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1
Rajput, Vishnu D., Tatiana Minkina, Arpna Kumari, Harish, Vipin Kumar Singh, Krishan K. Verma, Saglara Mandzhieva, Svetlana Sushkova, Sudhakar Srivastava, and Chetan Keswani. "Coping with the Challenges of Abiotic Stress in Plants: New Dimensions in the Field Application of Nanoparticles." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061221.
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Abiotic stress in plants is a crucial issue worldwide, especially heavy-metal contaminants, salinity, and drought. These stresses may raise a lot of issues such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane damage, loss of photosynthetic efficiency, etc. that could alter crop growth and developments by affecting biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes, causing a significant loss in productivity. To overcome the impact of these abiotic stressors, many strategies could be considered to support plant growth including the use of nanoparticles (NPs). However, the majority of studies have focused on understanding the toxicity of NPs on aquatic flora and fauna, and relatively less attention has been paid to the topic of the beneficial role of NPs in plants stress response, growth, and development. More scientific attention is required to understand the behavior of NPs on crops under these stress conditions. Therefore, the present work aims to comprehensively review the beneficial roles of NPs in plants under different abiotic stresses, especially heavy metals, salinity, and drought. This review provides deep insights about mechanisms of abiotic stress alleviation in plants under NP application.
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Adedayo, Afeez Adesina, and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "Rhizosphere Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungi Enhance the Growth of Crop Plants." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9020239.
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The fungi species dwelling in the rhizosphere of crop plants, revealing functions that endeavor sustainability of the plants, are commonly referred to as ‘plant-growth-promoting fungi’ (PGPF). They are biotic inducers that provide benefits and carry out important functions in agricultural sustainability. The problem encountered in the agricultural system nowadays is how to meet population demand based on crop yield and protection without putting the environment and human and animal health at risk based on crop production. PGPF including Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium virens, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus flavus, Actinomucor elegans, Podospora bulbillosa, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc., have proven their ecofriendly nature to ameliorate the production of crops by improving the growth of the shoots and roots of crop plants, the germination of seeds, the production of chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and the abundant production of crops. PGPF’s potential mode of action is as follows: the mineralization of the major and minor elements required to support plants’ growth and productivity. In addition, PGPF produce phytohormones, induced resistance, and defense-related enzymes to inhibit or eradicate the invasion of pathogenic microbes, in other words, to help the plants while encountering stress. This review portrays the potential of PGPF as an effective bioagent to facilitate and promote crop production, plant growth, resistance to disease invasion, and various abiotic stresses.
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Atay, Ersin, Bruno Hucbourg, Aurore Drevet, and Pierre-Éric Lauri. "EFFECTS OF PREHARVEST DEFICIT IRRIGATION TREATMENTS IN COMBINATION WITH REDUCED NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON ORCHARD PERFORMANCE OF NECTARINE WITH EMPHASIS ON POSTHARVEST DISEASES AND PRUNING WEIGHTS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 1 (February 22, 2019): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.1.21.
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Fruit production should be adapted to future scenarios that are frequently associated with scarce resources, especially freshwater and fertilizers. New biologically-based fruit production strategies, i.e. taking into account tree growth and water status, are required to optimize irrigation and fertilization under abiotic stress conditions. It was hypothesized that a moderate abiotic stress, here deficit irrigation with or without nitrogen deficit, in the preharvest period, could decrease postharvest losses due to diseases and pruning weights due to reduced vegetative growth, without sacrificing the yield and fruit quality. This study was conducted over two years using the same trees of ‘Moncante’ nectarine cultivar grown in a commercial orchard. Trees were assigned to three treatments: (1) full irrigation at 80% estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), (2) deficit irrigation, i.e. at 75% of full irrigation, and (3) deficit irrigation and deficit nitrogen, i.e. at 75% of full irrigation and 75% of usual N-fertilization adopted by the grower in this commercial orchard. Deficit irrigation alone and in combination with deficit nitrogen reduced postharvest diseases and pruning weights without significant yield losses. Our results suggest that ETc-based approaches of reduced water irrigation may be a sustainable way to decrease phytosanitary inputs and workload in the orchard while maintaining the orchard performance.
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Barbera, S. "Video Image Analysis and Animal Welfare on Farm." Animal Welfare 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026105.
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AbstractThe management of farmed livestock frequently creates situations of stress because of the periodical necessity for handling procedures (weight and linear measurements, veterinary procedures etc). Some of these practices can be avoided using technologies that obviate the need for direct handling. This can improve animal welfare and reduce risks to the handlers. Video image analysis is a technique that can be used for linear measurements and morphological evaluations required for growth trials, genetic studies or herd-book records. This paper describes the application of video image analysis to linear measurement and shape assessment in horses and cattle with minimal disturbance to the animals.
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Cao, Hong Wei, Cao Li, Bai Qing Zhang, Justice Kipkorir Rono, and Zhi Min Yang. "A Metallochaperone HIPP33 Is Required for Rice Zinc and Iron Homeostasis and Productivity." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020488.
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Both zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential micro-nutrients for plant growth and development, yet their levels in plants are tightly regulated to prevent either deficiency or phytotoxicity. In agronomic reality, such an imbalance of metal bioavailability to crops occurs frequently. Thus, mining genetic resources to improve crop traits relevant to metal homeostasis is a great challenge to ensure crop yield and food quality. This study functionally identified an uncharacterized metallochaperone family HIPP protein gene Heavy Metal Associated Isoprenylated Plant Proteins 33 (OsHIPP33) in rice (Oryza sativa). OsHIPP33 resides in the nucleus and plasma membrane and constitutively expresses throughout the lifespan. Transcription of OsHIPP33 is not induced by deprivation of Zn and Fe but upregulated under excessive Zn and Fe stress. In a short-term (one month) hydroponic study with the normal Zn and Fe supply, there were no significant changes in the growth and metal accumulation between the knockout (OsHIPP33) or knockdown (RNA interference) mutant lines and wild-type, while the long-term field trials (for two successive years) demonstrated that the mutation of OsHIPP33 significantly compromised the rice growth and development (such as rice leave tissues, panicle length, spikelet fertility, seed weight per plant, 1000-grain weight, etc.), with the mature grain yield of OsHIPP33 and RNAi lines reduced by 52% and 12–15% respectively, compared with wild-type. Furthermore, the accumulation of Zn and Fe in rice straw, husk and brown rice was also reduced. These results suggest that the disruption of OsHIPP33 can dampen rice agronomic traits, signifying that OsHIPP33 expression is required for Zn and Fe homeostasis and subsequent production of rice grains.
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Rajput, Vishnu D., Tatiana Minkina, Morteza Feizi, Arpna Kumari, Masudulla Khan, Saglara Mandzhieva, Svetlana Sushkova, et al. "Effects of Silicon and Silicon-Based Nanoparticles on Rhizosphere Microbiome, Plant Stress and Growth." Biology 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080791.
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Silicon (Si) is considered a non-essential element similar to cadmium, arsenic, lead, etc., for plants, yet Si is beneficial to plant growth, so it is also referred to as a quasi-essential element (similar to aluminum, cobalt, sodium and selenium). An element is considered quasi-essential if it is not required by plants but its absence results in significant negative consequences or anomalies in plant growth, reproduction and development. Si is reported to reduce the negative impacts of different stresses in plants. The significant accumulation of Si on the plant tissue surface is primarily responsible for these positive influences in plants, such as increasing antioxidant activity while reducing soil pollutant absorption. Because of these advantageous properties, the application of Si-based nanoparticles (Si-NPs) in agricultural and food production has received a great deal of interest. Furthermore, conventional Si fertilizers are reported to have low bioavailability; therefore, the development and implementation of nano-Si fertilizers with high bioavailability could be crucial for viable agricultural production. Thus, in this context, the objectives of this review are to summarize the effects of both Si and Si-NPs on soil microbes, soil properties, plant growth and various plant pathogens and diseases. Si-NPs and Si are reported to change the microbial colonies and biomass, could influence rhizospheric microbes and biomass content and are able to improve soil fertility.
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TIWARI, GIRJA SHANKER, NAVNEET PAREEK, and KIRAN P. RAVERKAR. "Increased heat and drought stress under climate change and their impact on physiological growth and development of crops: A review." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 1818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i12.85374.
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Abiotic stresses are major constraints to crop production and food security worldwide, the increasing trend and projection under climate change pose further challenge and warrants close attention of researchers and policy makers. Heat and drought are judged as most common stresses having adverse impact on growth and productivity of the crops. Understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and ecological responses of these stresses is prerequisite to develop management practices. The plant responses to these stresses can be categorized into morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses quantified to assess their impact. Though plants have capability to modify their growth pattern and physiological process to cope with heat and drought stresses but it costs dearly in terms of overall performance and yield, therefore it is a must to understand plant response to various stresses in order to develop suitable adaptation strategies. This review focuses on the plant responses towards heat and drought stresses pointing on the commonalities and differences. Due to physical damages, physiological disruptions, and biochemical changes under limited water supply and elevated temperatures there is negative impact on crop growth and yields. Both conventional and modern approaches are desired to deal with heat and drought stresses. A holistic approach including short term strategy comprising management practices promoting in-situ moisture conservation, water harvesting, micro environment modification etc, and long term strategies including developing heat and drought tolerant varieties, developing irrigation infrastructure, permanent change in land configuration, etc are required. The recent government. initiative like PMKSY aiming irrigation to each field (Har Khet Ko Pani) through water harvesting, conveyance, drip irrigation in the back drop of time bound target of doubling farmers income will be a big boost to cope heat and drought stress and to induce climatic resilience.
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Sarraf, Mohammad, Kanchan Vishwakarma, Vinod Kumar, Namira Arif, Susmita Das, Riya Johnson, Edappayil Janeeshma, et al. "Metal/Metalloid-Based Nanomaterials for Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance: An Overview of the Mechanisms." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030316.
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In agriculture, abiotic stress is one of the critical issues impacting the crop productivity and yield. Such stress factors lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane damage, and other plant metabolic activities. To neutralize the harmful effects of abiotic stress, several strategies have been employed that include the utilization of nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are now gaining attention worldwide to protect plant growth against abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, extreme temperatures, flooding, etc. However, their behavior is significantly impacted by the dose in which they are being used in agriculture. Furthermore, the action of nanomaterials in plants under various stresses still require understanding. Hence, with this background, the present review envisages to highlight beneficial role of nanomaterials in plants, their mode of action, and their mechanism in overcoming various abiotic stresses. It also emphasizes upon antioxidant activities of different nanomaterials and their dose-dependent variability in plants’ growth under stress. Nevertheless, limitations of using nanomaterials in agriculture are also presented in this review.
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Шорінов, О. В. "АНАЛІЗ ІСНУЮЧИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ВИНИКНЕННЯ НАПРУЖЕНЬ В ТОНКИХ ПЛІВКАХ І ПОКРИТТЯХ." Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, no. 91 (June 18, 2021): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2021.91.06.
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The analysis of existing models of stress in thin films and coatings was carried out. While reaching critical value, stress can lead to defects, cracks, delamination of coating from substrate, etc. The task of prediction and controlling of the direction and magnitude of the stress of coating-substrate system is relevant nowadays regardless of coating and thin films deposition methods. Different types of coatings and thin films are widely used in almost all industries: optics, mechanical engineering, measuring technology, medicine, micro- and nanoelectronics, etc. Development and investigation of new promising methods for the formation of nanostructures, such as nanowires in a plasma environment, requires a sufficient theoretical basis for the origin and growing of stresses. Depending on the mechanism, the causes of stress in thin films and coatings can be: chemical reactions, phase transformations, inclusions and impurities, particle bombardment (the cause of internal stress during coating growing); temperature changes (the cause of thermal stress due to different values of coefficients of thermal expansion of coating and substrate materials); deformation of coating-substrate system, etc. Models of stress development in coatings and thin films can be divided into the following groups: stress that occur at the coating-substrate interface, internal coating stress, and stress at the coating-environment interface. The study presents methods of stress measuring in thin films and coatings. Based on the results of the current research, it can be concluded that the existing models of stress in the process of growth of coatings and films, as well as stress arising under the action of external forces, describe only the causes of the stress and unfortunately do not give an understanding of their complex effect on stress-strain state of coating-substrate system and need further development and improvement. Stress relaxation is also important to obtain new structures and certain properties of coatings. The development of stress management tools can be considered as one of the ways to increase the lifetime of products with coatings and thin films.
