Academic literature on the topic 'Growth (Plants) Cranberries Cranberries'

Foliar feeding of crop plants is an increasingly popular practice. The use of foliar nutrients relies on the ability of the plant to sorb nutrients through the leaves. Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) are known to have a waxy cuticle on the leaf surface which may impede nutrient uptake, leaving only the lower leaf surface for effective uptake. This study was undertaken to determine the extent of foliar nutrient uptake by cranberries using rubidium as a tracer. Rubidium was chosen for its similarity to potassium in plant uptake. In replicated plots, cranberries were sprayed with rubidium at the rate recommended for foliar potassium at three different growth stages and three different times of day. Washed and unwashed leaves were analyzed one day, one week, and one month after rubidium applications. Stem, soil, and root material was analyzed for rubidium at the one week and one month sample times. Results will be discussed with reference to uptake and movement of foliar applied nutrients in cranberries.

Nitrogen fertilizer application is a universal practice among cranberry growers. Cranberries only use ammonium nitrogen sources. This study was undertaken to discover how quickly cranberries in the field would take up fertilizer-derived ammonium nitrogen. Ammonium sulfate labeled with 15N was applied in field locations in Oregon, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Samples of current season growth were collected daily for 7 days beginning 24 hours after fertilizer application. In all cases 15N was detectable in the plants from treated plots by 24 hours following application. Additional nitrogen was taken up for the next 3 to 5 days depending on the location. With the exception of Oregon, the maximum concentration of 15N was found by day 7. Oregon was the coolest of the sites in this research. To determine a temperature response curve for N uptake in cranberry, cranberry roots were exposed to various temperatures in aeroponics chambers while vines were at ambient greenhouse temperatures. The optimum temperature for N uptake by cranberry vines was 18 to 24 °C. This research suggests that ammonium fertilizers applied by growers and irrigated into the soil (solubilized) are taken up by the plant within 1 day following application. Soil and root temperature is involved in the rate of N uptake.

A project to determine the comparative growth response of micropropagated (MP) and field propagated (FP) cranberry plants was conducted in field plots at a commercial cranberry marsh. Microcuttings were derived from shoot culture and rooted in either plugs or peat pots filled with peat. Replicated 1 m2 plots of MP plants and 15 cm FP cuttings were planted in June. Survival of MP plants after one month was significantly greater than that of the FP plants. Significant growth differences were observed later in the season. The MP plants produced more branches and greater runner elongation, resulting in a much greater ground cover. Many of the FP plants flowered and produced fruit, while the MP plants produced neither. Far fewer new flower buds were set in the fall on the MP plants. Potential advantages of MP cranberries include the fast, uniform establishment of new marshes and consequently earlier achievement of full productivity, and the rapid introduction of new genotypes from breeding or genetic engineering.

Although capillary rise plays an important role in providing water to cranberry plants, the relation between water level and plant establishment and growth has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to maintain constant water levels and to monitor the effects on establishment, root growth, and aboveground growth in greenhouse-grown cranberries. Cuttings from cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) cultivar Stevens were rooted in sand-filled pots in the greenhouse for ≈2 weeks and then transplanted to sand-filled PVC tubes. The water level in the tubes was set 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30, or 37.5 cm below the top of the sand surface. Pan evaporation was estimated using PVC tubes filled with water to the same level as the sand in the planted tubes. Extension growth of uprights and runners was measured every 3 days. After growing in the PVC tubes for 90 days, all plants were harvested and upright length, runner length, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root length, and root dry weight were measured. There was a similar mortality rate among plants in all of the treatments. Water use varied among the treatments, with the 7.5-cm water level treatment using the least water. The 15-cm water level used the most water, with water use then decreasing in a linear fashion for the 22.5-, 30-, and 37.5-cm treatments. At the conclusion of the study, aboveground dry weight was significantly less for plants in the 7.5-cm treatment compared to any of the other treatments, while it was highest in the 15-cm water level treatment and decreased with lower water levels in a linear fashion as did the average daily water use. The patterns of root dry-weight accumulation were different among the treatments with the highest accumulation in the 22.5-cm water level treatment and decreasing root dry weight with both higher and lower water level treatments. This study points out the detrimental effects of a too high water table, but it also shows that there are costs associated with establishing a deeper rooting system. The benefit of the deeper root system probably outweighs the cost of production however, since shallow root systems lead to increased susceptibility to drought stress and decreased access to nutrients.

