Academic literature on the topic 'Guanano Indians'

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the variant pattern of the leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG, or ARHGEF12) gene and investigate whether LARG variants are associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), the metabolic syndrome (MetS), or related parameters such as insulin sensitivity in German Caucasians. Design: We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LARG gene in the 55–74-year-old individuals of the population-based German Caucasian Cooperative Health Research in the region of Augsberg (KORA) survey 4 (S4). Methods: Sequencing of Tyr1306Cys, which was of functional relevance in Pima Indians, in 48 randomly selected individuals and genotyping of 11 additional LARG SNPs in 1653 subjects were performed. Four linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks (r2≥0.8) were established and each block was statistically analyzed for association with metabolic traits. The association with T2DM and the MetS was analyzed by logistic regression in 1462 subjects, and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) as a measure of insulin sensitivity was analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test in 1346 fasting subjects. Results: The polymorphism Tyr1306Cys, which was significantly associated with insulin sensitivity in Pima Indians, was not found in the KORA S4 population. Statistical analysis yielded no significant associations (P>0.05) between the analyzed LARG variants and T2DM, the MetS, or related parameters such as insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: Caucasian individuals and Pima Indians differ in their genetic variance pattern in the LARG gene region. There is no evidence in the Caucasian KORA study that variants of the LARG gene confer susceptibility for T2DM, insulin sensitivity, or the MetS.

Gray leaf spot caused by Pyricularia grisea is a highly destructive disease of perennial ryegrass turf. Control of gray leaf spot is dependent on the use of preventative fungicide treatments. Strobilurin-based (QoI) fungicides, which inhibit the cytochrome bc1 respiratory complex, have proven to be very effective against gray leaf spot. However, in August 2000, disease was diagnosed in QoI-treated perennial ryegrass turf on golf courses in Lexington, KY, Champaign, IL, and Bloomington, IL. To determine if resistance was due to a mutation in the fungicide target, the cytochrome b gene (CYTB) was amplified from baseline and resistant isolates. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an intronless coding region of 1,179 bp. Isolates that were resistant to QoI fungicides possessed one of two different mutant alleles, each of which carried a single point mutation. The first mutant allele had a guanine-to-cytosine transition at nucleotide position +428, resulting in a replacement of glycine 143 by alanine (G143A). Mutant allele two exhibited a cytosine-to-adenine transversion at position +387, causing a phenylalanine-to-leucine change (F129L). Cleavable amplified polymorphic sequence analysis revealed that neither mutation was present in a collection of baseline isolates collected before QoI fungicide use and indicated that suspected QoI- resistant isolates found in 2001 in Indiana and Maryland possessed the F129L mutation. The Pyricularia grisea isolates possessing the G143A substitution were significantly more resistant to azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin, in vitro, than those having F129L. DNA fingerprinting of resistant isolates revealed that the mutations occurred in just five genetic backgrounds, suggesting that field resistance to the QoI fungicides in Pyricularia grisea is due to a small number of ancestral mutations.