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Ferlazzo, Adriana, Cristina Cravana, Esterina Fazio, and Pietro Medica. "The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses." May-2020 13, no. 5 (2020): 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859.
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The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on β-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and β-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.
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Kumar, Rahul, Prashant Swapnil, Mukesh Meena, Shweta Selpair, and Bal Govind Yadav. "Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Approaches to Alleviate Abiotic Stresses for Enhancement of Growth and Development of Medicinal Plants." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 15514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315514.
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Plants are constantly exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses which limit their growth and development and reduce productivity. In order to tolerate them, plants initiate a multitude of stress-specific responses which modulate different physiological, molecular and cellular mechanisms. However, many times the natural methods employed by plants for overcoming the stresses are not sufficient and require external assistance from the rhizosphere. The microbial community in the rhizosphere (known as the rhizomicrobiome) undergoes intraspecific as well as interspecific interaction and signaling. The rhizomicrobiome, as biostimulants, play a pivotal role in stimulating the growth of plants and providing resilience against abiotic stress. Such rhizobacteria which promote the development of plants and increase their yield and immunity are known as PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria). On the basis of contact, they are classified into two categories, extracellular (in soil around root, root surface and cellular space) and intracellular (nitrogen-fixing bacteria). They show their effects on plant growth directly (i.e., in absence of pathogens) or indirectly. Generally, they make their niche in concentrated form around roots, as the latter exude several nutrients, such as amino acids, lipids, proteins, etc. Rhizobacteria build a special symbiotic relationship with the plant or a section of the plant’s inner tissues. There are free-living PGPRs with the potential to work as biofertilizers. Additionally, studies show that PGPRs can ameliorate the effect of abiotic stresses and help in enhanced growth and development of plants producing therapeutically important compounds. This review focuses on the various mechanisms which are employed by PGPRs to mitigate the effect of different stresses in medicinal plants and enhance tolerance against these stress conditions.
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Khanna, Kanika, Nandni Sharma, Sandeep Kour, Mohd Ali, Puja Ohri, and Renu Bhardwaj. "Hydrogen Sulfide: A Robust Combatant against Abiotic Stresses in Plants." Hydrogen 2, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2030017.
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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is predominantly considered as a gaseous transmitter or signaling molecule in plants. It has been known as a crucial player during various plant cellular and physiological processes and has been gaining unprecedented attention from researchers since decades. They regulate growth and plethora of plant developmental processes such as germination, senescence, defense, and maturation in plants. Owing to its gaseous state, they are effectively diffused towards different parts of the cell to counterbalance the antioxidant pools as well as providing sulfur to cells. H2S participates actively during abiotic stresses and enhances plant tolerance towards adverse conditions by regulation of the antioxidative defense system, oxidative stress signaling, metal transport, Na+/K+ homeostasis, etc. They also maintain H2S-Cys-cycle during abiotic stressed conditions followed by post-translational modifications of cysteine residues. Besides their role during abiotic stresses, crosstalk of H2S with other biomolecules such as NO and phytohormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, melatonin, ethylene, etc.) have also been explored in plant signaling. These processes also mediate protein post-translational modifications of cysteine residues. We have mainly highlighted all these biological functions along with proposing novel relevant issues that are required to be addressed further in the near future. Moreover, we have also proposed the possible mechanisms of H2S actions in mediating redox-dependent mechanisms in plant physiology.
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Velankar, Makarand, Sneha Thombre, and Harshad Wadkar. "EVALUATING DEEP LEARNING MODELS FOR MUSIC EMOTION RECOGNITION." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.026.
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Music listening helps people not only for entertainment, but also to reduce emotional stress in their daily lives. People nowadays tend to use online music streaming services such as Spotify, Amazon Music, Google Play Music, etc. rather than storing the songs on their devices. The songs in these streaming services are categorized into different emotional labels such as happy, sad, romantic, devotional, etc. In the music streaming applications, the songs are manually tagged with their emotional categories for music recommendation. Considering the growth of music on different social media platforms and the internet, the need for automatic tagging will increase in coming time. The work presented deals with training the deep learning model for automatic emotional tagging. It covers implementation of two different deep learning architectures for classifying the audio files using the Mel-spectrogram of music audio. The first architecture proposed is Convolutional Recurrent Model (CRNN) and the second architecture is a Parallel Convolutional Recurrent Model (Parallel CNN). Both the architectures exploit the combined features of Convolutional and Recurrent layers. This combination is used to extract features from time and frequency domains. The results with accuracies in the range of 51 to 54 % are promising for both models for a small dataset of 138 songs, considering the large datasets required for training deep learning models.
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Lipovac, Aleksa, Atila Bezdan, Djordje Moravčević, Nevenka Djurović, Marija Ćosić, Pavel Benka, and Ružica Stričević. "Correlation between Ground Measurements and UAV Sensed Vegetation Indices for Yield Prediction of Common Bean Grown under Different Irrigation Treatments and Sowing Periods." Water 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223786.
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The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for rapid monitoring, water stress detection and yield prediction under different sowing periods and irrigation treatments of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L). The study used a two-factorial split-plot design, divided into subplots. There were three sowing periods (plots; I—mid April, II—end of May/beginning of June, III—third decade of June/beginning of July) and three levels of irrigation (subplots; full irrigation (F)—providing 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), deficit irrigation (R)—providing 80% of ETc, and deficit irrigation (S) providing—60% of ETc). Canopy cover (CC), leaf area index (LAI), transpiration (T) and soil moisture (Sm) were monitored in all treatments during the growth period. A multispectral camera was mounted on a drone on seven occasions during two years of research which provided raw multispectral images. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), MCARI1 (Modified Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index), NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge), GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) were computed from the images. The results indicated that NDVI, MCARI1 and GNDVI derived from the UAV are sensitive to water stress in S treatments, while mild water stress among the R treatments could not be detected. The NDVI and MCARI1 of the II-S treatment predicted yields better (r2 = 0.65, y = 4.01 tha−1; r2 = 0.70, y = 4.28 tha−1) than of III-S (r2 = 0.012, y = 3.54 tha−1; r2 = 0.020, y = 3.7 tha−1). The use of NDVI and MCARI will be able to predict common bean yields under deficit irrigation conditions. However, remote sensing methods did not reveal pest invasion, so good yield predictions require observations in the field. Generally, a low-flying UAV proved to be useful for monitoring crop status and predicting yield and water stress in different irrigation regimes and sowing period.
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O'Connell, Mark G., and Ian Goodwin. "Responses of 'Pink Lady ' apple to deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying: physiology, growth, yield, and fruit quality." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 11 (2007): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07033.
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Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a new irrigation strategy whereby water is withheld from part of the rootzone while another part is well watered. A successful PRD strategy should reduce tree water use through stomatal control of transpiration and reduce vegetative growth while maintaining fruit size and yield. A field experiment examined crop water relations and production performance of PRD in a commercial apple orchard on loam soil in the Goulburn Valley, Australia. The orchard consisted of high-density (1420 trees/ha) 8-year-old ‘Pink Lady’ apple trees trained as central leader and irrigated by microjets. The effects of PRD on leaf/stem water potential, vegetative growth, yield components and fruit quality were investigated during two seasons (2001–02, Year 1 and 2002–03, Year 2). The 2-year average growing season reference crop evapotranspiration and rainfall was 954 and 168 mm, respectively. Three irrigation treatments were established: (1) deficit irrigation (DI, supplied 50% of water to a fixed side of tree); (2) PRD supplied 50% of water to alternating sides of tree; (3) and conventional irrigation (CI, supplied 100% water to both sides of tree). Irrigation inputs under the CI treatment were 334 and 529 mm for Year 1 and Year 2, respectively. In Year 1, the volume of irrigation applied to CI treatment inputs equated to the replacement of predicted crop evapotranspiration (ETc) based on a mid-season FAO-56 crop coefficient with adjustment for tree size. Vegetative growth, fruit production and water status showed both PRD and DI treatments led to a classical ‘deficit irrigation’ water stress response. Leaf water potential, leaf conductance, fruit size, shoot growth and yield were reduced on PRD and DI trees compared to the fully watered (CI) trees. In Year 2, CI inputs exceeded estimated ETc by 2-fold. Consequently, minimal or no differences between irrigation regimes were measured in stem water potential, vegetative growth, yield components and fruit quality. Fruit disorders (sunburn, russet, misshape, markings, frost damage) were not affected by irrigation regime in either season. We contend that further effort is required to determine under what circumstances or environments there is a PRD response that saves water and maintains yield and quality for apple.
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Slobozeanu, Anca Elena, Simona Elena Bejan, Ioan Albert Tudor, Ana-Maria Mocioiu, Adrian Mihail Motoc, Maria Dolores Romero-Sanchez, Mihai Botan, et al. "A review on differential scanning calorimetry as a tool for thermal assessment of nanostructured coatings." Manufacturing Review 8 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020038.
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Nanostructured coatings and films play an important role in modern surface engineering due to their ability to improve and optimize materials behavior under different external constraints such as high/low temperatures, stress/strain, corrosive/oxidizing atmosphere, electromagnetic fields/fluxes etc., used practically in all industrial fields. Surface modification may be done using any type of materials: polymers, metals, ceramics, composites or hybrids on any type of substrate by different physical, chemical or combined technologies. Thermal characterization methods are one of the most accessible tools to study, model and predict the process parameters required to preserve the nanostructures during thermal treatment of different coatings, develop novel multi-material coating systems, study the complex correlations between material properties vs. synthesis and processing parameters in real environments. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is often used as a standard method to put in evidence different thermal events such as phase transitions, decomposition, oxidation/reduction, nucleation and growth at the substrate/coating interfaces or in coating materials. The present paper aims to review some examples on how DSC may be used to assess the thermal behavior of coatings using standardization tools and developing novel application fields.
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Slobozeanu, Anca Elena, Simona Elena Bejan, Ioan Albert Tudor, Ana-Maria Mocioiu, Adrian Mihail Motoc, Maria Dolores Romero-Sanchez, Mihai Botan, et al. "A review on differential scanning calorimetry as a tool for thermal assessment of nanostructured coatings." Manufacturing Review 8 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020038.
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Nanostructured coatings and films play an important role in modern surface engineering due to their ability to improve and optimize materials behavior under different external constraints such as high/low temperatures, stress/strain, corrosive/oxidizing atmosphere, electromagnetic fields/fluxes etc., used practically in all industrial fields. Surface modification may be done using any type of materials: polymers, metals, ceramics, composites or hybrids on any type of substrate by different physical, chemical or combined technologies. Thermal characterization methods are one of the most accessible tools to study, model and predict the process parameters required to preserve the nanostructures during thermal treatment of different coatings, develop novel multi-material coating systems, study the complex correlations between material properties vs. synthesis and processing parameters in real environments. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is often used as a standard method to put in evidence different thermal events such as phase transitions, decomposition, oxidation/reduction, nucleation and growth at the substrate/coating interfaces or in coating materials. The present paper aims to review some examples on how DSC may be used to assess the thermal behavior of coatings using standardization tools and developing novel application fields.
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Stanishevska, N. V. "Modern concept of biological identification of selenoproteins." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 4 (October 19, 2018): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021883.
