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Schwartz, Rachel A., and Anita Isaacs. "How Guatemala Defied the Odds." Journal of Democracy 34, no. 4 (October 2023): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2023.a907685.
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Abstract: Guatemala has experienced sustained democratic backsliding, including the manipulation of the 2023 electoral playing field. Yet, against the odds, Guatemalan citizens defied the ruling regime's electoral authoritarian strategy, voting an anticorruption reformer into power. This article analyzes Guatemala's (anti)democratic trajectory and explains how opposition actors resisted further backsliding during the 2023 electoral process. The authors argue that the Guatemalan regime reflects a "criminal oligarchy," and examine how rule-of-law advances prompted elite backlash that eviscerated democratic institutions. The unexpected 2023 electoral outcome, however, illustrates the possibilities of exploiting fissures in the criminal-oligarchic coalition to arrest authoritarian consolidation.
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Vásquez, William F., and Alok K. Bohara. "Household Shocks, Child Labor, and Child Schooling: Evidence from Guatemala." Latin American Research Review 45, no. 3 (2010): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100011158.
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AbstractUsing data from the National Survey of Standards of Living conducted in Guatemala in 2000, this article tests the hypothesis that Guatemalan households use child labor and reduce child schooling to cope with household shocks. First, the authors use factor analysis to estimate the latent household propensity to natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. Then, they estimate bivariate probit models to identify the determinants of child labor and schooling, including household propensity to natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. Results suggest that households use child labor to cope with natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. In contrast, the authors found no evidence that suggests that households reduce child schooling to cope with shocks. Findings also indicate that poor households are more likely to use child labor and schooling reduction as strategies to cope with socioeconomic shocks.
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Monge-Nájera, Julián, and Yuh-Shan Ho. "Guatemala articles in the Science Citation Index Expanded: bibliometry of subjects, collaboration, institutions and authors." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.29875.
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Guatemala, with 16 million inhabitants, is the largest economy of Central America and should have the largest scientific output of the region. To assess its productivity and impact, we analyzed the 3380 Guatemala articles included in the SCI-expanded in June, 2017. Most Guatemala documents are articles in English, deal with nutrition and health problems, and have a mean of 7.4 authors per article. Also in this particular database, citation lifespan is 40 years, and citations are higher for articles in English (twice more than those in Spanish), for reviews (mean 24 citations per review) and for studies resulting from international collaboration, which is done mostly with the USA and Mexico. The most productive institutions are the Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment CESSIAM, the universities of San Carlos and El Valle, and the Central American Nutrition Institute INCAP (but the INCAP has decreased productivity in recent years). The most productive researchers are N.W. Solomons, R. Bressani, L.G. Elías, C. Rolz and A. Cáceres. Guatemala represents a particular case in Central America because its high quality research is dependent on particular researchers rather than on institutions, and because the total output is well under the expectation. The productivity and citation of Guatemalan science in the 18 journals published in the country, and in other journals also not covered in the in the SCI-expanded, remain unknown. Nevertheless, the historical trend is positive, with a clear growth of international collaboration, productivity and citation.
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Alvarez, Elysia, Midori Seppa, Kevin Messacar, John Kurap, E. Alejandro Sweet-Cordero, Silvia Rivas, Marisol Bustamante, et al. "Improvement of Abandonment of Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Cancer in Guatemala." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 3_suppl (June 2016): 76s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.004648.
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Abstract 59 Background: Abandonment of therapy is a major cause of therapeutic failure in the treatment of childhood cancer in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC). This study examines factors associated with increased risk of therapy abandonment in Guatemalan children with cancer and the rates of therapy abandonment before and after implementation of a multidisciplinary psychosocial intervention program. Methods: A retrospective population-based study was performed to identify risk factors for abandonment of therapy in Guatemalan children, ages 0-18, with cancer who were seen at UNOP from 2001-2008. Patient data was collected from the Pediatric Oncology Networked Database (POND4Kids). Abandonment was defined as a lapse of 4 weeks in planned treatment or failure to begin treatment for a potentially curable cancer. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified the effect of age, sex, year of diagnosis, distance travelled to UNOP, ethnicity, and principal diagnosis on abandonment of therapy. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to evaluate survival. Results: A retrospective analysis of 1,789 charts was performed and 367 patients abandoned therapy. The rate of abandonment decreased from 27% in 2001 to 7% in 2008 following a multidisciplinary psychosocial intervention program. Greater distance to UNOP (p = 0.00), younger age (p = 0.02) and earlier year of diagnosis (p = 0.00) were associated with increased risk of abandonment. Abandonment of therapy correlated with decreased survival. The cumulative survival at 8.3 years was 0.57 ± 0.02 (survival±SE) for those who completed therapy vs 0.06 ± 0.02 for those who abandoned and refused therapy (p=0.000) in an abandonment sensitive analysis. Conclusion: This study identified distance, age, and year of diagnosis as risk factors for abandonment of therapy for pediatric cancer in Guatemala. This study highlights risk factors for abandonment of therapy and the role of targeted interventions in altering rates of abandonment that could be replicated in other LMIC countries. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No COIs from the authors.
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Farrell-Bryan, Dylan, and Ian Peacock. "Who Gets Deported? Immigrant Removal Rates by National Origin and Period, 1998 to 2021." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312210912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221091224.
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Most removal proceedings in U.S. immigration courts result in removal, but research has yet to consider how removal rates vary by nationality and period. Using Executive Office of Immigration Review data, the authors examine the removal rates for the 30 most common national-origin groups in removal proceedings. Honduran, Mexican, Guatemalan, and Brazilian nationals have been ordered removed at rates considerably higher than the population average, while Chinese, Albanian, Egyptian, and Ethiopian nationals experience notably low rates of removal. Additionally, the authors find a general decline in removal rates between 1998 and 2021, with a notable jump in removal rates during the Trump administration. Disaggregating removal rates by nationality and period has important implications for understanding disparities in access to legal resources and immigration enforcement practices.
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Foxen, Patricia, and Debra Rodman. "Guatemalans in New England: Transnational Communities through Time and Space." Practicing Anthropology 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.34.1.3680361120172836.
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The Guatemalan diaspora has come to form a significant part of the New England landscape and economy since the mid-1980s. This article describes the changes observed by the authors over the past 15 years in the area's Maya communities, focusing both on deleterious processes such as the mass deportations of the Obama period, as well as on the development of new, positive transnational communication modes, and commenting as well on the role of anthropologists as advocates and expert witnesses in the midst of shifting policies and hardened public sentiments toward immigrants.
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Mérida-Reyes, Max Samuel, Manuel Alejandro Muñoz-Wug, Bessie Evelyn Oliva-Hernández, Isabel Cristina Gaitán-Fernández, Daniel Luiz Reis Simas, Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva, and Juan Francisco Pérez-Sabino. "Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. from Guatemala." Medicines 7, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines7100059.
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Background:Pimenta dioica is a native tree of Central America, Southern Mexico, and the Caribbean used in traditional medicine. It grows in wet forests in the Guatemalan departments of Petén and Izabal. Since the plant is not being economically exploited in Guatemala, this study was aimed at determining the composition of the essential oil of P. dioica leaves and fruits and the antibacterial activity of the leaves in order to evaluate its possible use in health products. The essential oils of fruits and leaves are used as rubefacient, anti-inflammatory, carminative, antioxidant, and antiflatulent in different countries. Methods: Fruits and leaves of P. dioica from Izabal Department were collected in April 2014 and extracted by hydrodistillation method. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results: Yields of 1.02 ± 0.11% for dried leaves and 1.51 ± 0.26% for fruits were obtained. Eugenol was the main component (65.9–71.4%). The leaf oil showed growth inhibition against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: The authors consider that the tree’s leaves can be evaluated as a source of ingredients for antiseptic products, and that it is important to evaluate other types of properties such as anti-inflammatory activity.
