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Journal articles on the topic 'Guaranteed'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Boyle, Phelim, and Mary Hardy. "Guaranteed Annuity Options." ASTIN Bulletin 33, no. 02 (2003): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.33.2.503687.

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Under a guaranteed annuity option, an insurer guarantees to convert a policyholder's accumulated funds to a life annuity at a fixed rate when the policy matures. If the annuity rates provided under the guarantee are more beneficial to the policyholder than the prevailing rates in the market the insurer has to make up the difference. Such guarantees are common in many US tax sheltered insurance products. These guarantees were popular in UK retirement savings contracts issued in the 1970's and 1980's when long-term interest rates were high. At that time, the options were very far out of the money and insurance companies apparently assumed that interest rates would remain high and thus that the guarantees would never become active. In the 1990's, as long-term interest rates began to fall, the value of these guarantees rose. Because of the way the guarantee was written, two other factors influenced the cost of these guarantees. First, strong stock market performance meant that the amounts to which the guarantee applied increased significantly. Second, the mortality assumption implicit in the guarantee did not anticipate the improvement in mortality which actually occurred. The emerging liabilities under these guarantees threatened the solvency of some companies and led to the closure of Equitable Life (UK) to new business. In this paper we explore the pricing and risk management of these guarantees.
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2

Boyle, Phelim, and Mary Hardy. "Guaranteed Annuity Options." ASTIN Bulletin 33, no. 2 (2003): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100013404.

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Under a guaranteed annuity option, an insurer guarantees to convert a policyholder's accumulated funds to a life annuity at a fixed rate when the policy matures. If the annuity rates provided under the guarantee are more beneficial to the policyholder than the prevailing rates in the market the insurer has to make up the difference. Such guarantees are common in many US tax sheltered insurance products. These guarantees were popular in UK retirement savings contracts issued in the 1970's and 1980's when long-term interest rates were high. At that time, the options were very far out of the money and insurance companies apparently assumed that interest rates would remain high and thus that the guarantees would never become active. In the 1990's, as long-term interest rates began to fall, the value of these guarantees rose. Because of the way the guarantee was written, two other factors influenced the cost of these guarantees. First, strong stock market performance meant that the amounts to which the guarantee applied increased significantly. Second, the mortality assumption implicit in the guarantee did not anticipate the improvement in mortality which actually occurred.The emerging liabilities under these guarantees threatened the solvency of some companies and led to the closure of Equitable Life (UK) to new business. In this paper we explore the pricing and risk management of these guarantees.
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3

Barach, Moshe A., Joseph M. Golden, and John J. Horton. "Steering in Online Markets: The Role of Platform Incentives and Credibility." Management Science 66, no. 9 (2020): 4047–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3412.

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Platform marketplaces can potentially steer buyers to certain sellers by recommending or guaranteeing those sellers. Money-back guarantees—which create a direct financial stake for the platform in seller performance—might be particularly effective at steering as they align buyer and platform interests in creating a good match. We report the results of an experiment in which a platform marketplace—an online labor market—guaranteed select sellers for treated buyers. The presence of a guarantee strongly steered buyers to these guaranteed sellers, but offering guarantees did not increase sales overall, suggesting financial risk was not determinative for the marginal buyer. This preference for guaranteed sellers was not the result of their lower financial risk, but rather because buyers viewed the platform’s decision to guarantee as informative about relative seller quality. Indeed, a follow-up experiment showed that simply recommending the sellers that the platform would have guaranteed was equally effective at steering buyers. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
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4

Gai, Lorenzo, Federica Ielasi, and Monica Rossolini. "SMEs, public credit guarantees and mutual guarantee institutions." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 4 (2016): 1208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2016-0046.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on public guarantees granted to micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by the Italian national credit guarantee programme (Fondo Centrale di Garanzia – Central Guarantee Fund – (CGF)). The CGF provides a direct guarantee to banks granting loans or a counter-guarantee to mutual guarantee institutions (MGIs) acting as first-level guarantors. Because the behaviour of MGIs could affect the default risk of counter-guaranteed loans, it is vital to investigate their operating and structural characteristics in order to identify an optimal design for public credit guarantee schemes (PCGSs). Design/methodology/approach Using regression models, the paper analyses the determinants of default for 33,229 SME loans guaranteed by an MGI and counter-guaranteed by the Italian CGF. The dependent variable is the ex-post default risk of SMEs’ counter-guaranteed loans in the 2010-2011 period. The explanatory variables are certain characteristics of the MGI. Findings The authors demonstrate that increases in an MGI’s leverage and the size of the counter-guaranteed portfolios increase the default risk. When the counter-guaranteed portfolio increases, MGIs are more risk taking but take less risk than when local and specialized MGIs are at play. Finally, direct public aid is relevant. Practical implications An appropriate design of the PCGS becomes crucial to controlling moral hazard in financial institutions and ensuring the financial sustainability of public intervention in favour of SMEs. Originality/value The paper evaluates an original and confidential firm-level data set that is not available in public documents or supervisory board statistics but is collected directly from the MGIs that participated in this study.
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5

Zhang, Xueying, Shansheng Gao, and Jian Jiao. "Moral Hazard Effects of Corporate Bond Guarantee Purchases: Empirical Evidence from China." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 5(J) (2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i5(j).2501.

