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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Guatemalan history'
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1
Yamase, Shinji. "History and legend : an exploration of native Guatemalan texts." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327094.
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Paulin, Margaret. "The Presence of the Past in Three Guatemalan Classrooms: The Role of Teachers in a Post-Conflict Society." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1368572974.
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Ronald, Rachael Leigh. "Becoming Guatemalan-De Refugiada a Guatemalteca: The Counterinsurgency War and the Politics of Gender and Memory." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228466.
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Spanning 1982-1985, the Counterinsurgency War was the violent period of the county's thirty-six year civil war. The army under General Efrian Rios Montt targeted the Maya villages and communities throughout the Guatemalan Highlands with more than 400 recorded massacres in just a three year span. At the center of this study is the population of Guatemalans that left their country as refugees and later came back as retornados. The term retornado, reflected an emerging identity that stemmed from the new and transformative experiences of exile in Mexico. Their direct negotiations with the government reflected the new skills, organizational ability, and political capital that challenged the distribution of power in the family, community, and nation upon their return. The emergence of women's organizations demonstrated not only a shift in the politics of citizenship rights and inclusion, but also Latin American women's unique contributions to the development of feminist discourse.
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Jerez, Olga Estela. "La hija del adelantado, de José Milla : reflejo del pasado y proyección del futuro nacional guatemalteco." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21222.
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The cultural and historical context in which La hija del adelantado was first published in 1866, is very important in this study because it helps us understand why Milla chose to write about the early colonial past, and why he valued the traditions and customs of those years. It is also shown how the author---mixing history and fiction---denounces the system of exploitation practiced by the colonizers of America, and uncovers the historical roots of some of the contemporary problems that affected the Guatemala of those days.The main purpose of this work is to highlight the importance that Jose Milla places on his country's history, and to demonstrate that through the rewriting of the colonial past, the author contributes to the building process of the national identity. Also emphasized is the way in which Milla---giving priority to national history and to America's natural forces and beauty---places La hija del adelantado, as Guatemala's foundational text.
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Harris, Nina E. "The Experience of Guatemalan Women who Seek Asylum in United States Courts: A Legacy of Paternalism and Gendered Violence." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1589824701062075.
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Bibler, Jared S. ""We Live to Struggle, We Struggle to Triumph": The Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms and Radical Nationalism in Guatemala." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1399513879.
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Munro, Lisa L. "Inventing Indigeneity: A Cultural History of 1930s Guatemala." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347326.
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Popular images of indigenous cultures, both past and present, have served to construct pernicious racial stereotypes of native peoples throughout the Americas. These stereotypes have led to the discrimination and marginalization of native peoples; however, they also have functioned to construct identities and cultural values of non-Indian people. Existing scholarship on the representation of native peoples of Latin America has focused on the ways that nineteenth-century elites in that region appropriated certain elements of indigenous cultures to construct a sense of national unity and historical continuity. However, this scholarship has overlooked the ways that images of the Maya produced social and cultural identities outside of Latin America, as the U.S. public avidly consumed a variety of images of the Maya and commercialized their material culture in the early twentieth century. Analyzing the question of identity construction through the appropriation of Mayan culture, this dissertation focuses on the U.S. construction and use of a particular racial discourse about native people. Public audiences consumed racial discourses in the context of a series of transnational cultural initiatives, including international expositions, popular film, and textile exhibits, which shaped public understandings of the Maya. I argue that despite growing public interest in Mayan culture and shifting understandings about the relationship between race and culture, these venues of visual display reinforced and reproduced older racial discourses of Indian degeneracy. I examine documentary evidence, such as travel brochures, newspapers, and archival materials to show that sites of visual display invented a new language of "indigeneity," which functioned to define not only native peoples, but also to shape U.S. public social identities. I conclude that the production of racial discourses of the Maya as culturally and racially inferior throughout the twentieth century defined contemporary understandings of U.S. identities and the role of indigenous history.
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Ronald, Rachael Leigh, and Rachael Leigh Ronald. "Guatemala On Tap: Nation-Building, Social Order, and the Cerveceria Centroamericana in Twentieth Century Guatemala." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621139.
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Guatemala's Cerveceria Centroamerciana is one of the country's most prestigious, recognizable, and successful national industries. Founded in 1885 by brothers Mariano and Rafael Castillo Cordoba, over the course of the twentieth century they effectively marketed their widely popular Gallo beer to the masses. They facilitated a shift in popular tastes, promoting beer consumption as a healthful and sophisticated alternative to other crudely concocted alcoholic beverages. Through sophisticated marketing they endeavored to create an illusion of national cohesion in a country with deep class, race, and ethnic divisions. In order to all the more entrench their position in the country's oligarchy and to ensure the longevity of their business, the Castillo's functioned as a mediator in the relationship between the state and society. While the consumption of Gallo beer offered an illusion of modernity, it all the more reinforced cultural assumptions and ascriptions of indigenous identity.
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Alfaro, Alicia E. "Prehispanic Water Management at Takalik Abaj, Guatemala." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547711.
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Land and water use at archaeological sites is a growing field of study within Mesoamerican archaeology. In Mesoamerica, similar to elsewhere in the world, landscapes were settled based partially upon the characteristics of the environment and the types of food and water resources available. Across Mesoamerica, landscape concepts were also important to religious beliefs and ritual activity in a manner that may have had the potential to influence the power dynamics of a site. This thesis focuses on the management of water at the site of Takalik Abaj in Guatemala during the Middle to Late Preclassic periods (c. 1000 B.C. - A.D. 250) in order to analyze potential ritual and political functions of the water management system. Using spatial data within GIS, this thesis examines the flow of water across the site as directed by its topographical features. The archaeological record of Takalik Abaj and comparisons to water management systems at other Mesoamerican sites are also used to investigate the functions of the water management system. Thesis findings suggest that the water management system of Takalik Abaj was multi-faceted and that ritual functions tied to the control of water may have contributed to the identities and power of the elite.
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Jafek, Timothy Bart 1968. "Community and religion in San Miguel Acatan, Guatemala, 1940 to 1960." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291960.
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This thesis examines San Miguel as a cultural symbol in the Mayan community of San Miguel Acatan, Guatemala from 1940 to 1960. During the decades examined the community underwent a series of political, economic, social, and religious changes. This thesis focuses on the religious transformations. American Maryknoll priests were assigned in 1946 as the town's first full-time priests. They sought to 'convert the pagan Catholics' by introducing a universal form of Catholicism. Resistance to the efforts of the priests culminated in 1959, when San Miguel fled the town center to the nearby village of Chimban where a chapel was built for San Miguel and a market established. The traditional religious hierarchy moved to Chimban shortly afterwards. Within a year people from the town center kidnapped and burned Chimban's image of San Miguel. The thesis draws primarily on archival and oral history sources.
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Testé, Marc. "Histoire naturelle des phytolithes des basses-terres mayas : implication pour la reconstitution des Paléoenvironnements et des interactions sociétés-environnements." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H023.
