the increase in efficiency % of the movement was not significant but however, the change was likely to be through improvements in jump height and velocity thereby indicating higher muscular flexibility. These data are suggestive of an effect of biologic therapy on lower limb muscle function through improvements in the mechanical efficiency of the muscle.
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Milner, Michael George. "Development of molecular biological methods for monitoring the growth of Listeria monocytogenes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318248.
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Truong, Mya Sioux. "The quality of discourse on growth and life cycles among 9-11 year olds in a knowledge building classroom." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42554688.
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Ruiz, Ernesto. "Growing Children: The relationship between food insecurity and child growth and development." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5299.
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This dissertation examined the relationship between food security status and cultural congruence and indicators of child growth and development in a rural mountain town in Costa Rica. Results show that children from food secure households are significantly shorter and shorter-legged than their food insecure counterparts. It is theorized that these findings correspond to low quality diets associated with increasing commodification of food systems in rural Costa Rica. Identity-based mechanisms are discussed as potential factors contributing to the increasing commodification of life through the encroachment of the global market economy.
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Human, Karen Hannah. "The development of children's social growth through a subjective approach." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1441.
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Thesis (BTech (Surface Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010This research is inspired by my own personal experience and views on Post Modem family life and the negative effects it can have on a growing individual. I have found Post Modem family life fractured and non-communicative. I then look at my own tactics of how I have personally dealt with the fractured state and how this can benefit children that are at the beginning fazes of their emotional, physical and mental development. Growing up communication and consistency in my family has always been lacking, due to my parents business trips and strange working hours. This made me detached socially as a child and left me to my own devices. My coping mechanism was to illustrate. Whenever I felt disconnected or alone from my family members I illustrated. While illustrating I formed a dialogue between me and the paper and suddenly I did not feel so alone. When reflecting on my life I realized that I do not want other children to resort to these lonely pastimes of placing their imagination on paper. I want to create a range of products where the emphasis is on how family should stick together and the products must form a natural platform for communication between child and parent. I also feel my products must stimulate the imagination which is linked to the right side of the brain that steers social and emotional development. Theorists that I will for my research is Maria Montessori, she was the creator and founder of Montessori Schools and teachings. She focussed on the holistic development of the child. Rudolf Steiner is the creator and founder of the Wahldorf Schule and teachings. He believed in developing children imagination. We live in the Post-Modem era and to solidify that I will look at Jean-Francois Lyotard's theories on Post Modem sociology. Vygotsky is a Child development psychologist who believed that children's social development happens by interacting with their parents. Roger Sperry is a Brain Dominance Theorist that believed that the right side of the brain is connected to social development and to stimulate the right side is by using your imagination.
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Faber, M. "Community-based growth monitoring in a rural area lacking health facilities." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52737.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A community-based growth monitoring (GM) project was established in a rural village in KwaZulu-Natal. The project is an example of community-based activities that were based on a participatory approach of problem assessment and analysis. The first phase of the study comprised of a situation assessment. The aim was to evaluate the nutritional status and related factors of children aged 5 years and younger. It included a cross-sectional survey (questionnaire and anthropometric measurements), focus group discussions and interviews with key informants. From a nutritional point of view, the situation assessment identified a need for regular GM of infants and small children, increased availability of foods rich in micronutrients, and nutrition education. Relevant findings of the situation assessment were used during a project planning workshop that was attended by community representatives. The community's concern about the health of the preschool children and the lack of health facilities, and the need for regular weighing of their children prompted the establishment of a community-based GM project. The GM project was run by nutrition monitors, through home-based centres (named Isizinda). Monthly activities at the Isizinda included GM, nutrition education, and recording of morbidity and mortality data. Children who were either in need of medical attention or showed growth faltering were referred to the nearest clinic. During the latter half of the study, the GM project was integrated with a household food production project and the Isizinda served as promotion and training centres for agricultural activities. Project activities were continuously monitored by reviewing the attendance register, scrutinising the Isizinda files, observation and staff meetings. Community meetings (at least twice a year) allowed for two-way feedback and addressing questions and concerns. Acceptability of the GM activities was measured in terms of attendance and maternal perceptions. The coverage of the Isizinda project was estimated at approximately 90% and at least 60% of these children were adequately covered. The Isizinda data showed an equal distribution of child contacts over the various age categories and was representative of the community. The attendance data suggest that community-based GM is a viable option to be used for screening and nutrition surveillance, and as platform for nutrition education. Most mothers comprehended the growth curve. Positive behavioural changes have been observed in the community and the Isizinda data showed a steady decline in the prevalence of diarrhoea. The Ndunakazi mothers were appreciative towards the Isizinda project because of a better understanding of the benefits of regular GM. They expressed a sense of empowerment regarding the knowledge that they have gained. The community had a strong desire for the project to continue. The Isizinda project showed that community-based GM can provide the infrastructure for developing capacity for agricultural activities within the community. Data from the household food production project showed that maternal knowledge regarding nutritional issues can be improved through nutrition education given at the GM sessions and that, when GM is integrated with agricultural activities, a significant improvement in child malnutrition can be obtained. The Isizinda project falls within the framework of the Integrated Nutrition Programme, and can bridge the gap in areas which lack health facilities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Gemeenskaps-gebaseerde groeimoniteringsprojek is tot stand gebring in ’n landelike gebied in KwaZulu-Natal. Die projek is 'n voorbeeld van gemeenskapsgebaseerde aktiwiteite wat gebaseer was op 'n deelnemende benadering van probleem bepaling en analise. Die eerste fase van die studie was a situasie analise. Die doel was om die voedingstatus en verwante faktore van kinders 5 jaar en jonger te bepaal. Dit het 'n dwarssnit opname (vraelys en antropometriese metinge), fokus groep besprekings en onderhoude met kern persone ingesluit. Uit 'n voedingsoogpunt het die situasie analise 'n behoefte vir gereelde groeimonitoring van babas en klein kinders, verhoogde beskikbaarheid van voedsels ryk in mikronutriente and voedingsvoorligting aangedui. Toepaslike bevindinge van die situasie analise was gebruik tydens ’n beplannings werkswinkel wat deur verteenwoordigers van die gemeenskap bygewoon is. Die gemeenskap se besorgdheid oor die gesondheid van voorskoolse kinders en die gebrek aan gesondheidsfasilitieite, asook hul behoefte om hul kinders gereeld te laat weeg, het aanleiding gegee tot die totstandkoming van ’n gemeenskaps-gebaseerde groeimoniteringsprojek. Die program is gedryf deur monitors deur tuisgebaseerde sentrums (genoem Isizinda). Maandelikse aktiwiteite by die Isizinda het groeimonitering, voedingvoorligting en die insameling van morbiditeit en mortaliteit inligting ingesluit. Kinders wie mediese sorg benodig het of wie groeivertraging getoon het, is na die naaste kliniek verwys. Die groeimoniteringsprojek is tydens die laaste helfte van die studie met ’n huishoudelike voedselproduksieprojek geintegreer en die Isizinda het as promosie- en opleidingsentrum vir die landbou aktiwitiete gedien. Projek aktiwiteite is deurgaans gemonitor deur die bywoningsregister en Isizinda leêrs deur te gaan, waarnemings en personeel vergaderings. Vergaderings met die gemeenskap (ten minste twee per jaar) het voorsiening gemaak vir wedersydse terugvoering en die aanspreek van vrae en besorgdhede. Die aanvaarbaarheid van die groeimoniterings aktiwiteite is gemeet in terme van bywoning en persepsies. Die Isizinda projek het ongeveer 90% van die kinders gedek, van wie ten minste 60% voldoende gemoniteer is. Die Isizinda data het ’n eweredige verspreiding van besoeke oor die verskillende oudersdomgroepe aangetoon. Die Isizinda data was ook verteenwoordigend van die gemeenskap. Die bywoningssyfers dui aan dat gemeenskapsgebaseerde groeimonitoring 'n lewensvatbare opsie is vir sifting en voeding opnames, en as 'n platform vir voedingvoorligting. Meeste moeders kon die groeikaart interpreteer. Positiewe gedragsveranderinge is in die gemeenskap waargeneem en die Isizinda data het ’n geleidelike afname in die voorkoms van diarree getoon. Die Ndunakazi moeders was waarderend teenoor die Isizinda projek as gevolg van 'n beter begrip ten opsigte van die voordele van gereelde groeimonitering. Hulle het 'n gevoel van bemagteging uitgespreek ten opsigte van hul verbeterde kennis. Hulle was mening dat die projek moes voortgaan. Die Isizinda projek het aangetoon dat gemeenskapsgebaseerde groeimonitoring die infrstruktuur kan skep vir die ontwikkeling vir kapasiteit vir landbou aktiwiteite binne die gemeenskap. Inligting van die huishoudelike voedselproduksieprojek het aangetoon dat die moeders se kennis ten opsigte van voedings verwante aspekte verbeter kan word deur voedingvoorligting wat gegee word tydens die groeimonitering sessie en dat, as groeimonitoring geintegreer is met landbou aktwiteite, 'n verbetering in die voedingstatus van die kind verkry kan word. Die Isizinda projek val binne die raamwerk van die Geintegreerde Voedingsprogram en kan die gaping dek in areas waar geen gesondheidsfasilteite is nie.
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Niño, Machado Natalia. "Growing right : unpacking the WHO Child Growth Standards Development and their implementation in Colombia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33267.
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Child growth reference charts have been used since the 1960s to assess children´s growth - enabling comparison of different population groups and the implementation of nutritional surveillance. In 2006, an important critical juncture occurred in the history of anthropometry and nutritional assessment, when the WHO released new growth charts for international comparison after promoting, since 1975, the use of the charts developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and US National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). According to the WHO, these charts indicate how children should grow for the best health outcome in contrast to the NCHS/CDC charts that indicated how the average child grows. This shift from a descriptive to a prescriptive -and rather normative - approach allowed the WHO to state that all children in the world have the potential to grow and develop to within the same range of height and weight, thus implying that all children should develop in specific standardised ways, regardless of ethnicity, socioeconomic status and type of feeding. By 2011, approximately 125 countries had adopted the WHO charts for individual growth monitoring as well as the means of producing statistics for under- and over-nutrition, which would be used to assess and monitor a population's health status. This shift between charts has direct implications for how children's growth is measured and how malnutrition is assessed. The adoption of the WHO charts has immediate consequences for the calculation of underweight, overweight, stunting, and wasting prevalence. In this sense, the adoption of the new charts considerably changes the estimates to predict nutrition-related emergencies, the assessment of appropriate weaning practices, and the screening and monitoring of populations at risk or with growth deficiencies or excesses. In my doctoral research, I use Colombia as a case study to unpack how a standard developed by an international organisation is negotiated, adopted and constantly transformed once it is scaled down to a specific country. Using the theoretical approach to standards by authors such as Star, Bowker, Timmermans, Berg, and Epstein, in this dissertation I show how, far from being 'stable' and 'value-free' (as the World Bank would describe them), growth charts are political tools of measurement, charged with specific values regarding children's bodies. Given that Colombia had previously used the NCHS charts, this research explores how the WHO charts have been adopted within individual growth monitoring programmes in Colombia. I also describe how the change in charts has destabilised the production of under and over-nutrition indicators by national bodies, such as the Ministry of Health and the Instituto Nacional de Salud. My data includes twenty-eight interviews with policy makers, experts and civil servants who actively participated in the process of adopting and adapting the standards in Colombia at the national level; seventeen interviews with nurses and doctors; observation of 158 anthropometric assessments of children under five years old within six health facilities in the Caribbean region that were implementing a growth monitoring programme. By exploring how the WHO charts are interpreted and used in practice, this research contributes to the study of standards and standardisation as a field of study in its own right.