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This study examines corporate bond guarantees by developing a theoretical model that decomposes the overall impact of a guarantee into signalling and incentive effects and presenting empirical evidence based on data from China’s corporate bond market. Our empirical research yields considerable evidence for the effects we posit in the model and provides some important insights into the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard in China’s bond market. The empirical evidence shows that the bond issuer with lower credit rating are more willing to purchase a bond guarantee and guaranteed bonds have a higher issue spread yield than those non-guaranteed bonds, even though both have the same bond credit rating. Our findings suggest that moral hazard would be better than adverse selection to explain the self- selection of bond guarantees. Prior to bond issuance credit rating signal provides a mechanism to mitigate information inequality, while bond guarantees relieve information asymmetry afterwards.
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6

Long, Deng, Bruce L. Ahrendsen, Bruce L. Dixon, and Charles B. Dodson. "Modeling duration of FSA operating and farm ownership loan guarantees." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 4 (2016): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-04-2016-0036.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify determinants of feasible outcome events (expired with no loss, settled for loss, still performing) and time to event of Farm Service Agency (FSA) operating and farm ownership (FO) loan guarantees. Design/methodology/approach Data on 19,126 FSA guaranteed loans, which were made by various lenders to farmers who have limited ability to obtain loans from normal sources without the Federal guarantee, were collected. Cox proportional hazards models for operating loans (OLs) and FO loans are estimated to identify borrower characteristics, loan characteristics, lender types, and farm and macroeconomic environment factors that influence guarantee outcomes. Findings Loans with different characteristics (loan amount, loan term, lender type, region originated) and assistance programs (Beginning Farmer, Interest Assistance) have differing guarantee outcomes. Contemporaneous variables, in particular delinquency status, have a significant impact on guarantee outcomes. Research limitations/implications All loans were originated in calendar years 2004 and 2005. Since FO loans may have as long as 40 year terms, results are not as robust for FO loans as for OLs. Practical implications Different loan characteristics and macroeconomic conditions significantly influence the occurrence of possible guarantee outcomes and time to the outcomes. Originality/value Guaranteed loans are the primary method of government credit assistance to US farm operators. Data on individual borrowers have been difficult to obtain for much of the life of the guaranteed program because loan applications are held privately. This study provides insight on how various factors drive guarantee performance which is useful to policy makers trying to increase guaranteed loan program efficiency.
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7

Barsta, Naufal Amar Atha, Siti Hamidah, and Ranitya Ganindha. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Nasabah Atas Penggunaan Bank Garansi Bersifat Unconditional Ditinjau Dari Prinsip Kehati-hatian Bank." RechtJiva 1, no. 2 (2024): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/rechtjiva.v1n2.4.

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This research is motivated by the incompleteness of the rules for using unconditional bank guarantees as collateral in government procurement projects for goods and services. This incompleteness can be seen from the absence of regulations regarding the mechanism for disbursing unconditional bank guarantee claims in Bank Indonesia Directors' Decree No. 23/88/KEP/DIR concerning Provision of Guarantees by Banks. This research uses a juridical-normative research method with a statutory approach and an analytical approach. The analysis techniques used are grammatical interpretation techniques and systematic interpretation. The research results obtained are (1) There are incomplete regulations regarding the provision of bank guarantees by banks in the Decree of the Directors of Bank Indonesia Number 23/88/KEP/DIR. Current regulations regarding the use of bank guarantees do not meet the bank's prudential principles. This can be seen from the absence of regulations regarding the process of disbursing unconditional bank guarantees, especially in conditions where there are objections from the guaranteed party. Because the disbursement process is very easy, a provision is needed that stipulates that the bank guarantee is unconditional. (2) Regulations related to bank guarantees in the Directors' Decree Number 23/88/KEP/DIR do not provide legal protection for the guaranteed against the use of unconditional bank guarantees which are currently commonly used in government goods/services procurement activities. So it is necessary to update regulations regarding the use of bank guarantees which give banks the authority to verify the veracity of bank guarantee claims and prove the truth of the default stated by the recipient of the guarantee.
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8

Kwon, Yongjae, Myungho Park, and Jeongsun Yun. "Risk Margin Calculation for Lapse Risk in Guaranteed Minimum Accumulation Benefit of Variable Annuities-A Market-Consistent Approach." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 22, no. 1 (2014): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-01-2014-b0004.

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In 2002, variable annuities were introduced in South Korea and have shown enormous success since then. They are life-insurance products with investment guarantees. Variable annuities allow policyholders to allocate premiums into a wide range of investment vehicles such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments, or some combinations of them. Due to the investment guarantee which is called guaranteed living benefits (GLBs), the benefit is always the greater of (1) the account value of the policyholder investment and (2) the guaranteed amount. Life insurance companies set aside reserves for the guarantees in the general account. Just as the account value depends on the performance of investments, VA lapses also rely on the performance of investments. For example, policyholders will not terminate the contracts when account value is way lower than the guaranteed amount. Considering that lapses determine the total benefit of VAs that a insurance company should pay, calculating risk margin for lapse is a key issue in the VA business. In this study, risk margin for VA lapses is estimated with Wang transform suggested by Wang (2000, 2002).
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9

Ravallion, Martin. "Guaranteed employment or guaranteed income?" World Development 115 (March 2019): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.013.