Vacinium fruits are genetically heterozygous species characterized as “not coming true from seed”. Conventional methods for vegetative propagation of these species, although successful, are slow and labour-intensive, and few propagules can be produced from one plant of a selected clone or hybrid. Micropropagation techniques are important for clonal multiplication, germplasm im provement and gene conservation of Vaccinium fruits cultivated in Canada including blueberries, cranberries and lingonberries. In vitro propagation of these species using axillary bud proliferation and adventitious shoot regeneration has been investigated in a number of studies. Morphogenesis seems to be highly dependent on plant growth regulators and media used for culture, and this dependence is genotype specific. The paper presents the progress in-depth of various aspects of the in vitro culture of Canadian Vaccinium species for their commercial production. Also discussed are techniques for clone rejuvenation and plant tissue culture for mass propagation of Canadian Vaccinium nuclear stocks. Key words: Blueberry, cranberry, lingonberry, micropropagation, regeneration, morphology

Resveratrol is a phytoalexin that naturally occurs in grapes, blueberries, cranberries, peanuts and many other plants. Although resveratrol inhibits carcinogenesis in all three stages, its clinical application is restricted due to poor pharmacokinetics. The methylated analogues of resveratrol have been found to have higher bioavailability and cytotoxic activity than that of the prototupe compound. Among the various methoxy derivatives of resveratrol, 3,4,5,4′-tetrametoxystilbene (DMU-212) is suggested to be one of the strongest activators of cytotoxicity and apoptosis. DMU-212 has been shown to exert anti-tumor activity in DLD-1 and LOVO colon cancer cells. Since colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, the development of new anticancer agents is nowadays of high significance. The aim of the present study was to assess the anticancer activity of 4′-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimetoxystilbene (DMU-281), the metabolite of DMU-212, in DLD-1 and LOVO cell lines. We showed for the first time the cytotoxic activity of DMU-281 triggered via cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis induction accompanied by the activation of caspases-9, -8, -3/7. Furthermore, DMU-281 has been found to change the expression pattern of genes and proteins related to intrinsic as well as extrinsic apoptosis. Since the activation of these pathways of apoptosis is still the most desired strategy in anticancer research, DMU-281 seems to provide a promising approach to the treatment of colon cancer.

Цель исследования – выявить особенности последующего лесовозобновления хвойных пород на вырубках Карелии в связи с конкуренцией живого напочвенного покрова, лиственных пород, подлеска. По численности древесно-кустарниковых растений почти на всех вырубках первые три места занимают береза, осина и подлесок, причем береза количественно многократно преобладает. Подлесок в основном представлен рябиной. Успешность последующего возобновления сосны и ели на вырубках юго-запада Карелии связана с конкуренцией за свет и почвенные ресурсы с травами (злаками), с подростом лиственных пород и подлеском. Особенно активно разрастание конкурирующей растительности, в первую очередь, березы, происходит на дренированных местообитаниях с относительно плодородными почвами (типы леса кисличники, черничники свежие и брусничники). По исходным типам леса и составу древостоя, определяющим эффективное плодородие почв, можно уверенно прогнозировать успешность последующего естественного лесовосстановления главных пород на вырубках. Однако в подавляющем большинстве типов леса Карелии количество хвойного подроста последующего возобновления является недостаточным для формирования хвойных древостоев без дополнительных лесохозяйственных мероприятий. При отсутствии подроста сосны и ели предварительного возобновления достаточное для естественного лесовосстановления количество подроста хвойных пород присуще следующим исходным типам леса: сосняки беломошники (сосна), ельники черничники влажные (ель; сосна), ельники черничники свежие (ель совместно с сосной). На вырубках остальных исходных типов леса необходимо комбинированное или искусственное лесовосстановление с проведением рубок ухода в молодняках. The aim of the study is to reveal the features of the subsequent reforestation of conifers on the logging of Karelia in connection with the competition of live native cover, hardwood, undergrowth. In terms of the number of wood and shrub plants on almost all cuttings the first three places are occupied by birch, aspen and undergrowth, and birch quantitatively predominates. The undergrowth is mostly represented by a ripple. The success of the subsequent resumption of pine and spruce on the cuttings of the south-west of Karelia is associated with competition for light and soil resources with herbs (grains), hardwoods and undergrowth. The growth of competing vegetation, primarily birch trees, occurs especially actively in drained habitats with relatively fertile soils (types of woodlands, fresh blueberries and cranberries). According to the original types of forest and the composition of the tree, determining the effective fertility of the soil, it is possible to confidently predict the success of the subsequent natural reforestation of the main rocks on the cuttings. However, in the vast majority of the Karelia forest, the amount of conifers that have followed the resumption is insufficient to form coniferous trees without additional forest activities. In the absence of a pargn of pine and ate pre-resumption sufficient for natural reforestation the amount of adulterous breed is inherent in the following original types of forest: pine whiteness (pine), spruce cranberries moist (spruce; pine), spruce fresh (spruce together with pine). On the cutting of other original types of forest, a combination or artificial reforestation is required, with the logging of care in young people.

In an effort to accelerate breeding programs and to study somaclonal variation, a micropropagation system was devised for cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Using a factorial design, explants taken from greenhouse grown plants were placed on Anderson's medium containing different concentrations of 2ip' GA3, and IBA, with 4 cultivars tested over 3 subcultures. In other experiments, explant source, macro and micro salt formulations, and rooting treatments, were studied. Optimal multiplication and shoot quality occurred when single node explants taken from greenhouse grown plants were placed on Anderson's media containing 150 uM 2iP, 1.0 uM IBA and no GA3. Histological examinations indicate that initial response is axillary bud proliferation but upon subculture adventitious shoot formation may be possible. Proliferated shoots could be rooted ex vitro in plug trays under plastic tents and without hormone treatments. Optimal rooting occurred under high light conditions in a 1:1 (v:v) peat:sand mix. Plants were easily transplanted into the field in spring and will be evaluated by comparison to conventionally propagated material.