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Choi, Yoon Kyung. "Child care effects and attachment continuity on the growth of social competence and academic achievement of children." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Family and Child Ecology, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 9, 2009) Includes bibliographic references (p. 160-188). Also issued in print.
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Rocha, Priscyla Bones. "Velocidade de crescimento durante os primeiros três meses de vida de crianças geradas em ambientes intrauterinos adversos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/139768.
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Introdução: Estudos vêm demonstrando que o ambiente intrauterino influencia no crescimento fetal e extrauterino, repercutindo no perfil de saúde em longo prazo. Objetivo: Comparar a velocidade de crescimento durante os primeiros três meses de vida de crianças geradas em ambientes intrauterinos considerados adversos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal prospectivo controlado desenvolvido com pares de mãe-filho residentes em Porto Alegre/RS. Cinco grupos de exposição foram estudados (diabetes, hipertensão arterial, tabaco e restrição do crescimento intrauterino) e um controle. O crescimento foi avaliado em cinco momentos (pós-parto, sete dias, quinze dias, um mês e três meses) utilizando os índices peso para idade (P/I), comprimento para idade (E/I) e Índice de Massa Corpórea para idade (IMC/I). A análise de regressão Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas foi utilizada para avaliar a relação entre o ambiente intrauterino e o crescimento. A velocidade de crescimento foi avaliada com um e três meses, utilizando a diferença entre as medidas de escore z (delta). Identificou-se a influência de fatores sociodemográficos, maternos e neonatais no peso ao nascer e na velocidade de crescimento. Resultados: Os fatores que influenciaram no peso ao nascer foram: paridade, IMC pré-gestacional, ganho de peso durante a gestação, tipo de parto e sexo. Ao utilizar o escore z de P/I, verificou-se que os grupos tabaco e restrito apresentaram médias significativamente menores do que o controle. De zero a um mês, a velocidade de ganho de peso entre os restritos foi significativamente maior do que os demais. De zero a três meses, só não foi significativamente maior do que o grupo hipertensão arterial. A velocidade de ganho de comprimento de zero a um e de zero a três meses foi significativamente maior no grupo restrito ao comparar com o controle. Ao utilizar o escore z de IMC/I, os grupos tabaco e restrito apresentaram médias significativamente menores do que o grupo controle. A velocidade de ganho de IMC de zero a um mês do grupo restrito só não foi significativamente maior do que o grupo hipertensão arterial. De zero a três meses, foi significativamente maior do que todos os demais. Os fatores que influenciaram na velocidade de crescimento foram: situação conjugal, IMC pré-gestacional, ganho de peso durante a gestação e internação hospitalar da criança. Conclusão: O presente estudo identificou que a velocidade de crescimento nos três primeiros meses de vida é influenciada por ambientes intrauterinos adversos e diferentes fatores gestacionais e neonatais estão envolvidos neste contexto. O grupo restrito foi o que apresentou os escores médios mais baixos e a maior recuperação. O grupo hipertensão arterial, que possuiu escores médios negativos, apresentou velocidade de ganho de peso positiva durante os primeiros três meses, sinalizando recuperação. Já o grupo tabaco, que apresentou escores médios negativos, não possuiu recuperação significativa. Os achados deste estudo poderão auxiliar na elaboração de estratégias de prevenção do crescimento acelerado em crianças expostas a fatores considerados de risco. Intervenções realizadas na infância inicial poderão refletir no perfil de saúde e na carga de doenças durante o curso da vida destas crianças.Introduction: Studies has demonstrated that the intrauterine environment influences on fetal and extrauterine growth, reflecting the long-term health profile. Objective: To compare the growth velocity during the first three months of life among children born in intrauterine environments considered adverse. Methods: It is a prospective controlled longitudinal study developed with mother-infant pairs living in Porto Alegre/RS. Four exposure groups were studied (diabetes, hypertension, smoking and intrauterine growth restricted) and a control. Growth was evaluated in five moments (postpartum, seven days, fifteen days, one month and three months) using the weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A) and Body Mass Index for age (BMI/A). Regression analysis with generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship between the intrauterine environment and growth. The growth velocity was performed with one and three months using the difference between the z-score measures (delta). Were identified the influence of sociodemographic factors on maternal and neonatal birth weight and growth velocity. Results: Factors that influence the birth weight were: parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, type of delivery and sex. By using the z score for W/A, it was found that tobacco and intrauterine growth restricted groups had significantly lower average than the control. From zero to one month, the weight gain velocity between intrauterine growth restricted was significantly higher than the others. From zero to three months, weight gain velocity of the intrauterine growth restricted group was significantly higher than the other groups, except hypertension. The length gain velocity from zero to one and three months was significantly higher in the intrauterine growth restricted vs. control. By using the BMI/A z score, tobacco and intrauterine growth restricted groups had significantly lower average than the control group. From zero to one month, only BMI gain speed intrauterine growth restricted group was not significantly higher than the hypertension group. From zero to three months, was significantly higher than the others. The factors that influenced the growth velocity were: marital status, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy and the child's hospitalization. Conclusion: The present study identified that the growth velocity in the first three months of life is influenced by adverse intrauterine environment and different gestational and neonatal factors are involved in this context. The intrauterine growth restricted group was the one with the lowest average scores and higher recovery. The hypertension group, which owned negative average scores showed positive weight gain velocity during the first three months, signaling recovery. Otherwise, the tobacco group, which showed negative average scores, did not possess significant recovery. The findings of this study will assist in developing prevention strategies in the accelerated growth in children exposed to the risk factors. Interventions in early childhood may reflect the health profile and burden of disease during the course of life of these children.
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Ramnarine, Amy. "Essays on Women's Issues and Economic Development." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3556.
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This dissertation is composed of three essays under the recurring theme of women’s issues, child health and economic development. In the first chapter, I examine the effect of Child Marriage on the health outcomes of offspring in Bangladesh. I use an exogenous variation in drought and flood shocks as an instrument for Child Marriage and measure children’s health outcomes by stunting, from the height-for-age index. I develop a theoretical model to show that the decision to marry a daughter early is driven by the type of income shocks that a household is exposed to. From the empirical estimation, I find that children from Child Marriage unions are more likely to be stunted. I also find that the effect of Child Marriage is concentrated through increases in severe stunting.
In the second chapter, I estimate the impact of Child Marriage on the mortality outcomes of offspring in Bangladesh. Similar to the empirical strategy in the first chapter, I focus on the effect of an exogenous temporary shock on the marriage decision, to allow for identification of a causal impact. The results indicate that in comparison to children of later-married women, children from Child Marriage unions are more likely to die before reaching the age of five. Further, I find that the effect of Child Marriage is smaller on infant mortality. By examining the impact by gender, the results suggest that the predominant effect of Child Marriage is focused on increases in male child and infant mortality.
In the third chapter, I examine the effect of Sharia Law on the health outcomes of children in Nigeria. The measures of health outcomes are constructed from the height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height indices. I apply a difference-in-differences estimation strategy and exploit the variation in exposure to Sharia law across time and state of residence. I also explore the effect of Sharia Law on women’s empowerment. The results indicate that Sharia Law substantially increases the probability of stunting in children. In states with high enforcement of Sharia Law, children are more likely to be stunted and underweight. The results suggest a negative association between Sharia Law and women’s empowerment with respect to household and medical decision-making, control over resources and self-worth.
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Boone, Ryan F. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Child Health: The Case of Malawi." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/579.
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This paper analyzes the impacts of the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme. The goal of this paper is to help improve the design of cash transfers. First of all, I analyze whether the cash transfer positively affects child health variables despite occurring in a region with poor supply side health institutions. I find significant results for many child level variables, such as frequency of illnesses, but insignificant improvements in anthropometric measurements. Secondly, I examine whether female-headed households invest more in child health than male-headed households. The results show that the impacts of the cash transfer did not depend on the sex of the household head. This result provides some evidence that females do not always have systematically different preferences for expenditure on children than males. The paper uses the imperfect randomization of the cash transfer in combination with difference-in-differences regressions, propensity score matching, and Lee Bounds tests in order to ensure the robustness of the results.
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Bhulpat, Cheerapan. "Brain Growth Spurts and Plateau Periods in Normal Elementary School Pupils." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330926/.
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The purposes of this study were to determine whether brain growth spurts occur in normal pupils and to determine whether there was a uniform difference in head circumference between boys and girls. Subjects were 3,062 normal elementary pupils, grades one through six, from one suburban school district. Fiberglass measuring tapes were used to measure pupils' head circumference. The hypotheses of the study predicted that the relationship between head circumference and age would be linear. Further, it was predicted that the differences in head circumference between boys and girls would be uniform over seven specified ages. The first hypothesis was tested using a test for linear trend and deviation from linear trend using the General Linear Models procedure. The results indicated that there was a significant linear trend between head circumference and age. The test for deviation from the linear trend was not significant. This would suggest that any deviation from a straight line observed in the data can be attributed to chance. It was concluded that since there was no significant deviation from linear trend, it would suggest a continuous growth of the brain for the ages included in this study. A two-way analysis of variance was used to test the second hypothesis. The results indicated that the male mean head circumference was significantly larger than that of the female in all age groups. As the interaction of sex and age groups was tested, there was no interaction between sex and age groups. It was concluded that since the interaction between sex and age groups was not significant, there is no indication of differences in the rates of brain growth between boys and girls.
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Garcia, Arlen J. "Promoting positive youth development : using within-regression analysis to estimate group process growth curves as mediators of intervention change in multi-problem youth." FIU Digital Commons, 2005. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3868.
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This study extended the knowledge of and examined the moderation and mediation effects of contextual interpersonal exogenous and endogenous variables on intervention response.
The first analyses consisted of Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance (RMANOVAs) and the second analyses consisted of estimating linear growth curves using within-subject regression analysis.
The results of the outcome and moderation analyses identified ethnicity as a plausible moderator of intervention response. Specifically, African Americans demonstrated significant higher psychosocial development in intimacy compared to Hispanics. The mediation analyses, which estimated linear growth curves using within- subject regression analysis, identified a potentially influential mediator, that is, group impact, as a causal factor contributing to the positive psychosocial development of identity.
In summary, the current study furthered examined the psychosocial development of identity and intimacy. Secondly, it demonstrated the influential moderation and mediation effects on intervention response. And thirdly, it expanded the methodological procedures in a university-community based intervention.