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10

In, Jeongsik, Kyeong Hur, Jinwoo Park, Kyun Hyon Tchah, and DooSeop Eom. "Minimum TCP throughput guarantee on minimum rate guaranteed networks." Computer Communications 27, no. 13 (2004): 1314–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2004.04.001.

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11

Purwohadi, Sutrisno, and Theresa Irene Sumartoni. "Implications of Executorial Strength of Fiducia Security Certificate after Decision Constitutional Court No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 Concerning Notary Assets." Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, no. 1 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.3.1.69-79.

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Fiduciary material rights are guaranteed. The collateral objects are tangible, intangible and immovable objects that cannot be guaranteed with mortgages. Fiduciary collateral is widely used by finance companies. Debtor defaults, the leasing party executes fiduciary objects unilaterally, this is considered contrary to the 1945 Constitution. Article 15 paragraph (2) and Article 15 paragraph (3) of Act No 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantee is subjected to a material test. After Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019, Execution of fiduciary guarantees after the decision of the, after Constitusional Court, creditors cannot execution guarantee directly because executorial beslag in fiduciary certificate which have power same with court decision has been canceled. According to Constitutional Court’s decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 states that Article 15 paragraph (2) and Article 15 paragraph (3) of Act No 42 Year 1999 is contradictory to the 1945 Constitution. After the Constitutional Court's Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 states that the execution of guarantees cannot be carried out unilaterally by creditors, but must be through a District Court decision, unless there is an agreement on breach of contract between the debtor and the creditor and the debtor voluntarily submits the object of fiduciary collateral, this matter impact to lack of creditor’s interest to give loan with moveable object remember executory process need long time and many cost because execution object fiduciary guarantee must be district court decision. Notary as formulate’s agreement must be think carefully to response Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 with strengthen clause in fiduciary guarantee deed based on credit agreement which has been made the parties so that occur balanced right and obligation between creditor and debtor. Therefore author take theme about Notary’s role to make Notary’s deeds especially fiduciary guarantee’s deed after Constitutional Court Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 with research’s method use literature research in the form of juridical data. The research is normative juridical and qualitative research type Research methods.
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Fu, Mingyu, Shuang Gao, and Chenglong Wang. "Safety-Guaranteed Trajectory Tracking Control for the Underactuated Hovercraft with State and Input Constraints." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9452920.

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This paper develops a safety-guaranteed trajectory tracking controller for hovercraft by using a safety-guaranteed auxiliary dynamic system, an integral sliding mode control, and an adaptive neural network method. The safety-guaranteed auxiliary dynamic system is designed to implement system state and input constraints. By considering the relationship of velocity and resistance hump, the velocity of hovercraft is constrained to eliminate the effect of resistance hump and obtain better stability. And the safety limit of drift angle is well performed to guarantee the light safe maneuvers of hovercraft tracking with high velocities. In view of the natural capabilities of actuators, the control input is constrained. High nonlinearity and model uncertainties of hovercraft are approximated by employing adaptive radical basis function neural networks. The proposed controller guarantees the boundedness of all the closed-loop signals. Specifically, the tracking errors are uniformly ultimately bounded. Numerical simulations are implemented to demonstrate the efficacy of the designed controller.
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13

Silman, Joanna. "Guaranteed." Primary Teacher Update 2013, no. 27 (2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prtu.2013.1.27.5.

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14

Sembiring, Martin Ari Gunanta. "STATUS HUKUM JAMINAN PESAWAT DALAM PERKEMBANGAN OBJEK JAMINAN DI INDONESIA." SASI 25, no. 2 (2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v25i2.196.

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Vacuity legal product of governing aircraft as an object of fiduciary guarantees raises legal problems regarding it’s status. Under the aircraft law the mortgage is guaranteed, but further arrangements regarding mortgage guarantees do not exist until now. The void of regulation has led to differing views about the guarantor institution that is authorized to guarantee aircraft. Apart from the guarantor institution, the types of financing and procedures for execution are difficult to determine because of the legal vacuum.
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15

Bauer, Daniel, Alexander Kling, and Jochen Russ. "A Universal Pricing Framework for Guaranteed Minimum Benefits in Variable Annuities." ASTIN Bulletin 38, no. 02 (2008): 621–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.38.2.2033356.

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Variable Annuities with embedded guarantees are very popular in the US market. There exists a great variety of products with both, guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed minimum living benefits (GMLB). Although several approaches for pricing some of the corresponding guarantees have been proposed in the academic literature, there is no general framework in which the existing variety of such guarantees can be priced consistently. The present paper fills this gap by introducing a model, which permits a consistent and extensive analysis of all types of guarantees currently offered within Variable Annuity contracts. Besides a valuation assuming that the policyholder follows a given strategy with respect to surrender and withdrawals, we are able to price the contract under optimal policyholder behavior. Using both, Monte-Carlo methods and a generalization of a finite mesh discretization approach, we find that some guarantees are overpriced, whereas others, e.g. guaranteed annuities within guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB), are offered significantly below their risk-neutral value.
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Bauer, Daniel, Alexander Kling, and Jochen Russ. "A Universal Pricing Framework for Guaranteed Minimum Benefits in Variable Annuities." ASTIN Bulletin 38, no. 2 (2008): 621–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100015312.