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Sous les latitudes tropicales, les phytolithes représentent un indicateur clé dans la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements. Pourtant, ils sont encore modestement utilisés dans les études sur les environnements passés des basses-terres mayas, et ce, en dépit du faible potentiel des autres bioindicateurs de la végétation. C’est dans ce contexte et au travers des riches archives sédimentaires du site archéologique de Naachtun et de ses alentours, que nous proposons une nouvelle approche permettant d’exploiter les avantages inhérents à ces microfossiles siliceux, pour l’étude des environnements passés. Situé à l’extrême nord du Guatemala dans la forêt subtropicale du Petén, le territoire de Naachtun fait l’objet de recherches archéologiques et géoarchéologiques depuis 2010. Par sa localisation géographique au sein des basses-terres et sa proximité aux grands centres politiques mayas, ce site représente un espace clé dans l’évaluation des interactions entre les sociétés mayas et l’environnement au cours des 4 derniers millénaires, problématique principale de ce travail doctoral. Afin d’y répondre, deux axes méthodologiques ont été privilégiés. Le premier axe concerne une démarche actualiste et a pour but de calibrer les assemblages modernes de phytolithes par rapport aux écosystèmes actuels, ‘’naturels’’ et anthropiques, de Naachtun et de sa région. Le second axe, paléoenvironnemental, vise à utiliser les assemblages de phytolithes fossiles, enregistrés en contextes hors-site, dans les sédiments palustres de bajo, et intrasite, afin de proposer une reconstitution de l’histoire socioenvironnementale de Naachtun. Ce travail de thèse démontre le potentiel de ce nouvel outil pour l’approche des paléoenvironnements dans les basses-terres mayas mais il apporte aussi de nouvelles connaissances sur l’utilisation des zones humides par les populations mayas. Plus largement, ce travail s’insère dans la construction actuelle d’un imaginaire des sociétés mayas conscientes de leur environnement et adaptées à ses changements, contre-exemple de nos problématiques et crises modernesIn tropical latitudes, phytoliths represent an important indicator of the paleoenvironmental reconstitutions. Yet, they are still modestly used in past environments studies of Mayan Lowlands, despite the low potential of other vegetation bioindicators. It is in this context, and through the rich sedimentary archives of the Naachtun archaeological site and its surroundings, that we propose a new approach to exploit the inherent advantages of these siliceous microfossils for the study of past environments. Located in the extreme north of Guatemala in the subtropical Petén forest, the territory of Naachtun has been the subject of archaeological and geoarchaeological research since 2010. With its geographical location in the middle of the major Mayan political centers, this site represents a crucial space in the evaluation of the interactions between Mayan societies and the environment over the last 4 millennia, the main issue of this doctoral dissertation. To answer this question, two methodological axes have been privileged. The first axis concerns an actualist approach and aims to calibrate modern phytolith assemblages about the current natural and anthropogenic ecosystems of Naachtun and its region. The second axis, palaeoenvironmental, aims to use fossil phytolith assemblages recorded in off-site contexts, in the bajo palustrine sediments, and intra-site, to propose a reconstruction of the socio-environmental history of Naachtun. This thesis research demonstrates the potential of this new tool for the approach of palaeoenvironments in the Mayan lowlands, but it also provides new knowledge on the use of wetlands by Mayan populations. More broadly, this work is part of the current construction of an imaginary of Mayan societies conscious of their environment and adapted to its changes, a counter-example to our modern problems and crises
En las latitudes tropicales, los fitolitos representan un indicador esencial en la reconstitución de paleoambientes. Sin embargo, todavía se utilizan modestamente en estudios de ambientes pasados en las Tierras Bajas Mayas, a pesar del bajo potencial de otros bioindicadores de vegetación. Es en este contexto, y a través de los ricos archivos sedimentarios del sitio arqueológico de Naachtun y sus alrededores, que proponemos un nuevo enfoque para explotar las ventajas inherentes de estos microfósiles silíceos para el estudio de los ambientes del pasado. Ubicado en el extremo norte de Guatemala en el bosque subtropical del Petén, el territorio de Naachtun ha sido objeto de investigaciones arqueológicas y geoarqueológicas desde 2010. Por su situación geográfica en las tierras bajas y su proximidad a los principales centros políticos mayas, este sitio representa un espacio crucial en la evaluación de las interacciones entre las sociedades mayas y el medio ambiente durante los últimos 4 milenios, el tema principal de este trabajo de doctorado. Para responder a esta pregunta se han privilegiado dos ejes metodológicos. El primer eje se refiere a un enfoque de actualismo y tiene como objetivo calibrar los ensamblajes de fitolitos modernos en relación con los actuales ecosistemas naturales y antropogénicos de Naachtun y su región. El segundo eje, paleoambiental, tiene como objetivo utilizar los ensamblajes de fitolitos fósiles registrados en contextos fuera del sitio, en los sedimentos palustres de bajo, y dentro del sitio, para proponer una reconstrucción de la historia socio-ambiental de Naachtun. Este trabajo de tesis demuestra el potencial de esta nueva herramienta para el abordaje de paleoambientes en las tierras bajas mayas, pero también aporta nuevos conocimientos sobre el uso de los humedales por parte de las poblaciones mayas. En términos más generales, este trabajo se inscribe en la construcción actual de un imaginario de sociedades mayas conscientes de su entorno y adaptadas a sus cambios, un contraejemplo a nuestros problemas y crisis actuales
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South, Katherine E. "Value and Depositional History of Early Maya Pottery in the Petén Lakes Region of Guatemala." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1762.
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This study examines the emergence of status differentiation during the Early and Middle Preclassic periods (1200/1100-300 BC) in the Maya lowlands through the examination of pottery and its status as a valued object. Through macroscopic, contextual, and compositional analyses of previously excavated pottery from four sites in the Petén lakes region of Guatemala—Nixtun-Ch’ich', Tayasal, Ixlú, Zacpetén—this project focuses on the ways value was encoded into vessels. Unlike later polychrome wares, Middle Preclassic pottery displayed little status-marking decoration, suggesting that the "object-value" of pottery was based on function and use ("use-value") rather than attributes related to production (“production-value”). By integrating production attributes with contexts of recovery, this project explores the ways early pottery was produced, used, and deposited at a time when societal differentiation became identifiable archaeologically through the appearance of substantial architectural endeavors and access to exotic goods. This connects to the larger anthropological question of how emerging status differentiation in communities impacts the notion of value in material culture and the process through which prestige goods developed in complex societies.Data generated from this study of 27,870 sherds provide multiple lines of evidence for ways that value was encoded on early Maya pottery. To examine factors relating to production-value, macroscopic (type-variety analysis and modal analysis) and compositional (petrographic analysis of thin sections, INAA, and LA-ICP-MS) analytical methods are used to assess the presence of production-value markers. Attributes ranging from paste composition to surface decoration reveal the diversity in valuation at the beginning of vessel use-life. Use-value is examined through a contextual analysis of pottery and its deposition, with primary focus on the extensive excavations at Mound ZZ1 at Nixtun-Ch'ich'. On the basis of the findings, I conclude that the construction of value and prestige was carried out in many ways by emerging elites in the western Petén lakes area, but it appears that pottery’s role in this was not prescriptive, but supportive.Beyond investigating how early Maya pottery was valued, this study demonstrates the importance of an integrated methodological approach to artifact analysis that considers both contextual and physical attributes. This provides a way to operationalize a concept like object value, which can be difficult to access through the archaeological record. The complementary data presented here reflect the myriad ways in which object-value is affected by both production choices and social behaviors.
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Harbour, Tiffany Kwader. "Creating a New Guatemala: The 1952 Agrarian Reform Law." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1217963651.
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Bergeret, Agnès. "La quête d'autonomie des paysans mayas-q'eqchi' de Cahabón (Guatemala), 1944-2011. Trois perspectives sur les conflits de terre et les politiques de développement agricole." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030130/document.