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Sackey, Mamie Eleanor. "Intestinal Parasitic Infection: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Consequences for Child Growth, Iron Status and Development in Rural Ecuador." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34712.
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Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI's) are considered to be a public health problem of global importance by the World Health Organization. The present epidemiologic survey study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of pathogenic IPI's on the growth, nutrition and psychomotor development of 244 Ecuadorian children aged 0.2-14 years. The study was conducted in five rural hamlets located in a tropical rainforest area in northwest Ecuador. The study data were obtained by means of a structured questionnaire, a developmental screening examination, anthropometry, and lab analysis of blood and fecal samples. Data analysis was conducted using appropriate bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques.
The study results revealed that 90% of the child subjects were infected with at least one pathogenic IPI species. Fifty-one percent were identified with helminthic infections, 37.6% with protozoal infections, and 21.4% were infected with both. The most common intestinal parasites detected were Ascaris lumbricoides (39.7%), Giardia intestinalis (25.2%), Trichuris trichiura (19.7%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (18.5%), Blastocystis hominis (13.3%), and Ancylostoma duodenale (1.7%). The prevalence of growth stunting (40%) and iron-deficiency anemia (26%) also was high. Children infected with Giardia exhibited a risk for stunted growth that was twice that of their non-infected counterparts (51.7% vs. 33.1%; OR=2.16, 95% C.I.= 1.13-4.15; p= 0.01). They also had significantly reduced mean blood hemoglobin levels compared to non-infected children 11.8 + 1.5.g/dL vs. 12.2 + 1.4g/dL; p= 0.023) but the proportion with iron-deficiency anemia was slightly but not significantly increased (29.4% vs. 24.3%). The characteristic most consistently associated with risk for pathogenic protozoal IPI's was a high density of domestic animals living in and around the home. Children who lived in such households had a risk for infection that was 2-5 times greater than others. This suggests that domestic animals were important reservoirs for IPI infection in the child group studied. Contrary to the a priori hypothesis, no gender, ethnic, nor age differences in infection risk were identified except for Trichuris infection, which was reduced in younger children contrary to expectations.
Mass or targeted chemotherapy combined with health education and promotion are needed to reduce the cycle of infection and re-infection and the negative impact of these on child growth and iron status. Health education and promotion messages can be incorporated into other types of programs already in place in local schools and by the Ecuadorian Ministries of Public Health, Education, and Social Welfare and other agencies.Master of Science
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Grjibovski, Andrej. "Socio-demographic determinants of pregnancy outcomes and infant growth in transitional Russia /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-226-8/.
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Newman, Sophie Louise. "The growth of a nation : child health and development in the Industrial Revolution in England, c. AD 1750-1850." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11508/.
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The Industrial Revolution of 18th-19th century England was a period of marked social, economic, and political change through which urban landscapes were irrevocably transformed. Increasing industrialisation brought with it issues of overcrowding, deteriorating sanitary conditions, and rising air pollution. Disease was rife, and life on the epidemic streets brought significant risks to child mortality and morbidity. This study undertook a comprehensive analysis of health in urban children from the 18th-19th centuries. Six skeletal collections were selected from urban-based sites to attempt to broaden existing knowledge on the impact of industrialisation on child health from a range of geographical and social contexts. Growth parameters (long bone length, cortical thickness, and vertebral dimensions) and non-specific indicators of stress (dental enamel hypoplasia, metabolic disease, cribra orbitalia, and periosteal new bone formation) were selected to assess health status in both children and adults, to identify differing patterns in health stress and longevity. No significant differences were identified between northern and southern-based sites, with social status being the primary determinant of child health. Lower status groups demonstrated the highest perinatal mortality rates, lowest growth values, some of the highest rates of pathology, and intrauterine onset of deficiency diseases, indicating a heightened exposure to poor maternal health and detrimental exogenous influences associated with poverty. However, the high status group from Chelsea Old Church, London, also showed significant deficiencies in growth values and a high rate of metabolic disease, suggestive of “fashionable” child-care practices. A potential association between the presence of non-specific indicators of stress and an earlier age-at-death was identified in adults, suggestive of a reduction in longevity associated with early life stress. Life in the city came with significant health risks for children, and the use of multiple growth parameters and indicators of stress proved an effective means to increase the osteobiographical understanding of past populations.
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Poulton, Alison. "Prospective study of the growth, physical development and nutritional status of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder before and after starting treatment with stimulant medication." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609362.
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Freitas, Ione Donizeti. "Validação interna da ficha de acompanhamento do desenvolvimento infantil - Ministério da Saúde 2002." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5141/tde-24022016-162148/.
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O desenvolvimento infantil é um processo complexo que começa na concepção e se estende por longo período, envolvendo vários aspectos como crescimento físico, maturação neurológica, comportamental, cognitiva, social e afetiva. De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS, a presença de fatores negativos que intervém no desenvolvimento infantil afeta cerca de 10% da população infantil mundial. Existem evidências suficientes de que quanto mais precoce for a identificação de possíveis problemas de atraso no desenvolvimento com consequente intervenção adequada, menor será o impacto desses problemas na vida futura da criança. Entretanto, para que seja realizada futura intervenção precoce, os profissionais de atenção básica necessitam de instrumentos que possam de maneira rápida, alertar sobre sinais que signifiquem possíveis problemas no desenvolvimento da criança. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi validar a Ficha de Acompanhamento do Desenvolvimento Infantil, proposta pelo Ministério da Saúde em 2002, em uso em muitos serviços de saúde no Brasil. Foi realizada a aplicação do instrumento em 269 crianças de 0 a 6 anos, no Ambulatório de Pediatria do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e realizado as análises estatísticas Análise AC1 e Alfa de Cronbach para verificar a validade e confiabilidade do instrumento.O instrumento apresentou boa validez e confiabilidade através das duas análises, necessitando revisão para o segundo, nono e décimo primeiro marco do desenvolvimento.Concluímos que o Instrumento Ficha de Acompanhamento do Desenvolvimento Infantil é um instrumento válido a ser recomendado para uso dos profissionais de Saúde Básica como instrumento de triagem para possíveis atrasos no desenvolvimento infantil de crianças de zero a seis anosChild development is a complex process that begins at conception moment and extends for a long period, which involves a lot of points such as physical growth, maturation neurological, behavior/ cognitive, social and emotional. According to World Health Organization - OMS, there is a presence of negative factors that have affected around 10% of worldwide children population. There are a lot of enough evidences that as previous we identify these possible delays issues in the development, with appropriated intervention, lower will be the impact on child future life. In order we can held this previous future intervention, the primary care professional need tools can quickly warning them that potential problems in child development. For this reason, the goal of this study is to validate the Child Development Monitoring Chart, proposed by Ministry of Health in 2002, using in Brazil Health services. This instrument applications was performed in 269 children 0 - 6 years age at the Clinic of Pediatrics, University Hospital, São Paulo University and performed statistical analyses AC1 and Cronbach´s Alpha to check the validity and reliability of this instrument. The instrument presented good performance and reliability through two analyses process, but a review will be necessary for second, ninth and eleventh mark of development. We concluded that Child Development Monitoring Instrument Data Sheet is a valid instrument to be recommended to be used by Basic Health professional as a screening tool for potential delays in child development of children from 0 to 6 years age
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Burns, Jesse. "Child play skills and parent verbal responsiveness: Effects on language growth in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders and typical development." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107883.
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The objective of this study was to investigate predictors of language growth within the context of parent-child interaction among preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and typically developing (TYP) toddlers. Children with ASDs are known to have delays in play and language development. Previous research has demonstrated concurrent and predictive associations between play skills and language ability in children with ASDs and in TYP children. Parent verbal responsiveness, or the extent to which parents' verbalizations are contingent on their children's focus of attention, has also been linked to language development in young children. The present study used a longitudinal correlational design with 30 participants, 15 ASD and 15 TYP. Child play skills and parent verbal responsiveness were analysed. The groups did not differ on play abilities or on the extent to which parents' verbalizations were responsive to their children's attention. Symbolic play was associated with language ability at study outset in both groups, but play ability and parent responsiveness were not associated with language gain over the 1-year study. Methodological factors are discussed in the interpretation of these findings.L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser des variables impliquées lors du développement du langage dans un contexte d'interaction parent-enfant chez des enfants atteints du trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) et avec un développement typique (DT). Des retards dans le développement du langage et du jeu sont répandus chez des enfants ayant des TSA. Des études antérieures ont démontré que les capacités de jeu peuvent prédire les habilités du langage chez les enfants ayant des TSA ou avec DT. La sensibilité verbale des parents, ou la tendance du parent de parler d'un objet sur lequel l'enfant concentre déjà son attention, est aussi associée au développement du langage chez des jeunes enfants. La présente étude a utilisé une méthodologie longitudinale et corrélationnelle chez 30 participants, dont 15 avec TSA et 15 avec DT. Les variables étudiées lors de cette étude étaient les suivantes : les capacités de jeu de l'enfant et la sensibilité verbale du parent. Aucune différence n'a été observée entre les deux groupes, que ce soit au niveau des capacités de jeu des enfants ou au niveau de la sensibilité verbale des parents. Le jeu symbolique a été associé au niveau du langage des enfants des deux groupes au début de l'étude. Cependant, ni les capacités de jeu ni la sensibilité verbale des parents n'ont été associées au développement du langage lors de l'année de l'étude. La méthodologie est abordée dans l'interprétation des résultats.
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Westeyn, Tracy Lee. "Child's play: activity recognition for monitoring children's developmental progress with augmented toys." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34697.
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The way in which infants play with objects can be indicative of their developmental progress and may serve as an early indicator for developmental delays. However, the observation of children interacting with toys for the purpose of quantitative analysis can be a difficult task. To better quantify how play may serve as an early indicator, researchers have conducted retrospective studies examining the differences in object play behaviors among infants. However, such studies require that researchers repeatedly inspect videos of play often at speeds much slower than real-time to indicate points of interest. The research presented in this dissertation examines whether a combination of sensors embedded within toys and automatic pattern recognition of object play behaviors can help expedite this process.
For my dissertation, I developed the Child'sPlay system which uses augmented toys and statistical models to automatically provide quantitative measures of object play interactions, as well as, provide the PlayView interface to view annotated play data for later analysis. In this dissertation, I examine the hypothesis that sensors embedded in objects can provide sufficient data for automatic recognition of certain exploratory, relational, and functional object play behaviors in semi-naturalistic environments and that a continuum of recognition accuracy exists which allows automatic indexing to be useful for retrospective review.
I designed several augmented toys and used them to collect object play data from more than fifty play sessions. I conducted pattern recognition experiments over this data to produce statistical models that automatically classify children's object play behaviors. In addition, I conducted a user study with twenty participants to determine if annotations automatically generated from these models help improve performance in retrospective review tasks. My results indicate that these statistical models increase user performance and decrease perceived effort when combined with the PlayView interface during retrospective review. The presence of high quality annotations are preferred by users and promotes an increase in the effective retrieval rates of object play behaviors.