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Humans possess 25 selenoproteins, approximately half of which are enzymes (selenoenzymes) required for preventing, regulating, or reversing oxidative damage, while others participate in providing calcium metabolism, thyroid hormone maintenance, protein synthesis, cytoskeletal structure etc. This review examines the latest evidences of the biological effects of selenoproteins according to the method of complex analysis of the material. Selenoprotein P promotes insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, mediates myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injuries and provides protection against disease by reducing chronic oxidative stress. Selenoprotein T is expressed at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in all cells during development, but is confined to endocrine tissues in adulthood, controls homeostasis of glucose and prevents neurodegeneration by reducing oxidative stress factors. Expression of selenoprotein K is required for efficient Ca2+ flux into melanoma cancer cells, tumour growth and metastasic potential depend on SelK but it suppresses human choriocarcinoma cells. SelK also serves to maintain the normal physiological functions of skeletal muscle. Selenoprotein N deficiency, caused by mutations in the human gene, promotes myopathy characterized by muscle weakness, spinal rigidity, respiratory insufficiency. Sel N participates in normal physiology of skeletal and smooth muscle tissues. Selenoprotein M is located in the endoplasmic reticulum, characterized by high expression in the brain, antioxidative, neuroprotective activity and regulates intracellular Ca2+ levels. Also, the overexpression of SelM was detected in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Selenoprotein S is mentioned as a regulator of ER stress and inflammatory processes. Selenoprotein F controls cell proliferation by the impact on G1period of the cell cycle. Moreover, it is implicated in the pathogenesis of some types of cancer. The Sel F deficiency reduces the migration and invasive ability of the cells. Knockdown of selenoprotein W in rodents leads to increased release of Ca2+, causes oxidative ultramicroscopic injuries of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria ultrastructure, which in turn increases the levels of inflammatory factors. Selenoprotein H is involved in redox regulation, in tumourogenesis. Knockdown of selenoprotein H decreases cellular differentiation and increases proliferation and migration of cells. Selenoproteins U, V, I, O, R are recently identified and their functions are not clearly known. The data analyzed in the review help determine promising directions in the study of the selenoproteins.
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Hayat, Sikandar, Husain Ahmad, Muhammad Ali, Kashif Hayat, Muhammad Khan, and Zhihui Cheng. "Aqueous Garlic Extract as a Plant Biostimulant Enhances Physiology, Improves Crop Quality and Metabolite Abundance, and Primes the Defense Responses of Receiver Plants." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091505.
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Biostimulants are the next-generation choice for sustainable agricultural production and are gradually becoming an alternative to synthetic chemicals. Various botanicals are proposed to exert stimulatory effects, and garlic allelochemicals are among such botanicals; however, a peer-reviewed scientific evaluation is required to understand garlic-derived substances such as biostimulants. Current studies were therefore performed to identify the bioactivity of garlic extract as a biostimulant to improve crop quality, alter its physiological potential, and prime its defense responses against pathogenic fungal infections. 100 µg mL−1 aqueous garlic extracts (AGE) in consort with 1 mM of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and distilled water as a control treatment were applied to eggplant and pepper seedlings as foliar application and fertigation methods. The results revealed stimulatory responses in the growth of the vegetables with improved plant height, number of leaves, root growth, fresh and dry weight, etc., due to AGE and ASA applications. Moreover, significant alterations were indicated in plant metabolites such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble sugars. Additionally, stimulation of the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), as well as the root activity of these plants, was observed after treatment. Application of AGE and ASA also exerted priming effects on pepper plants, inducing defense responses prior to Phytopthora capsici inoculation, and the treated plants therefore successfully resisted infection through activated antioxidant systems, and probably carotenoid and other protectory metabolites. Stress-induced H2O2 content was extremely low in the treated plants, indicating successful resistance against pathogenic infection.
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Henson, D. Yvette, Steven E. Newman, and David E. Hartley. "Performance of Selected Herbaceous Annual Ornamentals Grown at Decreasing Levels of Irrigation." HortScience 41, no. 6 (October 2006): 1481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.6.1481.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the growth, visual quality, and stress response of 17 species of bedding plants and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) grown outdoors for 10 weeks during the summer of 2003 at three locations in Colorado. Plants were irrigated at 100% of the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) (amount required to maintain Kentucky bluegrass in an optimum condition) for 2 weeks followed by 8 weeks at five irrigation levels: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ET0. Begonia carrieri Hort. `Vodka', Lobelia erinus L. `Cobalt Blue', and Viola ×wittrockiana Gams. `Crown Gold' grew well with a minimum of 50% or more ET0 based on Kentucky bluegrass. Impatiens walleriana Hook. fil. `Tempo White' grew well only with 100% ET0. Antirrhinum majus L. `Sonnet Yellow', Dianthus L. `First Love', Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. `Carpet White', and Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey performed well with 25% to 50% ET0. The species Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don `Peppermint Cooler', Rudbeckia hirta L. `Indian Summer', Senecio cineraria D.C. `Silver Dust', Tagetes erecta L. `Inca Yellow' and T. patula L. `Bonanza Gold', Zinnia angustifolia Kunth., and Salvia farinacea Benth. `Rhea Blue', which are adapted to midsummer heat and low water, performed well with 0% to 25% ET0. Species considered to be heat or drought tolerant—Petunia ×hybrida hort. ex. E. Vilm. `Merlin White' and Glandularia J.F. Gmel. `Imagination'—required little or no irrigation. The bedding plant species evaluated in this study that required 25% or less ET0 are well adapted for low-water landscape installations.
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Anzalone, Ruggero, Andrea Severino, Christopher Locke, Davide Rodilosso, Cristina Tringali, Stephen E. Saddow, Francesco La Via, and Giuseppe D'Arrigo. "3C-SiC Hetero-Epitaxial Films for Sensors Fabrication." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.411.
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Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a very promising material for the fabrication of a new category of sensors and devices, to be used in very hostile environments (high temperature, corrosive ambient, presence of radiation, etc.). The fabrication of SiC MEMS-based sensors requires new processes able to realize microstructures on bulk material or on the SiC surface. The hetero-epitaxial growth of 3CSiC on silicon substrates allows one to overcome the traditional limitations of SiC microfabrication. This approach puts together the standard silicon bulk microfabrication methodologies with the robust mechanical properties of 3C-SiC. Using this approach we were able to fabricate SiC cantilevers for a new class of pressure sensor. The geometries studied were selected in order to study the internal residual stress of the SiC film. X-Ray Diffraction polar figure and Bragg- Brentano scan analysis were used to check to crystal structure and the orientations of the film. SEM analysis was performed to analyze the morphology of the released MEMS structures.
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Powers, TuShun R., Amanda L. Haeberle, Alexander V. Predeus, Disa L. Hammarlöf, Jennifer A. Cundiff, Zeus Saldaña-Ahuactzi, Karsten Hokamp, Jay C. D. Hinton, and Leigh A. Knodler. "Intracellular niche-specific profiling reveals transcriptional adaptations required for the cytosolic lifestyle of Salmonella enterica." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e1009280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009280.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrheal disease in humans and animals. During salmonellosis, S. Typhimurium colonizes epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. S. Typhimurium has an unusual lifestyle in epithelial cells that begins within an endocytic-derived Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), followed by escape into the cytosol, epithelial cell lysis and bacterial release. The cytosol is a more permissive environment than the SCV and supports rapid bacterial growth. The physicochemical conditions encountered by S. Typhimurium within the epithelial cytosol, and the bacterial genes required for cytosolic colonization, remain largely unknown. Here we have exploited the parallel colonization strategies of S. Typhimurium in epithelial cells to decipher the two niche-specific bacterial virulence programs. By combining a population-based RNA-seq approach with single-cell microscopic analysis, we identified bacterial genes with cytosol-induced or vacuole-induced expression signatures. Using these genes as environmental biosensors, we defined that Salmonella is exposed to oxidative stress and iron and manganese deprivation in the cytosol and zinc and magnesium deprivation in the SCV. Furthermore, iron availability was critical for optimal S. Typhimurium replication in the cytosol, as well as entC, fepB, soxS, mntH and sitA. Virulence genes that are typically associated with extracellular bacteria, namely Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) and SPI4, showed increased expression in the cytosol compared to vacuole. Our study reveals that the cytosolic and vacuolar S. Typhimurium virulence gene programs are unique to, and tailored for, residence within distinct intracellular compartments. This archetypical vacuole-adapted pathogen therefore requires extensive transcriptional reprogramming to successfully colonize the mammalian cytosol.
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Dementyev, V. B., and T. N. Ivanova. "Investigation of the Surface Layer Structure of High-Chromium and High-Strength Steels at the Variation of the Heating Temperature." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.431.
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At present, hard-to-machine materials such as structural alloy steels with various chemical element additives – tungsten, chromium, etc. - are most widely used in engineering. When conventional finish methods are used for the treatment of hard-to-machine materials, the most important problems are the difficulty of obtaining work surfaces of a required quality in terms of accuracy, roughness and the physicochemical composition, and the low output. In the present paper, a finish method for metal treatment– grinding – is discussed. Zones of the formation of the surface stress state due to heating have been revealed: the zone of an insignificant increase in temperature in the contour of the contact of a grinding wheel and a work surface; the zone of the temperature intensive growth; and the zone of the temperature abrupt drop. The investigation has been conducted of the surface layer structure of high-strength and high-chromium steels during high-speed heating – grinding. The peculiarities of the change of the surface layer state of the above steels have been revealed after grinding with the use of conventional grinding wheels with a continuous cutting surface and a discontinuous cutting surface. Some recommendations are given for grinding of the high-strength 12Cr18Ni9 and high-chromium Cr12, Cr12Mo and Cr12V steels, taking into account the specific features of different technological situation characteristic of a specific grinding tool, a grinding tool grade, and conditions of grinding and cutting.
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Vilchèze, Catherine, Brian Weinrick, Lawrence W. Leung, and William R. Jacobs. "Plasticity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisNADH dehydrogenases and their role in virulence." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 7 (January 30, 2018): 1599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721545115.
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Worldwide control of the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic has not been achieved, and the latest statistics show that the TB problem might be more endemic than previously thought. Although drugs and a TB vaccine are available, TB eradication faces the challenges of increasing occurrences of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) strains. To forestall this trend, the development of drugs targeting novel pathways is actively pursued. Recently, enzymes of the electron transport chain (ETC) have been determined to be the targets of potent antimycobacterial drugs such as bedaquiline. We focused on the three NADH dehydrogenases (Ndh, NdhA, and Nuo) of theMtbETC with the purpose of defining their role and essentiality inMtb. Each NADH dehydrogenase was deleted in both virulent and BSL2-approvedMtbstrains, from which the double knockouts ΔndhΔnuoANand ΔndhAΔnuoANwere constructed. The ΔndhΔndhAdouble knockout could not be obtained, suggesting that at least one type II NADH dehydrogenase is required forMtbgrowth. Δndhand ΔndhΔnuoANshowed growth defects in vitro and in vivo, susceptibility to oxidative stress, and redox alterations, while the phenotypes of ΔndhA,ΔnuoAN, and ΔndhAΔnuoANwere similar to the parental strain. Interestingly, although ΔnuoANhad no phenotype in vivo, ΔndhΔnuoANwas the most severely attenuated strain in mice, suggesting a key role for Nuo in vivo when Ndh is absent. We conclude that Ndh is the main NADH dehydrogenase ofMtband that compounds that could target both Ndh and Nuo would be good candidates for TB drug development.
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Pětrošová, Helena, and Mathieu Picardeau. "Screening of a Leptospira biflexa Mutant Library To Identify Genes Involved in Ethidium Bromide Tolerance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 19 (July 25, 2014): 6091–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01619-14.
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ABSTRACTLeptospiraspp. are spirochete bacteria comprising both pathogenic and free-living species. The saprophyteL. biflexais a model bacterium for studying leptospiral biology due to relative ease of culturing and genetic manipulation. In this study, we constructed a library of 4,996 random transposon mutants inL. biflexa. We screened the library for increased susceptibility to the DNA intercalating agent, ethidium bromide (EtBr), in order to identify genetic determinants that reduceL. biflexasusceptibility to antimicrobial agents. By phenotypic screening, using subinhibitory EtBr concentrations, we identified 29 genes that, when disrupted via transposon insertion, led to increased sensitivity of the bacteria to EtBr. At the functional level, these genes could be categorized by function as follows: regulation and signaling (n= 11), transport (n= 6), membrane structure (n= 5), stress response (n= 2), DNA damage repair (n= 1), and other processes (n= 3), while 1 gene had no predicted function. Genes involved in transport (including efflux pumps) and regulation (two-component systems, anti-sigma factor antagonists, etc.) were overrepresented, demonstrating that these genes are major contributors to EtBr tolerance. This finding suggests that transport genes which would prevent EtBr to enter the cell cytoplasm are critical for EtBr resistance. We identified genes required for the growth ofL. biflexain the presence of sublethal EtBr concentration and characterized their potential as antibiotic resistance determinants. This study will help to delineate mechanisms of adaptation to toxic compounds, as well as potential mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development in pathogenicL. interrogans.