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Melgar, Mario, Molly Lamb, Diva M. Calvimontes, Edwin J. Asturias, Ingrid Contreras-Roldan, Samuel Dominguez, Christine C. Robinson, Stephen Berman, and James Gaensbauer. "Enteropathogen Identification by Multiplex PCR in Guatemalan Children with Acute, Non-bloody Diarrhea." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.877.
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Abstract Background Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Assessing diarrhea etiology in LMICs is of great importance in order to better develop both therapeutic and public health strategies, but is hampered by the complexity of potential diarrheal pathogens, and diverse methodology needed for pathogen identification Methods Subjects 6 to 35 months old with acute, moderate severity, non-bloody diarrhea were enrolled in a diarrheal treatment trial, conducted at one rural (N = 172) and two urban sites (N = 144) in Guatemala. Diarrheal pathogens were determined in stool by multiplex PCR (FilmArray GI® Biofire) which allows simultaneous identification of 23 bacterial, viral, parasitic pathogens. Descriptive statistics on demographics, pathogen load, and differences in pathogen occurrence by site were performed; differences were assessed with t-test and chi2 test Results Nearly all (96.8%) subjects had pathogens identified, and most had multiple potential pathogens identified (mean pathogen count: 2.7 urban and 4.8 rural; P < 0.001 (Figure 1). Notable pathogen differences were observed between rural and urban populations. Bacteria (particularly E.coli pathotypes and Campylobacter) and protozoa (particularly giardia) were more common in the rural population (Figure2). Viral pathogens were either similar or more common (norovirus; P = 0.04) in the urban population; rotavirus was uncommon in both sites (10 rural and 12 urban cases). A similar pattern of pathogen evolution with patient age was noted in both settings, with a decrease in the relative number of viral and increase in parasitic pathogens (Figure 3). Important demographic and socioeconomic differences between rural and urban were noted: rural subjects had poorer nutritional status, underdeveloped water and sanitation facilities and more domestic animal exposure Conclusion Acute diarrheal episodes in Guatemalan children were associated with a complex spectrum of pathogens when determined by multiplex PCR, with distinct patterns in rural and urban populations. Future studies to precisely determine diarrheal etiologies in LMICs will need to incorporate controls to sort causative organisms from those colonizing the intestine. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Vázquez Medeles, Juan Carlos. "“El caso de Guatemala”: doctrina y praxis de la delegación guatemalteca en el I Congreso Anticomunista Latinoamericano." Latinoamérica. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, no. 73 (September 13, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cialc.24486914e.2022.73.57250.
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en mayo de 1954 se efectuó el I Congreso contra la Intervención Soviética en América Latina. El discurso anticomunista desplegado, manifiesto en su doctrina y praxis, fue el preámbulo de la invasión liberacionista que depuso al presidente de Guatemala Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán. Estudio pionero en la temática, para este artículo se revisaron exhaustivamente los documentos de la Agencia Central de Inteligencia y los textos de autores que han estudiado el tema. Se privilegiatanto el ejercicio político de estos agentes como la consolidación de sus ideas y materiales en el devenir histórico de este país. Se concluye que su protagonismo se estableció como un hito en los entrecruces e interacciones con los sujetos y grupos latinoamericanos, afines a su ideología, en el periodo que se insertó la región en el conflicto ideológico global.Abstract: The article describes the participation of the Guatemalan delegation in the 1st Congress against Soviet Intervention in Latin America, held in May 1954. The objective is to articulate itsanti-communist discourse, manifested in its doctrine and praxis, as a preamble to the liberationist invasion that deposed to President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán. As a pioneering study on the subject, the documents of the Central Intelligence Agency and the texts of authors who have approached the topic were exhaustively reviewed. As a result, the political exercise of these agents is accentuated, as well as the consolidation of their ideas and the materials in the historical development or theircountry. It is added that their protagonism was established as a milestone in the intercrossings and interactions with Latin America subjects and groups, related to its ideology, in the period was inserted into the global ideological conflict.Key words: Anticommunism; Guatemala; Representations; Anticommunist Congress.
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Olander, Marcia. "Costa Rica in 1948: Cold War or Local War?" Americas 52, no. 4 (April 1996): 465–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008474.
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The years following World War Two produced a strong resurgence of U.S. intervention in Central America and the Caribbean couched in Cold War terms. Although the U.S. intervention in Guatemala to overthrow the government of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954 has generally been seen as the first case of Cold War covert anti-Communist intervention in Latin America, several scholars have raised questions about U.S. involvement in a 1948 Costa Rican civil war in which Communism played a critical role. In a 1993 article in The Americas, Kyle Longley argued that “the U.S. response to the Costa Rican Revolution of 1948, not the Guatemalan affair, marked the origins of the Cold War in Latin America.” The U.S. “actively interfered,” and achieved “comparable results in Costa Rica as in Guatemala: the removal of a perceived Communist threat.” Other authors have argued, even, that the U.S. had prepared an invasion force in the Panama Canal Zone to pacify the country. The fifty years of Cold War anti-Communism entitles one to be skeptical of U.S. non-intervention in a Central American conflict involving Communism. Costa Ricans, aware of a long tradition of U.S. intervention in the region, also assumed that the U.S. would intervene. Most, if not all, were expecting intervention and one key government figure described U.S. pressure as like “the air, which is felt, even if it cannot be seen.” Yet, historians must do more than just “feel” intervention. Subsequent Cold War intervention may make it difficult to appraise the 1948 events in Costa Rica objectively. Statements like Longley's that “it is hard to believe that in early 1948 … Washington would not favor policies that ensured the removal of the [Communist Party] Vanguard,” although logical, do not coincide with the facts of the U.S. role in the conflict.
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VALDEZ-MORENO, MARTHA ELENA, JOSÉ POOL-CANUL, and SALVADOR CONTRERAS-BALDERAS. "A checklist of the freshwater ichthyofauna from El Petén and Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, with notes for its conservation and management." Zootaxa 1072, no. 1 (October 28, 2005): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1072.1.4.
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Guatemala is characterized by high diversity of its freshwater fishes. Among the most important regions of biodiversity are the Departments of El Petén and Alta Verapaz, located in the northern part of the country south of the Mexican border. Several authors consider the ichthyofauna of this country to be relatively well studied, but the majority of available information is dispersed and sporadic. We present an updated systematic list, comprising all species collected by us, and which includes an exhaustive check of literature records. A total of 55 collecting localities are included in this study. The total species number is 88, distributed in 47 genera, 24 families, and 14 orders. The two departments together include 35.2% of the total estimated number of fish species for the entire country. The Cichlidae and Poeciliidae are the most speciose families. Of the total of 88 species, 11 are primary fishes, 54 are secondary, and 23 peripheral, according to Myers (1938) classification. One endemic species is known from El Petén and 12 from Alta Verapaz. Three species are considered to be exotics: Ctenopharyngodon idella, Carassius auratus, and Oreochromis aureus. Several of our collections confirm the presence of species not reported for more than 30 years (e.g., Bramocharax species), but others require more study (i.e. Heterandria species). Only 18 species from Guatemala are recognized as threatened or endangered by different organizations, but included are some of the more common and widespread species, such as Astyanax aeneus. Several endemics are excluded from such listings, possibly due to lack of knowledge. The actual condition of the Guatemalan populations for the majority of the fish species, including the endemics, is not known.Guatemala presenta una gran diversidad de peces dulceacuícolas y entre las regiones más
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Gaensbauer, James, Molly Lamb, Mario Melgar, Diva M. Calvimontes, Ingrid Contreras-Roldan, Edwin Asturias, and Samuel Dominguez. "1119. Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile Acquisition and Persistence among Guatemalan Children." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S335—S336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.952.