Abstract Introduction: As per the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are subclassified into eight clinicopathological groups.1 The discovery of activating JAK2 mutations revolutionized the approach to diagnosis of MPN. Recently there have been studies suggesting an increasing number of mutations distinct from JAK2 associated with MPN. The new mutations being studied are MPL with a mutation frequency of 1-5% commonly seen in Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF).2 IDH1 has a mutational frequency of 21% for blast phase of MPN and 4% for PMF.3 Other mutations that have been found to be coexistent with MPNs are EZH2, TP53 and TET2.4 Methods: A total of 79 cases with clinical suspicion of MPN were studied over one year. Based on WHO criteria, a total of 20 cases were diagnosed as MPN taking into account complete blood counts, bone marrow and cytogenetic studies with molecular profiling using next generation sequencing (NGS). Out of these, 13 cases were diagnosed as JAK2 positive and 7 as JAK2 negative MPN. All cases were studied for a panel of 50 mutations (Table 1) using NGS (Ion Torrent PGM) and a minimum coverage of 100x was considered to be significant. Table 1. Mutation Panel ABL1 EGFR GNAQ KRAS PTPN11 AKT1 ERBB2 GNAS MET RB11 ALK ERBB4 HNF1A MLH1 RET APC EZH2 HRAS MPL SMAD4 ATM FBXW7 IDH1 NOTCH1 SMARCB1 BRAF FGFR1 IDH2 NPM1 SMO CDH1 FGFR2 JAK2 NRAS SRC CDKN2A FGFR3 JAK3 PDGFRA STK11 CSF1R FLT3 KDR PIK3CA TP53 CTNNB1 GNA11 KIT PTEN VHL Results: Out of 20 MPN cases there were 3 cases of Polycythemia Vera (PV) 8 cases of ET and 9 cases of PMF. From the 14 mutations found in MPN, JAK 2 (65%) was the commonest followed by HRAS (45%), PDGFRA (45%), SMARCB1 (45%), Kit (40%), MET (25%), TP53 (20%), PIK3CA(20%), IDH1 (15%), STK11 (10%), APC (5%), FLT3(5%),PTEN (5%) and PTPN11(5%) (Graph1). Apart from JAK2, statistically significant mutations in the MPN group as compared to the non MPN group were Kit, TP53 and STK11 (Graph 2). Kit showed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) with substitution of Adenosine (A) with Cytosine(C) on chr4:55593464 (hg19) and was statistically significant in MPN group as compared to non MPN group (40 % vs16.9 %, p value = 0.016). TP53 mutation showed a C to A SNP on chr17:7577036 (hg19) which was found more often in MPN groups than non MPN (20 % vs. 1.6 %, p value = 0.0018). STK11 mutation showed a C to Guanine (G) SNP on chr19:1223125 and a G insertion at chr19:1221320 and was found to be more associated with MPN than non MPN (10% vs. 1.6%, p value = 0.046) . However all other mutations were statistically insignificant. Graph 1: Total Mutations in MPN versus Non MPN Graph 2: Significant mutations in MPN *p-value: 0.016, **p-value: 0.046, ***p-value: 0.0018 In the MPN group, 13 cases were JAK2 positive and 7 cases were JAK2 negative. There was no statistical significance of presence of mutations between the two groups. In our study there was no significant association of IDH1 in MPN group in comparison to non MPN group ( 15% vs. 11.86%, p value = 0.35), in contrast to earlier studies.3 Conclusion: The mutations in Kit, TP53 and STK11 were found to be significantly more in cases of MPN as compared to non MPN. In future studies, different mutations present in MPN should be identified using NGS which will be crucial to not only diagnose and further characterize MPN cases but also for better understanding of the stepwise pathogenesis leading to cancer development in humans and to develop new targeted therapies. This is the first study of its kind in Indian population, to the best of our knowledge. References: 1. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, et al., editors. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoetic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); 2008. 2. Akpinar TS, Hancer VS, Nalcaci M, Diz-Kucukkaya R. MPL W515L/K Mutations in Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.Turk J Haematol. 2013 March; 30(1): 8-12. 3. Tefferi A, Lasho TL, Abdel-Wahab O, Guglielmelli P, Patel J, Caramazza D, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutation studies in 1473 patients with chronic-, fibrotic- or blast-phase essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis. Leukemia . 2010. July ;24(7):1302-9. 