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Enukwa, Ettagbor Hans. "EFFECTS OF WATERING FREQUENCY AND SOIL TYPES ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING PERFORMANCE OF LESPEDEZA CYRTOBOTRYA AND DIANTHUS BARBATUS." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 4, no. 5 (October 12, 2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v4.i5.2020.115.
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This study was carried out to determine the effect of various watering regimes in different soils on seed germination and seedling establishment for two species (Dianthus Barbatus and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya) The ratio of water used for watering was 16ml water/100g soil. Three watering frequencies (i.e. once daily; once every 2 days; once every 3 days) were applied for two soil types (Leaf mold soil and merchantable soil) for a period of 150 days. The differences in seed germination, seedling survival and seedling growth were monitored in all experimental units. A more regular watering frequency increases soil moisture, and vice versa. The results showed that watering frequency had significant effects on seed germination (p=0.008), number of plant leaves (p=0.05), with visible but statistically insignificant effects on mean plant height (p=0.19) and seedling survival (p=0.3) for two plant species. The total height of plant species also varied greatly within treatments. Positive correlations were recorded between germination rate with leaf number (r=0.79, p=0.0001); plant height with survival rate (r=0.65, p=0.001); plant height with leaf number (r=0.77, p=0.0001); survival rate with leaf number (r=0.66, p=0.0001) etc. Seed germination and aboveground heights of D. barbatus and L. cyrtobotrya decreased at the more regular watering frequency of once daily in both soils. On leaf mold soil, the total height and mean height of L. cyrtobotrya decreased with increased water stress at once every 3 days watering frequency. Also, the total height of D. barbatus decreased with increased water stress at once every 3 days watering frequency on this soil, even though its mean height did not decrease. In contrast on merchantable soil, the total height and mean height of L. cyrtobotrya increased with increased water stress at once every 3 days watering frequency, indicating that this plant is more resistant to stress on this soil. Whereas, the total height and mean height of D. barbatus decreased with increased water stress on this soil. On leaf mold soil, once every 2 days watering was the most suitable watering frequency for both species in terms of achieving best seed germination and seedling establishment. In contrast on merchantable soil, once every 3 days watering frequency was most suitable for L. cyrtobotrya, whereas both once every 2 days and once every 3 days watering frequencies were suitable for D. barbatus on this soil. The results suggest that using the required watering frequency and soil type is imperative to ensure sustainability in plant production and seedling establishment.
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Zulfiqar, Uzma, Azra Yasmin, and Anila Fariq. "Metabolites produced by inoculated Vigna radiata during bacterial assisted phytoremediation of Pb, Ni and Cr polluted soil." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): e0277101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277101.
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Phytoremediation assisted with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) is a green technology to remediate metal contaminated soils. Plants usually produce secondary metabolites to tolerate metal toxicity. Present study was designed to explore the phytoremediation potential of Vigna radiata var. NM-II in the presence of metal resistant PGPB and comparison of metabolites produced under heavy metal stresses (Pb, Ni, Cr). Three PGPB selected for present study include Bacillus pumilus MB246, Serratia nematodiphila MB307 and Delftia Lacustris MB322. Pot experiments were conducted with inoculated V. radiata NM-II seeds grown in soil artificially contaminated with lead (Pb), Nickle (Ni) and chromium (Cr) at a concentration of 300, 200 and 100 mg/kg respectively. After harvesting various growth parameters were studied (root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight). Bacterial colonization on root surfaces of harvested plants was observed through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Elemental composition was recorded through Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) attached with SEM. Metabolic response of harvested plants was studied through Gas chromatography Mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. Metal accumulation in roots, shoots and soil was analysed by acid digestion method from which Bioaccumulation factor (BF) and Translocation factor (TF) of metal from soil to plant was calculated. Results revealed stimulatory effect of PGPB on growth and phytoextraction ability of V. radiata. Soil metal removal efficiency was in the order Pb>Ni>Cr, whereas metal distribution in each part of plant was root>stem>leaf. The BF and TF values suggested V. radiata as Pb and Ni excluder while moderate accumulator for Cr. Elemental analysis through Energy Dispersive X- ray spectroscopy (EDX) found potassium (K+)and calcium (Ca+)as highly abundant nutrients with least accumulation of sulphur (S). Metabolites study through GC-MS revealed variety of compounds (carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, steroids etc) detected differentially under each metal treatment and their concentration was influenced by different bacterial inoculations. Overall 9-Octadecenamide was found as commonly present lipid compound in most of the treatments which is required for detoxification in plants. The study concluded beneficial role of PGPB for successful phytoremediation of heavy metals and differential response of metabolites towards each metal stress that is related to metal tolerance ability of V. radiata.
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Ali, Mumtaz, Yasir Nawab, Abdelghani Saouab, Aima Sameen Anjum, and Muhammad Zeeshan. "Fabrication induced spring-back in thermosetting woven composite parts with variable thickness." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 6 (January 6, 2017): 1291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716686939.
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Rising demand of composite materials for high performance application require a process to manufacture composite parts with accuracy and precision. Residual stress and consequent deformation is one of major limitation in growth of composite industry. Experimental studies reported in literature focused on uniform thickness plates, L shape brackets or rings but depending upon its application, e.g. wind turbine blade, conical structures, etc., real parts do not have always the uniform thickness. In the present study, effect of increasing thickness of a part, variable thickness within a part, angle of bracket, gradient of resin content, and convex and concave tooling on the process induced deformation in angled brackets is studied experimentally. The deformation was divided into two segments: warpage and spring back angle, which were measured using spherometer and microscope along with Scope Image Plus software, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe presence of resin content gradient. It is observed that behavior of parts having variation of thickness in them is quite different than the uniform thickness parts. Part having increased thickness at base and flange has up to 10% decrease in distortion. Increased thickness is only effective at larger angles, at sharper angles, there is increase in distortion when thickness is increased. Convex type of tooling induces lower spring-back as compared to concave one.
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Ou, Xuan, Hee-Don Chae, Myung-kwan Han, Tammi Taylor, Young-June Kim, and Hal E. Broxmeyer. "SIRT1 Is Required for Mouse Embroyonic Stem Cell Commitment to Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.811.811.
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Abstract Abstract 811 SIRT1 is a conserved NAD-dependent deacetylase that catalyzes deacetylation of acetyl-lysine residues of proteins such as histone and p53. SIRT1 plays an important role in a variety of biological processes including stress resistance, metabolism, differentiation and aging (Rodgers et al, Nature, 2005; 434:113). A role for SIRT1 in mouse (m) embryonic stem cell (ESC) maintenance is only beginning to be elucidated (Han et al, Cell Stem Cell, 2008; 2:241). Here we focus on a role for SIRT1 in differentiation of mESCs into hematopoietic cells. We hypothesized that SIRT1 is involved in mESC commitment to hematopoietic cell differentiation. We first confirmed that SIRT1 is highly expressed in the R1 mESC line. Hemoglobinized embryoid bodies (EBs) formed from SIRT1−/− R1 ESC were greatly decreased in number upon removal of LIF compared with that of wildtype parental (+/+) R1 cells, as assessed by primary differentiation assay. Differences in hemoglobinized cells were confirmed by gene analysis of βH1 globin (embryonic hemoglobin), markers for primitive erythroid cells. Next, the ability of SIRT1−/− ESCs to form primitive and definitive hematopoietic cells was evaluated and we found that primitive erythroid progenitors formed from SIRT1−/− R1 cells were greatly decreased. Moreover, after differentiation of SIRT1 −/− mESC there were also significant decreases in definitive erythroid (BFU-E), granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), and multipotential (CFU-GEMM) progenitors. We next explored hematopoietic differentiation in EBs from SIRT1−/− cells by flow cytometry analysis of expression of surface antigens. CD41 defines the onset of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis in the murine embryo (Ferkowicz et al, Development, 2003; 130(18): 4393-403). There were much fewer CD41+ cells in SIRT1 d7 EBs compared with those in WT d7 EBs. To further investigate a role for SIRT1 in hematopoietic differentiation, SIRT1−/− ESCs were tested in an alternative in vitro hematopoietic system involving use of the OP9 stromal cell line and after ectopically-inducing HOXB4 to expand hematopoietic cell differentiation. Unlike WT cells, cells from day 6 EBs of SIRT1−/− ESCs did not differentiate into hematopoietic clusters, instead forming mesoderm-like colonies. This suggested that the defect in differentiation of SIRT1−/− ESCs into hematopoietic cells is before the onset of primitive erythropoiesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-responsive blast cell colonies are known to contain both endothelial and hematopoietic precursors. This blast-colony-forming cell (BL-CFC) represents a transient population that is present in EBs between day 2.5 and day 3.5 of differentiation and represents the in vitro equivalent of the hemangioblast and as such, the earliest commitment step in the differentiation of mesoderm to the hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. We therefore assessed the ability of WT and SIRT1−/− cells to give rise to BL-CFC. When compared, SIRT1−/− cells generated significantly reduced number of blast colonies, while more colonies of tightly associated cells were observed than with WT cells in the BL-CFC clonogenic assay. Differentiation of mESC towards mesoderm and hemangioblasts (Blast-colony-forming) within the EBs was assessed by measuring brachyury and flk-1 expression respectively. There was no difference in expression of brachyury. However, flk-1 expression was remarkably reduced in SIRT1−/− EBs compared to +/+ EBs. These results indicated that SIRT1−/− cells differentiate properly into mesoderm, while they have a defect in differentiation into blast colonies. Reintroduction of WT SIRT1 into SIRT1−/− cells rescued the hemoglobinized EB formation of SIRT1−/− cells, suggesting that the defect of hematopoietic commitment is due to deletion of SIRT1, and not to genetic drifting of SIRT1−/− cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SIRT1 plays a role in hemangioblast development and the earliest stages of hematopoietic cell commitment. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Marek, Gary W., Thomas H. Marek, Steven R. Evett, Jourdan M. Bell, Paul D. Colaizzi, David K. Brauer, and Terry A. Howell. "Comparison of Lysimeter-Derived Crop Coefficients for Legacy and Modern Drought-Tolerant Maize Hybrids in the Texas High Plains." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13924.
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HighlightsDaily maximum crop coefficient (Kc) values were similar for legacy hybrids and a modern drought-tolerant (DT) hybrid.Later planting dates for a DT hybrid resulted in average season lengths ~25 days shorter than those of legacy hybrids.Results illustrated the effects of environment, planting date, interannual variation in temperature, and the importance of climate-specific Kc functions.DT hybrids may be more effective at reproductive growth during periods of heat stress in semi-arid environments, although additional data are needed to support this conclusion.Abstract. Corn (Zea mays L.) is a major irrigated crop grown in the Southern High Plains including the Texas Panhandle. Irrigation from the Ogallala Aquifer is required to sustain profitable corn production in the region by supplementing inadequate and erratic rainfall. Effective irrigation scheduling works to extend limited groundwater resources by avoiding water losses associated with runoff and/or percolation below the root zone. The use of crop coefficient (Kc) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values to estimate daily crop water use (ETc) remains an effective scheduling tool that can complement other irrigation scheduling approaches. Both Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO-56) piecewise and curvilinear Kc values for corn are found in the literature. However, advances in corn genetics have led to questions about the applicability of Kc values developed using legacy corn hybrids to irrigation of modern drought-tolerant (DT) hybrids. Lysimeter-derived Kc values for legacy corn hybrids grown in large weighing lysimeter fields at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, Texas, were compared with those derived from a modern DT corn hybrid recently grown in the same fields. Results indicated that although midseason daily Kc values were similar for all hybrids, average season length was ~25 days shorter for the modern DT hybrid, characterized by a shortened initial growth period followed by more rapid increase of Kc during the development period. However, plots of Kc over thermal time illustrated that the differences in season length were likely attributable to later planting dates associated with the DT corn hybrids. Average seasonal water use was 730 and 811 mm for the legacy and modern DT hybrids, respectively (three years each), with corresponding average yields of 1.2 and 1.4 kg ha-1. Results suggest that published Kc and Kcb values developed with legacy corn hybrids remain largely applicable to modern DT corn hybrids when used with accurate estimates of effective canopy-based growth stages and climate-specific Kc functions. Keywords: Crop coefficients, Drought-tolerant, Evapotranspiration, Maize, Weighing lysimeters.