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Abstract Background Little is known about the epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We sought to characterize the clinical, demographic, and environmental factors associated with C.difficile acquisition and persistence over time, and assess the relationship between CDI and additional diarrheal pathogens among rural and urban Guatemalan children. Methods Children 6–35 months old with acute nonbloody diarrhea (<72 hours) were enrolled in an acute diarrhea clinical trial between March 2015 and January 2016 at two sites (one rural and one urban) in Guatemala. Stool samples collected at baseline and 30 days later were analyzed by multiplex PCR (FilmArray™ GI-Panel, BioFire, USA) that identifies 22 viral, parasitic and bacterial diarrheal pathogens including C. difficile. Subjects were characterized by combination of baseline and 30-day C.difficile sample results: −/+ (new acquisition), +/− (clearance), and +/+ (persistence). Associations between these categorizations and demographic, epidemiologic, and co-infecting pathogenic organisms were assessed using multivariable generalized linear models. Results CDI was present in 26 of 298 subjects at baseline; 13 (50%) had persistence at 30 days and 13 (50%) cleared. New acquisition at day 30 occurred in 23 subjects. In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, recent hospitalization was marginally significantly associated with C. difficile presence in stool at baseline (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.65, P = 0.07). In subjects with either new C. difficile acquisition or persistence between baseline and day 30, residence in the rural site (PR 0.33, P = 0.003)) and presence of E. coli pathotypes: enteropathogenic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC), and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) (PR 0.43, P = 0.01)) were associated with reduced risk of CDI. Conclusion In an LMIC pediatric population, the presence of E. coli pathotypes appeared protective against C. difficile persistence/new acquisition. These findings add to our current understanding that CDI occurs in part as a result of competition within the intestinal microbiota, which may be independent of the potential pathogenicity of competing microbes. We hypothesize that this phenomenon could be suppressing the C. difficile burden among children in LMICs. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Guillermo, Vanessa, Sully Santos de Ucles, and Kelley Bunkers. "The critical intersection between child reintegration and community connectedness: An experience from Guatemala." Global Studies of Childhood 12, no. 1 (March 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20436106221082666.
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A 2019 census of residential care facilities in Guatemala found 3863 children in residential care and that 97% of these children had at least one living relative. The census clearly indicates that children in the facilities are not orphans and the possibility of reunification, if appropriate processes and services are in place to support the child and parent/caregiver before, during, and after reunification, is possible. We (the authors) played a key role in designing a case management process to support the reunification of children from residential care back into families with the end goal being successful reintegration. A series of wellbeing domains were designed to help understand and measure what successful reintegration would include within the case management system. Informed by a case review of 36 Guatemalan children supported to reintegrate into families, and interviews with social workers and psychologists engaged in the process, this article explores the role of the “community connectedness” wellbeing domain. We explore how community connectedness or lack thereof, can contribute to child and parent/caregiver wellbeing and successful reintegration—the different types of community connectedness and who/what was involved in establishing and fostering these connections. With growing interest in reintegration efforts globally, efforts to better understand the unique role that community connectedness has in overall family wellbeing is well timed. Whilst the topic has been explored in post conflict settings with children and youth previously engaged in armed conflict, experiences of reintegration from residential care facilities in non-emergency contexts is limited, including in Spanish speaking contexts.
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Costantino, Roselyn, Karen Smith Rotabi, and Debra H. Rodman. "Violence Against Women and Asylum Seeking: Global Problems and Local Practices Applied to Guatemalan Women Immigrating for Safety." Advances in Social Work 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2012): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/1974.
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This paper, based on broader discussions surrounding gender violence and immigration in the U.S., provides critical information on the historical context of extreme violence against women and femicide plaguing Central American societies today. Drawing on experiences of precedent setting cases of Guatemalan women, the authors offer suggestions for culturally specific treatment of and support for women who seek asylum in the U.S. out of justified fear for their and their family members’ lives should they return to their country of origin. The arguments presented are predicated on the belief that women worldwide share experiences of myriad forms of male domination and gender inequality which, however, play out differently on their bodies and lives in ways that must be accounted for in our attempt to offer them appropriate care and assist them in creating the tools they need to change their circumstances.
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Rogers, Lisa M., Erick Boy, Joshua W. Miller, Ralph Green, Monica Rodriguez, Francisco Chew, and Lindsay H. Allen. "Predictors of Cobalamin Deficiency in Guatemalan School Children: Diet, Helicobacter pylori, or Bacterial Overgrowth?" Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 36, no. 1 (January 2003): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2003.tb07954.x.
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ABSTRACTObjectivesThe authors investigated whether low vitamin B12 intake, impaired gastric function, Helicobacter pylori infection, and bacterial overgrowth were risk factors for the high prevalence of cobalamin deficiency observed in Guatemalan children.MethodsThe plasma cobalamin concentration of 556 school children was measured and classified as low, marginal, or adequate. In 60 children from each of these three groups, concentrations of serum methylmalonic acid (MMA), plasma homocysteine, and plasma holotranscobalamin II were measured, and usual dietary B12 intake was estimated. Serum gastrin and pepsinogen I concentrations were measured, and H. pylori and bacterial overgrowth were diagnosed using 13C‐urea and 13C‐xylose breath tests, respectively.ResultsH. pylori infection was present in 83% (144 of 174) of children, and bacterial overgrowth was found in 25% (28 of 113). Children with H. pylori infection had higher serum gastrin and pepsinogen I. There were no significant differences among the plasma cobalamin groups in the prevalence of H. pylori infection, bacterial overgrowth, serum gastrin, or pepsinogen I concentrations. However, there was a significant positive correlation between serum MMA and gastrin concentrations. The average daily consumption of dietary B12 was 5.5 ± 5.2 μg/day, but intakes for 23% of children were <1.8 μg/day. B12 intake from fortified snacks added an additional 0.3 ± 0.2 μg/day. B12 intake was not significantly different among the plasma cobalamin groups, but it was significantly correlated with plasma cobalamin.ConclusionsThe specific cause of cobalamin deficiency in this population remains unclear, but these results suggest that low dietary B12 intake is a risk factor and alterations in gastric secretions may also play a role.
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Onakomaiya, Deborah, Joyce Gyamfi, Juliet Iwelunmor, Jumoke Opeyemi, Mofetoluwa Oluwasanmi, Chisom Obiezu-Umeh, Milena Dalton, et al. "Implementation of clean cookstove interventions and its effects on blood pressure in low-income and middle-income countries: systematic review." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e026517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026517.