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Comment développer l’agriculture de petits paysans au Guatemala ? C’est la question que l’État guatémaltèque se pose depuis 1944, lorsque le Printemps démocratique tenta, sans y parvenir, d’organiser la transition du régime des grandes plantations latifundiaires à une agriculture de petites et moyennes exploitations modernisées. Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse au cas des villages mayas-q’eqchi’ de la vallée de Cahabón au Guatemala. Face aux différentes politiques de développement qui leur ont été « proposées » avec plus ou moins de contraintes, par les élites locales, nationales ou relevant des ONG, les paysans q’eqchi’ se sont efforcés de construire leur relative autonomie actuelle grâce à une longue lutte juridique contre le dispositif du colonat dans l’Hacienda, puis en essayant de s’adapter non sans douleurs aux politiques de « transformation agraire » de l’État militarisé, et enfin à la privatisation et la parcellisation des terres imposée par la démocratie libérale. La comparaison de la version q’eqchi’ de cette histoire avec la version « occidentale » et la version de l’élite ladina locale, permet de comprendre les enjeux et la complexité des conflits, ainsi que la façon dont les Q’eqchi’ organisent leur résistance et leurs luttes, au travers d’une cosmovision et de paroles propres. En même temps, on tentera de décrire les institutions originales (travail mutuel, abstinence, confrérie) qui régulent la production de denrées commerciales (café, cardamome, cacao, piment) et vivrières (maïs, haricot, courges, etc.) et la relation à l’argent qui en découle. Cela permettra de comprendre les réussites et les échecs des différents programmes de développement actuelsHow to develop peasant agriculture in Guatemala? Such is the challenge the Guatemalan State faces since 1944, that is, since the “Democratic Spring” tried, without success, to organize the transition from the large latifundios plantations to an agriculture based upon small and medium sized modernized exploitations. The thesis takes the case of Maya-q' eqchi' villages of the valley of Cahabón in Guatemala. Considering the different development policies which “were proposed to them” with their constraints, by national and local elites or by ONG, Q’eqchi’ peasants built their relative autonomy thanks to a long legal fight against the device of the colonato of the Hacienda, then by the painful adaptation to the policies of “agrarian transformation” of the militarized State and to privatization and the parcelization of land imposed by the liberal democracy. The comparison between the Q’eqchi’ version of this history with the “western” and the local ladino elite version provides a detailed ethnographic picture of the complexity of these conflicts and the way Q'eqchi' have organized their resistance and their fight, through their own cosmovision, words and ritual. Through the description of the original institutions (mutual work, abstinence, brotherhood) which control the production of commercial food products (coffee, cardamom, cocoa, hot pepper) and food (corn, bean, marrows, etc) and the relation with money, it relates the successes and the failures of various current programs of development
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Vergara, Amina Maria Figueroa. "A United Fruit Company e a Guatemala de Miguel Angel Asturias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-30042010-132256/.
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Em fins do século XIX um jovem empresário estadunidense fundou uma empresa exportadora de bananas na República da Costa Rica: a United Fruit Company. Mesmo que o comércio de bananas e outras frutas tropicais tenha representado apenas uma parte dos produtos exportados pelos países da América Central a exportação de café, por exemplo, sempre foi mais significativa , as companhias bananeiras foram eternizadas por diversos romancistas em alguns dos países centro-americanos em que atuaram. Este trabalho pretende mostrar a trilogia bananeira: Viento fuerte (1949), El Papa verde (1954) e Los ojos de los enterrados (1960) do escritor guatemalteco Miguel Angel Asturias, como uma possibilidade de representação da história da United Fruit Company na Guatemala. Utilizando romances como fonte histórica e realizando a articulação entre o discurso literário e o discurso histórico, a intenção é mostrar a interpretação de Asturias sobre a ação desta multinacional em seu país. Problematizando o encontro entre ambos os discursos e fazendo dialogar a informação histórica sobre o ocorrido e o tratamento literário que Asturias dá a esses mesmos fatos em sua trilogia bananeira.In the end of the XIX Century a young American enterpreneur founded in the Republic of Costa Rica a company to export banana: the United Fruit Company. Even though the banana commerce and other tropical fruits had represented only a part of the exported products by the Central America countries the coffee export for instance has always been more significant the companies that traded bananas were eternalized by a great variety of novelists in some Central American countries were they acted. This work aims to show, as a possibility to represent the History of the United Fruit Company in Guatemala, the books that composes the Banana Trilogy: Viento fuerte (1949), El Papa Verde (1954) and Los ojos de los enterrados (1960) from the Guatemaltec writer Miguel Angel Asturias. Using novels as a historic source and accomplishing the joint between the literary and historic speech, the intention is to show the interpretation of Asturias concernig the action of this muitinational company in his country, to open debate between both speeches and to articulate the historic information and the treatment that Asturias gives to this information in his Banana Trilogy books.
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Tallet, Laurent. "Le pouvoir local dans une commune à majorité indigène du Guatemala : histoire, logiques, stratégies, enjeux et représentations." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081702.
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Cole, Laura A. "Civil-military relations in Guatemala during the Cerezo presidency." FIU Digital Commons, 1992. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2404.
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In 1986 Guatemala experienced a transition from authoritarian rule. Many issues affected the democratization process, but I argue that an essential aspect was civil- military relations. Thus, the principal question answered in this thesis is: How have civil-military relations determined the extent and nature of transition towards democracy in Guatemala from 1986-1990?
Adopting Alfred Stepan’s model to examine civil-military relations, the prerogatives and contestation of the Guatemalan military were examined. Prerogatives exist when the military assumes the right to control an issue, while contestation involves open articulated conflict with civilian government. High military prerogatives and low contestation indicate a situation of unequal civilian accommodation, where civilians do not effectively control the military.
Civil-military relations in Guatemala from 1986-1990 reflect a pattern of unequal civilian accommodation. This illustrates the lack of civilian control over the military and continued military dominance of the political system in Guatemala.
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El-Hazibi, Bouchta. "Rapport entre oppositions et pouvoir politique au Guatemala entre 1944 et 1970." Toulouse 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU20052.
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Entre 1944 et 1970, l'opposition au guatemala ne put s'organiser et s'exprimer librement, que durant la periode dite reformiste (1944-1954). En effet, la revolution d'octobre" deboucha sur d'importants changements: les institutions democratiques purent fonctionner normalement et une opposition s'est developpee; celle-ci eut le merite de faire participer des milliers de paysans, d'ouvriers, etc, a la vie politique et economique du pays. Cependant, la reforme agraire de 1952 est une des dates-cles de l'histoire du guatemala; pour la premiere fois le pouvoir s'attaqua a l'inegalite agraire. Mais, la considerant comme prejudiciable a leurs interets, oligarchie fonciere et capital etranger, la combatirent. L'intervention militaire supervisee par la c. I. A en 1954, mit fin non seulement a la reforme agraire mais aussi au fonctionnement normal des institutions democratiques; au nom de la lutte contre la subvertion, l'opposition sera pourchassee par la dictature militaire. Enfin, l'histoire du guatemala entre 1944 et 1970, illustre l'etroite dependance entre democratie politique et justice socialeBetween 1944 and 1970, the opposition in guatemala could not organize and express itself in a free way, except during the period known as: reformatory (1944-1970). In fact, "the october revolution" gave birth to important changements: the democratic institutions could function normally and an opposition has grown up. The latter permitted to thousands of peasants, workers, etc, to participate in the political and economical life. However, the agrarian reform of 1954 is one of the key-dates of guatemalan history;for the first time, the power grappled with the agrarian inequality. But, considering this as preducial to their interets, the landowning oligarchy and the foreign capital fought against it. The military interventin supervised by the c. I. A in 1954 ended not only the agrarian reform, but the normal functioning of the democratic institutions as well; in the name of fighting against subvertion the opposition would be purchased by the military dictatorship. Finally, the history of guatemala between 1944 and 1970 illustrates the close dependence between political democracy and social justice
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Chavarochette, Carine. "Etude ethnohistorique de la frontière Guatemala (Sud-Est du Chiapas) de 1824 à 2001 ou la genèse d'une identité frontalière." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070065.