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Zubkov, Albert V., and Sergei V. Sentiabov. "Rock pressure control methods based on detected regularities of stress formation in mining structures." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal 1 (March 30, 2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-2-14-25.
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Relevance. Subsurface mining at the Gaysky ore mine is intensifying because of the growing need in raw material. It leads to rapid increase in the depth of mining and to problems connected with the stability of mining system constructive elements. The effi ciency of the Gaysky deposit underground development is largely determined by mining system constructive elements stability. Ore cave-in in the chambers of the fi rst and second stages causes the growth of load in the interchamber pillars leading to their collapse, loss of boreholes and development headings. Mining productivity in the chambers of the fi rst, second, etc. stages falls, oversize yield grows, which also impairs the effectiveness of mining. Hanging wall and footwall cave-in in the deposit under consideration may be explained not only by host rock poor stability, but also by the presence of high compressive tectonic stresses, that were determined by the authors. Stress measurements in the rock mass have shown that the east-west stresses have doubled the northsouth stresses and have been 1.5 times as high as the vertical ones. The purpose of the research is to reduce stresses in stopes ore in place when excavating steeply dipping ore bodies using a sublevel stoping method with a hardening backfi ll. Research methodology includes full-scale experimental measurements of the stress state of the rock mass and ore in place at accessible depths and horizons of the deposit. A comprehensive scientifi c research method was used, including the analysis and theoretical generalization of stress distribution regularities in the arrays of the extracted chamber reserves and mathematical modeling of the behavior of the research object; theoretical results were compared with the results of instrumental observations. The analysis of the research results made it possible to establish the stress-strained state behavior in the course of mining. It was revealed that when mining a deposit using sublevel stoping, the most loaded elements are the hanging wall and footwall exposed parts, ceiling, interchamber pillars and bottom. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to increase ore in place stability in order to guarantee the safety and effi ciency of the mineral extraction technology. Conclusions. Relieve slots method is among the most effective and frequently used active method of rock mass pressure control. The method has come into common use because it is easy to apply. Main labor inputs of a relieve slot creation are only reduced to extra drilling and blasting which do not require additional tunnel driving. The aim of the relieve slot is to create additional free surfaces for deformation, to redistribute rock mass stress-strain state, and remove stress from the protected element of the mining system.
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Horpinich, Tetiana. "The problem of staff assistance at the medical schools in the USA." Scientific visnyk V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Pedagogical Sciences 65, no. 2 (2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2518-7813-2019-65-2-64-68.
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The article outlines the differences between academic positions in American medical schools. It has been proved that there are many differences in the hierarchical and functional system of academic positions in Ukraine and the United States. It has been established that career success is ensured by a large number of scientific publicatons, experience in pedagogical practice and performance of administrative duties. It has been found out that the academic hierarchy of USA medical schools is characterized by variability of diversified in different universities, but rigid within a single educational system, requirements for a higher position, focusing on research. The basic principle of the American educational system is academic freedom, which is also reflected in the hierarchy of academic positions within USA medical schools – the idea of career growth, besides other advantages, involves academic freedom, which is expressed in scientific research, the choice of teaching methods, etc. An important feature of the American educational system is the academic tenure», a permanent position or an contract for an indefinite period, which is concluded between the university and the teacher, usually after passing the probationary period. The system of attestation of academic personnel in the USA proves different approaches in assessing scientific qualifications, but it is obvious that in comparison with the Ukrainian system it is more democratic and short-term, does not require emotional, psychological and physical stress. It has been established that the system of employment in medical schools in the USA is characterized by complete transparency of the requirements and the selection procedure itself, emphasis on the professionalism in scientific research, attention to the candidate’s previous social experience, high level of communicative skills.
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Xie, Hong, Daquan Yu, Zhenrui Huang, Zhiyi Xiao, Li Yang, and Min Xiang. "Embedded Si Fan Out: A Low Cost Wafer Level Packaging Technology Without Molding and De-bonding Processes." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-tp2_presentation2.
Full textAbstract:
The growing and diversifying system requirements have continued to drive the development of a variety of new package technologies and configurations: small form factor, low weight, low profile, high pin count and high speed and low cost. Embedded chip in EMC, also called fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP), has been used in various products such as baseband, RF (radio frequency) transceiver, and PMICs (power management ICs). Currently, INFO technology developed by TSMC®, NANIUM® were in mass production for 3D integration for processor and memory, which inspires other packaging foundries to develop their own embedded FOWLP for the forecasted explosive growth of this market in the next few years. There are a number of challenges for FOWLP. For process point of view, temporary bonding and de-bonding are required. EMC wafers are difficult to handle due to its large warpage driven by the big CTE difference between the Si and molding material. In addition, the manufacturing of fine pitch RDL on EMC surface is also difficult. In this paper, the concept of wafer level embedded Si Fan-Out (eSiFO) technology was introduced and the development progress was reported. For eSiFO, cavities with certain depth were formed by Si dry etch. Then device dies were thinned to designed thickness. The dice were then placed into the cavities and bonded by the attached film on the bottom of the dice. A reconstructed wafer was formed. The micro gap between the chip and sidewall of the cavity as well as the surface of the reconstructed wafer were filled by dry film using vacuum process. Next, the pads were opened, followed RDL fabrication, repassivation, BGA, wafer thinning and dicing. Finally, an eSiFO package was fabricated. There are a number of advantages for eSiFO technology. There is nearly no warpage since the Si was used as reconstruct substrate. The process is relatively simple since no molding, temporary bonding and de-bonding are required. RDL manufacturing is easier on Si wafer vs with molding compounds and can achieve high density routing. Furthermore, it can provide small form factor since the thinning of wafer is the last step. To prove the concept of eSiFO, a 3.3 x 3.3mm package with 50 BGA bumps at 400μm pitch was fabricated. The device wafer was thinned to 100μm. The die size is 1.96 × 2.36mm with pad pitch at about 90μm. The depth of the cavities on 8 in. wafer formed by Bosch process on bare Si wafer was 107μm with 8μm variation. The length and width of Si cavities is 20μm larger than die size. In the package, there is one layer Cu RDL with thickness of 3μm, minimum line width of 13.72μm. The BGA ball diameter is 280μm. All the processes were evaluated and the results showed such packages can be produced. Reliability tests including THS, T/C, HTS and HAST were carried out and no failure issue was observed. Mechanical simulation was used to analyze the stress distribution during TC test and the results showed the maximum stress was located at the RDL near the UBM. In summary, a low cost wafer level fan out technology using reconstructed Si wafer was developed. The process is simple without molding, temporary bonding and de-bonding. The reliability tests of test vehicles proved that such package is reliable. The newly developed eSiFO technology can be widely used for chips requiring fan-Out, small form factor and high density interconnects.
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Ibrahim, R. A. "Overview of Structural Life Assessment and Reliability, Part V: Joints and Weldments." Journal of Ship Production and Design 32, no. 01 (February 1, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2016.32.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Structural life assessment periodically evaluates the state and condition of a structural system and provides recommendations for possible maintenance actions or the end of structural service life. It is a diversified field and relies on the theories of fracture mechanics, fatigue damage process, probability of failure, and reliability. With reference to naval ship structures, their life assessment is not only governed by the theory of fracture mechanics and fatigue damage process, but by other factors such as corrosion, grounding, and sudden collision. The purpose of this series of review articles is to provide different issues pertaining to structural life assessment of ships and ocean structures. Part I deals with the basic ingredients of the theory of fracture mechanics, which is classified into linear elastic fracture mechanics and elastoplastic fracture mechanics. The amount of energy available for fracture is usually governed by the stress field around the crack, which is measured by the stress intensity factor. The value of the stress intensity factor, which depends on the loading mode, is evaluated by different methods developed by many researchers. The applications of the theory of fracture mechanics to metallic and composite structures are presented with an emphasis to those used in marine structures. When the inertia of relatively large pieces of a structure is large enough that the correct balancing of the energy of fracture requires the inclusion of kinetic energy, then the dynamic nature of fracture dominates the analysis. For a crack that is already propagating, the inertial effects are important when the crack tip speed is small compared with the stress wave velocities. This fact has been realized in the theory of fracture mechanics under the name of dynamic fracture and peridynamic. In essence, peridynamic replaces the partial differential equations of classic continuum theories with integro-differential equations as a tool to avoid singularities arising from the fact that partial derivatives do not exist on crack surfaces and other singularities. A brief overview of fracture dynamics and peridynamics together with damage mechanisms in composite structures is presented. The limitations of fracture mechanics criteria are also discussed. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure, which are addressed in Part II. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure. In view of structural parameter uncertainties, probabilistic analysis requires the use of reliability methods for assessing fatigue life by considering the crack propagation process and the first passage problem, which measures the probability of the exit time from a safe operating regime. The main results reported in the literature pertaining to ship structural damage assessments resulting from to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads of liquefied natural gas in ship tankers, and ship grounding accidents, and collision with solid bodies are discussed in Part III. Under such extreme loadings, structural reliability will be the major issue in the design stage of ocean structures. The treatment of extreme loading on ship structures significantly differs from those approaches developed by dynamicists. Environmental effects on ship structures play a major factor in the life assessment of ocean systems. In particular, these effects include corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Part IV is devoted to a ship's life assessment resulting from corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Because structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the ship and aerospace industries, the influence of environment on aluminum structures and the means of corrosion control and monitoring in both aluminum and nonaluminum metals are presented. Hybrid ships consist of a stainless steel advanced double-hull center section, to which a composite material bow and/or stern is attached. Such structures require strong joints between the composite and the steel parts. Some of the difficulties with joining composites and metal are related to the large difference in mechanical properties such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc., between the adherents and the large anisotropy of composites. Such differences generally lead to large stress concentrations and weak joints. Fatigue crack growth, stress concentrations resulting from details, joints, and fasteners are addressed in Part V. Fatigue improvement in welded joints is considered one the major tasks of this part. Brittle fracture of hull structures causes serious structural damage and this motivated the ship structure community to develop some means to prevent brittle cracks from occurring. The basic principle behind the use of a crack arrester is to reduce the crack-driving force below the resisting force that must be overcome to extend a crack. The crack arrestor can be as simple as a thickened region of metal or may be constructed of a laminated or woven material that can withstand deformation without failure. Part VI provides different approaches of passive crack control in the form of crack arresters to stop crack propagation before it spreads over a structure component. Crack arresters used in ship structures and pipelines are described for both metal and composite materials. This six-part review article is by no means exhaustive and is based on over 1800 references. It does not address the structural health monitoring, which constitutes a major task in the structural diagnostic process.
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Powers, James F., Brent Cochran, James D. Baleja, Hadley D. Sikes, Xue Zhang, Inna Lomakin, Troy Langford, Kassi Taylor Stein, and Arthur S. Tischler. "A unique model for SDH-deficient GIST: an endocrine-related cancer." Endocrine-Related Cancer 25, no. 11 (November 2018): 943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-18-0115.
Full textAbstract:
We describe a unique patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and cell culture model of succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumor (SDH-deficient GIST), a rare mesenchymal tumor that can occur in association with paragangliomas in hereditary and non-hereditary syndromes. This model is potentially important for what it might reveal specifically pertinent to this rare tumor type and, more broadly, to other types of SDH-deficient tumors. The primary tumor and xenografts show a very high proliferative fraction, and distinctive morphology characterized by tiny cells with marked autophagic activity. It is likely that these characteristics resulted from the combination of the germline SDHB mutation and a somatic KRAS G12D mutation. The most broadly relevant findings to date concern oxygen and oxidative stress. In paragangliomas harboring SDHx mutations, both hypoxic signaling and oxidative stress are putative drivers of tumor growth. However, there are no models for SDH-deficient paragangliomas. This related model is the first from a SDHB-mutated human tumor that can be experimentally manipulated to study mechanisms of oxygen effects and novel treatment strategies. Our data suggest that tumor growth and survival require a balance between protective effects of hypoxic signaling vs deleterious effects of oxidative stress. While reduced oxygen concentration promotes tumor cell survival, a further survival benefit is achieved with antioxidants. This suggests potential use of drugs that increase oxidative stress as novel therapies. In addition, autophagy, which has not been reported as a major finding in any type of SDH-deficient tumor, is a potential target of agents that might trigger autophagic cell death.