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ObjectiveA review of the implementation outcomes of clean cookstove use, and its effects on blood pressure (BP) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).DesignSystematic review of studies that reported the effect of clean cookstove use on BP among women, and implementation science outcomes in LMICs.Data sourcesWe searched PubMed, Embase, INSPEC, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Global Health and Web of Science PLUS. We conducted searches in November 2017 with a repeat in May 2018. We did not restrict article publication date.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included only studies conducted in LMICs, published in English, regardless of publication year and studies that examined the use of improved or clean cookstove intervention on BP. Two authors independently screened journal article titles, abstracts and full-text articles to identify those that included the following search terms: high BP, hypertension and or household air pollution, LMICs, cookstove and implementation outcomes.ResultsOf the 461 non-duplicate articles identified, three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (in Nigeria, Guatemala and Ghana) and two studies of pre–post design (in Bolivia and Nicaragua) met eligibility criteria. These articles evaluated the effect of cookstove use on BP in women. Two of the three RCTs reported a mean reduction in diastolic BP of −2.8 mm Hg (−5.0, –0.6; p=0.01) for the Nigerian study; −3.0 mm Hg; (−5.7, –0.4; p=0.02) for the Guatemalan study; while the study conducted in Ghana reported a non-significant change in BP. The pre–post studies reported a significant reduction in mean systolic BP of −5.5 mm Hg; (p=0.01) for the Bolivian study, and −5.9 mm Hg (−11.3, –0.4; p=0.05) for the Nicaraguan study. Implementation science outcomes were reported in all five studies (three reported feasibility, one reported adoption and one reported feasibility and adoption of cookstove interventions).ConclusionAlthough this review demonstrated that there is limited evidence on the implementation of clean cookstove use in LMICs, the effects of clean cookstove on BP were significant for both systolic and diastolic BP among women. Future studies should consider standardised reporting of implementation outcomes.
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Alford, Emily M. "The Dilemma of Lawlessness: Organized Crime, Violence, Prosperity, and Security Along Guatemala’s Borders." DttP: Documents to the People 45, no. 3 (November 8, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v45i3.6495.
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This book presents the reader with both facts and conclusions drawn from three case studies. Authors Ralph Espach, Daniel Haering, Javier Meléndez Quiñonez, and Miguel Castillo Giron focus on the lack of security along Guatemala’s borders and the serious narcotics trafficking, execution-style mass murders, and other severe public security issues that have developed as a result. This research looks closely at the effects of criminal organizations and illicit trafficking within the three particular border municipalities of Guatemala—Sayaxché, Gualán, and Malacatán. The three areas are compared demographically and economically, and through which a deeper analysis is developed on creating better border control through the behaviors of the local communities themselves.
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Hamid, Sarah, Jennifer Milucky, Nong Shang, Bernard Wolff, Chris Van Beneden, Jonas Winchell, María Reneé López, Thomas Clasen, and John P. McCracken. "1467. Association between Pathogen Load in the Upper Respiratory Tract and Severe Acute Respiratory Infections in Guatemalan Adults: Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S735—S736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1648.
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Abstract Background The causal attribution of bacterial pathogens to severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) is challenging because many bacteria are frequently detected in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic persons. Quantification of pathogen load may help differentiate asymptomatic pathogen carriage from clinically significant infection. We aimed to determine whether real-time PCR (rt-PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values, as a proxy for bacterial load, differ between adults with SARI and asymptomatic adults. Methods Adults with SARI (acute onset of fever and cough, requiring hospitalization) were frequency matched to asymptomatic adults (enrolled from trauma and orthopedic inpatient wards) by age group, catchment area, and enrollment date at three surveillance sites in Guatemala. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens were collected from all participants and tested for pathogens using rt-PCR. Using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, we compared the distributions and median Ct values between ill and asymptomatic adults in whom Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected. Results Between October 2013 and October 2015, 304 adults with SARI and 174 asymptomatic adults were enrolled (Table). M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, and S. pneumoniae were detected with similar frequency in both groups. H. influenzae and K. pneumoniae were detected more frequently in asymptomatic adults. We found the greatest difference in Ct value distributions between ill (median Ct=30.8) and asymptomatic adults (median Ct=35.6) with S. pneumoniae detections (p< 0.01) (Figure). Median Ct values of H. influenzae (29.3 vs 31.1, p=0.04) and M. catarrhalis (29.2 vs 31.5, p=0.05) were also lower among adults with SARI. Frequency of select bacterial pathogen detection among adults with SARI and among asymptomatic adults, Guatemala, 2013-2015 Distributions of Ct values among adults with SARI and asymptomatic adults in whom a given bacterial pathogen was detected Conclusion Pathogen loads of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis were higher among adults with SARI than among asymptomatic adults, suggesting that Ct values may provide insight into SARI etiology for some pathogens, despite the similar frequency of detection among both ill and asymptomatic adults. Future work will normalize Ct values to account for variation in testing and analysis and explore the use of Ct values to estimate population attributable fractions of respiratory infections. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Shaffer, Ellen R., and Joseph E. Brenner. "Patents In Guatemala: The Authors Respond." Health Affairs 29, no. 3 (March 2010): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0137.
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Barta, Jim, and Joan Kyriopoulos. "Mapping Our World." Teaching Children Mathematics 21, no. 3 (October 2014): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.21.3.0162.
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Bobek, Vito, Verena Habrich, and Horvat Horvat. "The impact of the human capital of women on the economic development of Guatemala." Mednarodno inovativno poslovanje = Journal of Innovative Business and Management 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32015/jibm.2022.14.1.10.
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Emerging markets are amongst some of the fastest-growing economies on the globe. However, they must enhance human capital to enable a nation's long-term development. The theory states that the increase in workforce participation highly impacts GDP per capita. Additionally, developing markets can grow even further if they increase women's rate in the labor market. The paper aims to determine the main obstacles for women in the job market and identify the impact of female participation on national development by conducting a case study analysis for Guatemala. The authors decided to apply a data triangulation approach and chose a mixture of three sources of data: documents, archival records, and interviews. Guatemala holds an unfavorable rank in the Global Gender Gap Index. The findings demonstrate that the workforce rate is increasing but still severely lower than the men's rate. In Guatemala, the high number of women in tertiary education does not translate into higher female workforce participation. The main issues are cultural stereotypes, limited access to the job market, and difficulties with combining work and childcare.
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Quintana Samayoa, Oscar Antonio, and Juan Antonio Siller Camacho. "Condición actual en la Reserva de la Biósfera Maya, tradición y reelaboración para una visión integrada de patrimonio mixto." Estudios de Cultura Maya 56, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.ecm.2020.56.2.0006.
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In order to study its conditions, since 1987 the authors have monitored the Prehispanic buildings located in the Maya Biosphere Reserve (mbr) in Petén, Guatemala; they have also analyzed neighboring protected areas such as the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, in Campeche, Mexico, and others. This region of the Central lowlands is now known to possess a double heritage: cultural and natural. For the Maya Biosphere Reserve, in Guatemala, the data indicates that this mixed "ideal" management of heritage has not been successful, since the natural and environmental aspects prevail over the cultural ones. For this reason, the present work tries to give an updated view of the condition of the built heritage in the mbr and seeks to revalue the spirit of mixed management.
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Inomata, Takeshi, Erick Ponciano, Oswaldo Chinchilla, Otto Román, Véronique Breuil-Martínez, and Oscar Santos. "An unfinished temple at the Classic Maya centre of Aguateca, Guatemala." Antiquity 78, no. 302 (December 2004): 798–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00113456.
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The authors demonstrate that a temple examined at the Classic Maya site of Aguateca, Guatemala, was still in the process of construction when it was attacked and abandoned at the beginning of the ninth century AD. Study of the ruin has provided valuable information on Maya building methods and processes, as well as guidance on how unfinished buildings may be identified.
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Akhyadov, Elman, Elena Kirillova, and Sergey Zenin. "Left Radical Movements in the World: Political and Legal Features." Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (August 12, 2022): e0226. http://dx.doi.org/10.37497/sdgs.v10i1.226.
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Background: In most Latin American states, a revolutionary situation persists after the Second World War. Left-wing radical armed groups have intensified guerrilla warfare, especially in Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru, and El Salvador. Objective: to identify the historical characteristics and understand the development of guerilla movements. Methods: The authors have chosen the case of Colombia since Russia has been strongly influenced by Marxist- Leninist ideology at the beginning of the 20th century. Results: Readers, particularly in Russia, are little familiar with the history of Colombia, the authors dwell on the details of the development of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. Conclusions: authors compared activities of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia with the work of similar movements in Russia, which help readers to better understand the conclusions reached by the authors.
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BOTERO, JUAN PABLO, LARRY BEZARK, and ANTONIO SANTOS-SILVA. "Neoxela: A new replacement name for Xela Botero, Bezark & Santos-Silva, 2020 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)." Zootaxa 5169, no. 6 (August 3, 2022): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5169.6.6.
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Recently, Botero, Bezark & Santos-Silva (2020) described a new genus of Methiini (Cerambycinae), Xela, for their new species Xela tysoni, from Guatemala. Currently, the genus remains monotypic and the species is known only from their type locality. Unfortunately, the authors did not realize that the name had already been used for a trilobite species (Xela drena Jell, 1990). Herein, we propose a new replacement name for the genus.
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French, Brigittine M., and Lolmay Pedro García Matzar. "Maya Testimonies in the Archive: Violence, Linguistics, and Historical Memory." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 113, no. 1 (2024): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tap.2024.a925833.
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Abstract: This article centers Maya-Kaqchikel understandings and experiences of genocide and violence in the broader context of struggles for Indigenous self-representation in Guatemala. It begins by situating the authors' archival work on first person survivor testimony in the broader context of state-sponsored violence and discusses the importance of survivor testimony for human rights, scholarly, and Indigenous revindication projects. It enumerates the authors' intellectual, political, and cultural commitments of our collaborative project to transcribe, represent, and analyze genocide survivor testimonies in the Visual History Archive from Maya-Kaqchikel ethnolinguistic communities. It underscores the key role that linguistic analysis has played and continues to play in cultural rights and Indigenous autonomy projects among Maya communities in Guatemala and shows how the analysis of survivor testimony contributes in new ways to this dual scholarly and political project. It argues that history, historical consciousness, and self-representation are constituted through Maya linguistic and discursive forms, which are archival repositories of shared cultural knowledge. Taken together, the analytic trajectory and argument underscore that projects analyzing Maya experiences of violence and resilience must be based upon an explicit commitment to strengthening Indigenous communities and their self-representation to work against forces of continued marginalization.
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Love, Michael, and Julia Guernsey. "Monument 3 from La Blanca, Guatemala: a Middle Preclassic earthen sculpture and its ritual associations." Antiquity 81, no. 314 (December 2007): 920–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00096009.
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Beside one of the earliest Preclassic pyramids in Guatemala the authors discovered a large basin fashioned in clay and shaped like a quatrefoil. The use of the quatrefoil theme on other carvings reveals its association with water and its symbolic role as the mouth of an underworld. Excavations in an adjacent mound exposed an affluent community, rich in figurines. This juxtaposition of monuments and residence at La Blanca shows a society of 900-600 BC in which ritual and the secular power were well integrated.
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Destrooper, Tine, and Stephan Parmentier. "Gender-Aware and Place-Based Transitional Justice in Guatemala." Social & Legal Studies 27, no. 3 (July 28, 2017): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663917718050.
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Place-based approaches to transitional justice, which foreground victim participation, have become increasingly popular in the last decade. The assumption is that these approaches enhance legitimacy, increase the local relevance of interventions, and empower victims. However, the causal mechanisms by which this alleged empowerment takes place, are not usually studied in great detail. This article examines whether altering the opportunity structures of (germinal) civil society organizations is one of the ways by which this empowering effect might take hold. The authors argue that in Guatemala, the transitional justice process, and in particular the truth commission, did indeed significantly alter the opportunity structures of grassroots indigenous women’s groups, most notably by providing these groups with support to develop their own agenda and with access to ‘elite allies’. Yet the fieldwork performed hitherto would also advise against treating localized and participatory approaches to transitional justice as a panacea, for even if a genuine bottom-up approach is promising, the ongoing institutionalization of the field of transitional justice makes adequate implementation of such an approach difficult; and especially in cases where victims face intersectional discrimination positive effects may be slow to materialize.
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Spiller, Pablo T., and Carlo G. Cardilli. "The Frontier of Telecommunications Deregulation: Small Countries Leading the Pack." Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.4.127.
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Interconnection, equal access, unbundling, and industry structure are four key determinants of facilities-based competition in telecommunications. Using these building blocks, this paper analyzes the differences in telecommunications regulatory regimes in Australia, Chile, Guatemala, and New Zealand, assessing the effect on competition and consumer welfare. Some regulation is necessary as incumbents can prolong their market power after demonopolization by exploiting positive externalities inherent to telecommunications networks. The authors emphasize the superiority of market mechanisms over traditional regulatory processes to achieve efficient transactions among operators. Such market mechanisms need clear rules and credible enforcement.
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Gibbs, Nikki. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Applied Economics and Finance, Vol. 10, No. 2." Applied Economics and Finance 10, no. 2 (May 29, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v10i2.6147.
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Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2 Hichem Maraghni, University of Taibah, TunisiaLingkai Kong, Izmir University of Economics , TurkeyNikoloz Chikhladze, Akaki Tsereteli State University, GeorgiaPatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, PolandRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com
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MCMAHAN, CALEB D., CHRISTOPHER M. MURRAY, AARON D. GEHEBER, CHRISTOPHER D. BOECKMAN, and KYLE R. PILLER. "Paraneetroplus synspilus is a Junior Synonym of Paraneetroplus melanurus (Teleostei: Cichlidae)." Zootaxa 2833, no. 1 (April 27, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2833.1.1.
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The genus Paraneetroplus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) currently consists of 11 species that naturally occur from southern Mexico south to Panama. Paraneetroplus melanurus (Günther 1862) is found in the Lago de Petén system of Guatemala, and P. synspilus (Hubbs 1935) in the Río Grijalva-Usumacinta system, and other systems in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Reported morphological differences between the two nominal species in the literature are vague but center around characteristics of a dark band that begins at the caudal fin and tapers anteriorly near mid-body. This band is reported as straight (horizontal) in P. melanurus but ventrally sloped in P. synspilus. Some authors have previously suggested that these two forms are not distinct. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic morphological comparison of P. melanurus and P. synspilus to further investigate their validity. We examined meristic, morphometric, and geometric morphometric characters and failed to recover diagnostic differences between these two forms. The characters proposed to separate them do not allow for their differentiation, and we conclude that P. synspilus is a junior synonym of P. melanurus. A re-description of P. melanurus is provided on the basis of existing type material and additional material recently collected.
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Paharia, Neeru, and Vanitha Swaminathan. "Who Is Wary of User Design? The Role of Power-Distance Beliefs in Preference for User-Designed Products." Journal of Marketing 83, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022242919830412.
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This article evaluates when a user-design approach is and is not effective in strengthening brand preference. It specifically delves into the role of power-distance beliefs in influencing preferences for user-designed products and brands. The authors demonstrate that low-power-distance consumers prefer user-designed products to company-designed products, whereas this effect is attenuated or reversed for high-power-distance consumers. The authors find process evidence that both feelings of empowerment and values of expertise differentially mediate brand preferences depending on power-distance beliefs, thus extending prior research findings. Field experiments conducted in the United States and cross-culturally (Austria and Guatemala) with Facebook’s advertising platform provide convergent evidence using country and political orientation as managerially accessible proxies. This research sheds light on when and why firms should be wary of user-design approaches, based on how power-distance beliefs drive consumers’ preferences.