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De sa création à 2001, la frontière Guatemala-Mexique oscille entre deux modèles : la frontière mobile et ouverte et la frontière limite qui divise. Une première partie présente l'historique de l'établissement de la frontière. L'annexion du Chiapas en 1824, les traités signés entre le Mexique et le Guatemala en 1882, la Révolution mexicaine, la guerre civile guatémaltèque, la crise zapatiste ou encore l'émigration massive en direction des Etats-Unis sont autant d'évènements qui ont modifié la région et l'identité des populations devenues frontalières. La difficulté à établir une limite franche entre le Mexique et le Guatemala, dans cette région, est liée en partie à la question agraire. Quand les gouvernements des deux pays ont cherché à fixer leur souveraineté, les commissions chargées des relevés topographiques se sont trouvés confrontés aux particuliers. La seconde partie montre les liens intrinsèques existants entre propriété de la terre et conflit politique. Les populations indiennes spoliées n'ont cessé par ailleurs de répondre à ces évènements politico-historiques en recherchant par le prisme de cultes religieux spécifiques à valoriser une nouvelle identité. Une troisième partie témoigne que les différentes crises politiques et sociales chiapanèques du XXè siècle ont conduit les populations à des réponses spécifiques : les pèlerinages et les apparitions surnaturelles. La frontière Guatemala-Mexique n'est donc ni ethnique, ni militaire, ni physique mais fondée sur la possession de terres. Ce sont finalement ces populations frontalières, même si elles en ont contesté le tracé, qui ont déterminé la fixation de la limite internationaleFrom its creation through 2001, the frontier between Guatemala and Mexico oscillates between two different models: a flexible, open frontier, and a limit frontier dividing both countries. The first part of this work treats the history behind the establishing of this frontier. The annexation of Chiapas in 1824, treaties signed between both countries in 1882, the Mexican Revolution, Guatemala's civil war, Zapatista revolt, as well as the massive immigration to the United States, are facts modifying the region and the identity of the inhabitants of the border. The difficulty of setting-up a clear border between Guatemala and Mexico in this region lies partly in the agrarian issue. When governments of both countries tried to establish their sovereignty commissions in charge of topographic readings found themselves confronted with private individuals. The second part shows the intrinsic links between land property and political conflict. Despoiled indigenous populations have not stopped answering to these political/historical events by searching to develop new identities through specific religious cults. The third part of this work explains how both political and social crises in Chiapas have led its population towards a particular type of answering during the twentieth century: pilgrimages and supernatural apparitions. The frontier between Guatemala and Mexico, thus, is neither ethnic nor military nor physic: it is founded on land possession. Despite their questioning of the line, the fixing of the international limit has finally been determined by the inhabitants of this frontier zone themselves
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Few, Martha Blair 1964. "Mujeres de mal vivir: Gender, religion, and the politics of power in colonial Guatemala, 1650-1750." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282504.
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This dissertation analyzes the gender and ethnic dimensions of cultural authority and power within the process of colonial rule in Guatemala. To do so, I focus on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century accounts of the lives and practices of female healers, midwives, sorcerers, and clandestine cult leaders in the capital, Santiago de Guatemala. Colonial authorities often called these women mujeres de mal vivir, "women who live evil lives." Community members from all sectors of colonial society consulted women who practiced sexual witchcraft, magical healing, and popular religious rituals in multi-ethnic urban communities such as Santiago. These women were asked to intervene in a wide variety of conflicts in everyday life, in sexual and familial relations, disputes between neighbors, petty theft, instances of abusive colonial officials, employers, and husbands, and in cases of bewildering and often bizarre illnesses. Women's power in urban communities was maintained through reputation, informal material bases of power, social ties between inhabitants of the capital and surrounding indigenous towns, and public displays of healing, violence, and devotional acts. Women possessed authority in everyday life through their knowledge of the body and the natural world, which drew on Spanish, African, and Mayan religious and supernatural beliefs. I base my analysis on Inquisition cases prosecuted in Santiago de Guatemala from 1650 to 1750, supplemented with civil and ecclesiastical correspondence, city council records, and other sources. The examination of women's practices of healing, sorcery, sexual witchcraft and popular devotional acts revealed opportunities for women's partial cultural and symbolic autonomy in everyday life in Santiago de Guatemala. Women reinforced their power through public displays and informal social ties to friends, family, and neighbors, ties that often crossed ethnic, class, and urban and rural divisions of colonial society. On the one hand, women's alternative practices revealed the crucial, but often overlooked, gender dynamics of power within the broader framework of ethnic and cultural resistance to colonial rule. On the other hand, however, women's cultural resistance also became opportunities for the reinscription of colonial hegemony through institutions such as the Inquisition, and for encompassing urban communities within the Spanish colonial state.
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Munson, Jessica. "Temple Histories and Communities of Practice in Early Maya Society: Archaeological Investigations at Caobal, Petén, Guatemala." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228136.
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The architectural remains of prehispanic Maya monumental buildings represent a series of actions, decisions, and repeated practices, which contribute to the long sequences of construction observed in the archaeological record. This dissertation examines the history of temple construction and architectural changes at Caobal, a small center located near Ceibal in the Pasión region of Guatemala, to address questions about related social and political transformations during the Preclassic and Classic periods. The current study outlines a multilayered diachronic approach to investigate the ways prehispanic Maya communities constructed and modified their social landscape over long periods of time by participating in the tradition of monumental building.This study views minor temples such as Caobal as local nodes of community and religious interaction for groups outside the core of major Maya centers. By focusing on the materiality and temporality of minor temple architecture beyond primary centers of power, we can examine how these buildings were comprised of daily practices, identity politics, and religious values in prehispanic Maya society. The durability and permanence of these features, as well as deviations and modifications to earlier forms, demonstrate how such religious principles and practices intersected with the production of local politics and institutions of centralized authority. This study also views the acts of monument construction itself as part of an ongoing ritual process in prehispanic Maya society. The materialization and proliferation of temple architecture during the Preclassic and Classic periods can be regarded as pervasive expressions of political power and religious ideology, yet these architectural practices were not comprised of fixed or timeless traditions. To understand how specific memory practices and historical narratives shaped prehispanic Maya architectural traditions, this study examines not only the material and social foundations of these declarations but also the processes by which people's actions shaped and transformed their relationship with those who came before them. Ultimately, these processes involve the negotiation of internal conflicts and social difference as well as external power struggles. Using the local history of monument construction at Caobal, this study demonstrates how prehispanic Maya communities actively constructed and transformed their social worlds by building on the past.
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Herrera, Rivera Kenia 1967. "Mujeres Mayas y Aymaras = transitando entre los derechos culturales y los derechos individuales = Mulheres Mayas e Aymaras: transitando entre os direitos culturais e os direitos individuais." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279698.
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Orientador: Maria Lygia Quartim de MoraesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Há uma presença e protagonismo crescente das mulheres indígenas na América Latina nas lutas e reivindicações relacionadas com diversas problemáticas sociais. No entanto, pouco se tem de produção escrita na qual essas mulheres manifestem, com voz própria, o que para elas significou ou significa sua participação nessas lutas . Neste sentido, o presente estudo centra-se na produção de pensamentos, perspectivas, reivindicações e lutas das mulheres mayas da Guatemala e aymara da Bolívia, na época atual. Os seus seus interesses e reivindicações de prioridade com base em suas experiências e na interpretação que elas têm de suas próprias realidades, são examinados Os dois eixos temáticos principais são os direitos individuais das mulheres e direitos culturais coletivas. Ambos tipos de direitos estão interligados no caso das mulheres indígenas, devido a sua condição de gênero, bem como por sua identidade étnica, mas como se demonstra no estudo, o trenzado de relações de poder abrange outros tipos de relacionamentos (de classe ou geracional, por exemplo) que podem produzir conflitos de interesse para as mulheres indígenas e os conflitos com seus colegas do mesmo grupo étnico. Para o movimento feminista atual, é preciso compreender em que sentido o gênero e a diversidade cultural afeta o pleno exercício da cidadania para as mulheres indígenas. O seja, não se analisa a situação das mulheres indígenas frente à cultura dominante (mestiça ou não indígena), mas sim, sua condição de atoras sociais dentro dos movimentos que lutam para fazer valer os seus direitos como mulheres indígenas, em seus respectivos entornos
Abstract: There exists a growing presence of and role for Latin American indigenous woman in the struggles and affirmations related to diverse social issues. However, there is limited written production in which said women manifest themselves, through their own voice, expressing what their participation in these struggles implies or signifies for them. This study focuses on the creation of thoughts, perspectives, claims and struggles by Mayan women from Guatemala and Aymaras from Boliva, in present times. Their prioritized interests and demands are examined based upon their experiences and the interpretation that they have of their own realities. The two main themes are individual rights and collective cultural rights. These both types of rights are intertwined in the case of indigenous women because of their gender and ethnic identities. Furthermore, as is demonstrated in this study, the intertwine of relations of power encompass other types of relationships (class and generational, for example), that can lead to the production of conflicts of interest for indigenous women and also conflicts with peers of the same ethnic group. For today¿s feminist movement, it is necessary to understand in what sense gender and cultural diversity affects the full exercise of citizenship for these indigenous women. In other words, this does not mean analysis of the situation of these women from the point of view of the dominant culture (landino/mestizo) but rather their status as social actors within movements of social change to make validate their rights as indigenous women in their respective environments
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestra em Sociologia
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Sancho, Ribés María Lledó. "Regina José Galindo: la performance como arma." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403878.