4. Lundberg P, Karow A, Nienhold R, Looser R, Hao-Shen H, Nissen I,et al., Clonal evolution and clinical correlates of somatic mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood. 2014 Apr 3;123(14):2220-8. Figure 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Jersey Oil and Gas Unearths Wengen Prospect The Greater Buchan Area (GBA) now has four drill-ready prospects to add to discoveries already slated for development. In a new subsurface evaluation, Jersey Oil & Gas, a British-independent North Sea-focused upstream oil and gas company, has uncovered a new prospect, named Wengen, to complement its Verbier Deep, Cortina NE, and Zermatt drill-ready prospects. The four are estimated to host some 222 million bbl of P50 prospective resources, all in the immediate vicinity of Jersey’s planned GBA production facility. The consolidated Greater Buchan venture comprises Buchan field (80 million bbl), Verbier (c25 million bbl), J2 (c20 million), and Glenn (14 million). The new prospect, located in License P2170, is directly west of the Tweedsmuir field and should host some 62 million bbl of potential resources (P50), with the probabilistic range set at 31 million bbl at P90 (higher confidence) and 162 mil-lion for P10 (lower confidence). Probability of geological success is 22% for the prospect. Contractor Rockflow previously estimated the recoverable resources in the GBA at 94.7 million bbl, including the parts within P2170. In late November, Jersey announced it is taking full ownership of License P2170, which hosts most of the Verbier discovery, as part of the GBA. In March, Jersey told investors the project is fully funded and that it intends to take the project to potential industry partners via a farm-out process. An exploratory drilling campaign is being planned for 2022. Jordan Finds “Promising” Gas Reserves Near Iraq Border Jordan’s majority state-owned National Petroleum Company (NPC) has discovered “promising” natural gas in the Risha gas field along its eastern border with Iraq. Risha makes up nearly 5% of the kingdom’s consumption of natural gas of around 350 MMcf/D for power generation, Jordanian officials said. The flow of new gas supplies will raise the productivity of the gas field and help Jordan cut dependence on oil imports to fuel its power sector and industries. The country, which now imports over 93% of its total energy supplies, is burdened by a $3.5-billion annual bill, comprising almost 8% of Jordan’s GDP. Although British supermajor BP abandoned the eastern desert area in 2014 after investing over $240 million, Jordanian exploration has stepped up since 2019, boosting quantities by at least 70%, Mohammad al Khasawneh, head of NPC, said. An ambitious 10-year energy plan unveiled in 2019 aims to secure nearly half of the country’s electricity generation from local energy sources com-pared to a current 15%, according to Iraq Energy Minister Hala Zawati. The plan is meant to diversify local energy sources by expanding investments in renewable and oil shale to reduce costly foreign fuel imports, Zawati added. ExxonMobil Discovers Hydrocarbons Offshore Suriname ExxonMobil and Petronas have discovered several hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone zones with good reservoir qualities in the Campanian section of the Sloanea-1 exploration well on Block 52 offshore Suriname, adding to ExxonMobil’s finds in the Guyana-Suriname basin. The well was drilled by operator Petronas. ExxonMobil said in November that it is prioritizing near-term capital spending on advantaged assets with the highest potential future value. Maersk Drilling reported in early July that it had secured the Maersk Developer from Petronas subsidiary PSEPBV in a $20.4-million one-well exploration con-tract offshore Suriname. The semisubmersible rig drilled the Suriname-Guyana basin well to a total depth of 15,682 ft. “We are pleased with the positive results of the well,” Emeliana Rice-Oxley, Petronas’ vice president of upstream exploration, said. “It will provide the drive for Petronas to continue exploring in Suriname, which is one of our focus basins in the Americas.” Block 52 covers an area of 1.2 million acres and is located approximately 75 miles offshore north of Paramaribo. The water depths on Block 52 range from 160 to 3,600 ft. ExxonMobil E&P Suriname BV, an affiliate of ExxonMobil, holds 50% interest in Block 52. PSEPBV is operator and holds 50% interest. CNOOC Starts Production on Penglai 25-6 Oil Field Area 3 Project China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) announced on 14 December that its Bohai Sea Project - the Penglai 25-6 oil field area 3 - has started production ahead of schedule. The biggest offshore oil field and the second biggest oil field in China, the Penglai is located in the south central Bohai Sea, with average water depth of about 27 m. In addition to fully utilizing the existing processing facilities of Penglai oil fields, the project has built a new wellhead platform and plans 58 development wells, including 38 production wells and 20 water-injection wells. The project is expected to reach its peak production of approximately 11,511 B/D of crude oil in 2023. Six successful appraisal wells were also drilled, which confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons in reservoirs located with-in Miocene, Lower Minghuazhen, and Guantao sandstones. The Penglai 19-3 oil field is located in Block 11/05 of Bohai Bay, approximately 235 km southeast of Tanggu. The production-sharing contract for block 11/05 was signed between CNOOC and ConocoPhillips China (COPC) in December 1994; the field was discovered jointly by CNOOC and COPC in 1999. The oil field was developed in two phases. Phase I production started in December 2002; production from the wellhead platform C, which is tied back temporarily to the production facilities of Phase I, began in June 2007. Since June 2020, CNOOC has announced five production startups: the Jinzhou 25-1 oilfield 6/11 area project, the Liuhua 16-2 oilfield/ 20-2 oil-field joint development project, the Nan-bao 35-2 oilfield S1 area project, the Luda 21-2/16-3 regional development project, and the Qinhuangdao 33-1S oilfield phase-I project. In Q3 2020, CNOOC achieved a total net production of 131.2 million BOE, which the company said represented an increase of 5.1% year over year. Production from China was said to have increased by 10.4% year over year to 88.6 million BOE. In November, CNOOC revealed that the Liuhua 29-1 gas field had begun production; in September, the company said the Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field pilot area development project had also begun. Operator CNOOC holds 51% interest while COPC holds 49% interest in the Penglai 25-6 oilfield area 3 project. Equinor’s Snorre Expansion Project Starts Ahead of Schedule, Below Cost Work began in December on the Snorre Expansion Project in the southern part of the Norwegian Sea. This increased-oil-recovery project will add almost 200 million bbl of recoverable oil reserves and help extend the productive life of the Snorre field through 2040. The expansion project is proposed in blocks 34/4 and 34/7 of the Tampen area, approximately 124 miles west of Florø in the Norwegian North Sea. “I am proud that we have managed to achieve safe startup of the Snorre Expansion Project ahead of schedule in such a challenging year as 2020. In addition, the project is set to be delivered more than NOK 1 billion below the cost estimate in the plan for development and operation,” Geir Tungesvik, Equinor’s executive vice president for technology, projects, and drilling, said. Originally scheduled to come onstream in the first quarter of 2021, the project comprises 24 new wells divided into six subsea templates, drilled to recover the new volumes. Bundles connecting the new wells to the platform have been installed, in addition to new risers. The project also includes a new module and modifications on Snorre A. In December 2017, Equinor submitted a modified plan for development and operation of the field. With the expansion, the recovery factor will increase from 46 to 51%, representing significant value for a field with 2 billion bbl of recoverable oil reserves. Wind power will supply about 35% of the power requirement for the Snorre and Gullfaks fields. The Hywind Tampen project, featuring 11 floating wind turbines, should start up in Q3 2022. The investments in the expansion project total NOK 19.5 billion (2020 value). The project has had substantial spin-off effects for the supply industry in Norway, particularly in eastern Norway and in Rogaland. The Snorre field partnership comprises Equinor (operator) 33.27%, Petoro 30%, Vår Energi 18.55%, Idemitsu 9.6%, and Wintershall Dea 8.57%. Petrobras To Sell Entire Stake in Onshore Field of Sergipe Petrobras on 11 December signed a contract with Energizzi Energias do Brasil to sell its entire stake in the onshore field of Rabo Branco, located south of the Carmópolis field in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Sergipe state. The Rabo Branco field is part of the BT-SEAL-13 concession. The $1.5-million sale is in line with Petrobras’ strategy to cut costs and improve its capital allocation, to focus its resources increasingly on deep and ultradeep waters. The average oil production of the field, from January to October 2020, was 138 B/D. Energizzi Energias do Brasil will own 50% stake in the Rabo Branco field; operator Produção de Óleo e Gás (Petrom) holds the remaining 50%. On 10 December, Petrobras closed the divestiture of its full ownership in four onshore fields at the Tucano Basin site in the state of Bahia. Petrobras sold its entire interest to Eagle Exploração de Óleo e Gás (Eagle). Petrobras earned $2.571 million from this sale, in addition to the $602,000 that the company received at the time of signing the sale contract, for a total of $3.173 million. BP, Reliance Announce First Gas From Asia’s Deepest Project Oil-to-telecom