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Variable Annuities with embedded guarantees are very popular in the US market. There exists a great variety of products with both, guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed minimum living benefits (GMLB). Although several approaches for pricing some of the corresponding guarantees have been proposed in the academic literature, there is no general framework in which the existing variety of such guarantees can be priced consistently. The present paper fills this gap by introducing a model, which permits a consistent and extensive analysis of all types of guarantees currently offered within Variable Annuity contracts. Besides a valuation assuming that the policyholder follows a given strategy with respect to surrender and withdrawals, we are able to price the contract under optimal policyholder behavior. Using both, Monte-Carlo methods and a generalization of a finite mesh discretization approach, we find that some guarantees are overpriced, whereas others, e.g. guaranteed annuities within guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB), are offered significantly below their risk-neutral value.
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17

Ong, Seow‐Eng, and Shawn Hong Guan Lim. "Risk mitigation with buy‐back guarantees and guaranteed appreciation plans." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 18, no. 2 (2000): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780010324547.

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18

Reszczyński, Radosław. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Bank Guarantee Fund's deposit guarantee activities." Catallaxy 8, no. 1 (2023): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/cxy.2023.003.

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Motivation: The Bank Guarantee Fund (BFG) operates by following two formulas, one of which is the implementation of the disbursement of guaranteed amounts. The BFG has been changing the limits of the guaranteed amounts, streamlining and improving the way in which the disbursements are made, as well as conducting information activities. The interest in analysing these activities is the original motive that prompted the present topic. Aim: The aim of the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the BFG's deposit guarantee activity by: showing the history of the limit of guaranteed amounts, reviewing selected items of the BFG's balance sheet and the collateral ratio of the deposit guarantee scheme. The 28 years of the BFG's existence have forced the Fund to make progress with computerisation, which is analysed on the basis of the implementation of payouts of two failed banks in Poland. The purpose of the survey is to verify the indirect information activity of the BFG. Materials and methods: The research tasks were made possible through the use of descriptive analysis, financial analysis, a case study and a survey. The information contained in academic articles, annual reports of the BFG and in the BFG acts was used. Results: High stability and security of the banking sector is crucial. The BFG's main investment is in securities of the State Treasury and the NBP, which guarantees the deposits of bank customers. The small institutions that are covered by the BFG regime show the highest level of safety, due to the limited risk of contagion in case of their failure. However, large banks have to look after their own interests, as most companies have accounts in these banks. The survey showed low public awareness of deposit guarantees. The BFG should improve its information activities, e.g. with TV and radio advertisements.
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19

Muhammad Awal Alishakur and Ariawan Gunadi. "Legal Protection of Creditors' Preferences Rights Regarding Fiduciary Security Receivables." Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 5, no. 1 (2024): 509–14. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i1.874.

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This article is entitled legal protection of creditors' preference rights for fiduciary guarantee receivables. This article uses a normative legal research type with a research approach . statute approach , namely a legislative approach carried out by identifying legal issues and discuss applicable laws and regulations, in relation to the material discussed . The state through laws and regulations provides legal protection for recipients of guarantees for goods legally in the transfer of rights to goods, one of which is fiduciary guarantees. This guarantee positions the recipient of the guarantee as having special rights, namely being given the first opportunity in terms of making payments if the borrower experiences default or bankruptcy . The recipient of fiduciary guarantees legally according to the Fiduciary Law can sell goods that have been placed as fiduciary guarantees, if the creditor or borrower cannot fulfill their obligations in the loan agreement. This execution is guaranteed in Article 15 paragraph (2) of the Fiduciary Law, through an execution mechanism with a court ruling
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Ginting, Lilawati. "Comparison of Execution in Warranty and Fiduciary Bank." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 3, no. 4 (2022): 914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v3i4.567.

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The types of guarantee institutions known in the Indonesian legal system can be classified according to their type, nature, purpose and management. Late payment will result in a claim for the guaranteed goods. Execution is an attempt by the ruling party to seek justice through res judicata. Bank guarantees, which are individual guarantees, and trustees, which are physical guarantee institutions, have different implementation methods at the time of default. This study tries to explain the problem of comparing legal situations with bank guarantees and trustees in a normative and juridical way. The results show that The authority to enforce bank guarantees on assets belonging to debtors in default refers to Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code. According to Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code, the goods belonging to the debtor (the guarantor) are generally collateral for the debtor's debt, and the proceeds from the sale of the collateral are charged to the recipient of the guarantee.
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21

Sabrina Zahara Noor Rahma and Siti Mahmudah. "TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP KEDUDUKAN PENJAMIN PERORANGAN (BORGTOCHT) DALAM PENYELESAIAN KREDIT MACET DI PT. BANK PERKREDITAN RAKYAT DATA SEMARANG." JURNAL ILMIAH LIVING LAW 16, no. 2 (2024): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jill.v16i2.12703.