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Źrałka, Jarosław, Wiesław Koszkul, Simon Martin, and Bernard Hermes. "In the path of the Maize God: a royal tomb at Nakum, Petén, Guatemala." Antiquity 85, no. 329 (August 2011): 890–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068381.
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The authors describe the excavation and interpretation of an intact seventh-century high status burial at the Maya site of Nakum. The dead person wore an incised pectoral with an eventful biography, having started out as an Olmec heirloom 1000 years before. No less impressive was the series of votive rituals found to have been enacted at the tomb for another 100 years or more. The beautiful objects, their architectural setting and the long story they recount, offer a heart-breaking indictment of the multiple losses due to looting.
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Small, Rachel. "Lot Eight / Lote Ocho." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 20 (June 20, 2017): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/39973.
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This piece was submitted as a spoken-word poem. A recording can be found on UnderCurrents' SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/undercurrentsatyork/lot-eight-lote-ochoSpecial thanks to Ruben Esguerra, audio engineer on the recording.[Author's Note - Content warning: this poem discusses sexual, gendered, and other forms of violence.]Dedicated to the women of Lot 8 who are fighting like hell for justice not only on their land in Guatemala, but who have brought their historic fight into Canadian courts as well...Find full piece in .pdf below.
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Woodfill, Brent K. S., Stanley Guenter, and Mirza Monterroso. "Changing Patterns of Ritual Activity in an Unlooted Cave in Central Guatemala." Latin American Antiquity 23, no. 1 (March 2012): 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.23.1.93.
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AbstractThe Cave of Hun Nal Ye, located in central Guatemala, was discovered unlooted by a local landowner in 2005 and was immediately subject to investigation by the authors. The cave contained ritual remains dating to between the Terminal Pre-classic and Terminal Classic. In addition to allowing a detailed reconstruction of ritual activity in the northern highlands, its presence along the Great Western Trade Route allows archaeologists to examine hypotheses about interregional trade during the Classic period. In particular, changes in the ritual assemblage between the Early and Late Classic indicate that the cave was an important trade shrine for merchants and travelers passing between the highlands and lowlands until ca. A.D. 550, at which point it became a local shrine used to reinforce elite power. These changes are then linked to larger patterns occurring in other parts of the trade route, especially to Tikal and the kingdoms along the Pasión and Usumacinta rivers.
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Granger, J. David. "Cindy Forster,The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala's October Revolution. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. xi + 287 pp. $32.95 cloth; 19.95 paper." International Labor and Working-Class History 66 (October 2004): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904280243.
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Forster's work in The Time of Freedom is a worthy contribution to scholarship on collective behavior in Latin America. The work appears largely intended to provide a narrative account of peasant organizing in a specific locale; however, the work implicitly incorporates a more comprehensive theory about bottom-up collective action. The account of bottom-up collective action given by the author is really one of contentious politics involving the simultaneous dynamics of four key groups: rural indigenous, rural ladinos, large landowners, and politicians. The movement is contentious for two reasons. First, the social movement arises from a previous period of relative stability, although under a dictatorship, and it incurs a significant change in elite political ideology. Second, the time frame spans about ten years, from the fall of Ubico in 1944 to the fall of Arbenz in 1954. The author leads the reader through the three stages of initial formation, mass action, and demobilization. The author's account of the 1944 Guatemalan Revolution challenges the traditional interpretation of hierarchical initiation. Historical accounts of the 1944 Revolution portray it as urban in its locale and middle-class in its support. Ignoring the rural indigenous and ladinos leaves a chasm in the understanding of contemporary Guatemalan history and politics. This is of particular importance in understanding the movement towards violence that followed from the failure to institutionalize the hard-earned gains of the collective movement.
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Kennedy, John. "Refoulement as Biopolitical Praxis: Subalternity, Ethnography, and Ethics at the Mexico-Guatemala Border." Latin American Literary Review 48, no. 96 (August 3, 2021): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26824/lalr.242.
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This article analyzes the Mexico-Guatemala border through the lens of the author's sensory ethnographic engagement there. It also uses oral history interviews and collaboration undertaken with refugees, migrants, and deportees. It argues for the contravention of human rights and refugee rights under the Trump Administration as an aspect of a longer history of biopolitics enacted in border regions and beyond them. It draws on border studies and notions of immunity in biopolitics to develop this argument, and its uses collaborative visual ethnographic practices as a way to consider the border.
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Findlay, Eileen. "John D. French and Daniel James, eds., The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers: From Household and Factory to the Union Hall and Ballot Box. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997. vii + 320 pp. $54.95 cloth; $17.95 paper." International Labor and Working-Class History 57 (April 2000): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900302800.
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This is an invaluable volume, expanding Latin American women's and labor history in important thematic, methodological, and theoretical directions. The authors explore the lives, struggles, and consciousness of urban working women in Brazil, the Southern Cone, Guatemala, and Colombia. By and large, the essays develop a nuanced understanding of the relationship between gender and class in twentieth-century Latin America. They incorporate postmodern approaches to historical analysis as well as the classic concerns of labor history with material conditions, social relations, and working-class political consciousness. The contributors examine the multiple meanings of discourse and popular culture while insisting that it is indeed possible to recapture women's experience in some measure. They generally move beyond the dichotomy of celebrating women's heroism and denouncing sexism, instead showing how solidarity between laboring women and men could be intimately interwoven with male domination. Finally, several of the authors employ oral history in sophisticated ways, demonstrating that how a story is told can be just as important in shaping our understanding of history as the empirical detail it may seem to offer us.
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Valvert, Fabiola, and Diana Flores. "Oncology Institute of Guatemala: Experience With NK/T-Cell Lymphomas." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 3_suppl (June 2016): 59s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.004341.
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Abstract 24 Background: NK/T-cell nasal type lymphoma is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that destroys the palate and nasal anatomy. The incidence in the US and Europe is very low; however, Asia and South America have reported incidence up to 10-15%. This study was done to assess the incidence of this type of lymphoma in our institution, outcomes of treatment efficiency, and to explore demographic, clinical and biological characteristics associated with poor outcomes. Methods: Seventeen NK/T-cell lymphoma patients were diagnosed between 2014-2015, who were treated with radiotherapy plus weekly cisplatin 3-5 doses and consolidation with gemcytabine, oxaliplatin y L-asparaginase 1-4 doses or cisplatin, etopóside, ifosfamide and dexamethasone by 3 doses. Results: The incidence of NK/T-cell lymphoma was 9% of all lymphomas. Median age was 35 years (range: 20-64). The nose is the most frequent location (94.1%,16/17), and 23.5% (4/17) presented with high tumor burden. 100% of these patients presented with palate perforation. One patient presented with stage IV disease. All patients with high tumor burden and stage IV disease died with an overall survival (OS) of 5 months. Three of the deceased were Mayan people (75%). Guatemala's region with the highest incidence was Central (58%) and West (35.3%) vs. North, South and East (5.8%). 65% of the cases were Mayan people vs. 35% of mestizos. All patients had a poor or very poor socio-economic status. Twelve patients achieved complete response (70.6%). After a median follow-up time of 11 months, 1-year event-free survival and OS were 64.7%. Conclusions: The results of this study lead us to the conclusion that Guatemala's indigenous population in the west and center of the country are the most vulnerable population, which include mainly people with a poor socio-economic status. High tumor burden was associated with poor outcomes. Results achieved with radiotherapy plus cisplatin and consolidation with chemotherapy was effective. We recommend the development of educational programs to encourage early diagnosis of this lymphoma in areas of the population that are at risk. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Fabiola Valvert Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Kedrion Biopharma, Asopharma Diana Flores No relationship to disclose
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Agulnik, Asya, Dora Judith Soberanis Vasquez, Jose Emigdio García Ortiz, Lupe Nataly Mora Robles, Ricardo Mack, Federico Antillón, Monica Kleinman, and Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo. "Successful Implementation of a Pediatric Early Warning Score in a Resource-Limited Pediatric Oncology Hospital in Guatemala." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 3_suppl (June 2016): 60s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.003871.
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Abstract 25 Background: Hospitalized pediatric oncology patients are at high risk for clinical decline and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Pediatric Early Warning Scores (PEWS) are commonly used to aid with early identification of clinical deterioration; however, these scores have never been studied in oncology patients in low-resource settings. We describe the successful implementation of a modified PEWS at Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica (UNOP), a national pediatric oncology hospital in Guatemala. Methods: The PEWS used at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) was modified through key informant meetings at UNOP, adjusting for practice variations between the two hospitals. After an initial pilot of the tool, the PEWS was implemented in all non-ICU inpatient areas at UNOP (60 beds with about 2,000 admissions/year). During implementation, systems were created to monitor errors in calculating PEWS, patient transfers to a higher level of care, and high PEWS scores for ongoing quality improvement. Results: Hospital-wide implementation occurred over 6 months, when 113 nurses were trained in the PEWS tool and algorithm. Compliance with PEWS performance and documentation was 100% by the end of the implementation period, with 300 to 400 PEWS measured daily and less than 10% errors. Monitoring of PEWS results reports an average of 5 high PEWS per week with 30% transferring to a higher level of care. Among patients requiring ICU transfer, 86% had an abnormal PEWS prior to transfer, which is similar to results at BCH (90%). Staff surveys showed a high degree of satisfaction with PEWS (4.6/5) and minimal difficulty using the score (2.3/5) (n=67). Conclusions: We describe the successful implementation of a PEWS in a pediatric oncology hospital in Guatemala. This work demonstrates that PEWS is a feasible, well-accepted, and low-cost quality improvement measure in this resource-limited setting. We now plan to evaluate the effects of this implementation on patient care and outcomes. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No COIs from the authors.
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Gibbs, Nikki. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Applied Economics and Finance, Vol. 10, No. 3." Applied Economics and Finance 10, no. 3 (August 17, 2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v10i3.6311.
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Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 3 Ali Darub Al-Hiyali, University of Anbar, IraqBabacar Seck, University of Bahrain, BahrainHichem Maraghni, University of Taibah, TunisiaIgor Matyushenko, School of Foreign Economic Relations and Touristic Business, UkraineKeffala Mohamed Rochdi, University of Manouba, TunisiaLingkai Kong, Izmir University of Economics, TurkeyMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyNikoloz Chikhladze, Akaki Tsereteli State University, GeorgiaPatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, PolandRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaY. Saidi, M’sila University, Algeria Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com
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Bedecarrats, Florent. "Síntesis crítica del informe Políticas públicas y servicios financieros rurales en Mesoamérica." Revista Trace, no. 52 (July 6, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.52.2007.343.
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Este artículo es síntesis crítica del informe Políticas públicas y servicios financieros rurales en Mesoamérica realizado por Michelle Deugd, Hans Nusselder, Iris Villalobos e Ignacio Fiestas. El documento analizado consiste en un estudio comparativo en cinco países mesoamericanos (México, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras y Nicaragua) de la articulación entre políticas públicas de promoción de los servicios financieros rurales y políticas públicas para el desarrollo rural. Después de presentar un panorama detallado de las situaciones nacionales, los autores muestran que existen patrones recurrentes de desarticulación entre las intervenciones públicas estudiadas. En base a su diagnóstico, plantean propuestas para una mejor integración de estos marcos políticos. Se resaltan aquí los hallazgos valiosos de esta pesquisa que permiten una buena comprensión de arquitecturas institucionales complejas. Se apuntan también ciertos enfoques que no fueron considerados por los autores y que habría que explorar para tener una visión más completa de la problemática.Abstract: This article is a critical synthesis of the report Políticas públicas y servicios financieros rurales en Mesoamérica written by Michelle Deugd, Hans Nusselder, Iris Villalobos and Ignacio Fiestas. The analysed document consists in a comparative study in five Mesoamerican countries (Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua) on the articulation between promotional public policies for the promotion of rural financial services and public policies for rural development. After presenting a detailed panorama of the national situations, the authors show that there are some recurring schemes of disarticulation between the considered public interventions. On the basis of their diagnostic, they present some propositions for a better integration of these policy frameworks. Here we put forward the valuable findings of this research that contribute to a good understanding of complex institutional architectures. We also point some approaches that have not been considered by the authors and that should be explored in order to have a more complete vision of the problematic.Résumé : Cet article est une synthèse critique du rapport Políticas públicas y servicios financieros rurales en Mesoamérica réalisé par Michelle Deugd, Hans Nusselder, Iris Villalobos et Ignacio Fiestas. Le document analysé consiste en une étude comparative dans cinq pays mésoaméricains (Mexique, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras et Nicaragua) de l’articulation entre politiques publiques de promotion des services financiers ruraux et politiques publiques de développement rural. Après avoir présenté un panorama détaillé des situations nationales, les auteurs montrent qu’il existe des schémas récurrents de désarticulation entre les interventions publiques étudiées. Sur la base de leur diagnostic, ils présentent des propositions pour une meilleure intégration de ces cadres politiques. On met ici en avant les précieux apports de cette recherche qui permettent une bonne compréhension d’architectures institutionnelles complexes. On relève aussi certaines approches qui n’ont pas été prises en compte par les auteurs et qu’il faudrait explorer pour avoir une vision plus complète de la problématique.
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Maxwell, Judith M. "Susan Garzon, R. McKenna Brown, Julia Becker Richards, & Wuqu' Ajpub' (Arnulfo Simón), The life of our language: Kaqchikel Maya maintenance, shift, and revitalization. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. Pp. xvi, 239. Hb $35.00, pb $17.95." Language in Society 30, no. 1 (January 2001): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501351059.
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This volume presents four case studies of language use in communities that speak Kaqchikel (also spelled Cakchiquel), a Mayan language of Guatemala; the authors provide a rich picture of the varying patterns of language shift within a single language group. They situate the current practices in both time and space, reviewing linguistic policy from Spanish colonial times to the present, and they demonstrate how state-level programs have played out differently within different communities. Universalistic considerations of hegemony, nationalism, economic pressure, and availability of educational resources are balanced against local realities of micro-economics, municipal politics, and the job market. A Kaqchikel author, Wuqu' Ajpub', contributes a personal history which grounds the generalizations and historical particularities of the community-based case studies in human terms. The time depth of the case studies emphasizes the constantly changing nature of language interactions within the Kaqchikel region. Each of them brings one to the conclusion that the community is currently on a cusp where Kaqchikel language maintenance within the next generation is an open question. The authors strive for a positive perspective and champion linguistic revitalization; however, their data do not predict a resurgence, though they do not preclude one.
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Dashkina, Irina. "Response mechanisms of Latin American countries in the context of COVID-19." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 2 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0017975-1.
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The article compares the strategies of Latin American countries to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their policies in the context of the first pandemic wave. The study was conducted on the cases of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Ecuador. The authors attempted to determine how severe the situation caused by coronavirus infection was in each of these countries, and to figure out influencing factors. The study showed that the epidemiological situation was influenced by such factors as the socio-economic conditions of the country, the degree of urbanization, the level of healthcare system, living conditions, population density, environmental indicators, the degree of trust in the authorities, etc. The collected data indicate that there are serious problems with the medical statistics in the region and with the financing of healthcare.
