Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Guarani (langue)'

Cette thèse est un travail descriptif sur la grammaire d'une langue tupi-guarani parlée en Guyane française : le wayampi. L'attention principale est dirigée vers la syntaxe et la morphosyntaxe. Les thèmes suivants sont traités en détails : les classes de mots et les critères formels qui permettent de les distinguer, la structure interne du syntagme nominal et les catégories flexionnelles qui sont susceptibles d'affecter un nom, l'organisation interne du syntagme prédicatif et les catégories grammaticales qui peuvent s'appliquer au mot autour duquel il s'organise, la structure générale de la phrase simple - avec une analyse approfondie des différents types formels de propositions, des relations grammaticales, des opérations de changement de diathèse et de translation, et des constructions sérielles - et pour finir, la subordination
This dissertation is a descriptive work on the grammar of a Tupi-Guarani language spoken in French Guyana : Wayampi. The main focus is on syntax and morphosyntax. The following topics are dealed with in details : word classes and the formal criteria that allow to distinguish between them, internal structure of the nominal phrase and the inflectional categories that may affect a noun, internal organisation of the predicative phrase and the grammatical categories that may apply the word around which it is organised, general structure of the simple sentence - with a deep analysis of the different formal types of clauses, grammatical relations, diathesis changing and transpositional operations, and serial verb constructions -, and finally, subordination

La linguistique amazonienne connaît depuis deux décennies un essor considérable. Nombre de langues jusqu'alors inconnues sont décrites et viennent enrichir la typologie des langues du monde. S'inscrivant dans la dynamique en cours, cette thèse constitue une première description de la "Morphosyntaxe de lé́mérillon, une langue tupi-guarani de Guyane française". L'émérillon étant une langue amazonienne en danger et à tradition orale, le corpus utilisé pour cette étude est constitué de textes spontanés enregistrés auprès de 13 locuteurs sur le terrain. L'analyse proposée s'intègre dans le cadre de la linguistique typologique et fonctionnelle et a pour objectif de situer l'émérillon d'une part dans le contexte des études typologiques sur les langues du monde et d'autre part dans celui de la famille tupi-guarani. Les thèmes les plus développés dans cette étude sont ceux de la morphologie et de la syntaxe, du groupe nominal aux phrases complexes. Des thèmes associés allant de la phonétique au discours sont aussi couverts. D'un point de vue typologique, les faits émérillon les plus remarquables dans le contexte des études typologiques actuelles sont par exemple un système hiérarchique d'indexation des personnes, encore peu discuté typologiquement, des prédication nominales possessives et l'origine gérondive des constructions sérielles. Sur le plan comparatif, l'émérillon fait preuve d'un caractère innovant au sein de la famille tupi-guarani, entre autres par l'évolution du système d'indexation des personnes dans les propositions dépendantes. Enfin, sur le plan "aréal", l'émérillon constitue par de nombreux traits un spécimen représentatif des langues d'Amazonie
Over the last two decades, Amazonian linguistics has greatly expanded. Many languages have recently been described and are providing typologists with new data. Within this dynamic current, this dissertation presents a first description of the "Morphosyntax of Emérillon, a Tupi-Guarani language of French Guyana". Emérillon is an endangered Amazonian language with an oral tradition. Spontaneous texts recorded from 13 speakers in the field constitute the corpus used for this study. The analysis was conducted within a functional-typological approach. It aims at comparing the Emérillon language, on the one hand, with recent typological studies and, on the other, with studies of the other Tupi-Guarani languages. The study focuses on morphology and syntax, from nominal phrases to complex sentences, with other areas such as phonology and discourse being also considered. In a typological perspective, most interesting are the cases of a hierarchical cross-referencing system, still little discussed in the typological literature, possessive nominal predicates using verbal morphology, and gerund constructions being at the origin of verb serialization. In a comparative perspective, this language seems to be an innovative member of the Tupi-Guarani family, for instance with the loss of the absolutive cross-referencing system in dependant clauses. Finally, in an areal perspective, the Emérillon language constitutes by a number of traits a representative member of Amazonian languages

Le guarani paraguayen est une langue amerindienne vivante, parlee au paraguay par la quasi totalite de la population ( environ 4 millions de personnes ). Elle appartient a la famille linguistique tupi-guarani qui dominait, au moment de la conquete du continent, de vastes etendues de l'amerique du sud, de la cote atlantique jusqu'au pied des andes. Dans son etat actuel, cette langue est une des langues officielles de la republique du paraguay, ou elle coexiste avec l'espagnol, l'autre langue officielle de l'etat bilingue. Le guarani, de riche tradition orale, puise ses sources dans les differents dialectes tupi-guarani prehispaniques, dans la langue normalisee a partir du xvieme siecle par les jesuites dans leurs reductions, connue comme "guarani jesuitico", et dans le guarani colonial, langue vehiculaire de la nouvelle population metisse. Les chemins qui conduisirent cette langue de l'oralite a l'ecriture furent parsemes de grandes batailles pour sa survie. L'alternance, cinq siecles durant, entre les replis dans l'oralite et l'investissement dans l'ecriture permit au guarani de trouver les moyens pour s'adapter aux situations les plus diverses en assimilant des elements de l'espagnol sans changer l'essentiel de sa structure. La langue guarani du paraguay est la premiere langue amerindienne, utilisee par une population non-indienne, qui accede au statut de langue officielle d'etat, sur le continent americain. Elle affronte de nos jours un nouveau defi: redevenir une langue litteraire apte a couvrir les espaces de la communication definis dans le cadre de la modernite
Paraguayan guarani is an amerindian living language spoken by most of the population of paraguay ( approximately four million people ). This language belongs to the linguistic family of tupi-guarani which prevailed over vast areas of south america, from the atlantic coast to the andes, when the conquest of this continent started. At the present time this language is one of the official languages in the republic of paraguay where it coexists with spanish, the second official language of this bilingual state. Guarani is mainly a language of oral tradition. It draws its sources from the different prehispanic tupi-guarani dialects, as well as from "guarani jesuitico", language standardized from the 16th century by the jesuits in their "reductions" and finally from colonial guarani, common language used by the new half-breed population. The roads that led paraguayan guarani from an oral to a written language were riddled with great battles in order to survive. For five centuries it has been alternating between a falling back to an oral language and the investing in writing. This enabled guarani to adapt itself to various situations in taking in some elements of spanish without modifying the essential structures of the language. Guarani of paraguay, the first amerindian language spoken by nonindians is reaching the status of an official state language on the american continent. Nowdays it is facing a new challenge: becoming again a literary language able to cover the spaces of communication of the modern world

En guarani (langue nationale du paraguay) l'harmonie nasale est declenchee par un lexeme nasal ou a consonne prenasalisee, et peut s'etendre sur tout le mot phonologique. Une classe particuliere d'affixes presente des alternances consonantiques qui dependent de la structure nasale du morpheme dominant. La phonologie generative et post-generative a analyse l'harmonie nasale comme un processus de derivation generalise, provoque pa un seul segment, tant a l'intramorphemique qu'a l'extramorphemique. Ce travail se propose d'analyser la structure nasale des morphemes dominants comme une realite morphematique non-derivee. En s'inscrivant dans le cadre formel de la phonologie autosegmentale, une approche non-derivationnelle permet de faire la part entre nasalite et nasalisation. Trois profils archetypiques sont degages : le profil oral, le profil nasal et le profil complexe. La nasalisation des affixes peut alors etre expliquee comme une actualisation (plus etendue) du profil nasal ou du profil complexe
Nasal harmony in guarani (the national language of paraguay) is triggered by a nasal lexeme or a lexeme with a prenasalized consonant and this harmony can propagate on the whole phonological word. A specific category of affixes shows alternations of consonants which depend on the nasal structure of the dominant morpheme. Nasal harmony has been analyzed by generative and post-generative phonology as a generalized derivational process, provoked by a single segment, in both intramorphemic and extramorphemic contexts. The aim of this study is to analyze the nasal structure of the dominant morphemes as a non-derivated morphemic reality. Within the formal pattern of autosegmental phonology, nasality and nasalization can be distinguished through a non-derivational approach. Three archetypal profiles are determined : oral, nasal and complexe. The nasalization of the affixes can then be explained as a (more extended) actualization of the nasal or the complexe profile

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Sciences religieuses--Université de Strasbourg, 1969. Titre de soutenance : La création d'un langage chrétien dans les Réductions des Guarani au Paraguay.
CEPAG = Centro de estudios paraguayos Antonio Guasch. Ce texte reprend en espagnol la thèse soutenue sous le titre : "La création d'un langage chrétien dans les Réductions des Guarani au Paraguay" Bibliogr. p. 329-372.