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¿Qué sucedería si las obras de arte contemporáneo tuviesen el efecto real e inmediato de hacer cambiar las actitudes humanas más deleznables? Precisamente ese es el deseo de Regina José Galindo cuando realiza sus performances: hacer posible a la acción artística como motor de cambio para las sociedades. Quien lea estas líneas y se mueva aún en la franja del cinismo le daremos razones de sobra en este libro para que vuelva a tener esperanza en el arte como plataforma educadora.
Si Galindo ha sabido entender, procesar y hacer posible la empatía tanto en ella como en el público que la observa ejecutar sus performances, ¿por qué no sería trasladable ese poder a cada persona que visionara su obra? Las mujeres artistas latinoamericanas ha tenido el valor de denunciar los hechos que nos hacen retroceder como sociedad consciente y responsable. Mediante un medio tan universal y poderoso como el objetivo de una cámara analizan, igual que hacemos en este volumen, el empoderamiento que el arte da las personas y los retos que deberemos superar para convertirnos en la especie global y empática que dicen que somos. Para ello, la performance será un arma creadora.What would happen if the works of contemporary art had real and immediate effect to change the most despicable human attitudes? Precisely this is Regina José Galindo's desire when she does her performances: to make possible the artistic action as engine of society's change. People who read these lines and still move in the band of the cynicism we will give them reasons in this book for them to believe in art as an educational platform. If Galindo has could deal, process and make possible the empathy in her as in the public who observes it to execute his performances, why would not this power be removable to every person who is viewing her artworks? Latin American women artists have had the courage to denounce the facts that make us move back backwards as a conscious and a responsible society. By means of an universal and powerful way such as a camera lend they analyze, like we actually do in this essay, the empowerment which art gives to people and the challenges we will have to overcome to turn into the global and empathic species they say we really are. Therefore, performance will be a creative weapon.
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Broughton, Katherine. "Cuentos de resistencia y supervivencia: Revitalizando la cultura maya a traves del arte publico en Guatemala." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1556561584195135.
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Redwood, Nyanda J. "Genocide in Guatemala: Geopolitical Systems of Death and Power." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396448630.
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Tamberino, Anthony T. "Ancient Maya Reservoirs and their Role in the Abandonment of Tikal, Guatemala| A Multi-Proxy Investigation of Solid Sediment Cores." Thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1548561.
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The Temple-Palace-Hidden Reservoir complex at Tikal, Guatemala provides insights into human adaptation to fluctuations in water resource availability for almost three thousand years. This thesis examines the question of why the ancient Maya city-state of Tikal was abandoned. Two hypotheses associated with Tikal's reservoir system address possible reasons for abandonment of Tikal. Both hypotheses address a Late Holocene drought, which would have led to insufficient recharge in anthropogenic and natural water features of Tikal. A multi-proxy investigation of solid sediment cores extracted from these features will be used to evaluate the hypotheses.
Evidence of a Late Holocene drought at Tikal comes from environmental, paleoclimatic, and paleoenvironmental proxies. A review of the history and geography of the Maya Area is provided to determine, in part, if the reservoirs at Tikal remained undisturbed since the Classic Maya abandonment and a geographic visualization of past monumental architecture within the relevant Temple-Palace-Hidden Reservoir system drainage basin is presented to establish the possible sources of anthropogenic, volcanogenic, and non-volcanic reservoir sediments. Reservoir sediments are dated to using ceramic chronology and AMS radiocarbon dating.
An integration of environmental proxies including magnetic susceptibility, sediment sort, Munsell color, and particle size analysis are used to illustrate varying shifts from cold and dry to warm and wet climatic periods. At least one of the cold and dry climatic period, possibly occurring during the Terminal Classic (A.D. 800 - 925) at Tikal, was both AMS radiocarbon dated and relatively dated from reservoir sediments.
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Bélisle, Jean-François. "La production textile latino-américaine dans une perspective de longue durée : deux cas d'étude : l'Équateur et le Guatemala de la période coloniale jusqu'au début du XXe siècle." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4496.
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Cette etude retrace l'histoire de la production textile equatorienne et guatemalteque de ses origines coloniales jusqu'a la creation d'un premier noyau d'entreprises manufacturieres qui se consolide au debut du XXe siecle. Quoique les caracteristiques de ce secteur different d'un pays a l'autre, un aussi vaste survol nous permet de saisir leur principale similitude, soit d'evoluer sous le signe d'une formidable continuite historique. Cette tendance se consolide des la premiere moitie du XIXe siecle quand s'ebauchent des modeles qui eurent, par la suite, une incidence determinante. Plus qu'une simple phase de transition entre le monde colonial et l'essor du secteur agro-exportateur, il s'agit d'une periode charniere qui assure, non seulement, la survie des formes traditionnelles mais definit, de facon precoce, les caracteristiques des premiers etablissements mecanises. Repondant a une logique singuliere, ces entreprises incorporent une technologie de plus en plus sophistiquee qui sert toutefois a viabiliser les elements herites du passe plutot que d'amorcer une transformation significative des modalites de production. De son cote, la petite production qui continue a jouer un role-cle dans l'approvisionnement textile, represente, dans chacun des pays, une des rares alternatives face aux efforts de destructuration du monde rural mis de l'avant par pratiquement tous les regimes. Ce schema general correspond a des societes ayant conserve intacts plusieurs de leurs caracteristiques coloniales.
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Fuente, David de la. "Défis stratégiques et aporie politique : les mouvements de lutte armée au Guatemala 1960-1990." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL172.
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Le Guatemala n’est pas le plus grand pays d’Amérique centrale, mais il est le plus peuplé. Sa principale caractéristique, outre son relief particulièrement montagneux, tient à sa structure sociale, marquée par un fort taux de population indigène : environ 60%. Ce pays, comme le Salvador ou le Nicaragua, est essentiellement connu pour le conflit armé qui se déroula sur son territoire entre 1960 et 1996. Mais à la différence du Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) nicaraguayen, et du Frente Farabundo Martí De Liberación Nacional (FSLN) salvadorien, l’Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG) échoua. Notre étude concerne les raisons de cet échec, et se centre sur les tensions internes et les luttes pour le pouvoir au sein de la guérilla et des rapports qu’elle entretint avec les populations indigènes durant le conflit. Pour analyser le fonctionnement interne de la guérilla, nous avons fondé notre étude sur les témoignages recueillis par nos soins, des commandants et des principaux cadres des organisations arméesGuatemala is not the largest country in Central America, but it is the most populous. Its main characteristic, besides its particularly mountainous relief, is its social structure, marked by a high rate of native population: about 60%. This country, like El Salvador or Nicaragua, is mainly known for the armed conflict that took place on its territory between 1960 and 1996. But unlike the Nicaraguan Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) and the Salvadoran Frente Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional (FSLN), the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG) failed. Our study concerns the reasons for this failure, and focuses on internal tensions and struggles for power guerrilla warfare and its relationship with indigenous peoples during the conflict. Our work provides an analysis of the inner workings of the guerrillas, based on testimonies collected by us, commanders and senior cadres of armed organizations
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Melander, Veronica. "The Hour of God? : People in Guatemala Confronting Political Evangelicalism and Counterinsurgency (1976-1990)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Svenska Institutet för Missionsforskning, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-742.