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The aim of this research is to analyze and examine individual guarantees guaranteed by debtors to creditors (Banks) in credit agreements. The approach method used in this research is normative juridical, with research specifications in descriptive analytical form. The results of the research show that individual guarantee arrangements are regulated in the Civil Code. An individual guarantee is a third party that guarantees all of the debtor's obligations to the creditor, if the debtor defaults. The position of individual guarantees at BPR DATA is an additional (accessory) that accompanies the main agreement. Credit with individual guarantees at BPR DATA is unsecured credit or KTA with a monthly salary payment system through the treasurer/finance department with guarantee/approval from the head of the company/institution. A debt guarantor in this case has the position that he is bound and responsible to the bank for all debts of the debtor. For every credit with individual guarantees, a guarantee agreement will be made privately, in the guarantee agreement the guarantor has special rights. As in BPR DATA, as the leader who guarantees the credit of its employees, in its implementation, if there is a default, the salary, social security, or insurance is deducted as credit repayment.
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Duc Nguyen, Hai, and Andrew A. Chien. "A Foundation for Real-time Applications onFunction-as-a-Service." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 51, no. 4 (2024): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3649477.3649497.

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Serverless (or Function-as-a-Service) compute model enables new applications with dynamic scaling. However, all current Serverless systems are best-effort, and as we prove this means they cannot guarantee hard real-time deadlines, rendering them unsuitable for such real-time applications. We analyze a proposed extension of the Serverless model that adds a guaranteed invocation rate to the serverless model called Real-time Serverless. This approach aims to meet real-time deadlines with dynamically allocated function invocations. We first prove that the Serverless model does not support real-time guarantees. Next, we analyze Real-time Serverless, showing it can guarantee application real-time deadlines for rate-monotonic real-time workloads. Further, we derive bounds on the required invocation rate to meet any set of workload runtimes and periods. Subsequently, we explore an application technique, pre-invocation, and show that it can reduce the required guaranteed invocation rate. We derive bounds for the feasible rate guarantee reduction, and corresponding overhead in wasted compute resources. Finally, we apply the theoretical results to improve the experience quality of a distributed virtual reality/ augmented reality application as well as simplify the application design and resource management.
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Cristina Arcuri, Maria, Lorenzo Gai, and Federica Ielasi. "Public Credit Guarantee Schemes in Supporting SMEs: An Evaluation of Effectiveness and Impacts." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 1 (2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n1p174.

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Public credit guarantee schemes are set up with the purpose of facilitating access to credit by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The aim of the paper is to study the effectiveness and impacts of the Italian Central Guarantee Fund (CGF)’s activity, one of the main public guarantee schemes in Europe. This is even more important in the light of the 2018 CGF reform. 
 
 Analyzing a sample which includes all the guarantees issued by the CGF from 2012 to 2018 on loans made to manufacturing companies, we find that the CGF methodology is partially able to capture the variables affecting the probability of default of SMEs. The CGF scores before the reform show poor capability to forecast risk in the medium term, above all for micro and small enterprises. The post-reform model shows better forecasting ability and a greater consistency with the Z’’-score, one of the most recognized model in the distress prediction literature. The new CGF model may indirectly control the behaviour of lenders and first-level guarantors. In particular, our findings show that the probability of default on exposures covered by a mutual guarantee institution and counter-guaranteed by the CGF is lower than the probability of default of loans granted by a bank and directly guaranteed by the CGF. As a consequence, the direct guarantees need to be more monitored by the CGF and potential effects on the bank behaviour may derive, strengthening ECB’s supervision activities.
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Roberts, James W. "Can Warranties Substitute for Reputations?" American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3, no. 3 (2011): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.3.69.

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In markets where product quality is imperfectly observed or delivery is uncertain, seller reputations and product guarantees or warranties can impact equilibrium prices and quantities. Using data from a decentralized online market, this paper empirically investigates the substitutability of product guarantees for seller reputation. I find that a “guaranteed or your money back” promise from the market maker does not substitute for reputation, either in determining price or the probability of sale. The most likely causes of the policy's ineffectiveness are delays in buyer response to the guarantee and skepticism about reimbursement in the event of fraud. (JEL D82, L14, L15, L81, M31)
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Abdullah, Junaidi. "PELAKSANAAN EKSEKUSI JAMINAN FIDUSIA DALAM PERJANJIAN PEMBIAYAAN DI KSPS LOGAM MULIA KECAMATAN KLAMBU KABUPATEN GROBOGAN." YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum dan Hukum Islam 8, no. 1 (2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v8i1.3222.