conglomerate Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and BP have started production from India’s first ultradeepwater gas project, the first of three such projects in the KG D6 block. The R Cluster gas field is located off the east coast of India, about 60 km from the existing KG D6 control-and-riser platform (CRP), and comprises a subsea production system tied back to the CRP via a subsea pipeline. It is the deepest offshore gas field in Asia at a depth greater than 2000 m. The companies’ next project, the Satellites Cluster, is expected to come on stream this year, followed by the MJ project in 2022. These projects will utilize the existing hub infrastructure in the KG D6 block. “Growing India’s own production of cleaner-burning gas to meet a significant portion of its energy demand, these three new KG D6 projects will support the country’s drive to shape and improve its future energy mix,” BP Chief Executive Bernard Looney said. The R Cluster field is expected to reach plateau gas production of about 12.9 million standard cubic meters per day (MMscm/D) in 2021. Peak gas production from the three fields should be 30 MMscm/D (1 Bcf/D) by 2023, about 25% of India’s domestic production, and will help reduce the country’s dependence on imported gas. RIL is the operator of KG D6 with a 66.67% interest; BP holds a 33.33% participating interest.

Abstract Background Interrelationship between growth habit and flowering played a key role in the domestication history of pulses; however, the actual genes responsible for these traits have not been identified in Indian bean. Determinate growth habit is desirable due to its early flowering, photo-insensitivity, synchronous pod maturity, ease in manual harvesting and short crop duration. The present study aimed to identify, characterize and validate the gene responsible for growth habit by using a candidate gene approach coupled with sequencing, multiple sequence alignment, protein structure prediction and binding pocket analysis. Results Terminal flowering locus was amplified from GPKH 120 (indeterminate) and GNIB-21 (determinate) using the primers designed from PvTFL1y locus of common bean. Gene prediction revealed that the length of the third and fourth exons differed between the two alleles. Allelic sequence comparison indicated a transition from guanine to adenine at the end of the third exon in GNIB 21. This splice site single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was validated in germplasm lines by sequencing. Protein structure analysis indicated involvement of two binding pockets for interaction of terminal flowering locus (TFL) protein with other proteins. Conclusion The splice site SNP present at the end of the third exon of TFL locus is responsible for the transformation of shoot apical meristem into a reproductive fate in the determinate genotype GNIB 21. The splice site SNP leads to absence of 14 amino acids in mutant TFL protein of GNIB 21, rendering the protein non-functional. This deletion disturbed previously reported anion-binding pocket and secondary binding pocket due to displacement of small β-sheet away from an external loop. This finding may enable the modulation of growth habit in Indian bean and other pulse crops through genome editing.

The study was planned with objective to screen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in bovine HSPB1 gene and to find its effect on age at calving in Karan-Fries (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) and Sahiwal (Bos indicus) breeds of cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 180 cows of both breeds. Based on publically available bovine HSPB1 gene sequence, one primer set was used for polymerase chain reaction amplification of the target region. Further DNA sequencing revealed a transition of thymine to cytosine at SNP rs208395876 in 5’UTR and a silent transversion of guanine to thymine at SNP rs723061520 in first coding sequence of bovine HSPB1 gene in both the studied breeds. Effect of individual SNP genotypes of bovine HSPB1 gene with age at calving (months) was analyzed separately in both breeds via regression using a repeated gene substitution MIXED model and least-squares means.The overall observed heterozygosity in both breeds and the F-Statistics values indicated that there was lesser genetic diversity in studied genomic region of bovine HSPB1 gene in Bos indicus compared to crossbred cattle. Association analysis revealed that SNP rs208395876 significantly delayed age at calving in Karan-Fries cows. In conclusion, the studied genomic region of bovine HSPB1 gene is polymorphic. In addition, these polymorphisms were informative with regard to age at calving of crossbred cows. Therefore, this gene is an important candidate for cow fertility.