Le guarani, une des dix-huit langues amerindiennes parlees au paraguay, entre dans l'ecriture pour la deuxieme fois de son histoire, au moment ou le paraguay sort de deux siecles d'isolement: isolement politique, economique et culturel dans lequel s'est forgee une identite dont la langue guaranie est la principale constituante. L'evolution de la langue guaranie est liee aux transformations sociopolitiques du pays et c'est pourquoi, apres le coup d'etat de 1989, le guarani se trouve au centre du grand projet de societe democratique concretise par le plan d'enseignement bilingue. La situation linguistique est tout a fait particuliere: 87% de guaranophones dont 40% d'unilingues guaranophones, et 7% d'unilingues hispanophones. Le paraguay est guaranophone dans les chiffres, hispanophone, danssa representation externe et constitutionnellement bilingue depuis 1992. En faisant du guarani une langue officielle a parite avec l'espagnol, l'etat sort le guarani de l'oralite et met en place une reelle politique linguistique educative, mais sans le veritable soutien d'une politique de normalisation et planification linguistiques. Comment la langue guaranie va-t-elle integrer cette seconde reduction linguistique que represente l'ecriture d'une langue semi-orale? quelles didactiques developper pour l'enseignement des deux langues officielles ? quelles sont les incidences sociolinguistiques de l'obligation de l'enseignement du guarani a l'ensemble de la communaute nationale ? l'etude a ete menee sur les cinq premieres annees de la mise en place du p. E. B. , entre 1994 et 1999, par l'analyse d'un corpus, des enquetes aupres de la communaute educative et des entretiens aupres des acteurs sociaux des autres secteurs en relation avec l'ecrit.

Cette étude de linguistique descriptive porte sur la langue anambe, une langue brésilienne en voie de disparition. L'étude se fonde sur l'analyse des données mises en rapport à d'autres langues de la famille tupi-guarani. L'étude débute par une présentation des données ethnographiques et de la situation sociolinguistique du groupe. En se fondant sur les propriétés lexicales, phonologiques et grammaticales nous avons confirmé l'appartenance de l'anambe à la famille tupi-guarani. L'étude de la morphosyntaxe met en évidence les questions concernant le nom et le verbe, les préfixes relationnels, les marques de personne, les constructions au gérondif, au subjonctif et à l'indicatif II. La description et l'analyse de la phrase se fondent sur la notion de prédication. En s'agissant des langues indigènes brésiliennes, notre travail de description de l'anambe permet d'approfondir les aspects phonologiques, morphologiques, syntaxiques de la famille tupi-guarani
This study is about the anambe, one of the endangered languages in Brazil, based on the analysis of data related to the tupi-guarani language family. First I introduce ethnographic information and the sociolinguistic situation of the group. Next, I present the relation between the anambe language and the tupi-guarani family taking into consideration the lexical, phonological and grammatical properties. The issues about morphosyntax account for questions about nouns and verbs, relational prefixes, personal markers, gerund, subjunctive and indicative II constructions. Sentences description and analysis are based on the notion of predication. This study will hopefully bring new insights to other areas of Linguistics as well as, in the field of Brazilian indigenous languages, it may contribute to a better understanding of the phonological, morphological and syntatic aspects of the Tupi-Guarani language family

O projeto NURC surge no Brasil para estabelecer amostras da norma culta falada em cinco grandes capitais brasileiras. Fundamenta-se na pragmática, a conversação entre os falantes é analisada e os resultados desta análise desvendam os elementos típicos da oralidade. Um dos elementos mais estudados tem sido os marcadores conversacionais ou discursivos. Estes são relevantes para a coesão e coerência do texto falado. A partir do estudo sobre a norma culta, averiguamos a presença dos marcadores conversacionais na língua falada no Paraguai, o guarani jopará. Trata-se de uma língua que se mistura com o espanhol. São encontradas grandes mesclas lingüísticas que se evidenciam também nos marcadores conversacionais. Este trabalho visa, portanto, apresentar alguns marcadores conversacionais presentes no corpus e estabelecer suas funções dentro do contexto interacional do ato comunicativo. Visa também apresentar os marcadores conversacionais responsáveis pelos encadeamentos entre os super-tópicos e tópicos do texto oral.
The project NURC was created in Brazil as an attempt to establish samples of educated spoken language. Relying on pragmatics, the speakers conversations are analysed and the results shows an increasing number of typical elements of oral language. One of the most frequently studied elements has been the conversational or discursive markers, essential for cohesion and coherence of spoken text. We research the conversational markers in the language spoken in Paraguai: The Guarani jopará. It is a language that is mixed with Spanish. Is possible to find a lot of linguistic mixing in the guarani jopará conversational markers too. Therefore, this study aimed at presenting some conversational markers founded in the corpus and defining their functions within the interaction context of the communicative act.