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So, Lai-ying Lisa. "A cross-sectional study of skeletal, dental, physical growth and sexual maturity of 12-year-old southern Chinese girls in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3195389X.
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Knoble, Naomi. "Adolescent Self-Regulation and the Influence of Peer Victimization: Examining Dynamic Interactions." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19216.
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Self-regulation is essential for successful social functioning, yet more remains to be understood about the influence of peers on this important developmental skill. This study examined the influence of verbal peer victimization on the growth of self-regulation across four years of early adolescence using parallel process growth modeling. For all adolescents, higher levels of self-regulation buffered early adolescents from the effects of negative peer interactions. In addition, early adolescents with initially low levels of self-regulation also had higher levels of depression and experienced higher levels of peer victimization than their better regulated peers. Importantly the Family Check-Up, a brief preventative intervention, resulted in improvements in self-regulation that was sustained over time. The relationship between peer victimization and self-regulation was not predictive; however, a significant persisting association was observed suggesting that improvements in adolescent self-regulation abilities help buffer youth from the impact of negative peer interactions. This research highlights the importance of the social context on the development of self-regulation during adolescence and contributes novel findings of the effect of contextual variables on self-regulation development. These findings support an ecological prevention approach, including family-centered intervention and social-emotional curricula, to promote increased self-regulation and reduce peer victimization among adolescents.
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Nkopo, Mandisi S. "The relationship between selected body composition components and self-efficacy among 12-14 year old rural adolescents in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4536.
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Body composition changes drastically in both males and females during the adolescent years. The changes may have a negative effect on their physical health as well as psychological well-being, with respect to attributes such as self-efficacy. Being either overweight or obese during adolescence has social, economic and psychological consequences, which include low self-efficacy. However, very few international studies and not a single South African study could be found which measured the relationship of anthropometric body composition components, general self-efficacy levels and actual measured body size among adolescents, particularly among rural adolescents. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric body composition components and self efficacy, by conducting a comparison of self-efficacy levels among normal, overweight and obese 12 to 14-year-old rural adolescents in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample consisted of boys (n=49) and girls (n=43) between the ages of 12 and 14 years. The body composition components were body weight, stature, body mass index, sum of 3 skinfolds, percentage body fat and hip-to-waist ratio. The sample was also classified into normal, overweight and obese groups, according to body mass index. A self-administered Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C) which was developed by Muris (2001) was used to measure general self-efficacy. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation matrix and Cohen's effect size for significance (Cohen, 1992) and a Mann-Whitney U Test was used to determine statistical differences. Significance was set at p<0.05. Only 17 percent of the participants in the research sample were found to be overweight or obese. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant (p=0.02) differences between the participants who were classified as having normal weights and the group which comprised the overweight and the obese groups. Overweight and obese boys and girls still had very high levels of self-efficacy, although their body mass index scores were high. Boys scored higher in social self-efficacy and girls in academic self-efficacy. Only girls presented significantly high correlations between body mass index and emotional self-efficacy (r=0.33, p=0.02), total self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.44, p=0.00), social self-efficacy and hip-towaist ratio (r=0.39, p=0.01) and emotional self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.33, p=0.02), while boys presented them only with respect to body weight (r=0.31, p=0.02) and stature (r=0.39, p=0.00). The results suggest that a positive relationship exists between body composition, in terms of hip-to-waist ratio, weight and stature, and self-efficacy among South African rural adolescents. However, girls presented significantly strong and positive correlations between hip-to-waist ratio and self-efficacy, whereas boys presented significant, strong and positive correlations between body weight, stature and self-efficacy. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant differences between normal weight and overweight or obese South African rural adolescents. It seems likely that cultural beliefs may exert an influence on the psychosocial perceptions of adolescents in relation to body size, consequently affecting self efficacy levels.
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Nahar, Baitun. "Effects of Food Supplementation and Psychosocial Stimulation on Growth and Development of Severely Malnourished Children : Intervention Studies in Bangladesh." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-174833.
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Early childhood malnutrition is a global public health problem with serious short- and long-term consequences. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of psychosocial stimulation (PS) with or without food supplementation (FS) on growth and development of severely malnourished children, quality of home environment, mother’s child-rearing practices and depressive symptoms. The study setting was Dhaka, Bangladesh, and the participants were severely malnourished children, aged 6-24 months, admitted at Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). A hospital-based study was conducted in Nutrition Rehabilitation Unit of ICDDR,B hospital, where a control group (n=43) was studied initially, followed by an intervention group (n=54). All received standard nutrition rehabilitation care. The intervention group received daily group meetings and play sessions in the hospital, and was thereafter visited at home for 6 months. A community-based randomised trial was conducted including children (n=507) admitted at hospital for initial treatment of an acute infection, and thereafter assigned to PS, FS, PS+FS, clinic control or hospital control groups. PS was delivered at follow-up visits, fortnightly for 6 months at community clinics. FS included distribution of cereal-based food packets (150–300 kcal/day depending on age) for 3 months. All groups received standard medical care and micronutrient supplementation. In the hospital-based study, the intervention group had significantly higher scores in mental (p<0.001, effect size 0.52 SD) and motor development (p=0.047, effect size 0.37 SD), and weight (p=0.03, effect size 0.39 SD), after 6- months intervention. In the community-based trial, there was a significant effect of stimulation after six months of intervention on children’s mental development (group*session interaction p=0.037, effect size=0.37 SD) and weight (group*session interaction p=0.02, effect size=0.26 SD) but no effect on motor development or linear growth. The PS+FS and PS groups differed in total HOME score, two HOME subscales (maternal involvement and play materials), and in mother’s child- rearing practices scores but not in depressive symptoms. PS with or without FS had small improvement on children’s growth and development, quality of home environment and mother’s rearing-practices of severely malnourished children. More intensive interventions with longer duration are therefore recommended.
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Bassetto, Heloisa Paulette [UNESP]. "Caracterização de alguns fatores biológicos, sociais, assistênciais e ocupacionais de gestantes e sua associação com o peso e crescimento de crianças nos primeiros meses de vida em Botucatu, 1997/1998." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98484.
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As condições de vida das gestantes são muito importantes para a saúde de sua criança. Sabendo que muitos fatores podem interferir nessas condições e consequentemente no crescimento e desenvolvimento de seus filhos, foi proposto este trabalho, com o objetivo de caracterizar algumas variáveis biológicas, sociais, assistenciais e ocupacionais de gestantes e sua associação com o peso e crescimento de crianças nos primeiros meses de vida. Para tanto, em 1997 foram feitas 219 entrevistas domiciliares com puérperas que realizaram o pré-natal em 10 unidades básicas de saúde e em um consultório particular do município de Botucatu-SP, e foram avaliadas suas crianças entre 0 e 10 meses de vida. Os objetivos foram atingidos, calculando-se os valores médios das variáveis analisadas, sendo utilizada a técnica de análise de variância para verificar a existência de associação entre a ocupação do chefe da família das gestantes e o crescimento de seus filhos nos primeiros meses de vida. Observou-se que das mulheres entrevistadas, 62,5% (I.C. 56,1% - 68,9%) eram adolescentes e jovens, 82,2% (77,1% - 87,2%) iniciaram o pré-natal no primeiro trimestre de gestação e o número de consultas variou entre 7 e 15, sendo que 42,9% (36,3% - 49,4%) realizaram entre 7 e 9 consultas. No terceiro mês de vida das crianças somente 22,3% (16,7% - 27,7%) estavam sendo amamentadas com leite materno exclusivo. Quanto ao trabalho, 49,8% (43,1% - 56,3) das mulheres trabalharam durante a gestação e dessas, somente 41,8% (32,6% - 51,0%) tiveram o direito à licença gestante. A ocupação da maioria das gestantes foi na área de serviços, com 86,3%...
An expecting mother´s living conditions are extremely important for her child´s health. Being aware that many factors interfere in these conditions and consequently in a child´s growth and development, we have prepared this paper with the scope of characterizing some biogical, social, aiding, and occupational variables of expecting mothers and their correlation with a child´s weight and development over its first months of existence. For that purpose 219 domestic interviews were conducted in 1997 with pregnant women who had undergone prenatal care in 10 basic heath units and in one private doctor´s office in Botucatu, SP. Their babies were examined in the age span from 0 to 10 months old. Our objects were reached by calculating the mean results of the variables analyzed. Variance analysis technique was utilized to check the existence of interrelation between a child´s father´s occupation and his child´s growth in its first months of life. The following results were obtained: 62.5% (I.C. 56.1% - 68.9%) were made up of adolescents and young people. 82.2% (77.1% - 87.2%) began their prenatal care in the first quarter of gestation and the number of doctor´s appointments varied between 7 and 15; in this group 42.9% (36.3% - 49.4%) had between 7 and 9 appointments. Only 22.3% (16.7% - 27.7%) of three-month old children were solely breastfed. Regarding work, 49.8% (43.1% - 56.3%) of women worked during pregnancy and only 41,8% out of the latter figures (32.6% - 51.0%) were entitled to maternity leave. Most expecting mothers (86.3% e.g. 79.9% - 92.7%) worked in the service industry. It came to our attention by the time of the interview that few women returned to work after delivering... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Leone, Maria Anna. "Three essays on children, women and economic development." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47194/.
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This thesis investigates three important themes within the development economics literature that link children, women and economic development. In the first essay we present an analysis of child labour among agricultural households in rural Nepal. We first examine the monetary contribution of child labour to family farms. For this purpose, within a non-separable agricultural household model we estimate a farm production function to obtain shadow wages for both children and adults employed on the farm. Our results reveal that the relative contribution of child labour to family income is not negligible. We then analyse child labour supply to explore whether it is driven by poverty or other reasons such as imperfections in the labour market. We estimate both a reduced form model and a structural equation model. This latter includes the estimated shadow wages and income from the previous analysis. Both models allow for an examination of how child labour supply reacts to a change in the opportunity cost of time and wealth. The reduced form results suggest that an increase in household's wealth (measured by land endowments) reduces child labour, specifically of girls. This result is consistent with the hypothesis of poverty-induced child labour in the presence of perfect labour markets. This decline, however, occurs for sufficiently high levels of wealth. Imperfections in the labour market may play a role in explaining child labour of boys and in households that are not at the top-end of the land distribution. Estimates of the structural labour supply model, however, yield results on wage and income elasticities that partly contradicts the theoretical predictions. In the second essay we analyse whether and how an increase in the participation of women in a key decision making body of local collective action institutions - the Executive Committee (EC) of Community Forest User Groups (CFUG) in Nepal - aspects forest protection, specifically household firewood collection. In many developing countries women are responsible for the collection and management of forest products essential to the daily lives of their household. Therefore they have stronger interests than men in ensuring the availability of these products. Despite this, women are often excluded from the decision-making process that sets out the rules to access and collect forest products within community forests. We account for the potential endogeneity of female participation and exploit an amendment made to the guidelines for CFUG formation that sets a higher threshold for women representation in the Executive Committee to evaluate the impact of women on firewood extraction. The results indicate that higher female participation in the ECs of CFUGs leads to a decrease in firewood extraction. This evidence is suggestive that women are prioritising conservation to ensure sustainable firewood extraction for their daily needs. In the third essay we analyse the short and long-term impact of violence on education in Timor Leste. Specifically, we examine the effect of the 1999 violence on school attendance in 2001 and its longer-term impact on primary school completion of the same cohorts of children observed again in 2007. We compare the educational impact of the 1999 violence with the impact of other periods of high-intensity violence during the 25 years of Indonesian occupation. The short-term effects of the conflict are mixed. In the longer term, we find evidence of a substantial loss of human capital among boys in Timor Leste exposed to peaks of violence during the 25-year long conflict. The evidence suggests that this result may be due to household trade-offs between education and economic welfare.