Abstract. Jarulis, Muslim C, Kamilah SN, Utama AF, Permana D, Sari MM, Prayitno AH, Jannah IM. 2021. DNA barcode of Enggano hill myna, Gracula religiosa enganensis (Aves: Sturnidae) based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Biodiversitas 22: 1635-1643. The sharp decline of the Enggano hill myna population due to illegal trading and habitat degradation needs to be our concern to prevent this bird from extinction. Taxonomically, Enggano hill myna is referred to as a sub-species, but this has not been confirmed by genetic data. We have sequenced seventeen Enggano hill myna mitochondrial DNA COI genes to describe their genetic identity (barcode), genetic distances, and phylogeny. DNA genome from seventeen blood samples was isolated with DNeasy® Blood and Tissue Kit Qiagen, while PCR amplification was performed using a pair primers, namely COIGRF (5'-TTCTGATTCTTTGGCCATCC-3') and COIGRR (5'-GTTGGAAGGCTTTGCGTTTA-3'). We used Clustal W alignment in MEGA 10.2.2 software to search single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genetic distance was analyzed by using the Kimura 2-parameter, and the phylogenetic tree was reconstructed with Neighbor-Joining models. We found 98.60% conservative sites, 0.69% parsimony sites, and 0.83% singleton sites from the 716 bp sequence. The highest nucleotide composition was cytosine (32.20%), and the lowest was guanine (16.80%), followed by 49% GC content. Seven SNP sites were found in 716 bp COI gene sequences of seventeen individuals. The genetic distance between Enggano hill myna individuals was ranged from 0.0-0.8%, and all Enggano hill myna individuals separated from Chinese and Indian populations in the phylogenetic tree with a genetic distance of 0.9% and 1.1%. Our data suggest that the Enggano hill myna population is still classified as a sub-species. The COI gene sequences that we found can be used to quickly identify this species and are also important to prevent illegal trading in Indonesia.

Orientador: John Manuel Monteiro
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T05:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_IaraQuelhode_D.pdf: 31034366 bytes, checksum: 7d5c33cba3b650f62ca19e7091e79eb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta como objeto de estudo o grupo indígena Guaná-Aruák, denominado Kinikinau, que hoje vive na Aldeia de São João, em Mato Grosso do Sul, e que não obstante ter sido considerado extinto na primeira metade do século XX prossegue com a sua existência. Defende a tese de que essa persistência se deve à existência de uma estrutura geral de tendências e disposições apresentadas pelos povos Chané-Guaná, a que pertencem, materializadas nas situações sócio-históricas do contato, que concorreu para a sua continuidade ao longo do tempo e para a sua inserção na historia do extremo-oeste brasileiro, dada a forma como conceberam e construíram suas relações com o seu entorno. Pretende, também, demonstrar que o "desaparecimento" do grupo constituiu-se como um produto histórico e teórico que se esfacelou frente à presença viva do grupo na sociedade brasileira que invalidou todos os prognósticos pessimistas quanto à sua permanência, revelando uma maneira de se ser índio nestes dias propícios, embora difíceis, as reafirmações dos povos indígenas no Brasil. Trata-se, especificamente, de se historiar a constituição dos Kinikinau enquanto uma formação sócio-indígena, identificando-se os lugares e espaços a partir dos quais se deu aquele processo, e as percepções daquele grupo em relação aos eventos que os envolveram no interior de uma sociedade mais ampla. Do ponto de vista da construção teórica e metodológica, o texto usufrui de renovadas concepções, tais como as de cultura, habitus e apropriação que tem sido utilizadas nas contemporâneas abordagens dos povos indígenas, que incluem as suas percepções e adotam uma perspectiva histórica, permitindo uma reconstrução que escapa da historia vista sob uma única perspectiva e voz. Espera-se ter incluído os Kinikinau nesse tipo de narrativa, considerando-se o tempo da longa duração, mostrando algumas dimensões sócio-históricas e políticas da articulação que construíram com a sociedade envolvente, sob a forma que e intrinsicamente significativa para eles. A pesquisa é baseada em fontes escritas e em relatos dos Kinikinau da Aldeia de São João coletados entre maio de 2009 e setembro de 2010. Os dados obtidos sugerem a permanência de uma estrutura geral de tendências e princípios que orientam as praticas sociais do grupo, traduzidas em uma política de aliança e de convívio com a sociedade envolvente. A contribuição geral pretendida neste trabalho é a de ter oferecido uma fração de conhecimento sobre a história dos antepassados dos Kinikinau e do presente embate que travam para serem plenamente reconhecidos pela sociedade brasileira, que possa servir ao estabelecimento de relações mais generosas com esse grupo que historicamente recorre à aliança com a sociedade mais ampla visando a sua continuidade