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Gibbs, Nikki. "Reviewer Acknowledgements." Applied Economics and Finance 9, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v9i1.5494.
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Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 1 Abdulaziz Abdulahman, Marmara University, USAAlbert Henry Ntarmah, Jiangsu University, GhanaAli Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptFahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyIulia Lupu, Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaLiao Zhu, Cornell University, USAMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMahmoud Mohammed Sabra, Al Azhar University-Gaza, PalestineOlena Sokolovska, St. Petersburg State University, RussiaOmer Allagabo Omer Mustafa, Sudan Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences., SudanPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRomeo Victor Ionescu, Dunarea de Jos University, RomaniaShahram Fattahi, Razi University, IranSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com
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Gibbs, Nikki. "Reviewer Acknowledgements." Applied Economics and Finance 7, no. 5 (September 9, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v7i5.5007.
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Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 5 Abootaleb Shirvani, Texas Tech University, USAAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelBasanta K. Pradhan, University of Delhi Enclave, IndiaDjebali Nesrine, University of Jendouba, TunisiaHedieh Shadmani, Fairfield University, USAMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMamdouh Abdelmoula M. Abdelsalam, Minufiya University, EgyptMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyMarwa Biltagy, Cairo University, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, EgyptNuno Crespo, ISCTE-IUL, PortugalOlena Sokolovska, Research Institute of Fiscal Policy, State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, UkraineOltiana Muharremi Pelari, Stonehill College in Ma, AlbaniaPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USASzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com
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Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo. "Pedro de Alvarado, Tonatiuh: Reconsidering Apotheosis in Nahua and Highland Maya Narratives of the Spanish Invasion." Ethnohistory 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-9404155.
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Abstract Recent scholarship on the Spanish invasion of the New World has brought under scrutiny the historiographic theme of apotheosis—the notion that Indigenous peoples regarded the invaders as gods or godlike beings and that such beliefs influenced their responses. This article examines the question by focusing on Pedro de Alvarado, a leading member of Hernán Cortés’s contingent, who was known as Tonatiuh—a Nahuatl word that designated the sun, the day, and the sun god. Indigenous peoples in Mexico and Guatemala used the name during the invasion, and Nahua, K’iche’, and Kaqchikel authors employed it frequently in later writings that variously hinted at, endorsed, or questioned Alvarado’s associations with the sun god. Rather than an imposition resulting from Spanish teachings, the association of Alvarado with the sun god derived from Mesoamerican beliefs about the rise and fall of successive eras, which provided Indigenous paradigms to explain the Spanish invasion.
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Rivera-Andrade, Alvaro, Maria Fernanda Kroker-Lobos, Mariana Lazo, Neal Freedman, John Groopman, Eliseo Guallar, Carlos Mendoza-Montano, Katherine McGlynn, Josh Smith, and Manuel Ramirez-Zea. "Comparison of Metabolic Risk Factors for Liver Cancer Among Men and Women in Guatemala." Journal of Global Oncology 3, no. 2_suppl (April 2017): 10s—11s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2017.009365.
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Abstract 13 Background: The proportion of liver cancer (LC) that is linked to metabolic risk factors has been increasing in many countries. Guatemala has the highest reported incidence of LC in the Americas, 1 but the prevalence of metabolic risk factors is not clear. We undertook this work to examine the prevalence of metabolic risk factors for LC in Guatemala by sex and residence. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 461 adults older than 40 years who resided in rural and urban areas. Risk factors were defined by using physical exam and laboratory data, including anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, serum liver enzymes, and lipids. Fatty liver disease (FLD) was defined as a fatty liver index score of > 60 and liver fibrosis (LF) as defined by a FIB-4 score of > 2.67. 2 , 3 Results: Among participants, 66% resided in rural areas and 57% were women. Mean ages of men and women were 58.0 ± 11.3 and 53.4 ± 9.8 years, respectively. Compared with men, women had higher prevalence of obesity (15% v 41%; P ≤ .001), metabolic syndrome (46% v 74%; P < .001), and FLD (67% v 52%; P < .001), but not LF (6% v 4%; P = .238). Compared with men and women from rural areas, those from urban areas had higher prevalence of diabetes (10% v 27%; P = .002; and 14% v 32%; P < .001) FLD (42% v 67%; P < .001; and 59% v 79%; P < .001), and metabolic syndrome (37% v 58%; P = .005; and 69% v 81%; P = .032), respectively. There was no difference in prevalence of LF by area among either men (6% v 6%; P = .86) or women (3% v 4%; P = .75). Conclusion: This study highlights a high prevalence of metabolic risk factors for LC in Guatemala, especially among women in urban areas. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Alvaro Rivera-Andrade No relationship to disclose Maria Fernanda Kroker-Lobos No relationship to disclose Mariana Lazo No relationship to disclose Neal Freedman No relationship to disclose John Groopman No relationship to disclose Eliseo Guallar No relationship to disclose Carlos Mendoza-Montano No relationship to disclose Katherine McGlynn No relationship to disclose Josh Smith Research Funding: Abbott Nutrition Manuel Ramirez-Zea No relationship to disclose
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Sitler, Robert K. "The 2012 Phenomenon Comes of Age." Nova Religio 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2012): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2012.16.1.61.
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This essay is an update on the “2012 phenomenon” first discussed in my article in Nova Religio 9, no. 3 (February 2006), which was the first academic assessment of the movement. Since then, this international movement has developed with remarkable speed, focusing intense and still-growing speculation on the completion of a major cycle in the Mayan Long Count calendar on 21 December 2012. Various factors have accelerated the 2012 phenomenon's recent growth, including the decipherment of two ancient Mayan hieroglyphic texts that explicitly refer to the 2012 date, and the release of the Hollywood film 2012. The topic now draws serious academic analysis, and has led to far greater involvement in the 2012 phenomenon by the Maya themselves, including publication of the first books on the subject by Maya authors. This article reassesses the movement as it approaches its culmination on 21 December 2012, and presents indigenous perspectives acquired through conversations with Maya spiritual guides and elders in Guatemala and Mexico.
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Wagner, Claire M., Federico Antillón, François Uwinkindi, Tran Van Thuan, Sandra Luna-Fineman, Pham Tuan Anh, Tran Thanh Huong, et al. "Establishing Cancer Treatment Programs in Resource-Limited Settings: Lessons Learned From Guatemala, Rwanda, and Vietnam." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.17.00082.
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Purpose The global burden of cancer is slated to reach 21.4 million new cases in 2030 alone, and the majority of those cases occur in under-resourced settings. Formidable changes to health care delivery systems must occur to meet this demand. Although significant policy advances have been made and documented at the international level, less is known about the efforts to create national systems to combat cancer in such settings. Methods With case reports and data from authors who are clinicians and policymakers in three financially constrained countries in different regions of the world—Guatemala, Rwanda, and Vietnam, we examined cancer care programs to identify principles that lead to robust care delivery platforms as well as challenges faced in each setting. Results The findings demonstrate that successful programs derive from equitably constructed and durable interventions focused on advancement of local clinical capacity and the prioritization of geographic and financial accessibility. In addition, a committed local response to the increasing cancer burden facilitates engagement of partners who become vital catalysts for launching treatment cascades. Also, clinical education in each setting was buttressed by international expertise, which aided both professional development and retention of staff. Conclusion All three countries demonstrate that excellent cancer care can and should be provided to all, including those who are impoverished or marginalized, without acceptance of a double standard. In this article, we call on governments and program leaders to report on successes and challenges in their own settings to allow for informed progression toward the 2025 global policy goals.