A two-stage micropropagation system was devised for cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). Shoot-tip explants taken from four cultivars of greenhouse-grown plants were placed on media composed of Anderson's major salts, Murashige and Skoog's (MS) minor salts and organics, plus various concentrations of 2iP, IBA, and GA3. In other experiments, explant source, salt formulations for media, and rooting treatments were studied. Optimal multiplication and shoot quality occurred when nodal explants taken from greenhouse-grown or micropropagated plants were placed on medium containing 150 μm 2iP, 1.0 μm IBA, and no GA3. Histological examination revealed that the initial response of nodes to culture is axillary bud proliferation, but adventitious shoot formation occurred after 4 to 6 weeks. Cultures that contained only axillary shoots were not evident unless low levels of 2iP were used, at which point only axillary buds present on the explants were released. Proliferated shoots could be rooted ex vitro without auxin treatment. Optimal rooting occurred under high-light conditions. Plants were transplanted to the field for comparison to conventionally propagated material. Chemical names used: gibberellic acid (GA3), N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP), 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).

It has been speculated that cranberries are susceptible to chloride injury. If this is the case, it is possible that applications of high rates of 0-0-60 (KCl) fertilizer as a K source could be detrimental to cranberry productivity. Grower anecdotes of using 0-0-60 to “shut down the plants” persist. Supposedly, using 225+ kg·ha-1 of this material slows or arrests vegetative growth. In fact, growers have claimed it can overcome the production of rank vegetation that results when too much N fertilizer has been applied. Field plots were initiated to determine the suitability of KCl and to determine if high K rates could overcome the deleterious effects of excess applied N. Plots were set up in a split-block plot design with N doses [three each “normal” (28-34 kg·ha-1 N) vs. “high” (56-67 lb N/A)] in one direction and potassium/chloride treatments in the other direction (KCl or K2SO4 at 115 or 225 kg K2O; CaCl2 to give the equivalent Cl as in the high-rate KCl treatment, and a nontreated control) for a total of 36 2 × 2-m plots per each of three cultivar locations. Plots were treated and evaluated for three consecutive years. There were no significant differences in yield among the K2SO4 and KCl treatments, indicating that at rates as high as 225 kg·ha-1 K2O, 0-0-60 and 0-0-50 perform similarly. Further, treatment with CaCl2 had no significant effect on yield. In the third year, plots receiving no K treatment had significantly lower yield than those receiving either rate or form of K (single degree of freedom comparison, significant at 0.03). These results indicate that at the rates used in this study, KCl is an adequate K source. The effect of N rate was more pronounced than that of the K treatments. In years two and three, the low N rate strips had significantly greater yield compared to that in the high N rate strips. By year two, the high N strips were visually different, with rank overgrowth. There was no significant interaction of N rate and the K treatments. While there was a trend for greater difference between the 0 K and 115 kg K rates in the high N plots compared to the moderate N plots, the addition of K never entirely overcame the negative yield effects of high N rate.

The growth and yield response of strawberry (Fragaria X annassa Duch.) and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait) to various growth inhibitors, but especially to paclobutrazol (PP333), and fertilizers were investigated in glasshouse and field studies. PP333 decreased vegetative growth in a rate-dependent manner in both strawberry and cranberry. PP333 delayed fruit ripening in strawberry and decreased fruit set and fruit size in cranberry. PP333 decreased pollen germination of strawberry. Soil residues of PP333 were biologically active when measured 11 weeks after application in the strawberry study and when measured after 50 weeks in a cranberry study. In a field study with cranberry, PP333 caused a decrease in vegetative growth and an increase in flowering in the next season after treatment. Two-dimensional partitioning was used to account for yield variation from treatment effects on adjusted yield variates. The truss number was the most important contributor to yield variation in the strawberry, but was not affected by treatments. PP333 made a substantial contribution to yield variation in strawberry through its effect on fruit development and ripening. In the cranberry, fruit set was the major contributor to yield variation and PP333 influenced yield substantially through its effect on fruit set. In glasshouse studies, PP333 decreased shoot elongation in cranberry within 3 weeks of application, and increased the number of branches on primary shoots. Buds were formed within 7 weeks of treatment and some of the buds contained flowers. Shoot growth was greater with a high rate of NPK fertilizer than with the low fertilizer rate and was greater in peaty soil than in sandy soil. While bud set was not modified by soil type or fertilizer rate, high NPK fertilizer decreased floral induction. Some effects of PP333 treatment were decreased by gibberellic acid, but generally these effects here not reversed. In a field study with the cranberry, PP333 increased flower bud set for flowering and non-flowering uprights but slightly decreased floral induction for non-flowering uprights.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate