Journal articles on the topic 'GSM interference signal'

Abstract Health aspects of the use of radiating devices, like mobile phones, are still a public concern. Stand-alone electrocardiographic systems and those built-in, more sophisticated, medical devices have become a standard tool used in everyday medical practice. GSM mobile phones might be a potential source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) which may affect reliability of medical appliances. Risk of such event is particularly high in places remote from GSM base stations in which the signal received by GSM mobile phone is weak. In such locations an increase in power of transmitted radio signal is necessary to enhance quality of the communication. In consequence, the risk of interference of electronic devices increases because of the high level of EMI. In the present paper the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of the interference have been examined. The influence of GSM mobile phone on multilead ECG recordings was studied. It was observed that the electrocardiographic system was vulnerable to the interference generated by the GSM mobile phone working with maximum transmit power and in DTX mode when the device was placed in a distance shorter than 7.5 cm from the ECG electrode located on the surface of the chest. Negligible EMI was encountered at any longer distance.

The article propose a method of power network fault detection for based on GSM, Through the underlying sensing equipment acquisition abnormal information of current, voltage power in the network and GSM networking scheme can filter the interference factors in extraction of fault information from and attribute value. The embedded gateway take STM32 chip as the core to monitoring data processing, to achieve a unified data management and user remote access, realizing method of system software are given, to construct the monitor management information platform. The actual test system show that, identification diagnosis ability of fault signal separation ability and small signal increases 17%, also meet the requirements.

In this paper, the technique of multiplicity was used to analyse GSM network capacity in Nigeria. An evaluation of Enhanced stochastic knapsack was used as an approach for resource sharing in multiservice by adopting the Erlang Loss Model in analyzing the SMS capacity. The offered traffic that is Lost Traffic based was used to dimension the system resources. To actualize this work, measurements were conducted in Benin City and Port Harcourt to determine the best signal characterization of the southern part of Nigeria. Based on the measurement data, a model was developed to predict the traffic intensity of the region. Comparisons were carried out on the different types of frequency hopping and the variant DFH based power was applied in improving the spectral efficiency of the network. The results showed that the spectral efficiency increased, as the number of cell per cluster decreased. The optimal value of the number of cell in the cluster caused reduced interference, since the reduced interference could allow the users to achieve higher rates.

Angle of arrival (AOA) estimation for wideband signal becomes more necessary for modern communication systems like Global System for Mobile (GSM), satellite, military applications and spread spectrum (frequency hopping and direct sequence). Most of the researchers are focusing on how to cancel the effects of signal bandwidth on AOA estimation performance by using a transversal filter (tap delay line) (TDL). Most of the researchers were using two elements array antenna to study these effects. In this research, a general case of proposed (M) array elements is used. A transversal filter (TDL) in phase adaptive array antenna system is used to calculate the optimum number of taps required to compensate these effect. The proposed system uses a phase adaptive array antenna in conjunction with LMS algorithm to work an angle of arrival (AOA) estimator for wideband signals rather than interference canceller. An alternative solution to compensate for the effect of signal bandwidth is proposed by using sensor delay line (SDL) instead of fixed delay unit since it has variable time sampling in the time domain and not fixed time delay, depending on the angle of arrival of received signals. The proposed system has the ability to estimate two parameters for received signals simultaneously (the output Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and AOA), unlike others systems which estimate AOA only. The comparison of the simulation results with Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) technique showed that the proposed system gives good results for estimating AOA and the output SNR for wideband signals. (SDL) processor shows better performance result than (TDL) processor. MUSIC technique with both (SDL) and (TDL) processors shows unacceptable results for estimating (AOA) for the wideband signal.

Spatial Modulation Technologies (SMTs) are schemes that reduce inter-carrier interference (ICI), inter-channel interference, inter-antenna synchronization (IAS), and system complexity for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. Moreover, high spectral and energy efficiency have rendered SMTs attractive to underwater acoustic (UWA) MIMO communication systems. Consequently, this paper focuses on SMTs such as spatial modulation (SM), generalized spatial modulation (GSM), and fully generalized spatial modulation (FGSM) in which one constant number and one multiple number of antennas are active to transmit data symbols in any time interval for underwater acoustic communication (UWAC). In SMTs, the receiver requires perfect channel state information (P-CSI) for accurate data detection. However, it is impractical that the perfect channel knowledge is available at the receiver. Therefore, channel estimation is of critical importance to obtain the CSI. This paper proposes the pilot-based recursive least-square (RLS) adaptive channel estimation method over the underwater time-varying MIMO channel. Furthermore, maximum likelihood (ML) decoder is used to detect the transmitted data and antennas indices from the received signal and the estimated UWA-MIMO channel. The numerical computation of mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) performance are computed for different SMTs like SM, GSM and FSGM using Monte Carlo iterations. Simulation results demonstrate that the RLS channel estimation method achieves the nearly same BER performance as P-CSI.

As an emerging wireless communication technique, visible light communication is experiencing a boom in the global communication field, and the dream of accessing to the Internet with light is fast becoming a reality. The objective of this study was to put forward an efficient and theoretical scheme that is based on generalized spatial modulation to reduce the bit error ratio in indoor short-distance visible light communication. The scheme was implemented while using two steps in parallel: (1) The multi-pulse amplitude and the position modulation signal were generated by combining multi-pulse amplitude modulation with multi-pulse position modulation using transmitted information, and (2) certain light-emitting diodes were activated by employing the idea of generalized spatial modulation to convey the generated multi-pulse amplitude and position modulation optical signals. Furthermore, pulse width modulation was introduced to achieve dimming control in order to improve anti-interference ability to the ambient light of the system. The two steps above involved the information theory of communication. An embedded hardware system, which was based on the C8051F330 microcomputer and included a transmitter and a receiver, was designed to verify the performance of this new scheme. Subsequently, the verifiability experiment was carried out. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the proposed theoretical scheme of transmission was feasible and could lower the bit error ratio (BER) in indoor short-distance visible light communication while guaranteeing indoor light quality.

Wireless covert channel is an emerging covert communication technique which conceals the very existence of secret information in wireless signal including GSM, CDMA, and LTE. The secret message bits are always modulated into artificial noise superposed with cover signal, which is then demodulated with the shared codebook at the receiver. In this paper, we first extend the traditional KS test and regularity test in covert timing channel detection into wireless covert channel, which can be used to reveal the very existence of secret data in wireless covert channel from the aspect of multiorder statistics. In order to improve the undetectability, a wireless covert channel for OFDM-based communication system based on constellation shaping modulation is proposed, which generates additional constellation points around the standard points in normal constellations. The carrier signal is then modulated with the dirty constellation and the secret message bits are represented by the selection mode of the additional constellation points; shaping modulation is employed to keep the distribution of constellation errors unchanged. Experimental results show that the proposed wireless covert channel scheme can resist various statistical detections. The communication reliability under typical interference is also proved.

The field coverage offered by the base station antenna in GSM systems influences the reception and interference performances. The coverage can be varied by scanning the mainbeam direction or varying the shape of the radiation pattern. In cellular system applications, a simple technique is desirable to achieve this goal. A simple technique to vary the coverage of cellular base station is investigated. The technique uses two conventional antennas tilted by a certain angle and fed by the same signal but at variable amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the field across one half of the covered sector can be gradually increased while that at the other half is reduced by varying the excitations of the two antenna elements. This can be deployed in a simple electronic means in response to the changing scenario rather readjusting the direction of the base station antenna.

<p>In order to accommodate various multimedia services, next generation wireless networks are characterized by very high transmission rates. Thus, in such systems and networks, the received signal is not only limited by noise like Additive White Gaussian noise (AWGN) but especially with increasing data transmission rate by the Intersymbol Symbol Interference (ISI) due to time dispersion of channel. A number of techniques such as rake receiver in CDMA systems and equalizers in GSM systems have been proposed to combat the effect of fading so as to improve the performance of wireless communication network. In this paper we evolve the performance of uncoded uplink transmission in broadband CDMA using beam forming technique under multipath conditions. The beam-former has been implemented using Transport Delay Line (TDL) filters. An expression for the optimal weights of a TDL based beam former has been derived. A carrier frequency of 2 Ghz has been used in this work as they are useful for next generation wireless systems. Simulation results show that TDL beamformer can reduce the multipath fading and Multiple Access Interferance (MAI). It has been shown that if SNR (related with Variance of the channel) is maintained at 10 db and if a 3 ray based beamformer having 3 antennas with 3 taps is used, the Error Rate of 0.1was found without using channel coding.</p>

This work reviews the main related problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the locomotive radio system GSM-R in modern railway transport. The typical internal electromagnetic interference (EMI), caused by the high density of the equipment layout in the rolling stock, and external electromagnetic interference generated by public cellular mobile communication networks and other radio systems are considered. The results of experiments to determine the parameters of public cellular mobile communication networks along the selected railway section show a rather high level of signals that are EMI for GSM-R and affecting on EMC.

Convolutive mixtures of signals, which are common in acoustic environments, can be difficult to separate into their component sources. Here we present a uniform probabilistic framework to separate convolutive mixtures of acoustic signals using independent vector analysis (IVA), which is based on a joint distribution for the frequency components originating from the same source and is capable of preventing permutation disorder. Different gaussian mixture models (GMM) served as source priors, in contrast to the original IVA model, where all sources were modeled by identical multivariate Laplacian distributions. This flexible source prior enabled the IVA model to separate different type of signals. Three classes of models were derived and tested: noiseless IVA, online IVA, and noisy IVA. In the IVA model without sensor noise, the unmixing matrices were efficiently estimated by the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. An online EM algorithm was derived for the online IVA algorithm to track the movement of the sources and separate them under nonstationary conditions. The noisy IVA model included the sensor noise and combined denoising with separation. An EM algorithm was developed that found the model parameters and separated the sources simultaneously. These algorithms were applied to separate mixtures of speech and music. Performance as measured by the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) was substantial for all three models.

In mobile network, cell coverage analyses are vital to network optimization. The traditional check method is road testing by manpower which costs much time and resources. This paper presents a multiple factors analysis method of cell coverage, and designs the relevant system based on GIS platform. Based on a huge number of mobile measure data in OMC, this method derives a cell coverage analysis chart and identification of the problem cells by analyzing multiple factors such as signal level distribution, sample point distribution, category of interferences, neighborhood relationship, and azimuth ward and so on. The calculation and analysis results are presented in map based on GIS platform. This method and system are validated by a large number of actual datasets from an in-service GSM network.

The genomic and antigenomic 3′ ends of the Sendai virus replication promoters are bi-partite in nature. They are symmetrically composed of leader or trailer sequences, a gene start (gs) or gene end (ge) site, respectively, and a simple hexameric repeat. Studies of how mRNA synthesis initiates from the first gene start site (gs1) have been hampered by the fact that gs1 is located between two essential elements of the replication promoter. Transcription initiation, then, is separated from the replication initiation site by only 56 nt on the genome, so that transcription and replication may sterically interfere with each other. In order to study the initiation of Sendai virus mRNAs without this possible interference, Sendai virus mini-genomes were prepared having tandem promoters in which replication takes place from the external one, whereas mRNA synthesis occurs from the internal one. Transcription now initiates at position 146 rather than position 56 relative to the genome 3′ end. Under these conditions, it was found that the frequency with which mRNA synthesis initiates depends, in an inverse fashion, on the strength of the external replication promoter. It was also found that the sequences essential for replication are not required for basic mRNA synthesis as long as there is an external replication promoter at which viral RNA polymerase can enter the nucleocapsid template. The manner in which transcription and replication initiations influence each other is discussed.

We report on the measurements of radio frequency interference (RFI) at Mount Timau, Kupang, Indonesia, which is intended to host a future radio astronomy observatory. These measurements were taken twice in October 2020 and December 2020 to obtain the RFI environment, at frequencies between 70 and 7000 MHz. Due to the limitations of the measurement data, the results presented in this paper are based on peak detection rather than statistical analysis. Based on the measurement results, the frequency interval between 70–88 MHz and 120–150 MHz is relatively quiet, and the frequency range of 150–300 MHz is relatively clear. The frequency interval of 300 to 800 MHz is relatively quiet, except at the frequency of 600 MHz. The frequency range of 800–1400 MHz is also relatively quiet. The predominant terrestrial services in this band are at 840 MHz, with an amplitude around 32 dB, and 916 MHz, with an amplitude around 12 dB, and the global system for mobile (GSM) signals around 954 MHz have an amplitude around 20 dB above the noise floor. The frequency range of 1400–7000 MHz is also relatively quiet. In this band frequency, we can see RFI at 2145 and 2407 MHz, emitted by local Wi-Fi, and at 2683 MHz, with amplitudes of 18, 40 and 15 dB, respectively, from the noise level. We conclude that, for this period, the frequency band allocated for astronomy can possibly be used for radio telescope development.

The cytoplasmic domains of several herpesviral glycoproteins encompass potential intracellular sorting signals. To analyse the function of the cytoplasmic domains of different pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins, hybrid proteins were constructed consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of envelope glycoprotein D (gD) fused to the cytoplasmic tails of gB, gE or gM (designated gDB, gDE and gDM), all of which contain putative endocytosis motifs. gD is a type I membrane protein required for binding to and entry into target cells. Localization of hybrid proteins compared to full-length gB, gE and gM as well as carboxy-terminally truncated variants of gD was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The function of gD hybrids was assayed by trans-complementation of a gD-negative PrV mutant. The carboxy-terminal domains of gB and gM directed a predominantly intracellular localization of gDB and gDM, while full-length gD and a tail-less gD mutant (gDc) were preferentially expressed on the cell surface. In contrast gDE, and a gDB lacking the putative gB endocytosis signal (gDBΔ29), were predominantly located in the plasma membrane. Despite the different intracellular localization, all tested proteins were able to complement infectivity of a PrV gD− mutant. Cells which stably express full-length gD and plasma-membrane-associated gD hybrids exhibit a significant resistance to PrV infection, while cells expressing predominantly intracellularly located forms do not. This suggests that the assumed sequestration of receptors by gD, which is supposed to be responsible for the interference phenomenon, occurs at the cell surface.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present and solve the problem of adaptive beamforming (ABF) for a uniform linear array (ULA) as an optimization problem. ABF mainly concerns with estimation of weights of antenna array so as to direct the major lobe in the direction of desired user and nulls in the direction of interfering signals with reduced side lobe level (SLL). Design/methodology/approach The potential of gravitational search algorithm is explored to optimize multi-objective fitness function for ABF using MATLAB software. Findings The performance of the algorithm has been compared by considering different number of interference signals at different power levels. The proposed algorithm presents good convergence rate and accurate steering of main lobe and nulls with reduced SLL compared to the well-known ABF technique, namely, minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) and previously reported results. The simulation results are presented in tabular form. Research limitations/implications The present work is limited to simulation. The researchers are encouraged to solve the problem of ABF using the proposed approach in hardware. Originality/value The application of proposed algorithm is to optimize multi-objective function for ABF with reduced SLL in linear antenna arrays.

Cognitive radio (CR) is the trending domain in addressing the inadequate bands for communication, and spectrum sensing is the hectic challenge need to be addressed extensively. In the conventional CRs, the communication is restricted to the secondary users (SUs) in the allocated bands causing the underutilization of the available band. Thus, with the aim to afford higher throughput and spectrum efficiency, this paper introduces the hybrid mixture model for spectrum sensing in the multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems and the effectiveness is evaluated based on the evaluation parameters, such as detection probability and probability of false alarm. The signal received through the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) antenna is employed for analyzing the spectral availability for which the energy and Eigen statistics of the signal is generated, which forms the input to the Hybrid mixture model. The developed Hybrid mixture model is the integration of the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Whale Elephant-Herd Optimization (WEHO). The GMM is subjected to the optimal tuning using the WEHO, which is the modification of the standard Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) with the Elephant-Herd Optimization (EHO). The analysis reveals that the proposed spectrum sensing model acquired the maximal detection probability and minimal false alarm probability of 99.9% and 46.4%, respectively. The proposed hybrid mixture model derives the spectrum availability and ensures the effective communication in CR without any interference.

Three-dimensional-multiple-input-multiple-output (3D-MIMO) technology has attracted a lot of attention in the field of wireless communication. Most of the research mainly focuses on channel estimation model which is affected by additive-white-Gaussian-noise (AWGN). However, under the influence of some specified factors, such as electronic interference and man-made noise, the noise of the channel does not follow the Gaussian distribution anymore. Sometimes, the probability density function (PDF) of the noise is unknown at the receiver. Based on this reality, this paper tries to address the problem of channel estimation under non-Gaussian noise with unknown PDF. Firstly, the common support of angle domain channel matrix is estimated by compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction algorithm and a decision rule. Secondly, after modeling the received signal as a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), a data pruning algorithm is exerted to calculate the order of GMM. Lastly, an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for linear regression is implemented to estimate the the channel matrix iteratively. Furthermore, sparsity, not only in the time domain, but in addition in the angle domain, is utilized to improve the channel estimation performance. The simulation results demonstrate the merits of the proposed algorithm compared with the traditional ones.

A typical feature of Wegel Tena opal is the “digit pattern”. This pattern consists of two parts, columns and matrix, with different colours, transparency or play-of-colour effect, which is still unexplained. This study aims at investigating the various parts of the digit pattern using different spectroscopic methods, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The band at 780 cm−1 on the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum is correlated to the symmetric stretching vibration of Si–O. The bands at 1085, 895, 785 and 3600 cm−1 on Raman spectra indicate that Wegel Tena opal is opal-CT. Comparison of the relative intensity of the Raman signals around 360 cm−1 indicates that the microcrystalline opal on the top of the sample contains a higher amount of tridymite-like structural units, and the tridymite-type regions in the matrix contain a higher degree of structural defects. Silica spheres in the columns tend to be smaller and better ordered than in the matrix. The diameter of the silica spheres (d = 80–500 nm) or agglomerates (d = 200–580 nm) in Wegel Tena opal satisfies the conditions of diffraction of visible light, and the thickness of the silica layer (h = 120–200 nm) satisfies the conditions for film interference.

Abstract. Spaceborne precipitation radars, such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, have been important platforms to provide a direct measurement of three-dimensional precipitation structure globally. Building upon the success of TRMM and GPM Core Observatory, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is currently surveying the feasibility of a potential satellite mission equipped with a precipitation radar on a geostationary orbit. The quasi-continuous observation realized by the geostationary satellite radar would offer a new insight into meteorology and would advance numerical weather prediction (NWP) through their effective use by data assimilation. Although the radar would be beneficial, the radar on the geostationary orbit measures precipitation obliquely at off-nadir points. In addition, the observing resolution will be several times larger than those on board TRMM and GPM Core Observatory due to the limited antenna size that we could deliver. The tilted sampling volume and the coarse resolution would result in more contamination from surface clutter. To investigate the impact of these limitations and to explore the potential usefulness of the geostationary satellite radar, this study simulates the observation data for a typhoon case using an NWP model and a radar simulator. The results demonstrate that it would be possible to obtain three-dimensional precipitation data. However, the quality of the observation depends on the beam width, the beam sampling span, and the position of precipitation systems. With a wide beam width and a coarse beam span, the radar cannot observe weak precipitation at low altitudes due to surface clutter. The limitation can be mitigated by oversampling (i.e., a wide beam width and a fine sampling span). With a narrow beam width and a fine beam sampling span, the surface clutter interference is confined to the surface level. When the precipitation system is located far from the nadir, the precipitation signal is obtained only for strong precipitation.

Underwater acoustic signature identification has been employed as a technique for detecting underwater vehicles, such as in anti-submarine warfare or harbour security systems. The underwater sound channel, however, has interference due to spatial variations in topography or sea state conditions and temporal variations in water column properties, which cause multipath and scattering in acoustic propagation. Thus, acoustic data quality control can be very challenging. One of challenges for an identification system is how to recognise the same target signature from measurements under different temporal and spatial settings. This paper deals with the above challenges by establishing an identification system composed of feature extraction, classification algorithms, and feature selection with two approaches to recognise the target signature of underwater radiated noise from a research vessel, Ocean Researcher III, with a bottom mounted hydrophone in five cruises in 2016 and 2017. The fundamental frequency and its power spectral density are known as significant features for classification. In feature extraction, we extract the features before deciding which is more significant from the two aforementioned features. The first approach utilises Polynomial Regression (PR) classifiers and feature selection by Taguchi method and analysis of variance under a different combination of factors and levels. The second approach utilises Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) selecting the optimised parameters of classifier via genetic algorithm. The real-time classifier of PR model is robust and superior to the RBFNN model in this paper. This suggests that the Automatic Identification System for Vehicles using Acoustic Signature developed here can be carried out by utilising harmonic frequency features extracted from unmasking the frequency bandwidth for ship noises and proves that feature extraction is appropriate for our targets. 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Cognitive networks were developed to solve the current challenges in wireless networking by using established wireless spectrum because of the limited bandwidth available and the inefficiency of spectrum use. The CN with the fundamental ability of cognitive radio provides the spectrum-conscious model of wireless connections. This research provides a concept in a functional web environment to incorporate CRNs. The algorithm for the cluster head facilitates communication between secondary users, improves spectrum hole identification and thus allows spectrum use more effective. The developed spectrum analysis scheme was evaluated using the current measuring method on four radio technology (FM Broadcast, GSM-900 DL, DCS-1800 DL and UHF TV). The efficiency of radio technology networks was found to be very close. The CR signal strength varies while the signal power and the SIR are monitored continuously. The computation results show a substantial improvement of the PU’s throughput from 19.6 to 61.1%. The efficiency of power has been increased from 76.66% to 86.82% for FM Broadcast, 76.91% to 86.82% for GSM-900, 78.19% to 89.04% for DCS-1800 and 78% to 88.55% for UHF TV. The lower the interference, the better reception of the signal of the secondary users. The best signal response was at 12decibel, and the interference was able to reduce from 95% to 25%.

For people with serious visual impairments, a system is proposed that helps to identify obstacles and call for help in an emergency situation. The system is based on a microcontroller and optical, acoustic and electric sensors connected to it, as well as GPS and GSM modules. Modules interact with a person using voice communication. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 39 million people worldwide are blind and 246 million are visually impaired [1]. People with partial or complete loss of vision face many problems in their daily lives, especially the problem of movement and orientation in the field. A blind person usually uses a traditional stick to improve their mobility. However, the stick cannot provide a person with information beyond his reach. There are smart sticks that use one camera, or several video cameras mounted on the stick to capture images. Captured video images are resized, further processed and converted into acoustic or vibration signals. In such systems, the frequency of the warning signal correlates with the pixel orientation of the camcorder. There are also systems that use ultrasonic sensors to detect interference. The value of the distance to the obstacle, measured by a sound wave, is transmitted to the microcontroller, which sends a sound signal through the speaker. The disadvantages of such systems are the inability to detect hidden obstacles that are dangerous to the visually impaired, such as stairs, pits, puddles, and so on. The proposed system solves these problems by combining the capabilities of acoustic and optical sensors, as well as a water sensor. Support for a person in a difficult situation is also provided by establishing a telephone connection with a trustee. The GPS location information is received by the GPS module and the microcontroller sends this information via the GSM module to the specified contact number. The system consists of a microcontroller (control of the electronic assistant), a sensor system that receives information about the location of a person and obstacles in its path, an effector system that sends a person acoustic and vibration signals about detected obstacles, as well as a communication system. connects: 1) two ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles located in front at knee height and at head height; 2) infrared sensor to detect stairs and terrain; 3) water sensor to detect puddles. The sensors collect data in real time and send it to the microcontroller for processing. After processing the sensory information, the microcontroller sends vibrations and acoustic signals to the person, respectively, on the vibrators installed in the stick head, and on the Bluetooth headset. The system is powered by a recessed battery (not shown). This article proposes a system that helps a visually impaired person to reach their destination safely. The system uses a variety of sensors to detect interference and warn of interference with an audible signal and vibration. The intensity of the sound signal and vibration increase when a person approaches an obstacle. The GPS module tracks the user's location. In case of a dangerous situation, the GSM / GPRS module establishes a connection between a blind person and a trustee.

This project greatly reduces the man power, time and operates efficiently without human interferences. In modern world, many new technologies such as RFID, bio metric recognition, GPS, GSM or mobile communication techniques and so on have been integrated into car security system. At the same time the amount of accident of car still remains high especially lost. In the system the processing system sends the signal to the processing unit. In this project, GPS is used to find the position of the vehicle and GSM used to send the message to the specified person whose number is stored in the micro controlled. At once if the vehicle seems to be theft, the owner has to just send SMS to that vehicle means vehicle will be stop all the door will be locked then theft will be locked in the car.

In this study, we demonstrated generation and transmission of 114 Gbaud and 126 Gbaud faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) discrete Fourier transform-spread (DFT-spread) quadrature phase shift keying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (QPSK-OFDM) with 88-Gsa/s sampling rate digital-to-analog converters (DACs) experimentally. It is the first time to realize 400G FTN DFT-spread QPSK-OFDM signal per optical carrier for metro and regional applications, which will be a solution for network operators to address the issue of increasing bandwidth derived from the rapid popularization of mobile Internet and the wide application of IoT (Internet of Things technology). Delay-and-add filter (DAF) is adopted to realize frequency shaping at the transmitter to keep higher portions of energy of signal at low frequencies, which makes the OFDM much more robust to strong filtering effect. After pre-equalization, bit error rate (BER) performance of 114 GBaud and 126 GBaud FTN DFT-spread QPSK-OFDM has been significantly improved, and maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) shows a better effect than binary decoding in the aspect of against the inter symbol interference (ISI) introduced by spectrum compression. The effective bit rate of dual polarization 126 Gbaud FTN DFT-spread QPSK-OFDM which is generated with 88 GSa/s sampling rate is 410.08 Gb/s, to the exclusion of all overhead including TSs, cyclic prefix (CP), and 20% forward error correction (FEC) coding. We successfully transmit 8 × 400 Gbit/s FTN DFT-spread QPSK-OFDM signal generated from 88 Gsa/s sampling rate DAC over 420 km single mode fiber (SMF) with the BER under 2.4 × 10−2.

Multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is the leading air interface for 4G and 5G broadband wireless communications. Cognitive Radio (CR) is the trending technology, which facilitates spectrum sensing to determine the inadequate bands in the spectrum. Though there are so many spectrum sensing techniques, the existing methods suffered a lot in the communication environment. In the traditional CR network, data transmission is constrained to the secondary user within the available bands. With the aim to increase spectrum efficiency and throughput, this paper proposed the hybrid mixture model using Adaptive Whale Elephant Herd Optimization (Adaptive WEHO) algorithm for spectrum sensing. Adaptive WEHO is the integration of Elephant-Herd Optimization (EHO), and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), with the adaptive concept. The signal received from the OFDM antenna is used to analyze the availability of spectrum based on the signal energy and Eigen statistics. The CR searches the availability of channel and makes the connection when it determines a free channel. Here, the spectrum sensing is achieved by the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), which is trained by the proposed Adaptive WEHO algorithm. The proposed Adaptive WEHO algorithm uses the foraging behavior of whales and the herding behavior of elephants, which is applied in the spectrum sensing technique to perform the optimal sensing. The proposed Adaptive WEHO attained better performance with the metrics of probability of detection as 1.0238, and the probability of false alarm as 0.01075, respectively. The proposed method ensures the effective communication in CR without any interference.

With the development of globalization, people’s demand for English audio interaction is increasing. In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional translation methods in grammatical variables, such as semantic ambiguity, quantifier errors, low translation accuracy, improve the quality and speed of English translation, and get more accurate and speed guaranteed translation, this study proposes an artificial intelligence English audio translation cross language system based on fuzzy algorithm. In this experiment, the collected analog speech signal is converted into a digital speech signal, and then, the speech features are modeled and digitized, and the whole set of speech samples are integrated and modified to eliminate the interference caused by noise as far as possible. After that, the collected voice will be stored in the text format, and then the text will be translated to achieve English audio translation. The DNN-HMM speech recognition model and the traditional GMM-HMM speech recognition model are used to preprocess the original corpus, and the accuracy of the corpus processing is compared. After that, the accuracy and utilization of the fuzzy algorithm are evaluated between the first type TSK and the second type TSK. For speech synthesis in which the corpus lacks language, it is meaningful to explore the least amount of training data for the synthesis of acceptable speech. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the fuzzy algorithm is about 97.34%, and the utilization rate is about 98.14%. The accuracy rate of type 1 and type 2 algorithms are about 85.77% and 76.87% respectively, and the utilization rate is about 83.25% and 78.63% respectively. The fuzzy algorithm based artificial intelligence English audio translation cross language system is obviously better than the other two algorithms.