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Rosyida Rosyida and Budi Adi Kristanto. "The role of antioxidant compounds in plant heat tolerance." Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2022.4.1.0050.
Full textAbstract:
Plants are sessile organisms, therefore cannot move to more favorable environments; consequently, plant growth and developmental processes are affected, often lethally by stress. High temperature or ‘Heat’ stress is known as major environmental stress that limits plant growth, metabolism, and productivity worldwide. Heat stress is often defined as the rise in temperature beyond a threshold level for a period of time sufficient to cause irreversible damage to plant growth and development. The increase of temperature up to a certain level increases plant growth, photosynthesis, respiration and enzyme activity and after that these parameters tend to decline. One of the ways to deal the with adverse effects of heat stress may involve exploring some molecules that have the potential to protect the plants from the harmful effects of heat stress In recent decades exogenous protectant such as osmoprotectants (proline, glycinebetaine, trehalose, etc.), plant hormone (gibberellic acids, jasmonic acids, brassinosterioids, salicylic acid, etc.), signaling molecules (nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, etc.), polyamines (spermidine, spermine, putrescine), trace elements (selenium, silicon, etc.) antioxidants (ascorbic acid, thiamine, glutathione, tocopherol, etc.), have been found effective in mitigating the abiotic stress induced damage in plant. Current report showed that several antioxidants compound such as ascorbic acid and thiamine perform positive effect to combat heat stress in plant is dose dependent manner.
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Fritsch, Bruno B. "Energy - The Key to an Ecologically Sustainable Development⊗." Energy & Environment 7, no. 2 (March 1996): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9600700202.
Full textAbstract:
In assessing the chances and dangers which exist on the way to a globally sustainable economic system which would provide the basis for a decent living for a population of the magnitude of about 9 to 10 billion people, one cannot deny the tremendous progress mankind made during the last twenty five years. But precisely because such positive developments cannot be expected to last for ever, the question was posed by many social and natural scientists whether, and for how long the carrying capacity of our planet can withstand such “progress”. In this paper, facts are presented which show that limits are not so much in the area of physical factors, e.g. energy and resources, but rather in our ability to learn and to absorb the speed of technological change, both in psychological and in political terms. Thus the problems we are confronted with are neither of a purely physical nor of a purely economical nature. From a wider perspective, it becomes obvious that man is involved in three interrelated conflicts. He is: in conflict with nature (environment), in conflict with his fellow men (war), and in conflict with himself (identity between the inner and outer world). The factors influencing our chances to achieve a situation which is sustainable and socially acceptable as well, have at least three dimensions: a dimension of evolutionary history, a scientific or technological, and an economico-political dimension. It is shown that in terms of the time dimensions involved in evolution, the increase of world population occurred in an extremely short period. Therefore, we are right in describing this phenomenon as an “explosion”. The changes connected to the population explosion – agglomerations, new infrastructures, mobility etc., – imposed a great stress upon our psyche. Uncertainty and anxiety gradually changed our behaviour. More and more people tended to blame each other for the “catastrophes” to come. In such an atmosphere of uncertainty, knowledge about the time scale is essential. The time scales of ecological processes differs by magnitudes from the time scale of political processes. A deeper understanding of the underlying processes shows that we do not “consume” energy, but rather transfer high grade energy into waste heat. (Second Law of Thermodynamics). Similarly, we do not “consume” resources, but rather change a given concentration and composition of elements in a way which suits the present purposes. Hence we “consume” state of orders and not matter (law of conservation). These technical transformations require energy and knowledge. The more efficiently we use energy, the better the “eco-efficiency” – a concept which is explained in the article. It is shown that the key positive factor in achieving any kind of sustainability is knowledge and the key negative factor is further population growth. Hence, if we want to achieve a morally and materially sustainable future we must break the vicious circle of on-going population growth, more poverty, less chances to learn, more violence, more population growth, and so on.
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Murthy, Dr ARV, Dr Ishwari Patil, Dr Yogeshwari B, and Dr Asharani H. "Review Article: Scope of Ayurveda in Antenatal Care WSR to Garbhini Paricharya." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY 13 (2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrmst.v13i01.003.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of reproductive and child health program of government of India is to get a healthy child from a healthy mother. The woman is considered as one of the most essential factors for the continuity of the human race. Garbhini paricharya (Antenatal Care) means all round care of the pregnant women. According to modern science, antenatal care is a systemic supervision of the pregnant women. It should be started from confirmation of pregnancy to the delivery. During Garbhavastha (pregnancy), she experiences lots of anatomical as well as physiological changes at the level of Dosha (body humors), Dhatu (Body tissues) and Mala (body waste products). During pregnancy women experiences features like edema, pallor, heartburn, vomiting, constipation, weakness, increase in weight and abdominal fundal height, etc such changes though physiological may turn in to pathology, so prevention of these must so she has to take a range of medicine. These changes are nothing but maternal adaptation to the increasing demand of the growing foetus. The Growth and development of foetus requires more nutrition from mother. This causes increased workload on the maternal Dhatus (Body tissues), so she needs extra nutrition during Garbhavastha (Pregnancy). Now a days due to change in life style i.e. sedentary and increased stress, strain due to this has increased incidence of pregnancy complications, abnormal labor that leads to surgical incidence in conducting delivery. Aim of Garbhini paricharya (Antenatal care) is to develop all the Dhatus (Body tissues) of the pregnant women and foetus and decreases adverse outcome of pregnancy. Ancient Indian physicians were very much aware of this fact and various diet recipes and regimens have elaborately mentioned in our Samhitas (Ayurvedic Texts) under the heading of Garbhini paricharya (Anti natal care). According to all acharyas the commonly used drugs in garbhini paricharya (Antenatal care) are brumhana (nourishing), Madhura (sweet), Snigdha (unctuous) these drugs help in achieving the good health, energy, strength, complexion of the child. Ayurveda has suggested a very good protocol Masanumasika Garbhini Paricharya (month wise antenatal care) i.e. Ahara (diet), Vihara (lifestyle), Vichara (psychological aspect) to be followed during pregnancy with respect to each month. This article describes an Ayurveda perspective of Ahara- Vihara (Diet and Regimen) W.S.R to Masanumasika Garbini Paricharya (month wise antenatal care).
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Ibrahim, R. A. "Overview of Structural Life Assessment and Reliability, Part III: Impact, Grounding, and Reliability of Ships under Extreme Loading." Journal of Ship Production and Design 31, no. 03 (August 1, 2015): 137–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2015.31.3.137.
Full textAbstract:
Structural life assessment periodically evaluates the state and condition of a structural system and provides recommendations for possible maintenance actions or the end of structural service life. It is a diversified field and relies on the theories of fracture mechanics, fatigue damage process, probability of failure, and reliability. With reference to naval ship structures, their life assessment is not only governed by the theory of fracture mechanics and fatigue damage process, but by other factors such as corrosion, grounding, and sudden collision. The purpose of this series of review articles is to provide different issues pertaining to structural life assessment of ships and ocean structures. Part I deals with the basic ingredients of the theory of fracture mechanics, which is classified into linear elastic fracture mechanics and elasto-plastic fracture mechanics. The amount of energy available for fracture is usually governed by the stress field around the crack, which is measured by the stress intensity factor. The value of the stress intensity factor, which depends on the loading mode, is evaluated by different methods developed by many researchers. The applications of the theory of fracture mechanics to metallic and composite structures are presented with an emphasis to those used in marine structures. When the inertia of relatively large pieces of a structure is large enough that the correct balancing of the energy of fracture requires the inclusion of kinetic energy, then the dynamic nature of fracture dominates the analysis. For a crack that is already propagating, the inertial effects are important when the crack tip speed is small compared with the stress wave velocities. This fact has been realized in the theory of fracture mechanics under the name of dynamic fracture and peridynamic. In essence, peridynamic replaces the partial differential equations of classic continuum theories with integro-differential equations as a tool to avoid singularities arising from the fact that partial derivatives do not exist on crack surfaces and other singularities. A brief overview of fracture dynamics and peridynamics together with damage mechanisms in composite structures is presented. The limitations of fracture mechanics criteria are also discussed. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure, which are addressed in Part II. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure. In view of structural parameter uncertainties, probabilistic analysis requires the use of reliability methods for assessing fatigue life by considering the crack propagation process and the first passage problem, which measures the probability of the exit time from a safe operating regime. The main results reported in the literature pertaining to ship structural damage assessments resulting from to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads of liquefied natural gas in ship tankers, and ship grounding accidents, and collision with solid bodies are discussed in Part III. Under such extreme loadings, structural reliability will be the major issue in the design stage of ocean structures. The treatment of extreme loading on ship structures significantly differs from those approaches developed by dynamicists. Environmental effects on ship structures play a major factor in the life assessment of ocean systems. In particular, these effects include corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Part IV is devoted to a ship's life assessment resulting from corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Because structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the ship and aerospace industries, the influence of environment on aluminum structures and the means of corrosion control and monitoring in both aluminum and nonaluminum metals are presented. Hybrid ships consist of a stainless steel advanced double-hull center section, to which a composite material bow and/or stern is attached. Such structures require strong joints between the composite and the steel parts. Some of the difficulties with joining composites and metal are related to the large difference in mechanical properties such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc., between the adherents and the large anisotropy of composites. Such differences generally lead to large stress concentrations and weak joints. Fatigue crack growth, stress concentrations resulting from details, joints, and fasteners are addressed in Part V. Fatigue improvement in welded joints is considered one the major tasks of this part. Brittle fracture of hull structures causes serious structural damage and this motivated the ship structure community to develop some means to prevent brittle cracks from occurring. The basic principle behind the use of a crack arrester is to reduce the crack-driving force below the resisting force that must be overcome to extend a crack. The crack arrestor can be as simple as a thickened region of metal or may be constructed of a laminated or woven material that can withstand deformation without failure. Part VI provides different approaches of passive crack control in the form of crack arresters to stop crack propagation before it spreads over a structure component. Crack arresters used in ship structures and pipelines are described for both metal and composite materials. This six-part review article is by no means exhaustive and is based on over 1800 references. It does not address the structural health monitoring, which constitutes a major task in the structural diagnostic process.
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Ibrahim, R. A. "Overview of Structural Life Assessment and Reliability, Part VI: Crack Arresters 1." Journal of Ship Production and Design 32, no. 02 (May 1, 2016): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2016.32.2.71.