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Sayeed, Yeasmin. "Child Marriage, Human Development and Welfare : Using Public Spending, Taxation and Conditional Cash Transfers as Policy Instruments." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47122.
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The theme of this thesis is to analyze the impact of policy interventions such as financing human development (HD), tax reform and conditional cash transfer programmes, under the framework of growth and sustainable development. These policy instruments are evaluated through the application of both partial and general equilibrium models, and the last paper concentrates on developing regional social accounting matrices (SAMs) as a core database for spatial general equilibrium modelling. Essay 1: Trade-offs in Achieving Human Development Goals for Bangladesh investigates the benefits and costs associated with alternative investment financing options for achieving HD goals by applying the MAMS (Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Studies) model. We find that full achievement of these goals would have led to a GDP loss that would have been significantly larger in the domestic borrowing scenario than in the tax scenario. The tax-financing alternative is thus the better option for financing large development programs. In terms of public spending composition, we find that, under some circumstances, a trade-off arises between overall Millennium Development Goal (MDG) progress and poverty reduction. Essay 2: Welfare impact of broadening VAT by exempting Small-Scale food markets: The case of Bangladesh analyses the welfare impacts of different VAT reforms. A general and uniform VAT on all commodities is preferred as it is more efficient and less administratively costly. However, due to equity concerns, food is normally exempted from VAT. On the other hand, exemptions on food mean that an implicit subsidy is provided to high-income households. Hence, we analyze a broad-based VAT regime with a high threshold that excludes small-scale operators (where the low-income households buy their products most, including food) and the simulation result shows that welfare improves for the low-income households. Essay 3: Effect of Girls’ Secondary School Stipend on Completed Schooling and Age at Marriage: Evidence from Bangladesh estimates the effect of a conditional cash transfer programme on education and age at marriage. We apply both difference in differences (DiD) and regression discontinuity methods to evaluate the impact of the policy instrument. Our estimation results show that the girls in the treatment group who were exposed to the programme had a higher average number of completed years of schooling and also delayed their first marriage compared to the girls in the control group. We also show that the DiD approach might produce a biased result as it does not consider the convergence effect. Essay 4: Estimation of Multiregional Social Accounting Matrices using Transport Data proposes a methodology for estimating multiregional SAMs from a national SAM by applying the cross-entropy method. The methodology makes possible the construction of regional SAMs that are consistent with official regional accounts and minimize deviations from transport data.
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Malmqvist, Philip. "Monitoring of crack growth and crack mouth opening displacement in compact tension specimens at high temperatures : Development and implementation of the Direct Current Potential Drop (DCPD) method." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-44493.
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The mechanical engineering department at the University of Idaho is conducting a project with the purpose of developing a complete system for investigating creep-, creep-fatigue- and fatigue properties of metallic materials at elevated temperatures up to 650 ˚C with Compact Tension (CT) specimens. Considerable efforts have been made to study and understand these phenomena, although numerous problems still exist. It is important to explore more extensively the complicated phenomena of creep, fatigue and of creep-fatigue interactions. The Direct Current Potential Drop (DCPD) method is a common method used to investigate, for example, the initiation of cracks, crack growth rates and to monitor crack growth. The technique utilizes the fact that the electrical resistance of a CT specimen changes with crack growth. By applying a constant current over the specimen and measuring the resulting voltage over the crack, the crack length can be related to the voltage, and the difference in crack length with difference in voltage. Standards from the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) were used as guidance when designing the DCPD system and CT specimen. The development and implementation processes were divided into an analytical and an experimental stage. The final product consisted of a high temperature extensometer, to measure crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), and a DCPD system, to measure crack growth, controlled by separate control units. The DCPD system consisted of a DC supply and a nano voltmeter along with Constantan wire and NiCr60 wire respectively, that were mechanically fastened. The DCPD system delivered overall satisfying results and was able to generate sufficient data to produce a crack growth curve, da/dN vs. ΔK. Although, by taking advantage of resistance welding equipment to attach the DCPD wires, along with implementing one shared control unit for the DCPD system and the extensometer, more accurate and accessible measurements and correlations could be extracted.Mechanical engineering avdelningen på University of Idaho genomför just nu ett utvecklingsprojekt med syftet att utveckla ett komplett system för undersökning av krypnings, krypnings-utmattnings- samt utmattnings- egenskaper av metalliska material vid höga temperaturer upp till 650 ˚C med hjälp av kompakta spänningsprovstavar (CT specimens). Betydande ansträngningar har gjorts för att undersöka och förstå dessa fenomen, men flera problem kvarstår. Det är viktigt att djupare undersöka kopplingen mellan krypnings- och utmattningsegenskaper. Direct Current Potential Drop (DCPD) metoden är en vanlig metod vilken används för att undersöka, exempelvis, sprickinitiering, spricktillväxthastigheter och spricktillväxt. Tekniken utnyttjar faktumet att den elektriska resistansen i en provstav ändras med spricktillväxt. Genom att föra en konstant ström genom provstaven och sedan mäta den resulterande spänningen över sprickan, kan spricklängden relateras till uppmätt spänning. På samma sätt kan spricktillväxt relateras till spänningsförändringar. Standarder från American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) användes för att designa ett DCPD system samt en CT provstav. Utvecklings- och implementeringsprocessen var uppdelad i en analytisk och en experimentell del. Den slutgiltiga produkten bestod av en extensometer, för mätning av spricköppning vid höga temperaturer, och ett DCPD system, för mätning av spricktillväxt vid höga temperaturer, vilka kontrollerades av separata kontrollenheter. DCPD systemet bestod av en strömkälla och en nanovoltmeter tillsammans med Constantan kablar respektive NiCr60 kablar, vilka fastsättes mekaniskt. DCPD systemet levererade generellt sett tillfredställande resultat och hade kapacitet att generera tillräckligt precisa data för att producera en spricktillväxtkurva, da/dN vs. ΔK. Däremot, genom att utnyttja en resistanssvets, för att fastsätta DCPD-kablarna, tillsammans med en gemensam kontrollenhet för extensometern och DCPD systemet, kan det tänkas att bättre och mer tillgängliga resultat kunde åstadkommas.
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Forslund, Marianne. "The neurodevelopment potential in the preterm infant a longitudinal follow-up study on growth and development from birth to nine years of age /." Lund : Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Lund, 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=hNhqAAAAMAAJ.
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Goudie, Anthony. "The effects of maternal prenatal insults on the BMI growth trajectory of children between the ages of 5-12 years." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/goudie.pdf.
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Diniz, Regina Lucia Portela. "Crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança indígena: um estudo da etnia PItanguary - Ceará." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-12112010-114502/.
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Introdução - O crescimento e o desenvolvimento estão entre os melhores indicadores de saúde da criança. Há uma complexa rede de causalidade no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil que envolve variáveis biológicas (sexo, peso e comprimento ao nascer) e sócio-econômico-ambientais (alimentação, renda, educação, ocupação, tipo de moradia, saneamento, estado nutricional das mães). Para as crianças indígenas, o monitoramento do crescimento físico e o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento têm importância relevante, visto que as mudanças sócio-econômicas, culturais e ambientais as quais estão submetidas podem contribuir para a deterioração das condições de saúde e nutrição. Objetivos - Conhecer o crescimento e desenvolvimento e a saúde das crianças indígenas da etnia Pitaguary no primeiro ano de vida e seus condicionantes sócio-culturais e ambientais, identificando as condições do nascimento, o tipo de alimentação, a evolução do estado nutricional e do desenvolvimento, a ocorrência de diarréia e de doença respiratória e o estado vacinal. Métodos - Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, descritivo, envolvendo todas as crianças menores de um ano pertencentes à etnia Pitaguary. Essas crianças foram acompanhadas mensalmente até os doze meses de vida e avaliadas quanto às condições de nascimento, alimentação, estado nutricional, hábitos alimentares, desenvolvimento, estado vacinal e morbidade. Resultados Apesar das precárias condições de vida, a evolução do crescimento e desenvolvimento das crianças da etnia Pitaguary pode ser considerada dentro da faixa adequada, tendo como referência as curvas da OMS, 2006 e os marcos do desenvolvimento da Caderneta da Criança, MS, 2002. A cobertura vacinal esteve semelhante aos valores brasileiros. Chamou atenção a taxa de episódios de diarréias e doenças respiratórias em cerca de três episódios/ano/criançaIntroduction - Growth and development are among the best indicators of child health. There is a complex network of causality in the process of child growth and development involving biological variables (sex, weight and length at birth) and socio-economic-environmental (food, income, education, occupation, housing, sanitation and nutritional status of mothers). For indigenous children, growth monitoring and monitoring of physical development have great importance, since the socio-economic changes, cultural and environmental factors to which they are submitted may contribute to the deterioration of their health and nutrition. Objectives To understand the growth and development and health of indigenous children of ethnic Pitaguary during the first year of life and its socio-cultural and environmental issues, identifying the conditions of birth, type of diet, nutritional status and trends of development, occurrence of diarrhea and respiratory disease and vaccination status. Methods - A cohort, prospective, descriptive study, involving all children under one year belonging to ethnic Pitaguary. These children were followed monthly until the twelve months of age and their conditions of birth, diet, nutritional status, dietary habits, development, immunization status and morbidity were evaluated. Results - Despite their precarious living conditions, the evolution of growth and development of children of ethnic Pitaguary can be considered within the appropriate age group, with reference to the curves of WHO, 2006 and the milestones of development of the Handbook of Child, MS, 2002. Vaccination coverage was similar to Brazilian values. It called the attention the rate of episodes of diarrheal and respiratory diseases - about 3 episodes per year per child
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Brianeze, Ana Carolina Gama e. Silva. "Aquisição do controle postural em lactentes nascidos a termo pequenos para idade gestacional no 12° mes de vida." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313525.