Abstract: The Brazilian indigenous group Guaná-Aruák called Kinikinau, in Sao Joao village, Mato Grosso do Sul, were considered extinct in the first half of the XX century. This thesis shows that the group's "disappearance", which became a historic and theoretical product, shattered, in face of its live presence among the Brazilian society. Thus, invalidating all pessimistic prognoses as to its permanence and revealed an indigenous way of being in these favorable days, although difficult, as to self-determination of the Brazilian indigenous people. The paper defends that the Chane- Guana's people perseverance is due to the existence of general framework of the tendencies and dispositions between them and materialized through the social-historic situations of contact. These contacts occurred as a result of the way these relations were conceived and contributed around them, in order to permit its endurance along the time and its insertion in the history of Brazil's extreme-west region. It deals specifically with the Kinikinau constitution of its historical, social-indigenous formation, identifying the spaces and places in which the process occurred, and the group awareness of the events that involved them within a broader society. The theoretical foundation is drawn from updated conceptions such as culture, habitus andappropriation used in the contemporary approaches of the indigenous people, which include their perceptions and adopts a historical perspective that allows its reconstruction beyond the one way view and voice of history. These theoretical perceptions permit including the Kinikinau in this kind of narrative, considering the length of time, and also showing the social-historical and political articulation that they built with the surrounding society, which is intrinsically meaningful to them. The research is based on written documents and on accounts given by the Kinikinau from Sao Joao collected from May 2009 to September 2010. The data suggests the permanency of a general structure of tendencies and principals which orientates their social practice, that is, a policy of alliance and relationships with other groups. Eventually, the overall contribution that we wish to propose is to have offered a fraction of knowledge about the history of the forefathers of Kinikinau and their present endeavor to be fully recognized by the Brazilian society. May it also serve to establish a more generous relation with this group, who have strived to continuity historically by referred to an alliance with the larger society
Doutorado
Etnologia Indigena
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Linearly arranged chemical structure in chromosome is known as DNA. It is a double helix made up of two strands of genetic material spiraled around each other. Each strand has a sequence of bases. There are four types of basis namely adenine, guanine, cytosine and thiamine which are very unique to each individual just like their actual fingerprint. The nitrogen base adenine always binds with thymine and cytosine also always binds with guanine. Thus the DNA profiling unique to each individual is collectively known as DNA fingerprinting. DNA determines individuality or uniqueness of the each human being except in uniovular twins. The chances of complete similarity are one in 30 billion to 300 billion i.e. half the population of world. The technique of DNA fingerprinting was first developed by Dr. Alec Jeffery’s from Britain in 1984. He discovered a minisatellite region close to the human myoglobin gene. He isolated this sequence and used it as a probe to investigate human DNA. He found that the minisatellite probe result was a complex band pattern for each individual. In India, initially it was done at CCMB, Hyderabad by Dr. Lalji Singh. Now there are various centers where DNA fingerprinting is carried out. In Maharashtra it is carried out at Sate Forensic Science Laboratory, Vidya Nagar, Kalina, Mumbai – 400 098 (Phone 022–26670755). Using this technique FBI formally concluded the participation of Mr. Bill Clinton in Monica Lewyninskey case. In India more than 79 cases have been solved by using this technique including important case of Dhanu and Shivarasan alleged assailant of Late Priminister Shr. Rajiv Gandhi, Tandori case, Madhumati murder case etc.