Full textAbstract:
Structural life assessment periodically evaluates the state and condition of a structural system and provides recommendations for possible maintenance actions or the end of structural service life. It is a diversified field and relies on the theories of fracture mechanics, fatigue damage process, probability of failure, and reliability. With reference to naval ship structures, their life assessment is not only governed by the theory of fracture mechanics and fatigue damage process, but by other factors such as corrosion, grounding, and sudden collision. The purpose of this series of review articles is to provide different issues pertaining to structural life assessment of ships and ocean structures. Part I deals with the basic ingredients of the theory of fracture mechanics, which is classified into linear elastic fracture mechanics and elasto-plastic fracture mechanics. The amount of energy available for fracture is usually governed by the stress field around the crack, which is measured by the stress intensity factor. The value of the stress intensity factor, which depends on the loading mode, is evaluated by different methods developed by many researchers. The applications of the theory of fracture mechanics to metallic and composite structures are presented with an emphasis to those used in marine structures. When the inertia of relatively large pieces of a structure is large enough that the correct balancing of the energy of fracture requires the inclusion of kinetic energy, then the dynamic nature of fracture dominates the analysis. For a crack that is already propagating, the inertial effects are important when the crack tip speed is small compared with the stress wave velocities. This fact has been realized in the theory of fracture mechanics under the name of dynamic fracture and peridynamic. In essence, peridynamic replaces the partial differential equations of classic continuum theories with integro-differential equations as a tool to avoid singularities arising from the fact that partial derivatives do not exist on crack surfaces and other singularities. A brief overview of fracture dynamics and peridynamics together with damage mechanisms in composite structures is presented. The limitations of fracture mechanics criteria are also discussed. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure, which are addressed in Part II. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure. In view of structural parameter uncertainties, probabilistic analysis requires the use of reliability methods for assessing fatigue life by considering the crack propagation process and the first passage problem, which measures the probability of the exit time from a safe operating regime. The main results reported in the literature pertaining to ship structural damage assessments resulting from to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads of liquefied natural gas in ship tankers, and ship grounding accidents, and collision with solid bodies are discussed in Part III. Under such extreme loadings, structural reliability will be the major issue in the design stage of ocean structures. The treatment of extreme loading on ship structures significantly differs from those approaches developed by dynamicists. Environmental effects on ship structures play a major factor in the life assessment of ocean systems. In particular, these effects include corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Part IV is devoted to a ship's life assessment resulting from corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Because structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the ship and aerospace industries, the influence of environment on aluminum structures and the means of corrosion control and monitoring in both aluminum and nonaluminum metals are presented. Hybrid ships consist of a stainless steel advanced double-hull center section, to which a composite material bow and/or stern is attached. Such structures require strong joints between the composite and the steel parts. Some of the difficulties with joining composites and metal are related to the large difference in mechanical properties such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc., between the adherents and the large anisotropy of composites. Such differences generally lead to large stress concentrations and weak joints. Fatigue crack growth, stress concentrations resulting from details, joints, and fasteners are addressed in Part V. Fatigue improvement in welded joints is considered one the major tasks of this part. Brittle fracture of hull structures causes serious structural damage and this motivated the ship structure community to develop some means to prevent brittle cracks from occurring. The basic principle behind the use of a crack arrester is to reduce the crack-driving force below the resisting force that must be overcome to extend a crack. The crack arrestor can be as simple as a thickened region of metal or may be constructed of a laminated or woven material that can withstand deformation without failure. Part VI provides different approaches of passive crack control in the form of crack arresters to stop crack propagation before it spreads over a structure component. Crack arresters used in ship structures and pipelines are described for both metal and composite materials. This six-part review article is by no means exhaustive and is based on over 1800 references. It does not address the structural health monitoring, which constitutes a major task in the structural diagnostic process.
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Ibrahim, R. A. "Overview of Structural Life Assessment and Reliability, Part I: Basic Ingredients of Fracture Mechanics." Journal of Ship Production and Design 31, no. 01 (February 1, 2015): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2015.31.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Structural life assessment periodically evaluates the state and condition of a structural system and provides recommendations for possible maintenance actions or the end of structural service life. It is a diversified field and relies on the theories of fracture mechanics, fatigue damage process, probability of failure, and reliability. With reference to naval ship structures, their life assessment is not only governed by the theory of fracture mechanics and fatigue damage process, but by other factors such as corrosion, grounding, and sudden collision. The purpose of this series of review articles is to provide different issues pertaining to structural life assessment of ships and ocean structures. Part I deals with the basic ingredients of the theory of fracture mechanics, which is classified into linear elastic fracture mechanics and elasto-plastic fracture mechanics. The amount of energy available for fracture is usually governed by the stress field around the crack, which is measured by the stress intensity factor. The value of the stress intensity factor, which depends on the loading mode, is evaluated by different methods developed by many researchers. The applications of the theory of fracture mechanics to metallic and composite structures are presented with an emphasis to those used in marine structures. When the inertia of relatively large pieces of a structure is large enough that the correct balancing of the energy of fracture requires the inclusion of kinetic energy, then the dynamic nature of fracture dominates the analysis. For a crack that is already propagating, the inertial effects are important when the crack tip speed is small compared with the stress wave velocities. This fact has been realized in the theory of fracture mechanics under the name of dynamic fracture and peridynamic. In essence, peridynamic replaces the partial differential equations of classic continuum theories with integro-differential equations as a tool to avoid singularities arising from the fact that partial derivatives do not exist on crack surfaces and other singularities. A brief overview of fracture dynamics and peridynamics together with damage mechanisms in composite structures is presented. The limitations of fracture mechanics criteria are also discussed. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure, which are addressed in Part II. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure. In view of structural parameter uncertainties, probabilistic analysis requires the use of reliability methods for assessing fatigue life by considering the crack propagation process and the first passage problem, which measures the probability of the exit time from a safe operating regime. The main results reported in the literature pertaining to ship structural damage assessments resulting from to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads of liquefied natural gas in ship tankers, and ship grounding accidents, and collision with solid bodies are discussed in Part III. Under such extreme loadings, structural reliability will be the major issue in the design stage of ocean structures. The treatment of extreme loading on ship structures significantly differs from those approaches developed by dynamicists. Environmental effects on ship structures play a major factor in the life assessment of ocean systems. In particular, these effects include corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Part IV is devoted to a ship's life assessment resulting from corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Because structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the ship and aerospace industries, the influence of environment on aluminum structures and the means of corrosion control and monitoring in both aluminum and nonaluminum metals are presented. Hybrid ships consist of a stainless steel advanced double-hull center section, to which a composite material bow and/or stern is attached. Such structures require strong joints between the composite and the steel parts. Some of the difficulties with joining composites and metal are related to the large difference in mechanical properties such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc., between the adherents and the large anisotropy of composites. Such differences generally lead to large stress concentrations and weak joints. Fatigue crack growth, stress concentrations resulting from details, joints, and fasteners are addressed in Part V. Fatigue improvement in welded joints is considered one the major tasks of this part. Brittle fracture of hull structures causes serious structural damage and this motivated the ship structure community to develop some means to prevent brittle cracks from occurring. The basic principle behind the use of a crack arrester is to reduce the crack-driving force below the resisting force that must be overcome to extend a crack. The crack arrestor can be as simple as a thickened region of metal or may be constructed of a laminated or woven material that can withstand deformation without failure. Part VI provides different approaches of passive crack control in the form of crack arresters to stop crack propagation before it spreads over a structure component. Crack arresters used in ship structures and pipelines are described for both metal and composite materials. This six-part review article is by no means exhaustive and is based on over 1800 references. It does not address the structural health monitoring, which constitutes a major task in the structural diagnostic process.
42
Ibrahim, R. A. "Overview of Structural Life Assessment and Reliability, Part II: Fatigue Life and Reliability Assessment of Naval Ship Structures." Journal of Ship Production and Design 31, no. 02 (May 1, 2015): 100–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2015.31.2.100.
Full textAbstract:
Structural life assessment periodically evaluates the state and condition of a structural system and provides recommendations for possible maintenance actions or the end of structural service life. It is a diversified field and relies on the theories of fracture mechanics, fatigue damage process, probability of failure, and reliability. With reference to naval ship structures, their life assessment is not only governed by the theory of fracture mechanics and fatigue damage process, but by other factors such as corrosion, grounding, and sudden collision. The purpose of this series of review articles is to provide different issues pertaining to structural life assessment of ships and ocean structures. Part I deals with the basic ingredients of the theory of fracture mechanics, which is classified into linear elastic fracture mechanics and elasto-plastic fracture mechanics. The amount of energy available for fracture is usually governed by the stress field around the crack, which is measured by the stress intensity factor. The value of the stress intensity factor, which depends on the loading mode, is evaluated by different methods developed by many researchers. The applications of the theory of fracture mechanics to metallic and composite structures are presented with an emphasis to those used in marine structures. When the inertia of relatively large pieces of a structure is large enough that the correct balancing of the energy of fracture requires the inclusion of kinetic energy, then the dynamic nature of fracture dominates the analysis. For a crack that is already propagating, the inertial effects are important when the crack tip speed is small compared with the stress wave velocities. This fact has been realized in the theory of fracture mechanics under the name of dynamic fracture and peridynamic. In essence, peridynamic replaces the partial differential equations of classic continuum theories with integro-differential equations as a tool to avoid singularities arising from the fact that partial derivatives do not exist on crack surfaces and other singularities. A brief overview of fracture dynamics and peridynamics together with damage mechanisms in composite structures is presented. The limitations of fracture mechanics criteria are also discussed. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure, which are addressed in Part II. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure. In view of structural parameter uncertainties, probabilistic analysis requires the use of reliability methods for assessing fatigue life by considering the crack propagation process and the first passage problem, which measures the probability of the exit time from a safe operating regime. The main results reported in the literature pertaining to ship structural damage assessments resulting from to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads of liquefied natural gas in ship tankers, and ship grounding accidents, and collision with solid bodies are discussed in Part III. Under such extreme loadings, structural reliability will be the major issue in the design stage of ocean structures. The treatment of extreme loading on ship structures significantly differs from those approaches developed by dynamicists. Environmental effects on ship structures play a major factor in the life assessment of ocean systems. In particular, these effects include corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Part IV is devoted to a ship's life assessment resulting from corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Because structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the ship and aerospace industries, the influence of environment on aluminum structures and the means of corrosion control and monitoring in both aluminum and nonaluminum metals are presented. Hybrid ships consist of a stainless steel advanced double-hull center section, to which a composite material bow and/or stern is attached. Such structures require strong joints between the composite and the steel parts. Some of the difficulties with joining composites and metal are related to the large difference in mechanical properties such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc., between the adherents and the large anisotropy of composites. Such differences generally lead to large stress concentrations and weak joints. Fatigue crack growth, stress concentrations resulting from details, joints, and fasteners are addressed in Part V. Fatigue improvement in welded joints is considered one the major tasks of this part. Brittle fracture of hull structures causes serious structural damage and this motivated the ship structure community to develop some means to prevent brittle cracks from occurring. The basic principle behind the use of a crack arrester is to reduce the crack-driving force below the resisting force that must be overcome to extend a crack. The crack arrestor can be as simple as a thickened region of metal or may be constructed of a laminated or woven material that can withstand deformation without failure. Part VI provides different approaches of passive crack control in the form of crack arresters to stop crack propagation before it spreads over a structure component. Crack arresters used in ship structures and pipelines are described for both metal and composite materials. This six-part review article is by no means exhaustive and is based on over 1800 references. It does not address the structural health monitoring, which constitutes a major task in the structural diagnostic process.
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Ibrahim, R. A. "Overview of Structural Life Assessment and Reliability, Part IV: Corrosion and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Naval Ship Structures." Journal of Ship Production and Design 31, no. 04 (November 1, 2015): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2015.31.4.241.
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Structural life assessment periodically evaluates the state and condition of a structural system and provides recommendations for possible maintenance actions or the end of structural service life. It is a diversified field and relies on the theories of fracture mechanics, fatigue damage process, probability of failure, and reliability. With reference to naval ship structures, their life assessment is not only governed by the theory of fracture mechanics and fatigue damage process, but by other factors such as corrosion, grounding, and sudden collision. The purpose of this series of review articles is to provide different issues pertaining to structural life assessment of ships and ocean structures. Part I deals with the basic ingredients of the theory of fracture mechanics, which is classified into linear elastic fracture mechanics and elasto-plastic fracture mechanics. The amount of energy available for fracture is usually governed by the stress field around the crack, which is measured by the stress intensity factor. The value of the stress intensity factor, which depends on the loading mode, is evaluated by different methods developed by many researchers. The applications of the theory of fracture mechanics to metallic and composite structures are presented with an emphasis to those used in marine structures. When the inertia of relatively large pieces of a structure is large enough that the correct balancing of the energy of fracture requires the inclusion of kinetic energy, then the dynamic nature of fracture dominates the analysis. For a crack that is already propagating, the inertial effects are important when the crack tip speed is small compared with the stress wave velocities. This fact has been realized in the theory of fracture mechanics under the name of dynamic fracture and peridynamic. In essence, peridynamic replaces the partial differential equations of classic continuum theories with integro-differential equations as a tool to avoid singularities arising from the fact that partial derivatives do not exist on crack surfaces and other singularities. A brief overview of fracture dynamics and peridynamics together with damage mechanisms in composite structures is presented. The limitations of fracture mechanics criteria are also discussed. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure, which are addressed in Part II. Life assessment of ship structures depends on the failure modes and the probabilistic description of failure. In view of structural parameter uncertainties, probabilistic analysis requires the use of reliability methods for assessing fatigue life by considering the crack propagation process and the first passage problem, which measures the probability of the exit time from a safe operating regime. The main results reported in the literature pertaining to ship structural damage assessments resulting from to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads of liquefied natural gas in ship tankers, and ship grounding accidents, and collision with solid bodies are discussed in Part III. Under such extreme loadings, structural reliability will be the major issue in the design stage of ocean structures. The treatment of extreme loading on ship structures significantly differs from those approaches developed by dynamicists. Environmental effects on ship structures play a major factor in the life assessment of ocean systems. In particular, these effects include corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Part IV is devoted to a ship's life assessment resulting from corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. Because structural components made from aluminum and its alloys are vital to the ship and aerospace industries, the influence of environment on aluminum structures and the means of corrosion control and monitoring in both aluminum and nonaluminum metals are presented. Hybrid ships consist of a stainless steel advanced double-hull center section, to which a composite material bow and/or stern is attached. Such structures require strong joints between the composite and the steel parts. Some of the difficulties with joining composites and metal are related to the large difference in mechanical properties such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc., between the adherents and the large anisotropy of composites. Such differences generally lead to large stress concentrations and weak joints. Fatigue crack growth, stress concentrations resulting from details, joints, and fasteners are addressed in Part V. Fatigue improvement in welded joints is considered one the major tasks of this part. Brittle fracture of hull structures causes serious structural damage and this motivated the ship structure community to develop some means to prevent brittle cracks from occurring. The basic principle behind the use of a crack arrester is to reduce the crack-driving force below the resisting force that must be overcome to extend a crack. The crack arrestor can be as simple as a thickened region of metal or may be constructed of a laminated or woven material that can withstand deformation without failure. Part VI provides different approaches of passive crack control in the form of crack arresters to stop crack propagation before it spreads over a structure component. Crack arresters used in ship structures and pipelines are described for both metal and composite materials. This six-part review article is by no means exhaustive and is based on over 1800 references. It does not address the structural health monitoring, which constitutes a major task in the structural diagnostic process.