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Orientador: Vanda Maria Gimenes GonçalvesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o desempenho mental e o controle motor em lactentes nascidos a termo, pequenos (PIG) ou adequados (AIG) para idade gestacional no 12º mês de vida. Estudo prospectivo durante o 1º ano de vida. A análise dos resultados foi realizada em um corte seccional no 12º mês de vida. Os recém-nascidos (RN) foram selecionados no Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), entre Maio de 2000 e Julho de 2003. Para cada neonato PIG foram selecionados os dois próximos neonatos AIG. Foram incluídos nesta pesquisa: RN nascidos a termo, idade gestacional entre 37 e 41 semanas; peso de nascimento abaixo do percentil 10 para o grupo PIG ou entre os percentis 10 e 90 para o grupo AIG; residentes na região metropolitana de Campinas. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Unicamp. Foram excluídos RN com síndromes genéticas, malformações ou infecções congênitas diagnosticadas no período neonatal; peso de nascimento acima do percentil 90 e os que necessitaram de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Foram utilizadas as Escalas Bayley de Desenvolvimento Infantil II (BSID-II) (1993), aplicadas no 12º mês de vida, com ênfase em provas motoras de controle postural. Os dados registrados nos roteiros de avaliação foram transcritos e armazenados nos moldes de arquivo para o banco de dados do programa ¿Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Personal Computer¿ (SPSS/PC), versão 11 e analisados através do ¿Statistical Analysis System¿ (¿SAS System for Windows¿), versão 8.02. A população de 95 lactentes compareceu a pelo menos uma avaliação programada no 1º ano de vida e a amostra seccional avaliada no 12º mês foi composta por 70 lactentes (23 PIG e 47 AIG). No estudo da população, o grupo PIG apresentou peso ao nascimento significativamente menor que o grupo AIG. Os grupos apresentaram diferenças na distribuição de algumas variáveis maternas. A escolaridade menor que 8 anos esteve 3,71 vezes mais associada ao grupo PIG e a ocupação esteve 0,18 vezes mais associada ao grupo PIG. No estudo amostral, o grupo PIG apresentou peso ao nascimento significativamente menor que o grupo AIG. Ocupação materna foi 0,22 vezes mais associada ao grupo PIG. Os valores de ¿index score¿ na escala motora foram significativamente menores no grupo PIG (p= 0,046). No estudo do controle postural da amostra, observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos, nas provas MO 61: fica em pé sozinho, (p= 0,019) e MO 71: caminha para o lado, (p= 0,020), com maior freqüência de execução no grupo AIG. Concluiu-se que lactentes nascidos PIG apresentaram pontuações significativamente mais baixas na escala motora, sendo que as provas: fica em pé sozinho e caminha para o lado, mostraram diferença significativa, executada por menor proporção de lactentes do grupo PIG
Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess and to compare the mental performance and motor control in infants born at term, small (SGA) or appropriate (AGA) for gestational age in the 12th month of life. It was a prospective study during the 1st year of life. The analysis of the results was done in a sectional cohort in the 12th month of life. The neonates were selected in the Center of Integral Attention to the Woman's Health at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) from May 2000 to July 2003. To each SGA neonate, the next two AIG neonates were selected. In this research were included: neonates at term, gestational age between 37 and 41 weeks, birth weight below the 10 percentile for the SGA group or between the 10 and 90 percentiles for the AGA group; living in the Campinas metropolitan area. Ethical permission was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at Unicamp. Genetic syndromes, multiple congenital malformations or verified congenital infections; birth weight above the 90 percentile and those who needed neonatal intensive care were excluded. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (BSID-II) (1993) were used in the 12th month of life, with emphasis in items for the motor postural control. The data registered in the record form were transcribed and stored in the data bank of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Personal Computer (SPSS/PC), version 11, and were analyzed through the Statistical Analysis System (SAS System for Windows), version 8.02. A population of 95 infants was assessed at least once in the 1st year of life. The sectional sample in the 12th month was composed of 70 infants (23 SGA and 47 AGA). In the population study, the SGA group showed birth weight significantly lower than the AGA group. There was difference in the distribution of some maternal variables. The scholarship below 8 years was 3.71 times more associated to the SGA group and the maternal occupation was 0.18 times more associated to the SGA group. In the sample study, the SGA group showed birth weight significantly lower than the AGA group. Maternal occupation was 0.22 times more associated to the SGA group. The motor index score was significantly lower in the SGA group (p= 0.046). In the study of the postural control of the sample, there was significant difference between the groups in the item MO 61: stands up alone (p= 0.019) and MO 71: walks sideways (p= 0.020), with lower frequency for the SGA
Mestrado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestre em Ciências Médicas
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So, Lai-ying Lisa, and 蘇麗英. "A cross-sectional study of skeletal, dental, physical growth and sexual maturity of 12-year-old southern Chinese girls in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195389X.
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Molteno, Christopher D. "The relationship between growth, development and social milieu - a longitudinal study involving preschool Coloured children in Cape Town." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27218.
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A prospective longitudinal study was carried out to establish the relationship between growth, development and social milieu in Coloured pre-school children in Cape Town. This population was selected because, on the basis of previous studies, a wide range of nutritional status as well as a spectrum of socio-economic conditions were known to exist. A pilot study was conducted to establish the feasibility of obtaining information about factors to be included in the study as well as to determine the most suitable sampling methods. A cohort of 1 000 consecutive Coloured infants born in the Cape Town municipal area and notified to the Cape Town City Council was identified. A random sample of 187 was selected from the cohort for long-term study. Anthropometric data were documented from birth until 5 years and compared to the NCHS reference values. Developmental data consisted of milestones recorded during infancy, language assessment on the Reynell Language Scale at 2½ years carried out by the Logopaedics Department, University of Cape Town, and at 5 years, a specially constructed developmental assessment designed to assess gross motor function, fine motor development including visuo-motor skills and language, both comprehension and expression as well as basic colour and number concepts. Social data were collected during home visits by two experienced, full-time research social workers, who were both integrally involved in the planning of the study. At birth infants were relatively light and short for gestational age. Size at birth correlated with social class. A rapid post-natal weight gain rendered them relatively overweight between 3 and 6 months. Thereafter they again became lighter and shorter than the NCHS reference values and this persisted during the pre-school period. Mother's weight was related to weight at birth, 12 months and 30 months. The genetic influence on growth was reflected in a correlation between parental height and child's length from 12 months onwards. Environmental influences as assessed by social class by occupational grading of the breadwinner, income and family stability were also correlated with growth from 12 months onwards. Infant development as indicated by milestones was very similar to internationally reported studies. Motor development was not associated with social class by occupational grading of the breadwinner but with father's education, mother's personality and family stability. It was also highly correlated with growth during infancy. Early language milestones were associated with the child's micro-environment as indicated by marital status, family unit, setting and stability. Language development at 30 months reflected a general lag in verbal skills and was correlated with parental education and family stability. At five years there was a good correlation between growth, development and social milieu, although the social variables accounted for far more of the variation in development than did growth. Social class by occupation grading of the breadwinner and income reflected the general socio-economic status and there was a good cross-correlation between the social variables. Approximately one third of the families lived in a middle cl ass environment. However, poor maternal education, low incomes and over-crowding were prevalent and must constitute risk factors in child rearing. Sixty five percent of the mothers were not educated further than primary school level and over half of the families were living below an effective minimum level of income. Similarly, over half the families lived in grossly overcrowded conditions. In conclusion, therefore, during infancy developmental milestones were similar to those reported in the literature. Later, however, there was a fall-off in development and this coincided with a greater association with social circumstances. Just prior to school entry social factors far outweighed growth indices as predictors of developmental variation. Social stability of the family a composite evaluation based on a number of social characteristics, was most consistently associated with development. The implications for intervention are that this would need to be broad based and aimed at improving incomes, housing, family cohesion and child centredness and eliminating social pathology. Such intervention would require a concerted effort from a variety of sources which should include administrators, community workers and health professionals.
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Cortez, Solange Aparecida Estevão. "O efeito do trabalho infantil na estatura final de adultos jovens e características de sua escolaridade - Estudo da coorte de nascidos vivos entre 1978/79, nos hospitais de Ribeirão Preto, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17144/tde-06082011-173944/.
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CORTEZ, S.A.E. O efeito do trabalho infantil na estatura final de adultos jovens e características de sua escolaridade - Estudo da coorte de nascidos vivos entre 1978/79, nos hospitais de Ribeirão Preto, SP. 2005. 158 f. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005. Justificativa: Efeitos negativos a saúde da criança têm sido associados ao trabalho infantil. Entretanto, seus efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento humano ainda precisam ser melhor avaliados em razão do pequeno número de estudos existentes da deficiência de controle de fatores socioeconômicos. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do trabalho infantil na estatura final e algumas características da escolaridade de jovens entre 22-25 anos pertencentes à coorte de nascidos vivos de parto único hospitalar de Ribeirão Preto, SP - 1978/79. Métodos: O presente estudo incluiu 2063 jovens, pertencentes a coorte inicial de 6827 nascidos vivos na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, Brasil (1978/79). Foram seguidos 30,2% dos homens e 33,5% das mulheres. O trabalho infantil foi classificado de acordo com a idade de início do primeiro trabalho: < 14, 14-16 e 17+ anos. Determinantes da altura foram considerados variáveis de confusão na análise, ao nascer (restrição do crescimento intra-uterino RCIU; comprimento ao nascer, idade materna, escolaridade materna, hábito de fumar na gravidez e ocupação do chefe de família) e na vida adulta (cor/etnia, número de irmãos e atividade física). Para as mulheres, idade da menarca também foi considerada. Análise de regressão linear múltipla estratificada por sexo foi realizada após análise bivariada. As variáveis foram selecionadas para o modelo utilizando-se o procedimento passo a passo com seleção retrógrada das variáveis. Interações plausíveis foram testadas. Análise seqüencial dos fatores associados à altura final também foi realizada, separadamente por sexo. Resultados: A altura média foi 176,0 cm (IC 95% 175,6 176,4) para homens e 162,7 cm (IC 95% 162,3 - 163,0) para mulheres. Trabalho antes dos 14 anos de idade foi observado em 20,4% dos homens e 12,4% das mulheres e trabalho entre 14 16 anos foi observado em 41,7 % dos homens e 36,7% das mulheres. Na análise bivariada o trabalho infantil foi associado à mais baixa estatura final tanto para homens (p= 0.007) quanto para mulheres (p=0.004). No entanto, esta associação não se manteve após o controle pelos fatores de confusão. A análise seqüencial sugere que tanto para os meninos como para as meninas as variáveis sócio econômicas interferiram na associação do trabalho infantil e altura final. Ter trabalhado na infância resultou em pior resultado escolar comparados com quem não trabalhou na infância. Aqueles que iniciaram no trabalho antes dos 14 anos e que não estudavam no momento da pesquisa, 62,3% pararam seus estudos no ensino médio sendo que 30,2% pararam de estudar antes de completar 9 anos de estudo. Para quem iniciou o trabalho entre 14-17 anos, 66% chegaram ao ensino médio e 16,4% tem escolaridade acima de 12 anos. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo não corroboram com a hipótese de associação independente entre trabalho infantil e altura final. Este resultado se explica pela ação dos confundidores sociais. Observou-se também que não ter trabalhado na infância propicia um melhor resultado escolar, sendo observado que 60,2 % dos que iniciaram atividade laborativa após 17 anos tem escolaridade alta (acima de 12 anos).CORTEZ, S.A.E. The effects of child labor on the final height and schooling level of a 22-25 years old population-based-cohort from Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. 2005. 158 f. Thesis (Doctoral) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005. Background: Several adverse health effects have been associated with child labor. However, its effects on human growth are still debatable mostly because of the poor study designs and lack of control of socioeconomic factors. Aim: to assess the effects of child labor on the final height and schooling level of a 22-25-yr old population-based-cohort from Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, located in one of the wealthiest areas in Brazil.Methods: The study included 2063 singletons (30,2% males and 33,5% females), from the initial cohort of 6827 live births in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (1978/79). Height was measured in centimeters at the follow-up examination. Child labor was defined according to the age at the first job (< 14; 14-16; 17yrs+). Known determinants of height and possible confounders were considered in the analysis, at birth (intrauterine growth restriction IUGR, length at birth, mothers age and education, maternal smoking habit, and socioeconomic position), and at adult age (color/ethnicity, number of siblings, physical activity). For females, age at menarche was also considered as confounder. Statistical analysis was performed separately for males and females. Bivariate and stratified analysis was followed by multivariate linear regression analysis. Variables were selected into the model using a backward stepwise-like selection. Plausible interactions were tested and residual analysis was performed. Moreover, sequential analysis of confounder factors associated to the final height was performed. Results: Mean height was 176.0 cm (95% CI 175.6-176.4) for males and 162.7 cm (95% CI 162.3 163.0) for females. Labor before 14 yrs of age was observed in 20.4% of males and 12.4% of females, and labor between 14 and 16 yrs of age was observed for 41.7% of males and 36.7% of females. In the bivariate analysis child labor was statistically associated with lower height for both males (p=0.0065) and females (p=0.007). However, this association did not remain significant after adjusting for confounders. The sequential analysis suggested that for both males and females socioeconomic factors were the most important factors. Regarding schooling achievement, among those who worked before 14 years old and were not studying at the moment of the study, 62,3% finished or withdraw the studies at any moment during the high school the 30.2% before completing 9 years of study. High school profile was similar for those who begin to work between 14 and 17 years old and 16.4% achieved more than 12 years old of study. Conclusion: our study did not support the association between child labor and final height. Moreover, it was observed that those children who did not work early in life achieved higher schooling levels.