Orientador: Rajagopalan, Kanavillil
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O povo indígena Guarani é formado pelos sub-grupos Ñandeva, Kaiowa e Mbyá, porém, localizam-se no sul de Mato Grosso do Sul somente os Ñandeva e os Kaiowa. Não obstante às intempéries pelas quais passou, o povo guarani não perdeu seu modo de ser e viver, bem como língua e costumes, muito embora, evidentemente com algumas modificações marcadas pelo contato com o não-índio. Já no final do século XIX, a Cia Matte Laranjeiras que obteve do governo federal o arrendamento das terras da região para exploração da erva-mate inicia o desmantelamento das aldeias, transformando-as em áreas de extração da referida erva-mate (cf. Brand, 1997:61). A partir da década de 1940, os índios guarani são afastados de suas terras para ceder espaço às colônias agrícolas implantadas na Região de Dourados pelo governo federal. E no começo da década de 1950 inicia-se a implantação de fazendas de criação de gado em locais apropriados para tal fim.Em função do esbulho de suas terras, os índios guarani, Ñandeva e Kaiowa dispersaram por toda a região dando origem a um movimento denominado esparramo, e servindo de mão de obra barata, principalmente no tocante a extração da erva-mate. Posteriormente foram reunidos indistintamente Kaiowa e Ñandeva em áreas reconquistadas e previamente demarcadas com a denominação de reservas indígenas. Deste modo, tais reservas agregaram índios de famílias diferentes da formação tradicional, sendo, pois, ainda, inevitável a aproximação entre os dois sub-grupos, dando origem a atual organização Kaiowa/Guarani.A preservação cultural e lingüística assegurada e mantida pelos Kaiowa/Guarani diz respeito à hipótese da resistência que direcionou meu trabalho. Tal resistência implementada pelos Kaiowa/Guarani constitui objeto de análise no âmbito da performatividade da linguagem usada pelos professores índios dessa etnia, na interlocução com o não-índio
Abstract: The people indigenous Guarani are formed by the sub-groups Ñandeva, Kaiowa and Mbyá, however, they are located in the south of Mato Grosso do Sul only Ñandeva and Kaiowa. In spite of to the bad weather for the which it passed, didn't lose his way of to be and to live, as well as language and habits, very away, evidently with some modifications marked by the contact with the no-Indian. Already in the end of the century XIX, the Cia Matte Laranjeiras that obtained of the federal government the leasing of the lands of the area for exploration of the maté begins the dismantling of the villages, transforming them in areas of extraction of the referred maté (cf. Brand, 1997:61). Starting from the decade of 1940, the Indians Guarani is moved away of their lands to give up space to the agricultural colonies implanted in the Area of Dourados, MS by the federal government. And at the beginning of the decade of 1950 the implantation of cattle breeding farms begins at appropriate places for such end. In function of the dispossession of their lands, the Indians Guarani, Ñandeva and Kaiowa dispersed for the whole area creating a denominated movement spread, and serving as hand of cheap work, mainly concerning extraction of the maté. Later they were gathered Kaiowa and Ñandeva faintly in reconquered areas and previously demarcated with the denomination of indigenous reservations. This way, such reservations joined Indians of families different from the traditional formation now, as well as, approximating the two sub-groups giving origin the current organization Kaiowa/Guarani. The cultural and linguistic preservation insured and maintained by Kaiowa/Guarani says respect to the hypothesis of the resistance that addressed my work. Such resistance implemented by Kaiowa/Guarani constitutes analysis object in the extent of the performatividade of the language used by the Indian teachers of that etnia, in the dialogue with the no-Indian
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística

Orientador: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A língua Avá-Canoeiro, pertencente ao Subgrupo IV das línguas Tupi-Guarani , é falada por vinte e duas pessoas. A maioria desses indígenas vive na aldeia Canoanã, na Ilha do Bananal, a cinqüenta e quatro quilômetros da cidade de Formoso do Araguaia, no Estado do Tocantins. Há também uma família que mora na aldeia Javaé de Boto Velho, próxima ao município de Lagoa da Confusão, também na Ilha. Seis Avá-Canoeiro vivem na Terra Indígena próxima à cidade de Minaçu, em Goiás, localizada a oitenta quilômetros daquele município. Esta tese, cuja fundamentação teórica é a Tipologia Funcional, aborda aspectos fonológicos e morfossintáticos dessa língua brasileira pouquíssimo conhecida, bem como fornece ao leitor um panorama sobre a situação sociolingüística desse povo em nossos d as. São temas discutidos na parte relativa à fonologia: 1) os fonemas e seus alofones; 2) aspectos fonológicos diacrônicos; 3) processos fonológicos e morfofonológicos; 4) a constituição silábica; e 5) o padrão acentual. No que diz respeito à morfossintaxe, discuto: 1) as classes de palavras abertas (nome, verbo e advérbio) e fechadas (pronomes pessoais, demonstrativos, partículas e posposições); 2) as orações simples e coordenadas; 3) os tipos oracionais; 4) a ordem frasal; e 5) a hipótese de a língua ser de estrutura ativa.
Abstract: Avá-Canoeiro, which belongs to the fourth subgroup of the Tupi-Guarani languages, is spoken by twenty two people. The majority of them live in Canoanã Village, in Ilha do Bananal, located at fifty four kilometers from the city of Formoso do Araguaia, in the state of Tocantins. There is also one family that reside in Boto Velho Javaé Village, close to the city of Lagoa da Confusão, in Ilha do Bananal too. Six Avá-Canoeiro indians inhabit in the Indigenous Land near eighty kilometers from Minaçu, in the state of Goiás. This doctoral dissertation is theorically based on the Functional Typology and presents some aspects of the phonology and of the morphosyntax of Avá-Canoeiro, this Brazilian language which is almost still unknown. The reader can also find informations about the sociolinguistic reality of this people nowadays. The phonological aspects discussed are: 1) the phonemes of the language and the r allophones; 2) diachronical phonological aspects; 3) phonological and morphosyntactic processes; 4) the syllable constitution and 5) the stress pattern. Concerning the morphosyntax of the language, the topics discussed are: 1) open and closed parts-of-speech (nouns, verbs, adverbs, personal pronouns, demonstratives, particles and pospositions); 2) ma n and coordinated clauses; 3) the sentences types; 4) the word order; and 5) the hypothesis that Avá-Canoeiro could be classified as an Active-Stative Language.
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística

Orientador : Eni de Lourdes Pulcinelli Orlandi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O objeto desta tese são os discursos nacionalistas sobre a língua guarani no Paraguai. Esses discursos se constituíram nas primeiras décadas do século XX, no contexto dos conhecidos movimentos de reivindicação novomundista surgidos na América Latina, e passaram a sustentar as políticas lingüísticas oficiais adotadas no Paraguai a partir dos anos 1940 e 1950. A análise realizada procura mostrar que o nacionalismo presente em tais discursos apresenta elementos das formulações dogmáticas, xenófobas e racistas características das últimas décadas do século XIX, matriz dos nacionalismos totalitários posteriores. A definição essencialista da nação e de sua relação com a língua, a recorrente alusão às guerras e à necessidade de defesa contra o inimigo estrangeiro, são alguns dos elementos analisados nesse sentido. As relações estabelecidas permitem afirmar que tais discursos reivindicatórios não superam, como pretendem, a visão colonialista das línguas (culturas) indígenas, que acaba neles reformulada de uma maneira positiva. De outro lado, o caráter conservador do nacionalismo desses discursos permite compreender o fato de que os mesmos tenham sido assumidos por regimes totalitários, como é o caso da ditadura militar do General Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989), período durante o qual tais discursos se reafirmaram de modo mais decisivo. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, esta pesquisa se inscreve no quadro da Análise do Discurso, tal como elaborada no Brasil a partir dos trabalhos de Michel Pêcheux. É um ponto central nessa perspectiva a consideração da natureza política (ideológica) de todo fato de linguagem, no caso que nos ocupa, dos discursos sobre o guarani. Analisamos, nesse sentido, as conseqüências que o desconhecimento desse caráter político pode trazer para a compreensão desse fenômeno. Propomos, para tanto, uma leitura crítica de alguns trabalhos clássicos sobre o guarani, a saber, os de Paul Garvin e Madeleine Mathiot, de José Pedro Rona e de Joan Rubin. Procuramos mostrar que esses trabalhos reproduzem elementos do mesmo nacionalismo presente nos discursos analisados, chegando a reproduzir inclusive, em alguns casos, o discurso do partido que sustentou a ditadura do Gal. Stroessner. Nossa hipótese é que tal problema decorre, lingua ecisamente, do apagamento do caráter político desses discursos sobre a língua, pela psicologização (naturalização) do fenômeno. Discutimos finalmente, nessa direção, alpes conceitos teórico-metodológicos mobilizados nessa perspectiva para analisar o fenômeno do nacionalismo lingüístico, de modo geral, tomados de autores como Joshua Fishman, Uriel Weinreich e Paul Garvin, entre outros, no intuito de mostrar de que modo tais conceitos tornam disponíveis formulações dogmáticas tais como as que caracterizam os discursos que analisamos
Abstract: The subject of this thesis is the nationalistic discourses concerning the Guarani language in Paraguay. These discourses were constituted at the first decades of the 20th century, and they appeared among the claim of different novomundista movements in Latin America. Thereby they began to support the oKcial linguistic policies assumed in Paraguay since 40¿s and 50¿s. The analysis aims to show that this nationalism presents elements of dogmatic, xenophobic and racist features formulated mainly at the end of 19th century, which would be the matrix of totalitarian nationalisms later on. Some of the elements analyzed hereby are: the essencialistic definition of nation and its relationship with the language, the recurrent allusion to wars and the needs of defense against the foreign enemy, and the characterization of Language in superior/inferior ontological aspects. The established relations allow us to affirm that such claiming discourses do not surpass (as they intend to do), the colonialistic vision of aboriginal languages (and aboriginal cultures), that ends up re-formulated in a positive way. On the other side, the conservative aspect of the nationalism of these discourses allows to comprehend the fact that they have been assumed by totalitarian regimes, as it is the case of the military dictatorship of General Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989), period into which such discourses were rearmed decisively. From our theoretical and methodological point of view, this work inscribes itself in the Discourse Analysis field, as it is elaborated in Brazil based on the works of Michel Pecheux. It is a central point in this perspective the consideration of the political nature (ideology, in our perspective) of every fact of language; in this specific case: the discourses about Guarani language. We therefore analyze what consequences the unfamiliarity of this political aspect might bring for the understanding of this phenomenon. In so far, we worked on a critical reading of some classic works about Guarani language, from well-known authors such as Paul Garvin and Madeleine Mathiot, Jose Pedro Rona and Joan Rubin. We look forward to show how these works reproduce elements of the same nationalism of the analyzed discourses, reproducing in some cases the discourse of the party that supported General Stroessner¿s dictatorship. Our hypothesis is that such problems arise with the erasure of political aspects of these discourses on Language formulation, due to the psychologization (naturalization) process of the referred phenomenon. We discuss some theoretical and methodological concepts elaborated from this perspective from authors as Joshua Fishman, Uriel Weinreich, and Paul Garvin, among others, and we intend to show how such concepts make possible dogmatic formulations, as the one that characterizes the discourses that we¿ve analyzed.
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística

Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'Angelis
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O resumo na íntegra poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestra em Linguística

Orientador: Antônio Roberto Esteves
Banca: Wilson Alves Bezerra
Banca: Rosana Cristina Zanelatto Santos
Banca: Maria Josele Bucco Coelho
Banca: Kátia Rodrigues Mello Miranda
Resumo: Esta tese apresenta reflexões sobre a produção poética em portunhol do uruguaio Fabián Severo e do brasileiro Douglas Diegues. A poética em portunhol se insere na contemporaneidade entre as mais inovadoras formas do fazer literário, justificando estudos identificadores dessa construção sui generis que mescla a língua portuguesa e a língua espanhola ou, ainda, de sua vertente como portunhol selgavem, que acrescenta o guarani às outras duas. O portunhol emerge de forma híbrida e mestiça como uma língua anárquica, situando-se acima dos espaços geográficos e culturais, e circula muito além das fronteiras entre Brasil e Uruguai ou Brasil e Paraguai. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é demonstrar que o portunhol literário, fundado em uma língua híbrida e multifacetada, muito mais do que simplesmente uma vertente artística literária, também expressa um estilo de vida e uma cultura tangível, reflexo das diversas relações entre língua e sujeitos. As produções de Severo e Diegues traduzem uma desobediência à língua padrão de seus países e, sobretudo, uma experimentação de amalgamar o português, o espanhol e o guarani em uma única língua. A partir de tais elementos, procura-se desvendar as características dessa linguagem transfronteiriça, a par de analisar e discutir seus aspectos simbólicos e culturais, uma vez que a produção desses autores nos obriga a encarar o local e o global de uma forma bem diferente do tradicional. Partimos da premissa de que o portunhol extrapola a oralidade dos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Esta tesis presenta reflexiones sobre la producción poética en portuñol del uruguayo Fabián Severo y del brasileño Douglas Diegues. La poética en portuñol se inserta en la contemporaneidad entre las formas más innovadoras del hacer literario, lo que justifica los estudios identificadores de esta construcción sui generis que combina las lenguas portuguesa y española, o incluso su vertiente como portuñol salvaje que añade el guaraní a las otras dos. El portuñol emerge de forma híbrida y mestiza como una lengua anárquica, situándose por encima de los espacios geográficos y culturales, y circula mucho más allá de las fronteras entre Brasil y Uruguay o Brasil y Paraguay. El objetivo general de esta investigación es demostrar que el portuñol literario, fundado en una lengua híbrida y multifacética, mucho más que simplemente una vertiente artística literaria, también expresa un estilo de vida y una cultura tangible, reflejo de las diversas relaciones entre lengua y sujetos. Las producciones de Severo y Diegues reflejan una desobediencia a la lengua estándar de sus países y, sobre todo, un ensayo de amalgamar el portugués, el español y el guaraní en un solo idioma. A partir de tales elementos, se busca desvelar las características de ese lenguaje transfronterizo, además de analizar y discutir sus aspectos simbólicos y culturales, ya que la producción de estos autores nos obliga a encarar lo local y lo global de una forma muy diferente de la tradicional. Partimos de la premisa de que el portuñol extrapola la oralidad de los habitantes de la frontera para llegar a la escritura poética, rompiendo los modelos convencionales del lenguaje y presentando un universo particular en el que no hay reglas, ni internas ni externas, a seguir... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Orientador: Maria Filomena Spatti Sandalo de Sa Porto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O kayabi (família Tupi-Guarani) é, aparentemente, uma língua de ordem livre, uma vez que todos os tipos de ordem são atestados. Constatou-se, todavia, que a variação na ordem dos constituintes oracionais parece obedecer a certas restrições, dependendo, dentre outras coisas, da forma verbal envolvida. Nas construções declarativas, em que o verbo ocorre com flexão de pessoa, a variação na ordem é menos restrito do que nas construções denominadas narrativas, em que o verbo vem desprovido de flexão pessoal, e somente os tipos SOV e OSV são permitidos. Além disso, verificou-se que o kayabi apresenta clíticos de segunda posição, os quais estão intimamente relacionados com as restrições das ordens dessa língua. Em vista desses fatos, discuto a possibilidade de estes clíticos sofrerem movimento sintático, com base nos pressupostos teóricos da gramática gerativa
Abstract: Kayabi language (Tupi-Guarani family) is, at first sight, a free word order language, since all kinds of word order are attested. Nevertheless, we show that the variation in the order of the sentence constituents obey certain restrictions, depending on, from among others, the verbal form involved. In declarative constructions, in which the verb is marked by person inflection, the order variation is less restrict than the constructions named narratives, which the verb is not marked by person inflection, and only SOV and OSV are allowed. Moreover, it also shows that kayabi has second position clitics and we discuss an analysis of second position clitics, in which to these clitics undergo syntactic movement, based on the gerative grammar theoretical framework
Mestrado
Linguistica

Esta tese busca averiguar as relações entre entoação frasal no guarani e melodia de músicas populares paraguaias. Foram analisados falas e cantos de sujeitos do gênero masculino e feminino. Segue-se por base o modelo de análise proposto por Ferreira Netto (2006), que analisou a prosódia da língua portuguesa observando a frequência fundamental como uma série temporal. Os dados, colhidos por meio de pesquisa de campo, foram analisados com o uso do aplicativo ExProsodia. A análise centrou-se nas finalizações de canto e de fala guarani do Paraguai da sociedade paraguaia popular. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para finalizações predominantemente plagais tanto na fala quanto no canto.
This research aims at describing the relationship between the sentence intonation of the Paraguayan Guarani and the melody of Paraguayan popular songs. Ferreira Netto (2006) model of analysis was used. He analyzed the Portuguese prosody considering the fundamental Frequency as a temporal series. The data were collected through field research. Analysis and tabulation of data were conducted using the software ExProsodia. The analysis focused specifically the end of sentences of spoken Guarani and the melody of songs. The results pointed out that the end of the spoken sentences as well as songs were similar and mainly plagal.

This study examines the languages attitudes surrounding the standard (Academic Guaraní) and vernacular (Jopará) varieties of Guaraní, as well as the reported language use for Spanish and the two varieties of Guaraní. The study addresses language attitudes as manifestations of pride, loyalty, and prestige and reported language usage characteristic of a dichotomy between high and low varieties (e.g. Loureiro-Rodríguez, 2008) in order to determine if similar language attitudes and linguistic norms are evident in this community. A survey was used to gather data from 10 students and 10 teachers who live and work in Altos de La Cordillera (a small town with rural and urban features). Contrary to the findings of previous research studies on the language attitudes associated with high and low varieties (e.g. Garrett, 2001), the participants of this study appear to show an all-round favorability for the standard variety of Guaraní (Academic Guaraní). Furthermore, the reported language use of Spanish, Jopará, and Academic Guaraní does not seem to provide evidence for a Spanish/Guaraní diglossia in this community nor does there appear to be a dichotomy between the high and low varieties of Guaraní such as what has historically existed between Spanish and Guaraní. The participants' language attitudes and patterns of reported language use are interpreted in relation to notions of solidarity, superiority, accommodation, and the relationship between adolescence and identity formation.
Master of Arts
This study examines the languages attitudes surrounding the variety of Guaraní taught in school (Academic Guaraní) and the primarily oral variety of Guaraní (Jopará) historically spoken at home or in private contexts. It also examines the reported language use for Spanish and the two varieties of Guaraní. The study addresses language attitudes as manifestations of pride, loyalty, and prestige and reported language usage characteristic of multilingual communities in order to determine if similar language attitudes and linguistic norms are evident in this community. A survey was used to gather data from 10 students and 10 teachers who live and work in Altos de La Cordillera (a small town with rural and urban characteristics). The participants of this study appear to show an all-round favorability for the standard variety of Guaraní (Academic Guaraní). Furthermore, the reported language use of Spanish, Jopará, and Academic Guaraní does not seem to be connected to the formality or informality of the given situation or context. The participants’ language attitudes and patterns of reported language use are interpreted in reference to inter and intra-group relations and the notion of superiority.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the evidence which can confirm that the United States, because of their historic interest in natural resources in Latin America, tries to exercise control over the Guarani Aquifer, the world’s third-largest supply of freshwater. The study investigates the existence of documents or other strategic instruments  that can prove that the United States still maintains their influence over the natural resources in Latin America, particularly the water supplies in the Guarani Aquifer.

To be able to fulfill the aim, the paper presents in a historic background the origin of the United States’ wish to maintain hegemony over Latin America. Thereafter, the study analyzes the American influence over the Guarani Aquifer from three points of view: the ideological, the military and the economic point of view.

The result of the paper shows that the United States, from the ideological point of view, tries to maintain their influence with the fourth Santa Fé Document which proclaims that the natural resources in Latin America should be at the disposal of the U.S. to fulfill their national priorities. Moreover, from the military point of view the U.S. uses their armed forces, under the pretext that Islamic terrorist cells exist in an important region of the Guarani Aquifer, as a way to maintain the control. Furthermore, from the economic point of view the U.S. uses the free trade agreement ALCA, which proposes, among other things, the privatization of  water supplies as a way of controlling them. Even if ALCA was rejected in 2005, the study presents its possible consequences for the Guarani Aquifer and the so called “megaprojects”, which are connected to the ALCA, and whose objectives are to delineate the resources of the above mentioned water supply.

The paper concludes that the United States is a power that still tries to maintain their control over the Latin American part of the western hemisphere, but the influence is maintained with a more refined foreign policy than before.     

       

En este estudio indagamos si Estados Unidos, a causa de su interés histórico en los recursos naturales en América Latina, sigue siendo una fuerza decisiva en la explotación de estos recursos en la región, especialmente los recursos de agua del Acuífero Guaraní, la tercera reserva más grande de agua dulce del mundo. El propósito del estudio es investigar las posibilidades si hay pruebas, por ejemplo documentos u otros estrategias, que puedan mostrar que la influencia estadounidense continúa siendo vigente pero en los recursos de agua en Latinoamérica, con base en la Doctrina Monroe de 1823.

        

Para poder alcanzar el objetivo del estudio, presentamos, primero, un trasfondo histórico que explica la influencia histórica de Estados Unidos sobre la región, tanto en general como sobre los recursos naturales latinoamericanos para más tarde analizar la influencia norteamericana actual sobre los recursos de agua desde tres puntos de vista: el punto de vista ideológico, militar y económico.

        

El estudio presenta, de acuerdo con las fuentes utilizadas, que Estados Unidos trata de mantener su influencia sobre los recursos de agua desde el punto de vista ideológico mediante el Documento de Santa Fé IV que postula que dicho país considera que los recursos naturales de América Latina deberán ser disponibles para sus prioridades nacionales. Desde el punto de vista militar Estados Unidos utiliza, so pretexto de la presencia de terroristas islámicas en una región importante del Acuífero Guaraní, sus fuerzas militares para mantener su control. Desde el punto de vista económico Estados Unidos usa el tratado de libre comercio ALCA, que propone, entre otras cosas, privatización de recursos de agua, como medio de control. A pesar de que el ALCA es un proyecto congelado, presentamos las consecuencias posibles de éste en el Acuífero Guaraní y los llamados “megaproyectos” que están conectados con el ALCA y cuyos objetivos son elaborar un mapa extensivo sobre los recursos de agua, el Acuífero Guaraní en particular.

        