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<p>Any loan or financing agreement made by a sharia financial institution, whether bank or non-bank, more particularly KSPS Logam Mulia, usually requires a guarantee. Guaranteed goods guaranteed by the community or its members may be movable objects such as motorcycles or cars (guaranteed by BPKB) and may be non-moving objects in the form of buildings or land (guaranteed usually land certificates) .To to legalize the guarantee goods, the guarantee goods. For moving objects in the form of fiduciary and immovable property through mortgages.</p><p> With the existence of objects collateralized by the public or members of the Islamic financial institutions, both banks and non-banks with fiduciary guarantee will provide the legal force for the institution to execute objects that have been guaranteed if the people who borrow violate the promise or wanprestasi.</p><p>But in fact, KSPS Logam Mulia has never executed forcibly to the community or its members who have neglected or are unable to perform its obligations ie paying installments on loans or financing it has received.</p><p> From the results of the research can be known execution fiduciary guarantee in KSPS Logam Mulia Klambu District Grobogan District does not execute fiduciary guarantee directly against members who do not perform the obligation mengangsurnya. What factors are the background of not directly executing tehadap assurance of fiduciary objects in KSPS Logam Mulia Klambu District Grobogan Regency is: The reason shariah and Reason kinship.</p>
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DEWI, NI KOMANG AYU SEDANA, I. NYOMAN WIDANA, and LUH PUTU IDA HARINI. "PERHITUNGAN NILAI GARANSI MINIMUM MANFAAT KEMATIAN PADA ASURANSI UNIT-LINK." E-Jurnal Matematika 7, no. 3 (2018): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2018.v07.i03.p208.

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The guarantee minimum on unit-linked insurance applies only to the most extreme situations of very bad rate of return on the fund’s policyholders. One of the investment guarantees commonly used in unit-link is guaranteed minimum death benefit (GMDB). The final value under unit-linked insurance contracts can be expressed in terms of options that can be calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton method. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of age to the guarantee minimum value calculated using the Black-Scholes-Merton method. The calculation of GMDB value based on case simulation in this study resulted that the increasing age of the insured the greater the minimum guarantee value to be obtained.
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Jackson, Jill. "Satisfaction guaranteed?" Nursing Older People 21, no. 7 (2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop.21.7.10.s10.

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Eberhardie, Christine. "Satisfaction guaranteed." Nursing Standard 21, no. 3 (2006): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.21.3.41.s59.

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Tighe, Catherine. "Guaranteed clean." Nursing Standard 22, no. 34 (2008): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.22.34.21.s26.

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McCallion, Hilary. "Guaranteed improvements." Mental Health Practice 13, no. 5 (2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.13.5.12.s16.

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Nicholls, Michael E. R., Catherine A. Orr, Matia Okubo, and Andrea Loftus. "Satisfaction Guaranteed." Psychological Science 17, no. 12 (2006): 1027–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01822.x.

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Hekstra, A. P., and L. M. G. M. Tolhuizen. "Guaranteed scrambling." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 41, no. 11 (2005): 4323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2005.856699.

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Scarani, Valerio. "Guaranteed randomness." Nature 464, no. 7291 (2010): 988–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/464988a.

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Tompsett, L., and G. van Hasselt. "Satisfaction guaranteed?" Anaesthesia 67, no. 8 (2012): 924–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07256.x.

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Sekeris, Petros. "Guaranteed uncertainty." New Scientist 242, no. 3224 (2019): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)30598-6.

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36

Barz, Wolfgang. "Luminosity Guaranteed." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 98 (April 26, 2017): 480–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papq.12198.

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Turri, John. "Knowledge Guaranteed." Noûs 47, no. 3 (2011): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2011.00849.x.

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Ashurst, Adrian. "Advocacy Guaranteed?" Nursing and Residential Care 2, no. 12 (2000): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2000.2.12.7664.

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Sloan, A. Elizabeth, and Mary K. Stiedemann. "Guaranteed Success." Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 1, no. 1 (1997): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j133v01n01_06.

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Jarvis, Miles. "Satisfaction guaranteed?" Emergency Nurse 14, no. 9 (2007): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en2007.02.14.9.34.c4225.

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Habal, Mutaz B. "Healthcare, Guaranteed." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 20, no. 3 (2009): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e3181a8cd9a.

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42

Gai, Lorenzo, and Federica Ielasi. "Operational drivers affecting credit risk of mutual guarantee institutions." Journal of Risk Finance 15, no. 3 (2014): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-12-2013-0087.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the drivers influencing the risk of default on mutual guaranteed loans. The authors aim to verify whether default is influenced by the specific business policies of mutual guarantee institutions (MGIs) and to recommend guidelines for directing their operating management. Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyse the guaranteed portfolios of 19 Italian MGIs and investigate the determinants of the defaulted positions at the end of June 2011. The sample consists of 167,777 guaranteed loans, of which 11,349 are in default. Using regression models, we identify the variables related to the business model of MGIs that are significantly associated with default on their positions. Findings – The defaulted positions of MGIs are significantly correlated with the type of issued guarantees. This condition should be considered in defining product and price policies. Practical implications – The authors identify some critical issues in the risk-taking processes of MGIs. The tested hypothesis highlights the opportunities for the optimisation of guaranteed loan portfolios, which is necessary for reducing the profitability/liquidity pressures of these financial institutions and enhancing their efficiency as instruments for mitigating the effects of credit rationing and promoting the revitalisation of small-and medium-sized enterprises. Originality/value – The results are based on an original and reserved dataset, which is not available in public financial statements or public statistics, but is collected directly from the MGIs that are part of the study.
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Muslim, Shohib, Shinta Hadiyantina, Hudriyah Mundzir, Khrisna Hadiwinata, and Dina Imam Supaat. "Reconstruction of Fulfilling the Rights of Domestic Helpers in Employment Relations as a Form of Respect for Human Rights." Yuridika 38, no. 2 (2022): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v38i2.41214.