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Ling, Kit Tong, and 凌傑棠. "A cross-sectional study of skeletal age, dental age, body height, bodyweight and sexual maturity of 12 years old Southern Chinese boys." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38628272.
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Fernandes, Carliuza Luna. "Desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor em crianças entre 0 e 12 meses de idade residentes nas comunidades próximas ao parque industrial do município do Rio Grande/RS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2004. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/3019.
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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2004.Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-23T19:33:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carliuzafernandes.pdf: 2398930 bytes, checksum: 6eb01588bfc024411c19eb656d27bc21 (MD5)
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Este estudo transversal objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor(DNPM) em crianças entre 0 e 12 meses de idade que habitam as comunidades próximas ao parque industrial do município do Rio Grande, RS, consideradas potencialmente mais expostas (E) à poluição ambiental. As crianças avaliadas nessa área foram comparadas com as de uma área não exposta (NE) a qual foi delimitada após análise do mapa dos ventos do município. O DNPM foi avaliado através do Teste de Denver II. Para avaliação dos fatores de risco foi aplicado um questionário com a mãe ou responsável e coletadas medidas antropométricas como peso, comprimento, perímetros cefálico e torácico. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado e regressão logística. Foram avaliadas 170 crianças sendo 83 na área NE e 87 na área E. A análise dos resultados mostrou uma associação significante (p=0,001) entre o local de moradia e a suspeita de atraso no DNPM, sendo identificado um maior risco (OR=3,51) entre as crianças que habitam as comunidades próximas ao parque industrial do município. Foram ainda associados significativamente com o desfecho à idade materna (p=0,03) e a posição da criança como segundo filho (p=0,04), sendo que este último mostrou-se como fator de proteção. Foi também observada uma forte tendência (p=0,06) de associação da escolaridade materna com a suspeita de atraso no DNPM. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as áreas quanto à condição sócioeconômica. Estes resultados nos sugerem que, além dos fatores já comumente apontados como determinantes para o DNPM, o local de residência nas proximidades o parque industrial do município poderia constituir-se um fator de risco adicional para o desenvolvimento infantil, devido a uma maior exposição à poluição ambiental. Sugerimos a realização de outros estudos que possam auxiliar na interpretação desses resultados.
This transversal study aimed at evaluating the neuropsychomotor development (NPMD) of children between 0 and 12 months old who live in communities close to the industrial area in Rio Grande, RS and are potentially exposed (E) to the environmental pollution. Children evaluated in this area were compared to others who were not exposed (NE) to this pollution in an area chosen after analyzing the wind map of the city. NPMD was evaluated by using the Test of Denver II. To evaluate risk factors, a questionnaire was applied to the child’s mother or guardian, and anthropometrical measures such as weight, length, cephalic and chest perimeters were collected. To analyze the data, the tests of X-square and logistic regression were used. A hundred and seventy children were evaluated – 83 in the NE area and 87 in the E area. The analysis of the results showed a meaningful association (p=0.001) between the place of residence and the suspicion of a delay in the NPMD. A higher risk (OR=3.51) was identified among children who live in the communities close to the industrial area in the city. There was also an association of the results with the mother’s age (p=0.03) and the fact that the child is the second one in the family (p=0.04). The latter was considered a protection factor. A high tendency (p=0.06) to associate the mother’s schooling with the suspicion of delay in the NPMD was also observed. No meaningful differences concerning socio-economic conditions were observed between both areas. These results suggest that, besides those factors that have usually been considered determinants in the NPMD, the place of residence close to the industrial area could also be an additional risk factor to child development, due to the increased exposure to environmental pollution. We suggest that other studies which can help to interpret these results should be carried out.
Este estudio transversal tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desarrollo neuropsicomotor (DNPM) en niños entre 0 y 12 meses de edad que viven en las comunidades próximas al parque industrial del municipio de Rio Grande, RS, consideradas potencialmente más expuestas (E) a la polución ambiental. Los niños evaluados en esa área fueron comparados con los de un área no expuesta(NE) la cual fue delimitada después del análisis del mapa de los vientos del municipio. El DNPM fue evaluado a través del Test de Denver II. Para la evaluación de los factores de riesgo fue aplicado un cuestionario con la madre o responsable y colectadas medidas antropométricas como peso, largura, perímetros cefálico y torácico. Para análisis de los datos fueron utilizados el test del qui-cuadrado y regresión logística. Fueron evaluados 170 niños siendo que 83 en el área NE y 87 en el área E. El análisis de los resultados mostró una asociación significante(p=0,001) entre el local donde viven y la sospecha de atraso en el DNPM, siendo identificado un mayor riesgo(OR=3,51) entre los niños que habitan las comunidades próximas al parque industrial del municipio. Fueron aún asociados significativamente con el cierre la edad materna(p=0,03)y la posición del niño como segundo hijo (p=0,04), siendo que este último se mostró como factor de protección. Fue también observada una fuerte tendencia (p=0,06) de asociación de la escolaridad materna con la sospecha de atraso en el DNPM. No fueron observadas diferencias significativas entre las áreas en cuanto a la condición socio-económica. Estos resultados nos sugieren que, más allá de los factores ya comunmente apuntados como determinantes para el DNPM, el local donde viven en las cercanías del parque industrial del municipio podría constituirse un factor de riesgo adicional para el desarrollo infantil, debido a una mayor exposición a la polución ambiental. Sugerimos la realización de otros estudios que puedan auxiliar en la interpretación de esos resultados.
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Eriksson, Marit. "Body size and physical activity : epidemiological studies on children and young adults /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-240-8/.
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Bassetto, Heloisa Paulette. "Caracterização de alguns fatores biológicos, sociais, assistênciais e ocupacionais de gestantes e sua associação com o peso e crescimento de crianças nos primeiros meses de vida em Botucatu, 1997/1998 /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98484.
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Orientador: Ricardo CordeiroResumo: As condições de vida das gestantes são muito importantes para a saúde de sua criança. Sabendo que muitos fatores podem interferir nessas condições e consequentemente no crescimento e desenvolvimento de seus filhos, foi proposto este trabalho, com o objetivo de caracterizar algumas variáveis biológicas, sociais, assistenciais e ocupacionais de gestantes e sua associação com o peso e crescimento de crianças nos primeiros meses de vida. Para tanto, em 1997 foram feitas 219 entrevistas domiciliares com puérperas que realizaram o pré-natal em 10 unidades básicas de saúde e em um consultório particular do município de Botucatu-SP, e foram avaliadas suas crianças entre 0 e 10 meses de vida. Os objetivos foram atingidos, calculando-se os valores médios das variáveis analisadas, sendo utilizada a técnica de análise de variância para verificar a existência de associação entre a ocupação do chefe da família das gestantes e o crescimento de seus filhos nos primeiros meses de vida. Observou-se que das mulheres entrevistadas, 62,5% (I.C. 56,1% - 68,9%) eram adolescentes e jovens, 82,2% (77,1% - 87,2%) iniciaram o pré-natal no primeiro trimestre de gestação e o número de consultas variou entre 7 e 15, sendo que 42,9% (36,3% - 49,4%) realizaram entre 7 e 9 consultas. No terceiro mês de vida das crianças somente 22,3% (16,7% - 27,7%) estavam sendo amamentadas com leite materno exclusivo. Quanto ao trabalho, 49,8% (43,1% - 56,3) das mulheres trabalharam durante a gestação e dessas, somente 41,8% (32,6% - 51,0%) tiveram o direito à licença gestante. A ocupação da maioria das gestantes foi na área de serviços, com 86,3%... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: An expecting mother's living conditions are extremely important for her child's health. Being aware that many factors interfere in these conditions and consequently in a child's growth and development, we have prepared this paper with the scope of characterizing some biogical, social, aiding, and occupational variables of expecting mothers and their correlation with a child's weight and development over its first months of existence. For that purpose 219 domestic interviews were conducted in 1997 with pregnant women who had undergone prenatal care in 10 basic heath units and in one private doctor's office in Botucatu, SP. Their babies were examined in the age span from 0 to 10 months old. Our objects were reached by calculating the mean results of the variables analyzed. Variance analysis technique was utilized to check the existence of interrelation between a child's father's occupation and his child's growth in its first months of life. The following results were obtained: 62.5% (I.C. 56.1% - 68.9%) were made up of adolescents and young people. 82.2% (77.1% - 87.2%) began their prenatal care in the first quarter of gestation and the number of doctor's appointments varied between 7 and 15; in this group 42.9% (36.3% - 49.4%) had between 7 and 9 appointments. Only 22.3% (16.7% - 27.7%) of three-month old children were solely breastfed. Regarding work, 49.8% (43.1% - 56.3%) of women worked during pregnancy and only 41,8% out of the latter figures (32.6% - 51.0%) were entitled to maternity leave. Most expecting mothers (86.3% e.g. 79.9% - 92.7%) worked in the service industry. It came to our attention by the time of the interview that few women returned to work after delivering... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Soares, Fabiola Francisca Martins. "A Enfermeira Especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediátrica ao encontro das necessidades das crianças/jovens e famílias: reflexões entre Portugal e Timor." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Saúde, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/28727.