Sulfuric acid also made possible the other revolutionary lighting technology of the nineteenth century: lucifer friction matches. Those phosphorus matches, incredibly cheap, found their way into the hands of the highest and the lowest, everyone now a strike or a jostle away from producing instant, useful, but also potentially devastating flames. Using thousands of tons of coal and sulfuric acid, European chemical manufacturers extracted hundreds of tons of elemental phosphorus from the mountains of bones left in the wake of the slaughter of Pampas cattle in the South American port cities of the Río de La Plata and, later, from phosphates mined on West Indian guano islands. In American cities, thousands of child workers used that European phosphorus to mass-produce incredibly cheap lucifer matches, a process that starkly illustrated the hidden politics and slow violence of producing the means of light. Struggling to work and, even more pressingly, to live in the inescapable ecology of toxic phosphorus, lucifer-making children attempted to change work environments and win powerful allies, all while trying to survive and mitigate an agonizing, degenerative, disfiguring illness from phosphorus poisoning they called “the compo” and officials called “the jaw disease.”

Although many students of island biogeography consider the midriff islands one of the world’s last major refuges of pristine desert-island biota, humans have been a part of that ecosystem for possibly 10,000 years or more. Humans have long affected the terrestrial and inshore marine biota, but the most serious injuries they have caused apparently began in the mid- to late nineteenth century with the start of guano mining on Patos, Rasa, and San Pedro Mártir islands. Since then, most of the major human impacts affecting the Midriff are related to rapid population growth in northwestern Mexico and increasing demands for the Midriff’s fishery and tourist resources. This chapter offers both historical and ecological perspectives on the human occupancy of the Midriff, so that a cultural-historical foundation will be available for ecological studies in the region as well as for land-use planning and conservation. The Midriff, located between 28° and 29°45´N and 112° and 114°W, includes the coasts of Lower California and Sonora and 39 islands and islets. Tiburόn, with an area of 1223.53 km2 and a maximum elevation of 1219 m, and Ángel de la Guarda, with an area of 936.04 km2 and a maximum elevation of 1315 m, are among the largest and most mountainous islands of Mexico. The other major islands of the Midriff, in order of decreasing size, are San Esteban (40.72 km2), San Lorenzo (33.03 km2), Smith (Coronado) (9.13 km2), San Lorenzo Norte (Las Ánimas) (4.26 km2), San Pedro Mártir (2.9 km2), Mejía (2.26 km2), Partida Norte (1.36 km2), Dátil (Turner) (1.25 km2), Alcatraz (Tassne or Pelícano) (1.2 km2), Salsipuedes (1.16 km2), Estanque (Pond) (1.03 km2), Rasa (0.68 km2), and Patos (0.45 km2) (Murphy, unpublished data). The entire region is extremely arid, and Tiburón is the only island that has permanent potable water, found in a few springs or in tinajas, although several tinajas on Ángel de la Guarda may contain water for long periods. The only island permanently inhabited since initial European contact is Tiburón, the historic stronghold of the Seri Indians or Comcáac, once a seminomadic, nonagricultural, seafaring, hunting, fishing, and gathering people.