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This dissertation is focused on one of many aspects of religion and politics in Guatemala in recent history (1976-1990). This period is characterized by unequal wealth distribution, ethnic divisions, civil war, and U.S. influence. It is a contemporary mission history examining missionary efforts directed from the United States, Guatemalan responses, and indigenous initiatives. The problem concerns a movement within Protestant evangelicalism, which in this study is called Political Evangelicalism, and its relationship to the counterinsurgency war which the Guatemalan military waged against guerrillas, political opposition, and the Mayan majority. The problem centers on the following interrelated questions: How did Political Evangelicalism appear in Guatemala and how did it develop? How did agents of Political Evangelicalism act? What kind of discourse was employed to legitimize armed and structural violence? What was the relationship between Political Evangelicalism and counterinsurgency strategy? Political Evangelicalism must be reflected through different actors and aspects of Guatemalan conflicts to be understood. Therefore, Political Evangelicalism is placed in the broader context of the Guatemalan situation and its relation to the United States. This is a chronological study describing the role and development of Political Evangelicalism on three levels: the relationship between the United States and Guatemala; Guatemala on the national level; and an in-depth study of the Ixil people. The focal point is on the Guatemalan national level. A wide array of empirical material is employed, including interviews, unpublished documents, official documents, booklets, articles, and so on.
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De, Leon Ceto Reynaldo Miguel. "Résistance et religion au Guatemala. Le cas des Maya Ixil, 1930-1990." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH111.
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Dans une perspective sociologique et politique, notre étude porte sur l’histoire des Ixil et plus particulièrement sur les périodes emblématiques de la résistance de ce peuple maya au Guatemala en examinant les rapports religieux, sociaux et culturels à l’œuvre, ainsi que les ruptures et les continuités jusqu’à la fin du XXe siècle. La résistance maya est un phénomène récurrent, ponctué de nombreuses rébellions, qui s’inscrit dans la longue durée. Elle est multiforme et se manifeste jusqu’à aujourd’hui à travers la défense du territoire et de la communauté, le maintien des langues, de la mémoire collective et des traditions, et la persistance de la spiritualité maya.La résistance maya s’exprime également dans les rapports du peuple ixil avec les églises catholique et évangéliques, dans les mouvements sociaux (organisations paysannes et indiennes), dans les guérillas et dans les Communautés de Population en Résistance. C’est à cette résistance que les maya (dont les Ixil) doivent leur survie en tant que peuple et la permanence de leur culture jusqu’à nos joursWe studied the history of the maya-Ixil people in Guatemala from a political and social science perspective, particularly the emblematic periods of resistance. We examined the underlying religious, social and cultural forces as well as the historical breakpoints and continuities from the Spanish conquest to the end of the 20th century.Mayan resistance is a long-term phenomenon, marked by the recurrent outbursts of rebellions. It is multifaced and manifests itself through the protection of community land, the upkeep of native languages, collective memory and traditions and the persistence of Maya spirituality.Mayan resistance expresses itself in the relationship between the Ixil people and the Catholic or Evangelical churches, social movements (peasant and indigenous organizations), guerilla movements and Communities of People in Resistance.Mayan resistance has allowed the Maya (and Ixil) to survive as a people and perpetuate their culture until today
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Narváez, Bruneau Nathalie. "La violence extrême à l’épreuve du genre : les voix des auteures du Rwanda et du Guatemala." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0037.
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Cette recherche prend comme point de départ la lecture de textes émanant de deux aires socio-culturelles différentes : le Rwanda et le Guatemala. Issus de narrations de femmes, publiés à partir des années 1980, ils font acte de témoignage d’un événement : le génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda et les violences de masse au Guatemala.Les récits sont mis à l’épreuve du genre littéraire et du genre comme construction socio-culturelle.Le volume aborde, pour commencer, les aspects historico-esthétiques de la représentation littéraire des violences du XXe siècle en Europe et aux Amériques. Il reconstitue l’histoire et les enjeux de la problématique contemporaine du témoignage. Mais encore, à travers l’analyse des différentes éditions des témoignages de Rigoberta Menchú et de Yolande Mukagasana, les dualités communes vrai/faux, fiction/réalité sont questionnées au sein du régime discursif du témoignage.Prenant appui sur la conception dynamique de la lectureécriture 1 pour appréhender l’objet discursif – paratexte, texte et leurs instances symboliques – l’étude s’attache à dévoiler les mécanismes propres aux processus de signification au travers de possibles interprétations.1 Milagros Ezquerro, Leerescribir., México; Paris, Rilma 2!: ADEHL, 2008This study takes as its starting point the close reading of texts from two different socio-cultural areas: Rwanda and Guatemala. These female narratives published from the 1980s onwards bear witness to particular events: the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda and mass violence in Guatemala.Stories are examined through the prism of the literary genres of testimonio and témoignage, as well as through an understanding of gender as a socio-cultural construction.This research deals firstly with the historic and aesthetic aspects of literary representations of violence during the 20th century in Europe and the Americas. Itinvestigates the history of and contemporary concerns about ‘eye witness accounts’* ‘testimony’. Further, through the study and analysis of various editions of the testimonies of Rigoberta Menchú and Yolande Mukagasana, it questions the common dualities of true/false, fiction/reality in the discursive regime of the testimony. Based on the dynamic conception of readingwriting1 to comprehend the discursive object – paratext, text and their symbolic representations – this research aims to unveil the mechanisms at work in the signification process through various interpretations.1 Milagros Ezquerro, Leerescribir., México; Paris, Rilma 2: ADEHL, 2008
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Roché, Raphaël. "Culture, autorité, politique : le journal Redactor General de José Cecilio Del Valle (1825-1826)." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2014.
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José Cecilio del Valle (1777-1834) fut un intellectuel et un journaliste centraméricain engagé dans la vie politique dès 1804. Rédacteur de l’acte d’indépendance de 1821, Valle devient dès lors un homme politique de premier plan et participe à la fondation de la République fédérale centraméricaine. Dans ce cadre, José del Valle fonde le Redactor General, périodique qui occupe une place importante dans son oeuvre et dans les premières années du journalisme centraméricain (32 numéros en 1825-1826). Or, le Redactor General n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’une étude systématique, et demeure aujourd’hui inaccessible au grand public. Cette thèse a trois objectifs : — transcrire et éditer les 32 numéros du Redactor General ; — Proposer une étude systématique des éléments de ce corpus qui interviennent dans la construction de l’imaginaire national chez Valle ; — Contextualiser la publication de ce corpus par une biographie de l’auteur et par une étude de l’émergence de la presse périodique centraméricaineJosé Cecilio del Valle (1777-1834) was a Central American author and journalist, who had been committed to political life since 1804. By writing of the 1821 Declaration of Independence, Valle becomes a leading politician and is one of the founders of the Central American Federal Republic. Within that context, José del Valle founds the Redactor General, a periodical publication that is an important part of his works and of the first years of Central American journalism (32 issues in 1825-1826). Nevertheless, the Redactor General has not been the object of a systematic study so far, and remains inaccessible to the general public to this day. The three aims of this investigative project are to: − Develop and publish a scholarly publication of all of the issues of the Redactor General; − Develop an introductory study to this corpus with a biography of the author and a study of the appearance of the Central American periodical press; − Develop a systematic study of the elements involved in del Valle´s national imaginary construction
José Cecilio del Valle (1777-1834) fue un intelectual y periodista centroamericano activo en la vida política desde 1804. Autor del acta de independencia de 1821, Valle pasa a ser entonces un político de primer orden y participa en la fundacíon de la República federal centroamericana. En este contexto, José del Valle funda el Redactor General, periódico que ocupa un lugar importante en su obra y en los primeros años del periodismo centroamericano (32 números en 1825-1826). Ahora bien, el Redactor General no se ha estudiado de manera sistemática hasta la fecha y queda hoy inaccesible al gran público. El presente proyecto de investigacíon tiene tres objetivos: - transcribir y editar los 32 números del Redactor General; -proponer un estudio sistemático de los elementos de este corpus que intervienen en la construcción del imaginario nacional de Valle; - contextualizar la publicación de este corpus con una biografía del autor y un estudio de la emergencia de la prensa periódica centroamericana
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Riquiac, María Jacinta Xon. "Os outros, os silenciados, os globais e contemporaneamente presentes, os incomodamente não vencidos: os Maias entre eles." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13376.