De acuerdo con los acercamientos sobre los intentos estadounidenses de controlar el Acuífero Guaraní para cumplir su propósito geoestratégico de controlar este recurso muy rico, el estudio concluye, entre otras cosas, que la influencia de Estados Unidos sigue siendo vigente, pero la influencia se mantiene con una política más refinada que anteriormente.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Currently in Brazil, according to Maher (2013), are spoken by around 222 indigenous languages. However, although this number represent a major linguistic diversity, "It is also estimated that since the arrival of the Portuguese there was the loss of 1,000 languages, representing 85% of the languages in Brazilian territory in the sixteenth century" (RODRIGUES, 2005), result of "an extremely violent and ongoing colonization process" (Rodrigues, 2005), the indigenous peoples were submitted. When the establishments of formal education, learning models were quite radical and mostly aimed at monolingual teaching in Portuguese, which since the Pombal reform was imposed as the most prestigious language throughout the national territory. Concerning this, in order to conduct a search that values and contribute to the work on Brazilian minority languages in the school context, this research aims to analyze the initiative of the language policy of officialisation the Guarani language, in Tacuru city in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, trying to highlight, from the point of view of the school community, what the political and pedagogical implications of this initiative in the school studied. As theoretical perspectives to research is based on authors like Altenhofen (2004), Calvet (2007, 2002), Hamel (1988), Moserrat (2001, 2006), Oliveira (2003, 2005, 2009) and Tobias (2008), which supported our discussions on Linguistics policies in multilingual contexts. We used authors as Benites (2009), Cavalcanti (1999), Luciano (2006), Maher (2010), Miller (2003); Seki (1993); among others in order to support the discussions directly related to contexts in which indigenous communities are inserted. Regarding the methodology, this study was developed through methodological principles of qualitative perspective, understanding that we are dealing with sensitive issues that involve value judgments. We used also in qualitative perspective, the research mode of ethnographic to be working directly with students and teachers. This methodological choice, in turn, aims to support the work of observation and description of the cultural and linguistic aspects of these participants, so that a greater knowledge of the culture of the participants involved is essential for the research could bring contribution to its participants. The results obtained in this research suggest that: a) the Guarani language was implemented at School X in foreign language format, with a team of two professors who taught the language, both in the morning and in the evening; b) lack dialogue with members of the School X, regarding the implementation of the law, because according to participants the law "come from above"; c) lack Linguistic preparation of teachers and teaching materials to work with discipline Guarani language; d) it is designed little workload to Guarani language discipline; e) the school does not have a multidisciplinary team and teachers who work properly the issue of indigenous culture and diversity; f) except for the hospital, which has an interpreter to meet the indigenous population, according to the speech of participants, no major advances in the appreciation of indigenous culture in the municipality of Tacuru observed.
Atualmente, no Brasil, segundo Maher (2013), são faladas por volta de 222 línguas indígenas. No entanto, apesar de esse número representar uma grande diversidade linguística, “estima-se também que desde a chegada dos portugueses houve a perda de 1.000 línguas, o que representa 85% das línguas existentes no território brasileiro no século XVI” (RODRIGUES, 2005), resultado “de um processo colonizador extremamente violento e continuado” (RODRIGUES, 2005), a que os povos indígenas foram submetidos. Quando do estabelecimento do ensino formal, os modelos de aprendizagem eram bastante radicais e em sua maioria visavam ao ensino monolíngue em língua portuguesa, que desde a reforma pombalina foi imposta como a língua de maior prestígio em todo território nacional. Concernente a isso, a fim de realizar uma pesquisa que valorize e contribua com o trabalho sobre línguas minoritárias brasileiras no contexto escolar, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a iniciativa da política linguística de cooficialização da língua guarani, na cidade de Tacuru, no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, a partir do ponto de vista da comunidade escolar, quais as repercussões políticas e pedagógicas dessa iniciativa na escola pesquisada. Como perspectivas teóricas a pesquisa está fundamentada em autores como Altenhofen (2004), Calvet (2007, 2002), Hamel (1988), Moserrat (2001, 2006), Oliveira (2003, 2005, 2009) e Tobias (2008), que subsidiaram nossas discussões relativas às políticas Linguísticas em contextos multilíngues. Utilizamos autores como Benites (2009), Cavalcanti (1999), Luciano (2006), Maher (2010), Monteiro (2003); Seki (1993); dentre outros, para amparar as discussões diretamente relacionadas a contextos em que as comunidades indígenas estão inseridas. Quanto à metodologia, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida através dos princípios metodológicos da perspectiva qualitativa, por entender que estamos lidando com questões delicadas, que envolvem juízo de valor. Utilizamos, também, dentro da perspectiva qualitativa, a modalidade de pesquisa de cunho etnográfico, por estarmos trabalhando diretamente com alunos e professores. Essa escolha metodológica, por sua vez, objetiva subsidiar o trabalho de observação e descrição dos aspectos culturais e linguísticos desses participantes, de forma que um maior conhecimento da cultura dos participantes envolvidos é fundamental para que a pesquisa pudesse trazer contribuição para seus participantes. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa sugerem que: a) a língua guarani foi implantada na Escola X, no formato de língua estrangeira, com a lotação de dois professores que lecionavam essa língua, tanto no período matutino como no vespertino; b) falta diálogo com os integrantes da Escola X, quanto à implementação da lei, pois segundo os participantes a lei “veio de cima para baixo; c) falta de preparo linguístico dos professores e material didático para o trabalho com disciplina língua guarani; d) pouca carga horária à disciplina de língua guarani; e) a escola não possui uma equipe multidisciplinar e professores que trabalhem adequadamente a questão da cultura indígena e da diversidade; f) com exceção do hospital, que possui um intérprete para atender a população indígena, de acordo com a fala dos participantes, não se observou maiores avanços quanto à valorização da cultura indígena no município de Tacuru.

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This research is located in the area of Portuguese Language teaching in an interdisciplinary perspective. Researchers in the area of Portuguese language teaching in Brazil state that the school has been limited to the teaching of grammar and specifically to the teaching of grammar as a single modality of the Portuguese Language. Like this, today, one of the biggest obstacles observed in the classroom in the first year classes of the Amazon Federal Institute, Campus Mau?s is related to reading and writing. In the present study we discuss the learning process in Portuguese Language through an interdisciplinary teaching project that had as participants the first year students of the Agriculture and Livestock Course of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazon - IFAM / Campus Mau?s. The city of Mau?s has an authentic vocation with guaran? (Paullinia cupana), an important product both from the economic and cultural point of view. The cultivation of the guaran? plant goes back to the time of the native natives - the Mawe - to the present day. The fruit is associated with energy, aphrodisiac, medicinal and cultural values, marked mainly by a wealth of oral narratives. We believe that by bringing such narratives into the classroom we will promote multiple possibilities of entry from the outside world into this teaching space. In the same way, these questions can be externalized in a differentiated way, articulating with other concepts and disciplines. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the learning process in Portuguese Language comparing the verbal manifestations of students before and after an educational experience that works narrative genres with the mediation of dominant theme in the economic, social and cultural context of where they reside The students - "Mau?s's guaran?". The methodology that led to our research was qualitative, the sample consisted of texts produced in the category of short stories and poetry, through an Interdisciplinary workshop. In addition, we used, as a data collection tool, questionnaires at the beginning and at the end. Thus, in addition to the texts analyzed, the verbal manifestations of those involved in this research, evidenced that, knowledge is not watertight and articulate, and bring elements of everyday life into the classroom, the more motivated they will be to build new knowledge. Therefore, our pedagogical practice, in the light of textual linguistics and interdisciplinarity, has contributed significantly to the learning of the Portuguese language.
Esta pesquisa situa-se na ?rea de ensino de L?ngua Portuguesa em uma perspectiva interdisciplinar. Pesquisadores na ?rea de ensino de L?ngua Portuguesa no Brasil afirmam que a escola tem se limitado ao ensino de gram?tica e especificamente, ao ensino de gram?tica como uma ?nica modalidade da L?ngua Portuguesa. Assim, hoje, um dos maiores entraves observados na sala de aula nas turmas de primeiro ano do Instituto Federal do Amazonas do Campus Mau?s est? relacionada ? leitura e ? escrita. No presente estudo, discutimos o processo de aprendizagem em L?ngua Portuguesa por meio de um projeto de ensino interdisciplinar que teve como participantes os alunos do primeiro ano do Curso de Agropecu?ria do Instituto Federal de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Amazonas ? IFAM/Campus Mau?s. A cidade de Mau?s tem uma voca??o aut?ntica com o guaran? (Paullinia cupana), produto importante tanto do ponto de vista econ?mico como do ponto de vista cultural. O cultivo da planta do guaran? remonta a ?poca dos nativos ind?genas ? os maw? ? at? os dias atuais. Ao fruto est?o associados valores energ?ticos, afrodis?aco, medicinal e cultural, marcado principalmente por uma riqueza de narrativas orais. Acreditamos que ao trazer tais narrativas para a sala de aula promoveremos m?ltiplas possibilidades de entrada do mundo exterior para esse espa?o de ensino. Da mesma forma, essas quest?es poder?o se exteriorizar de maneira diferenciada, articulando-se a outros conceitos e disciplinas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o processo de aprendizagem em L?ngua Portuguesa comparando as manifesta??es verbais de alunos antes e depois de uma experi?ncia de ensino que trabalha g?neros narrativos com a media??o de tema dominante no contexto econ?mico, social e cultural de onde residem os alunos - ?o guaran? de Mau?s?. A metodologia que conduziu nossa pesquisa foi de cunho qualitativo, a amostra constituiu-se em textos produzidos na categoria de contos e poesias, por meio de oficina Interdisciplinar. Al?m disso, utilizamos, como instrumento de coleta de dados, question?rios no in?cio e no final. Assim, al?m dos textos analisados, as manifesta??es verbais dos envolvidos nesta pesquisa, evidenciaram que, os conhecimentos n?o s?o estanques e se articulam, e trazer elementos do cotidiano para a sala de aula, mais motivados eles estar?o para construir novos conhecimentos. Logo, nossa pr?tica pedag?gica, ? luz da lingu?stica textual e da interdisciplinaridade contribuiu de forma significa para a aprendizagem da l?ngua portuguesa.

Orientador: Marilda do Couto Cavalcanti
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta tese busca construir interpretações para as representações dos professores e líderes do povo Tapirapé, que vive no Mato Grosso, a respeito de sua escola e sobre as línguas, Tapirapé e portuguesa, faladas na aldeia. A escola Tapirapé tem sido considerada uma escola bilíngüe de sucesso (cf. Ferreira, 2000/2001) uma vez que tem conseguido ensinar tanto a língua indígena como a língua portuguesa e uma vez que obedece a alguns princípios que vêm sendo apontados como essenciais na construção de uma escola indígena (cf. RCNEI, 1998) quais sejam: o currículo considera a realidade e a cultura indígena; a língua de instrução é a língua Tapirapé; os professores e demais funcionários da escola são Tapirapé; há participação efetiva da comunidade nos assuntos referentes à escola. Entretanto, apesar dessas características, os Tapirapé têm argumentado que a sua escola tem mudado o modo de vida Tapirapé e isto inclui tanto aspectos da vida diária Tapirapé como também a língua Tapirapé e a educação indígena. Com o intuito de compreender esses questionamentos e contribuir na discussão, norteia este trabalho a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: "Que representações são construídas pelos Tapirapé sobre: a) as línguas Tapirapé e portuguesa faladas na aldeia? b) a escola?". Os registros analisados foram gerados etnograficamente (Erickson, 1984, 1989; Cavalcanti, 2000; Mason, 1997; Emerson e outros, 1995; Ely e outros, 1991) e o corpus investigado é composto de entrevistas - foco principal da análise - com lideranças e professores Tapirapé, diários e notas de campo, memos e vinhetas narrativas. Embasam a análise os conceitos de representações, hibridismo e a relação dos mesmos com culturas(s), língua(gem) e identidades. Tais conceitos são discutidos a partir de aportes dos Estudos Culturais (Said, 1978/2007; Hall, 1997; 1997a; Bhabha, 1994/2003; Woodward, 2000; Da Silva, 2000), da Antropologia (Tassinari, 1995/1998; Thomaz, 1995/1998), da Sociologia (Cuche, 1999/2002; De Certeau, 1994/2002) e da Lingüística Aplicada (Cavalcanti, M. 1986; 1999; 2000; 2004; 2006; César e Cavalcanti, 2007; Fabrício, 2006; Maher, 1996; 2006; 2007; Moita Lopes, 1996/2002; 2006), dentre outros. Observa-se que a construção de significados para a escola e as línguas portuguesa e Tapirapé enseja representações e identidades antagônicas. Compreender tais contradições como parte desse processo de construção abre brechas a que representações e identidades cristalizadas sejam desestabilizadas, possibilitando construir novos significados tanto para a escola bem como para as línguas Tapirapé e portuguesa. Espera-se que os resultados da análise possam subsidiar reflexões feitas em contextos de formação de professores indígenas sobre escola e ensino de línguas nas aldeias
Abstract: This dissertation constructs interpretations for Tapirapé teachers' and leaders' representations about schooling and about Portuguese and Tapirapé languages. The Tapirapé school, located in the state of Mato Grosso, has been seen as a successful bilingual school (Ferreira, 2000/2001) since it has been teaching both the indigenous and the dominant languages effectively and it has been considering some principles pointed out as needed in an indigenous school (cf. RCNEI, 1998): its curriculum takes into account the indigenous culture, all teachers are native, the primary language of instruction is Tapirape, and, in addition, the community participates in school decisions. Despite these characteristics, Tapirape teachers and leaders have argued that the school has changed the Tapirape lifestyle and the Tapirapé language. To understand the Tapirapé point of view, the following research question was made: "Which Tapirapé representations have been constructed about: a) Tapirapé and Portuguese language spoken in the village? b) in the school?". Following ethnographic perspectives (Erickson, 1984, 1989; Cavalcanti, 2000; Mason, 1997; Emerson et alii, 1995; Ely et alii, 1991) the main kind of registers are audio recorded interviews with Tapirapé teachers and leaders. In the data analyis, concepts such as representations, hybridism, cultures, languages and identities were specifically focused. The theoretical discussion was grounded on contributions from Cultural Studies (Said, 1978/2007; Hall, 1997; 1997a; Bhabha, 1994/2003; Woodward, 2000; Da Silva, 2000), Anthropology (Tassinari, 1995/1998; Thomaz, 1995/1998), Sociology (Cuche, 1999/2002; De Certeau, 1994/2002), Applied Linguistics (Cavalcanti, M. 1986; 1999; 2000; 2004; 2006; César and Cavalcanti, 2007; Fabrício, 2006; Maher, 1996; 2006; 2007; Moita Lopes, 1996/2002; 2006), and others. The results the analysis shows that meaning constructions about schooling and Tapirapé and Portuguese languages are connected with antagonistic representations and identities. Those antagonistic characteristics are part from an ongoing process which allows constructing new identities and representations about schooling as well as about Tapirapé and Portuguese languages. These results may be of interest in discussions about school(ing) and language teaching developed by this community in the context of indigenous teacher education
Doutorado
Multiculturalismo, Plurilinguismo e Educação Bilingue
Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