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Mestrado em Enfermagem, Área de especialização: Enfermagem em Saúde Infantil e PediátricaO presente relatório pretende dar a conhecer as aprendizagens e atividades desenvolvidas durante o Curso de Mestrado, particularmente em contexto de estágio no âmbito da aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem de Saúde Infantil e Pediátrica e de mestre. A realização deste relatório permitiu-nos refletir sobre o percurso de aprendizagem e atividades realizadas, nomeadamente na área temática do projeto, inscrito na linha de investigação “necessidades em cuidados de Enfermagem em populações específicas”, que neste caso foram as crianças/jovens e famílias ao longo dos contextos de estágio. Desta forma, foram trabalhados temas diversos, como o desenvolvimento infantil, a enurese noturna, a higiene oral e a prevenção de doenças respiratórias, com intenção de desenvolver conhecimentos, aproveitar as oportunidades de aprendizagem e ressaltar a importância da maximização de saúde da criança, atendendo à finalidade de adequar toda a aprendizagem para ser aplicada em Timor-Leste.
The purpose of this report is to present the learning and activities developed during the Master's Course, particularly in the context of internship in the scope of acquisition and development of competences of the Nursing Specialist in Child and Pediatric Health Nursing and of master. The production of this report has enabled us to reflect on the journey of learning and activities, in particular in the thematic area of the project, inscribed in the line of research "needs nursing care in specific populations," which in this case were children / youth and families throughout the internship contexts. In this way, several themes, such as child development, nocturnal enuresis, oral hygiene and the prevention of respiratory diseases, were developed with the intention of developing knowledge, taking advantage of learning opportunities and highlighting the importance of health maximization the purpose of adjusting all learning to be applied in Timor-Leste.
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Sharma, Kohsheen. "Voices of Women: The Impact of Women's Political Reservations on Female Child Mortality in India." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1134.
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This paper uses state-level variation in the implementation of the 73rd amendment in India to observe the relationship between political reservations for women in local government and female child mortality. Nationally, reservations for women are not associated with a statistically significant difference in female child mortality. However, a state by state analysis shows variations in the level of impact of reservations on the topic of female child mortality. This paper examines the constraints on female representatives and their level of effectiveness in executing pro-female policies given the political and social environment. The two case studies on Kerala and Haryana explore women office holder’s abilities to administer public goods that favor women and children and the subsequent impact on female child mortality.
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Mmapulana, Edward Pola. "The city scorecard for effective performance management at the Johannesburg Metro Council / Edward Pola Mmapulana." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4796.
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Citizens of South Africa expect that the policy and regulatory changes introduced by government will be translated into tangible service delivery. Elected representatives, in particular, must demonstrate that national, provincial and local government are capable of managing public resources in a way that deliver benefits to its citizens. The ex- President Thabo Mbeki often used to speak about performance-driven public sector and has referred to the critical role that local government will play in this process. Municipalities which are at the coal-face of service delivery are being challenged to demonstrate their ability to execute both basic as well as enabling services crucial for social and economic growth and development. This challenge finds expression in the requirement that municipalities are expected to report on their performance, from both a civic and policy perspective. The present government is taking performance of government officials and politicians seriously. The Government has created a new ministry in the Presidency called Performance Mortitoring and Evaluation that will assist in ensuring that government performs better. The President of South Africa Mr. Jacob Zuma said that performance management works only if there is a mechartism to hold the people responsible and accountable
City of Johannesburg (COJ) therefore looks at the effectiveness of City Scorecard (CS) in terms of performance management at the City of Johannesburg for enhanced performance of employees. The improved performance of employees is imperative for effective service delivery to communities.
There were numerous protests all over the country between January and August 2009 including COJ against poor service delivery by different municipalities. It is therefore essential to identify the impact of City Scorecard on performance management of municipal employees. There is a close relationship between performance management and service delivery. The needs and expectations of the community are considered in Integrated Development Plan that assists the top Management of COJ to develop strategic objectives for the City. The priorities are established by the Mayor, commonly known as
Mayoral priorities. The needs, priorities and strategies are combined, monitored and measured through City Scorecard (CS). The community is a yard stick of City Scorecard. The satisfaction of the community is a means to ensure that municipal officials are performing and rendering effective and efficient services to communities.Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.
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Arias, Amabile Vessoni. "Lactente nascido a termo pequeno para a idade gestacional = habilidades motoras finas no 6., 9. e 12. meses de vida." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312171.
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Orientador: Sylvia Maria CiascaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A restrição de crescimento intra-uterina (RCIU) tem sido associada à maior mortalidade perinatal e maior morbidade no neonatal e lactente. Todavia, persiste considerável controvérsia em relação ao desenvolvimento neuromotor, no que se refere ao desempenho inferior dos nascidos a termo pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG). O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras finas de lactentes a termo PIG com a termo adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG) no 6º, 9º e 12º meses. Tratou-se de um estudo seccional e longitudinal. Foram selecionados 125 recémnascidos (RN) no Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). A casuística foi composta por 95 lactentes que compareceram em pelo menos uma avaliação entre o 6º, 9º e 12º meses. Foram estudadas duas coortes de lactentes de acordo com a adequação peso/idade gestacional: grupo PIG, constituído por 33 lactentes com peso ao nascimento abaixo do percentil 10 e grupo AIG por 62 lactentes com peso entre o percentil 10 e 90 da curva de crescimento fetal de Battaglia e Lubchenco (1967). Foram incluídos: RN cujos pais ou responsável legal assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, com idade gestacional entre 37 e 41 semanas, residentes na região metropolitana de Campinas, que permaneceram no alojamento conjunto, resultantes de gestação de feto único. Foram excluídos: RN com síndromes genéticas, malformações e infecções congênitas. Como instrumento de avaliação foram utilizadas as Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (1993). Na análise dos resultados para o perfil sócio-demográfico da família, foi evidenciado que no grupo PIG houve maior número de mães sem ocupação fora do lar e que tinham o hábito de fumar. No estudo seccional, o index score (IS) motor demonstrou diferença entre os grupos PIG e AIG no 6º e 12º meses de vida. Houve diferença significa entre os grupos na escala cognitiva para duas provas no 6º mês e uma prova no 9º mês. No estudo longitudinal, para o IS cognitivo houve diferença significativa apenas entre os meses avaliados, sendo que o 6º mês foi diferente do 9º e do 12º mês. Para o IS motor, observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos PIG e AIG e entre os meses, sendo o 6º mês diferente dos demais. Para as provas avaliadas, não houve diferença entre os grupos, porém, entre os meses encontrou-se diferença significativa em 12 provas cognitivas e uma prova motora. Concluí-se que os lactentes nascidos a termo PIG estão sob maior risco para o desenvolvimento neuromotor atípico, em especial para as habilidades motoras finas, no 6º, 9º e 12º meses de vida
Abstract: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with higher perinatal mortality and major morbidity in newborns and infants. However, there is still considerable controversy regarding the neuromotor development with reference to the inferior performance of term infants born small for gestational age (SGA). The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the fine motor skill development in term infants born SGA and term infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) on the 6th, 9th and 12th months of life. This was a cross-sectional and prospective study. One hundred and twenty-five fullterm newborns were selected at the Neonatology Service in the Center of Integral Attention to Women's Health (CAISM) of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP); however, only 95 infants comprised the sample, who attended at least one assessment among 6, 9 and 12 months. Two cohorts of infants were studied according to the adequacy of gestational age/weight: the SGA group comprised 33 infants with birthweight under the 10th percentile and the AGA group comprised 62 infants with birthweight between the 10th and 90th percentiles of fetal growth curves (Battaglia & Lubchenco, 1967). Inclusion criteria were: newborns whose parents or legal guardian signed a consent form, with gestational ages between 37 and 41 weeks, resident in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, who stayed in nursery, resulting of single fetus pregnancies. Exclusion criteria were: infants with genetic syndromes, malformations and congenital infections. Bayley Scales of Infant Development- II (1993) were used as evaluation tools. In the analysis of results for the family's sociodemographic profile, it was evidenced a great number of mothers in the SGA group with no occupation outside the home and who had the smoking habit. In the cross-sectional study, the motor index score (IS) showed differences between SGA and AGA groups at 6 and 12 months. There was a significant difference between groups in cognitive scale for two tests during the sixth month and one test during the 9th month. In the longitudinal study, there was a significant difference among the months for the cognitive IS, i.e. the 6th month was different from the 9th and the 12th months. Significant differences were found between SGA and AGA groups and among the months for the motor IS, i.e. the 6th month was different from others. There were no differences between groups for the tests; however, a significant difference was found among the months in 12 cognitive tests and one motor test. We concluded that term infants born SGA are at higher risk for atypical neuromotor development, particularly for fine motor skills at 6th, 9th and 12th months of life
Doutorado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Doutor em Ciências Médicas
50
Peruffo, Marcel Cortes. "The long term effects of Bolsa Família on child labour and school enrollment." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/14083.
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In this paper we study the e ects of conditional cash transfers in school enrolment and tackling child labour. We develop a dynamic heterogeneous agent general equilibrium model, where households face a set of tradeo s while allocating their children's time in leisure activities, schooling and working. We calibrate the model using data from the Brazilian survey PNAD in order to quantify the e ects of a conditional transfer. We then evaluate the results of a policy experiment that implements a conditional cash transfer scheme similar to the Brazilian Bolsa Familia. Our results suggest that the program, in the long term, is able to substantially increase school registration and reduce child labour and poverty. In addition, we nd out that a progressive conditional cash transfer results in even more bene ts.
Neste trabalho, estudamos os impactos de transfer^encias condicionais de renda sobre o trabalho e a educa c~ao infantis. Para tanto, desenvolvemos modelo din^amico de equil brio geral com agentes heterog^eneos, onde as fam lias enfrentam tradeo s com rela c~ao a aloca c~ao de tempo das crian cas em atividades de lazer, em escolaridade e em trabalhar. O modelo e calibrado usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domic lios, de modo que podemos quanti car os efeitos de uma pol tica de transfer^encia de renda. Finalmente, avaliamos o impacto de um pol tica semelhante ao atual Bolsa Fam lia. Nossos resultados sugerem que o programa, no longo prazo, e capaz de induzir um aumento substancial na escolaridade, al em de ser efetivo na redu c~ao do trabalho infantil e da pobreza. Al em disso, mostramos que um programa progressivo de transfer^encia condicional de renda resulta em benef cios ainda maiores.