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-19Fundação Ford
We analyzed the ideologies and negativistic discourses regarding the knowledge of indigenous peoples, theoretised and paradigmised as mere myths and beliefs or subjective notions by ethnoscientific studies, what has been used to justify and fundament exploitation, racism and prejudice against those peoples. In the last decades of XX century, we have observed a deconstruction process of such discourses from indigenous analysis made by groups organized through political identities, which aim at claiming for the right to be and exist in the world; the validity and not the truthfulness of their perspectives of knowledge. Based on a de-continuistic, de-constructivist and endogenous histographical analysis we discuss the process of institutionalization of the non-sciences against the formalizing of ethnosciences as subjects intended to approximate and represent the systems of knowledge of non-western peoples, thus making evident the ontological and epistemological emptiness of the natural sciences, social sciences and the indigenous knowledge systems. Therefore, we discuss the relation between: non-science, science, discourse, representation, power, authority and representativity, to propose the construction of a counter-history from counter-discourses by means of a trans-subject dialogue or dialogue of knowledge s based on some diversity ethics in the relations society-nature and societies-societies
Analisamos as ideologias e discursos negativizadores a respeito dos sistemas de conhecimento dos povos indígenas, teorizados e paradigmatizados como simples mitos e crenças ou noções subjetivas pelos estudos etnocientíficos, que de alguma maneira têm servido para justificar e fundamentar a desigualdade, exploração, racismo e discriminação contra esses povos. Nas últimas décadas do século XX, tem começado um processo de desconstrução de tais discursos a partir de análises endógenas feitas por grupos organizados na forma de identidades políticas, que têm por objetivo, reivindicar um direito de ser e estar no mundo, -a validade e não a verdade das suas perspectivas de conhecimento. A partir de uma análise historiográfica descontinuísta, desconstructivista e endógena, discutimos o processo de institucionalização das não-ciências em contrapartida com a formalização das etnociências como disciplinas que têm por objetivo a aproximação e representação dos sistemas de conhecimento dos povos não-ocidentais, desta maneira, evidenciamos o vazio ontológico e epistemológico existente entre ciências naturais, ciências sociais e os sistemas de conhecimento dos povos indígenas. Portanto, discutimos a relação entre: não-ciência, ciência, discurso, representação, poder, autoridade e representatividade, para propor a construção de uma contra-história a partir de contra-discursos por meio de um diálogo transdisciplinar ou diálogo de saberes que se fundamentem numa ética da diversidade na relação sociedade-natureza e sociedades-sociedades
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Souza, Milena Costa de 1982. "Vozes combatentes." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/26802.
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Resumo: Durante as décadas de 60 e 70 o mundo encontrava-se dividido pela Guerra Fria, pelo muro de Berlim, pelo socialismo e o capitalismo. Na América Latina, este foi um período histórico em que as ditaduras militares dominaram grande parte dos governos e as populações vivenciaram uma forte repressão. Nas Américas Central e do Sul rebeliões armadas se espalharam seguindo o exemplo da guerrilha cubana tendo como objetivo o combate aos regimes ditatoriais. Na Guatemala, a polarização entre o governo ditatorial e seus opositores resultou em uma guerra civil que durou 36 anos. O movimento guerrilheiro guatemalteco contou com milhares de integrantes dentre os quais, haviam centenas de mulheres. Entretanto, por conta de uma tradição discursiva e literária que considera apenas os homens como sujeitos da guerra, a experiência feminina ficou em segundo plano, sendo até mesmo invisibilizada. Esta dissertação é um estudo sobre as experiências femininas nas guerrilhas guatemaltecas e tem como objetivo principal analisar a relação entre a participação das mulheres nas guerrilhas guatemaltecas e a construção de suas subjetividades. Nossa análise parte do referencial analítico gênero e dos estudos feministas. Buscamos mostrar a história da participação política e pública das guatemaltecas, um panorama da guerra civil, assim como um histórico da participação feminina nos movimentos de resistência armada latino-americanos. Também buscamos mostrar a participação feminina especificamente no movimento revolucionário guatemalteco, de que forma ocorreu o envolvimento das mulheres com o movimento revolucionário, as relações de poder entre homens e mulheres nos espaços das organizações, os cargos ocupados majoritariamente por pessoas do sexo feminino e as divisões do trabalho entre os gêneros. Em um último momento, tivemos como objetivo analisar as transformações pessoais e coletivas causadas por conta da participação feminina no movimento revolucionário guatemalteco, como essas mudanças contribuíram para a construção da subjetividade daquelas mulheres e mais tarde, para o movimento feminista guatemalteco. Essa problematização amparou-se nos estudos feministas, no referencial analítico gênero (SCOTT) e nas teorias sociológicas contemporâneas de Anthony Giddens e Stuart Hall. A conclusão é que a participação feminina na condição de combatentes, durante a guerra civil guatemalteca subverteu o imaginário cultural local e foi fundamental para o questionamento em relação aos espaços por elas ocupados na sociedade guatemalteca assim como a ampliação da participação destas mulheres na vida política. Com isto muitas buscaram novos caminhos, para além do lar e da família.
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Quintana, Samayoa Óscar Antonio. "La composición arquitectónica y la conservación de las edificaciones monumentales mayas del noreste de Petén." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/3403.
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La investigación se realizó en las tierras bajas mayas centrales (cuadrante noreste de Petén, Guatemala).El tema principal se refiere a las edificaciones monumentales de piedra erigidas entre los años 500a.C. a 1697 d.C. Este espacio corresponde a las épocas del Preclásico Tardío, el Clásico y el Posclásico maya. La base del trabajo se fundamenta en varios sondeos en el campo que formaron una muestra actualizada y sistematizada de 128 sitios arqueológicos con aproximadamente 4000 edificaciones registradas.
El estudio presenta primero los antecedentes y la metodología.Luego los resultados de las investigaciones sobre la composición arquitectónica (capítulo 3 al 7) y el estado de conservación,(capítulo 8 al 11). Después las investigaciones y acciones ralizadas se integran y combinana para formular una propuesta de actucaión, conservación y desarrollo específico para el cuadrante noreste de Petén (capítulo 12).
Anteriormente, en esta región, no se había realizado un estudio sistemático sobre la composición urbana y las formas de arquitectura de los edificios prehispánicos; tampoco se sabía sobre la condición y el estado actual de las edificaciones monumentales. Los resultados del estudio confirman que esta zona es prioritaria para la investigación de la composición arquitectónica y que es urgente la realización de acciones correctivas para rescatar el patrimonio edificado prehispánico y la herencia cultural maya.