Orientador: Marilda do Couto Cavalcanti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender, no sentido de construir uma de muitas possíveis interpretações para a produção escolar escrita, em português como segunda língua, de alguns alunos indígenas Tapirapé que vivem no Mato Grosso. O corpus da pesquisa está constituído de dois tipos de registros. O primeiro é resultado do trabalho desenvolvido pela professora (e autora da dissertação) na escola indígena e da convivência de três anos (1999-2001) com o povo Tapirapé. Do primeiro tipo de registros constam textos escritos em português pelos alunos de 5ª a 8ª séries, planos de aula e diários de campo. O segundo tipo de registros foi gerado posteriormente à vida na aldeia para complementar os registros do primeiro tipo e consiste de um diário retrospectivo acompanhado de memos e de vinhetas narrativas. A análise, com inspiração nos procedimentos da pesquisa etnográfica (Erickson, 1986), tem como foco principal os textos dos alunos nos quais busco marcas da cosmologia Tapirapé e da construção de identidade étnica. Entendo cosmologia, a partir de Lallemand (1978) e Lopes da Silva (1994), como a visão de mundo de um povo. Tal visão configura-se num conjunto de crenças e conhecimentos, que abarcam elementos dos mundos ordinário e sobrenatural, os quais permitem interpretar acontecimentos e ponderar decisões no cotidiano. Por sua vez, partindo de Maher (1996), adoto o conceito de identidade étnica como a capacidade que o indígena tem de identificar-se como indígena e como não-indígena o seu interagente. As marcas pinçadas nos textos dos alunos Tapirapé apontam que a língua portuguesa pode ser um espaço para difusão da cultura indígena assim como para construção da identidade étnica e, por isso, espaço de resistência indígena à cultura majoritária
Abstract: This work analyze some aspects of indigenous cosmology and indigenous identity constructions presents in texts writing in portuguese as second language by the Tapirapé indigenous learners. The Tapirapé People lives in Mato Grosso, Brazil. In this research, we have two tipes of data. One tipe of data was originated from the Native School of the Tapirapé collected between 1999 trough 2001, when the researcher was a portuguese teacher in the Tapirapé School. In this type, we have some texts writed in portuguese by students, diary and job planes. The second type of data was constructed after the end of job in the village. In this type we have a retrospective diary, memos and 'vinhetas narrativas'. The analysis, inspirated in etnographic research (Erickson, 1986), focalize the students texts. The aim is to search signs of cosmology Tapirapé and indigenous identity construction. We comprehend cosmology as a people world vision (Lallemand, 1978; Lopes da Silva, 1994). This vision is composed by knowledges and believes that allow explain events and reflect about quotidian. In other hand, the identity concept (Maher, 1996) is the capacity of indigenous individual that recognise yourself like a indigenous and other people like a no-indigenous. The analysis indicates indigenous transforming portuguese in a space of resistance to no-indigenous culture
Mestrado
Ensino-Aprendizagem de Segunda Lingua e Lingua Estrangeira
Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Nesta tese, buscou-se realizar interpretações contextualizadas visando à compreensão da história de longa duração das antigas populações ceramistas do alto rio Madeira, sob a perspectiva da Ecologia Histórica. Tais interpretações foram realizadas a partir de uma análise comparativa de cinco sítios arqueológicos da região sudoeste da Amazônia. O método comparativo continuou sendo utilizado de maneira a possibilitar uma discussão sobre diferentes Estilos e Tradições amazônicas. O objetivo final foi contribuir para o conhecimento historiográfico relativo a populações falantes de línguas do tronco Tupi, em especial os Tupi-Guarani, bem como apresentar dados cronológicos e estilísticos que permitissem repensar a chamada Tradição Polícroma da Amazônia.
Based on contextualized interpretations, this thesis sought to make a contribution to the comprehension of the history (longue durée) of pottery-producing indigenous populations of the upper Madeira region, from the perspective of Historical Ecology. The comparison of five archaeological sites from this region (southwestern Amazonia) formed the basis for these interpretations. The comparative method was further used so as to make possible an extensive discussion about different archaeological Styles and Traditions in Amazonia. The final aim was to contribute to the historiographical knowledge of ancient speakers of languages of the Tupi stock, specially the Tupi-Guarani family, and to present stylistic and chronological data which would enable the rethinking of the so-called Polychrome Tradition of Amazonia.

My thesis examines from an ethnographic account how history has been made, told and interpreted by the Angaité people of the Chaco since the Paraguayan nation-state effectively carried out the colonization of this territory in the 19th century until the present day. The key elements of this account are the Angaité’s notions and practices on alterity, storytelling and shamanism and how they interplay with one another. I explore the notions of alterity and its counterpart similarity in the context of multiple material transactions in which the Angaité engage both among themselves and with outsiders. I also examine the inseparable socio-moral evaluations attached to such transactions. I show how certain transactions such as exchange or commoditisation do not necessarily conflict with good social relations. Nevertheless, the closest relationships – preferably evoked in kinship terms - are constantly constructed by the combination of several practices including sharing, pooling, cohabitation and companionship and the relational morality that underpins them. This relational morality, I argue, is both inscribed and enacted through the telling of Nanek Any’a narratives –“Old news/events”. I analyze some of these narratives in order to show how the Angaité people interpret the consequences of the colonization of the Chaco. For this I provide an intelligible context for the Nanek Any’a that may otherwise appear contradictory or incomprehensible to a non-Angaité listener. The Angaité’s versions of history compared to the official accounts challenge the simplistic of the Angaité as “acculturated” and a homogenous indigenous people and situate them as main actors of their own lives. Rather than the Angaité being the victims of history the Nanek Any’a emphasize that it was the mistakes and failing of their ancestors in their original encounter with the Paraguayans that resulted in an unbalanced relationship with the latter in socio-economic terms. In addition to this, I describe in the light of the historical processes undergone in the lives of the Angaité, how the shamanic discourses and capacities and Angaité cosmology have changed. I explore how they have constantly incorporated external elements, and thus such shamanic elements pervades contemporary areas of life and interactions that include not only the paradigmatic indigenous shaman, but unusual figures such as pastors, powerful outsiders and leaders.

Aux premiers abords, l’étude des droits et libertés apparaît éclatée, leur conception varie selon les dénominations retenues – droits de l’Homme, libertés publiques, droits et libertés fondamentaux – sans qu’aucune définition arrêtée ne puisse être proposée. En outre, dans chacune de ces approches, les droits et libertés restent divisés, soit que certains sont exclus des catégories précédemment évoquées, soit qu’en leur sein des oppositions demeurent, telles que celle établie entre les « droits-libertés » et les « droits-créances ». L’intérêt de les regrouper au sein d’une seule catégorie, dont la dénomination se veut neutre, est de permettre le décloisonnement des droits et libertés ; de mettre à plat les oppositions traditionnellement retenues. L’étude est guidée par l’idée d’établir l’unité d’un système tout en reconnaissant sa complexité interne. Dans ce cadre et à partir des évolutions du droit positif, il est possible de développer une approche systémique de droits et libertés, où leur pluralité de contenu se mêle à une unité catégorielle. C’est donc à une quête de cohérence des droits et libertés que le sujet invite. D’une part, une cohérence interne par une recherche des caractéristiques communes à l’ensemble des droits et libertés, et ce dans l’esprit de dégager une définition générale des « parties » composant la catégorie. D’autre part, une cohérence externe afin de tracer les frontières de la catégorie, pour la distinguer d’autres catégories de droits mais aussi pour en saisir les effets juridiques, tant au niveau contentieux qu’au niveau de l’organisation du système juridique lui-même
At first, the study of rights and liberties seems scattered, their conception changes according to the names chosen – Human rights, public liberties, fundamental rights – without any fixed definition being proposed. Furthermore, in each of these approaches, rights and liberties remain divided, either because certain of them are excluded from the categories previously mentioned, or because within them oppositions remain, such as that established between “liberties-rights” and “social-rights”. The interest of grouping them together within a single category, the name of which is meant to be neutral, is of allowing the decompartmentalization of rights and liberties; to lay down the oppositions traditionally retained. The study is guided by the idea of establishing the unity of a system while recognizing its internal complexity. In this context and from changes in positive law, it is possible to develop a systemic approach to rights and liberties, where their plurality of content is mixed with a categorial unity. It is therefore a quest for consistency of rights and liberties that the subject proposes. On the one hand, internal consistency through a search for characteristics common to all rights and liberties, in the spirit of establishing a general definition of the "parts" making up the category. On the other hand, an external coherence in order to draw the boundaries of the category, to distinguish it from other categories of rights but also to understand their legal effects, both at the contentious level and at the level of the organization of the legal system himself

This document presents an Enterprise Application Integration based proposal for research outcomes and technological information management. The proposal addresses national and international science and research outcomes information management, and corresponding information systems. Information systems interoperability problems, approaches, technologies and integration tools are presented and applied to the research outcomes information management case. A business and technological perspective is provided, including the conceptual analysis and modelling, an integration solution based in a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) and the integration platform to execute the proposed solution. For illustrative purposes, the role and information system needs of a research unit is assumed as the representative case.