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The state guarantees welfare for its people, including domestic servants who are guaranteed constitutional rights. However, in statutory regulations, guarantees for legal protection do not apply to domestic workers who work in the informal sector, while domestic workers who work in the formal sector get guaranteed legal protection, as stated in Law No. 11 of 2020 regarding the employment creation cluster. Techniques implemented in research in the form of presentation of concepts, theories and arguments that are useful in studying and analyzing phenomena that occur based on applicable regulations are called normative juridical techniques. Regulations on employment relations norms that place more importance on economic liberalization are listed in Article 1 paragraph 15 and Article 50, where these articles are also the cause of the legal blurring of norms contained in Article 1 paragraph 3. A domestic worker needs a guarantee of legal protection because he has a weak position. The issue of vague norms (vague of norms) contained in Article 1 paragraph 3 is caused by inconsistencies between Article 1 paragraph 15 and Article 1 paragraph 3 and the article that strengthens it, namely article 50, which should implicitly apply to domestic workers.
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Hung, Pham, Bac Hoai Dang, and Ban Tien Nguyen. "SCHEDULING FOR MASSIVE MIMO USING CHANNEL AIGING UNDER QOS CONSTRAINTS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 5 (2019): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/5/13751.

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Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks support QoS (Quality of Service) by adding a new sublayer Service Data Adaption Protocol on the top of Packet Data Convergence Protocol layer to map between QoS flows and data radio bearers. In downlink for Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) flows, the gNB guarantees the Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) that defines the minimum bit rate the QoS flow can provide. So, one of the most important requirements is the minimum rate. The channel aiging helps to improve the sum-rate of Massive MIMO systems by serving more users to increase the spatial multiplexing gain without incurring additional pilot overhead. In this paper, a novel scheduler, termed QoS-Aware scheduling, is designed and proposed for Massive MIMO to use the channel aiging to increase the sum-rate but guarantee the minimum bit rate per user to support QoS. We investigate how many users are enough to serve to maximize the sum-rate while keeping the data rate per user meeting a given threshold. Through the numerical analysis we confirmed that QoS-Aware scheduling can guarantee a minimum rate per user and get a higher useful through-put (goodput) than conventional channel aiging schedulers.
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45

Ruliana, Titin, Ratna Dewi Yanti, Abdurrahman Ahda Naufan, and Jumadi Tukmuly. "Effect of Debt-to-Asset Ratio, Maturity, Guarantees, and Company Size on Bond Ratings in Construction Companies." IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 6, no. 6 (2023): 1106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v6i6.2578.

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The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze effect of the debt-to-assets ratio, maturity,guarantee, and company size on construction company bond ratings. The population and sample of thisresearch is construction companies that publish complete financial reports from 2014 to 2022. Dataanalysis uses logistic regression analysis. The results showed that: 1) Debt to assets ratio has nosignificant effect on the probability of bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bonds because they seethe company's reputation not from the Debt to Assets Ratio obtained by the company; 2) Maturity has nosignificant effect on bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bonds with ages under 3 years, becausecompanies with maturity under 3 years are able to pay off their obligations to pay the loan principal atmaturity; 3) Guarantees have no significant effect on bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bondsbecause they look at the company's reputation, not from what is guaranteed and not guaranteed to thecompany; 4) Company size has no significant effect on bond ratings, because investors tend to buy bondsnot in terms of company size but from the company's reputation; 5) The debt-to assets ratio, maturity,guarantee, and company size affect bond ratings.
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46

Lee, Sun Hee, and Sang-Kyum Kim. "A Constitutional Study on the Guarantee of Human Dignity and Housing." Korean Public Land Law Association 101 (February 28, 2023): 465–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2023.101.465.