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Shil, Sanjoy, and Sujaya Dewanjee. "Impact of drought stress signals on growth and secondary metabolites (SMs) in medicinal plants." Journal of Phytopharmacology 11, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2022.11511.
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Medicinal plants having diversified phytochemical compounds like secondary plant metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, steroids, flavanoids, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates, essential oils and aromatic compounds etc) are subject to abiotic stress like drought. Drought, one of the major ecologically limiting factors has significant impact on growth and secondary metabolic process of several medicinal plants. Water stress causes a reduction in plant size, density, reduces plant leaf area, and decrease in whole biomass, and not only alters the plant structurally and anatomically but also leads to fluctuation of their secondary chemical constituents. Secondary plant metabolites (SPMs) are useful to assess the quality and quantity of the therapeutic ingredients and such metabolites synthesized by the plant helps to cope up towards the negative effects of stress for adaptation and defence. A large number of studies manifested from the relevant review that drought influences on SPMs production and accumulation from plant parts like roots, stems, leaves, flower, fruits, seeds etc and causes an increase or decrease in their solute concentration by up to 50%. Studies showed that a medicinal plant produces different concentration of a particular metabolite grown under stress and non-stress environment. Generally, drought stress accumulates a higher concentration of active phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids etc whereas concentration of phenols, flavanoids and saponins etc decreases under drought. In most cases as a whole, it may have to be concluding from comparative analysis that medicinal plants grown under drought exhibits higher content of secondary plant products than grown under optimal conditions. In addition, all secondary products may not increase in equal proportions under stress and it depends on the intensity of the drought as well as species of medicinal plants. Thus, moderate drought stress significantly enhanced the quality as well as quantity of secondary active substances in medicinal plants. However, for better understanding indepth further research is utmost essential at molecular level using new techniques viz. Proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomes and genomics etc.
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Rosa, Edson V. Cordova, Cleidson Valgas, Maria M. Souza-Sierra, Albertina X. R. Corrěa, and Claudemir Marcos Radetski. "Biomass growth, micronucleus induction, and antioxidant stress enzyme responses inVicia fabaexposed to cadmium in solution." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, no. 3 (March 2003): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620220325.
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Margaryta, BOІKO, BOSOVSKA Myroslava, and OKHRIMENKO Alla. "REFRAMING OF THE TOURIST BRANDING CONCEPT." Herald of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics 137, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/visnik.knute.2021(137)05.
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Background. The use of innovative tools in various spheres of Ukraine’s tourist system, including in particular its branding, will provide new development opportunities in the context of the global pandemic COVID-19. Analysis of recent research and publications has shown that the problems of formation Ukraine’s national tourism brand require systematic comprehensive research despite scientific interest and practical necessity. The aim of the article is to substantiate the peculiarities of reframing concept (from English reframe – to do over, to change) of tourism branding on the basis of the holistic approach. Materials and methods. The portfolio tools and methods of scientific research such as analysis, synthesis, analytical researches; systematization, decomposition and generalization were used to substantiate the concept of the national tourist brand of Ukraine, structuring of the process of tourist brand formation, descriptors identification of the brand semantic model. Results. Scientific hypotheses about the correlation between the share of problem loans in the total volume of issued loans and the ratio of individual macroeconomic indicators of the country’s development were suggested; their empirical testing was carried out. The range of proposals, based on the results of this study, was developed. It included restriction of high-risk balance and off-balance banks credit operations; introduction of the mechanism for mandatory stress testing of credit risk, taking into account key indicators that characterize the level of global misbalances; establishment of a direct relationship between the level of credit rating of the country and the degree of credit activity of its banks; establishment by the mega-regulator of the critical value of the ratio between the volume of financial assets and GDP; determination of tight credit risk standards, etc. The implementtation of these proposals will stabilize the situation in global financial markets. Conclusion. The generated national brand is a means of increasing tourist interest in Ukraine and a prerequisite for the tourist flows growth. The national brand value is not only in the feasibility to create a positive image, increase the benefits of activities in global, regional and national markets, but also in strengthening the country’s position at the international level. Global economic asymmetries in tourism are not homogeneous, therefore new impulses and new quality of tourism can be obtained through the development of the tourism branding concept, which depends on the socio-economic and cultural impact of the tourist destination, its attractiveness to potential tourists and export-oriented development model of tourism.
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Sousa, Henderson C., Geocleber G. de Sousa, Paulo B. C. Cambissa, Carla I. N. Lessa, Geovana F. Goes, Fred D. B. da Silva, Fernanda da S. Abreu, and Thales V. de A. Viana. "Gas exchange and growth of zucchini crop subjected to salt and water stress." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 11 (November 2022): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n11p815-822.
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ABSTRACT Semi-arid regions present the inherent problem of accumulation of salts in the soil due to the use of brackish water for irrigation, and water deficit compromises the growth and physiological indices of crops. This study evaluated the effect of salt and water stress on growth and gas exchange in the zucchini cv. Caserta crop. The study was conducted at the University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção, Ceará State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme with five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water - ECw (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 dS m-1) and two water regimes (50 and 100% of the potential crop evapotranspiration - ETc), with five replicates. At 36 days after sowing, the following traits were evaluated: CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal carbon concentration, leaf temperature, relative chlorophyll index, and water use efficiency. At 45 days after sowing, the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and leaf area were also evaluated. The use of brackish water (1 to 2.5 dS m-1) reduced the growth parameters of zucchini cv. Caserta. The increase in ECw caused a decline in the physiological traits. Under 100% ETc, higher values of CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, and instantaneous water use efficiency were recorded, and there was 50% ETc for internal carbon concentration, even with the increase in ECw.
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Mesquita, Evandro Franklin de, Francisco de Oliveira Mesquita, Caio da Silva Sousa, Daniel da Silva Ferreira, Josinaldo Lopes Araujo Rocha, and Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante. "Water stress mitigation by silicon in sweet-potato." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 12, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.007.0033.
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The objective was to evaluate the effect of the reduction in the irrigation blades under silicate fertilization via soil on growth, branch emission, production of fresh phytomass of aerial part, yield of marketable tuberous roots, and agricultural water use efficiency by plants of the sweet-potato variety Campina, with purple skin. The treatments were arranged in subdivided plots, distributed into randomized blocks, using a 2x5 factorial scheme with three repetitions, totaling 30 experimental units. The plots were two irrigation blades of 100 and 50% of the crop evapotranspiration – (ETc) and the subplots corresponded to the silicon doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g plant-1. At the end of the experiment, the following variables were evaluated: stem diameter, branch emission, fresh phytomass of aerial part, phytomass of marketable tuberous roots, yield, and water use efficiency by plants. According to the results, the reduction from 100 to 50% of the ETc caused inhibition of growth, production of fresh phytomass of aerial part, and yield of marketable tuberous roots. The crop revealed to be more sensitive to water stress regarding yield than regarding growth or biomass formation by the aerial part and marketable tuberous roots.
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Lyutkevych, M. "Differentiated approach in the treatment of fractures of the distal humerus in children based on the use of bioabsorbable implants." Paediatric Surgery. Ukraine, no. 1(74) (March 30, 2022): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/ps.2022.74.97.
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In the practice of pediatric traumatologists there are a number of complex problems in the treatment of fractures of the distal humerus, which require a differentiated approach: atraumatic anatomical reposition with minimal damage to active growth zones, minimal damage to articular cartilage during surgery, stable fixation and early rehabilitation. At present, the generally accepted methods of osteosynthesis (fixation with K - wires, metal screws, etc.) do not fully meet the requirements of modern pediatric traumatology. One of the newest methods of fixation in the treatment of fractures of this localization, which have significant advantages is the use of bioabsorbable implants (BAI). Purpose - to present a differential approach to the treatment of distal fractures of the humerus in children based on the use of bioabsorbable implants. Materials and methods. During the period from 2015 to 2021, 15 children aged 5 to 17 were treated at the Chernihiv Regional Children’s Hospital. Distribution by type of pathology: epiphyseal fracture of the humeral condyle head - 5, osteoepiphyseolysis of the lateral humerus condyle - 2, fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus - 8 cases. Damage to nerve and vascular structures was never diagnosed in this group of patients. At the preoperative stage, radiography of the elbow joint in standard projections for such injuries was used to diagnose the above injuries. In the course of surgery, bioabsorbable cannulated screws and Bioretec pins were used to fix the repositioned fragments. Results. In the process of surgery, standard approaches and repositioning techniques were used, according to the anatomical features of each fracture. The differentiated approach was to use cannulated screws in the case of osteosynthesis of extra-articular fractures (osteoepiphyseolysis of the medial epicondyle of the humerus) in older children (12 to 17 years), which allowed to create dosed compression of fragments and bioabsorbable perfect anatomical reposition. In 1 case there was a combined osteosynthesis: fixation of the metaphyseal fragment with a K - wires and synthesis of the intra-articular epiphyseal fragment with a bioabsorbent pin. Advantages of BAI: minimal damage to articular cartilage, preservation of congruence and anatomical shape of the articular surface at the site of implant placement (Pin), stable fixation and interfragmentary compression (autocompression property), intraoperatively received full range of motion in the joint. All patients received full consolidation in time according to the age of the injured child. The range of motion and function of the limb is completely restored. The children did not need repeated surgery. Conclusions. 1. The advantages of using bioabsorbable implants in cases of treatment of fractures of the distal humerus in children are demonstrated. 2. The use of BAI allows to minimize damage to the growth zones and joint surface during osteosynthesis, provides stable fixation and interfragmentary compression, creates conditions for optimal fracture fusion and further rehabilitation. 3. Due to the properties of bioabsorption there is no need to remove the implant, ie re-trauma to the structures of the elbow joint of the growing organism, no need for re-hospitalization, anesthesia and surgery, re-rehabilitation, reduces the likelihood of psychological trauma in children. 4. As a result, all of the above improves the anatomical and functional results of treatment of these injuries, saves financial costs of both the medical institution and the state, and reduces the stress on family budgets. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors. Key words: children, bioabsorbable implants, fractures of the distal humerus, trauma in children, growth zones, osteosynthesis.
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Zhou, Yue, Zijun Yang, Guangqin Guo, and Yan Guo. "Microfilament Dynamics is Required for Root Growth under Alkaline Stress in Arabidopsis." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 52, no. 11 (October 26, 2010): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00981.x.
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