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Humans are dignified not because they are human, but because they are humane. To be human, you must have dignity as a human being. Human dignity refers to the evaluation of human beings based on their character. Regarding human dignity, the Constitution stipulates human dignity and value in Article 10 and guarantees them as basic rights. Human dignity and value as stipulated by the Constitution refers to human dignity, which refers to the evaluation of human beings as independent individuals. Human dignity is the highest value and the highest principle in the Constitution. In human dignity, human beings are not isolated subjective individuals, but are meant to recognize the independent value of individuals in a community, and human beings in the relationship between humans and the national community. The human dignity guaranteed by the Constitution is an objective standard, which means the goal and task of the state to realize it. Human dignity under the Constitution is not only an individual right, but also a task and duty of the state. In order for human beings to be dignified, the guarantee of humanity based on personality must be premised. The Constitution stipulates the right to lead a humane life in Article 34, Paragraph 1 as social rights. The constitutional right to live a humane life can be specifically guaranteed to the state through the duty to promote social security and social welfare. Human dignity under the Constitution should be seen as guaranteed on the premise of human life. If a human life means living like a human being. The basics of human life can be said to be the solution to food, clothing, and shelter. Food, clothing and shelter are basic conditions for human beings to lead a life in a national community. In terms of food, clothing and shelter, the guarantee of housing life is different from food and clothing, and economic ability is required. Korea enacted the Housing Act to guarantee the right to housing as a right. However, the right to housing is a condition to guarantee human dignity for a human life, but it is not guaranteed unconditionally. Since the guarantee of the right to housing means a guarantee in residential life, it is necessary to guarantee a humane life. The Constitution does not explicitly stipulate the right to housing. However, internationally, the right to housing is recognized as a human right, and the view to view the right to housing as a fundamental right under the Constitution is spreading. However, there is still controversy over whether the right to housing can be a fundamental right. Nevertheless, a more practical guarantee is needed in that efforts to guarantee the right to housing
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Satory, Agus, Sufmi Dasco Ahmad, and Roby Satya Nugraha. "Fiduciary Guarantee Registration Implementation Through Electronic (Online System) in Indonesia." JURNAL AKTA 11, no. 4 (2024): 1337. https://doi.org/10.30659/akta.v11i4.41689.

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The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of electronic fiduciary registration in Indonesia and to analyze the factors that support and hinder the implementation of electronic fiduciary registration. The research methods taken in this study is a normative juridical approach supported by empirical data. Fiduciary as a guarantee institution is regulated in Law No. 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees and followed up with Government Regulation Number 21 of 2015 concerning Procedures for Registration of Fiduciary Guarantees and Costs for Making Fiduciary Guarantee Deeds. Fiduciary registration cannot be separated from fiduciary collateral because fiduciary registration results in guaranteed legal certainty for creditors and interested parties. However, until now there are still many fiduciary guarantees that are not registered because many things have become obstacles in the registration process for fiduciary guarantees. To overcome the obstacles that occur in daily practice both those that occur in bank financing institutions and non-bank financing institutions (leasing) and notaries in registration of fiduciary guarantees, then the government made a new breakthrough by increasing the service of registration of fiduciary guarantees easily, quickly, and at low cost, namely by conducting electronic fiduciary registration services.
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Searns, Andrew, and Hadi Hosseini. "Fairness Does Not Imply Satisfaction (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (2020): 13911–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7228.

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Fair division is a subfield of multiagent systems that is concerned with object distribution. When objects are indivisible, the Maximin Share Guarantee (MMS) is a desirable fairness notion; however, it is not guaranteed to exist. While MMS allocations may not always exist, a relaxation of MMS is guaranteed to exist. We show that there exists a family of instances for which this relaxation fails to guarantee the MMS value for all but a small constant number of agents.
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49

Dodson, Charles. "Bank size, lending paradigms, and usage of Farm Service Agency's guaranteed loan programs." Agricultural Finance Review 74, no. 1 (2014): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-01-2013-0002.

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Purpose – An established paradigm in small business lending is segmented by bank size with large banks more likely to lend to large informationally transparent firms while small banks are more likely to lend to small informationally opaque firms. In light of banking consolidation, this market segmentation can have implications for credit availability. Federal loan guarantees, such as those provided by USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) may reduce the risks of lending to informationally opaque firms thereby mitigating the impacts of the bank size lending paradigm. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This analysis utilized a binomial logit procedure to determine if there was any empirical evidence that smaller community banks served a unique clientele of farmers when making FSA-guaranteed loans. The analysis relied on a unique data set which incorporated detailed data on farm businesses receiving FSA-guaranteed loans, loan characteristics, as well as information about the originating bank and characteristics of the local credit markets. Findings – Results were consistent with the bank size lending paradigm with smaller banks being less likely to engage in fixed-asset lending, and more likely to serve a riskier and less established clientele when making guaranteed loans. Research limitations/implications – Data limitations did not permit detailed analysis of banks larger than $250 million in total assets nor for consideration of non-bank lenders. An expansion by these lender groups into serving more informationally opaque borrowers could mitigate any adverse impacts arising from fewer small community banks. Practical implications – The results suggested that Federal guarantees do not completely eliminate the relative informational advantages of large and small size banks. And, continued bank consolidation, such that there are fewer small community banks, could result in less credit availability among smaller, less creditworthy farm businesses. Social implications – While FSA guarantees may not enhance a large banks propensity to serve informationally opaque farm borrowers, they may enhance the ability of smaller community banks to serve groups specifically targeted through FSA lending programs; the provision of credit to family farmers who, despite being creditworthy, are unable to obtain credit at reasonable rates and terms. Originality/value – The analysis examines relationship between bank size and the use of FSA guarantees using a unique data set which incorporated information on FSA-guaranteed loans, farm financial characteristics, along with characteristics of commercial banks which participated in the FSA-guarantee program.
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Jeon, Gyeahyung. "Default Risk Factors for Loans Guaranteed by the Local Credit Guarantee Foundation." Asia Pacific Journal of Samall Business 44, no. 1 (2022): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.36491/apjsb.44.1.4.

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