Las conclusiones nos indican que se necesita inculcar un sentido de urgencia para abordar el rescate de este excepcional territorio. En la búsqueda de un procedimiento de conservación que pueda aplicarse a la generalidad del recurso cultural del área en estudio, se comprobó que una conservación preventiva podría dar una respuesta a la condición de emergencia en que se encuentra el patrimonio monumental edificado.Quintana Samayoa, ÓA. (2008). La composición arquitectónica y la conservación de las edificaciones monumentales mayas del noreste de Petén [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3403
Palancia
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Ngolo, Michel. "Essai d'interprétation idéologique du problème indien dans l'œuvre de Miguel Angel Asturias." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040238.
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Cette étude est une approche idéologique de la question indienne en Amérique latine, en général, et au Guatemala, en particulier, du point de vue de l'auteur qui aborde la question selon une conception matérialiste de l'histoire. L'auteur, en effet, part d'une analyse profonde de la structure socio-économique du Guatemala, mettant en évidence les contradictions fondamentales qui la caractérisent sur le double plan national et international. Celles-ci se définissent en termes de colonialismes interne et externe qui supposent des relations de domination et d'exploitation qui constituent, en définitive, la problématique essentielle de la société guatémaltèque. En posant au centre de celle-ci le problème économique qui affecte toute la nation par-dessus ses composantes ethniques, Asturias analyse principalement les causes du malaise social guatémaltèque, ce qui l'amène naturellement à dénoncer l'exploitation féroce des monopoles étrangers opérant sur le territoire national et, partant, à démystifier la nature des relations qui lient les différents groupes sociaux dans cette structure particulièrement complexe. Ainsi il arrive à démontrer objectivement la source du mal ou les causes fondamentales du problème indien intimement lié à la problématique sociale guatémaltèque. Ce diagnostic rigoureux de la problématique sociale guatémaltèque l'amène conséquemment à proposer une thérapeutique adéquate aux maux qui accablent la société toute entière et principalement les classes défavorisées. De la toute son œuvre- les romans de la trilogie bananière particulièrement - se révèle comme un véritable réquisitoire anti-impérialiste, réclamant vivement la souveraineté nationale bafouée et l'indépendance économique réelle de laquelle dépend inconditionnellement la solution du problème national et, par conséquent, celle de l'éternel problème indien. Mais l'intérêt du discours asturien et son originalité également résident fondamentalement dans le fait que s'inspirant de la réalité socio-économique du Guatemala, il arrive à démystifier le problème indien, en démontrant par des faits concrets que le problème de l'indien n'est pas de race ou de culture comme on l'a si souvent prétendu, mais simplement de classe, et donc économique.
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Stoops, Stefanie T. O. "Model for a social business in Guatemala:Worms and trash for the future(Las lombrices y la basura para el futuro)." Ashland University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=auhonors1399665009.
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Coto-Rivel, Sergio. "Le roman centre-américain contemporain : fictions de l'intime et nouvelles subjectivités." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30031/document.
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L’Amérique centrale s’est trouvée au centre de l’attention médiatique pendant les années 80 à cause de l’embrasement produit par les conflits armés et du fait de l’intérêt pour les témoignages liés aux revendications politiques. Le temps est venu de s’interroger aujourd’hui sur les voies empruntées par la littérature centre-américaine une vingtaine d’années après la signature des traités de paix. Cette question se trouve à l’origine de la présente étude : nous essayons de comprendre de quelle manière le roman contemporain s’intéresse à la construction des nouvelles subjectivités, quelles sont les nouvelles modalités de représentation propres à la fiction. La littérature centre-américaine contemporaine se présente de manière générale comme un domaine d’une grande diversité ; nous pouvons y lire une remise en question des contradictions, des luttes sociales et des discours dominants des sociétés de l’Isthme. Ces questionnements sont, à notre avis, reliés au texte littéraire du fait de la position privilégiée accordée à la subjectivité. Celle-ci a différentes manières de définir l’individu contemporain afin de renvoyer au lecteur toute une série d’énoncés tantôt intimistes, tantôt politiques et transgresseurs, qui montrent une crise dans la représentation des identités aussi bien personnelles que nationales. Jusqu’à quel point pouvons-nous considérer que la littérature centre-américaine contemporaine présente un renouvellement concernant les positions des sujets représentés dans les romans ? De quelle manière ces changements interagissent-ils dans une région conflictuelle, une région qui peine encore à définir sa propre identité ? Nous nous efforçons dans la thèse d’approfondir l’analyse des positions subjectives et des procédés littéraires ainsi que la démarche philosophique permettant la construction de nouveaux sujets-personnages dans un corpus constitué de romans publiés entre 1998 et 2009 par les écrivains suivants : Horacio Castellanos Moya, José Ricardo Chaves, Maurice Echeverría, Jacinta Escudos, Mauricio Orellana Suárez, Milagros Palma, Roberto Quesada et Uriel Quesada. Nous nous intéressons de manière particulière aux procédés narratifs mettant en rapport l’intimité et la subjectivité, avec la représentation des espaces corporels dessinés dans les romans, ainsi que les espaces géographiques et les lieux de la violence. Ces éléments vont dévoiler de nouveaux engagements et de nouveaux discours à un moment qui paraît dominé par la subjectivitéCentral America attracted greatly the media attention during the 1980s because of the armed conflicts and the increasing interest in testimonies linked to the political vindications. Now is the time to question the paths taken by Central American literature twenty years after the peace agreements were signed in the region. This question is found at the beginning of the present study on which we try to comprehend in what way the contemporary novel is interested in the construction of new subjectivities and in new means of representation specific to fiction. Contemporary Central American literature presents itself generally as a space of great diversity. We can read in it an important questioning of the contradictions, of the social struggles, and of the dominant discourses of isthmian societies. These questionings are, in our opinion, articulated on the literary text thanks to the privileged position given to subjectivity. It uses different ways to define the contemporary subject with the purpose of confronting the reader to a series of statements, intimist as well as political and transgressive, which express a crisis on the representation of national and personal identities. How far can we consider that contemporary Central American literature shows an important displacement related to the positions of the subjects represented in the novels? In what way said displacements interact in a conflictive region, a region which still has difficulties to define its own identity? On this thesis we make an effort to delve in the analysis of the subjective positions and in the literary and philosophical strategies which allow the construction of new subject-characters, in a corpus constituted of novels published between 1998 and 2009 by the following writers: Horacio Castellanos Moya, José Ricardo Chaves, Maurice Echeverría, Jacinta Escudos, Mauricio Orellana Suárez, Milagros Palma, Roberto Quesada, and Uriel Quesada. We are particularly interested in the narrative processes which relate intimacy and subjectivity with the representation of corporal spaces in the novels, as well as the geographical spaces and violence spaces. These elements will demonstrate new commitments and new discourses in a time that seems dominated by subjectivity
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Hernández, Sandoval Bonar Ludwig. "Re-Christianizing society : the institutional and popular revival of Catholicism in Guatemala, 1920-1968." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1051.
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This dissertation, explores the institutional and cultural revival of Guatemalan Catholicism during the twentieth century. First, it examines the changing character of Church-state relations in Guatemala in the 1920s and 1930s. The gradual decline of anticlericalism and emergence of a modus vivendi between the Guatemalan Liberal state and the Catholic Church proved fundamental for the reemergence of the Church as a social and political actor in the 1950s and 1960s. Second, this work analyzes the Catholic Action movement as a window to study this resurgence. Although it started as a socially conservative movement dedicated to implanting Catholic orthodoxy and curbing the advance of communism among Guatemala’s popular sectors, Catholic Action in the 1950s nevertheless evolved into an instrument of economic and social change. In applying the Gospel to social reality and bringing the Church into closer contact with rural Maya communities and urban workers, this movement became a precursor of Liberation Theology. Catholic Action served as a meeting point from which subaltern groups – namely lay indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, and priests and nuns from the United States and Europe – strove to transform Guatemalan society through the promotion of literacy programs, health-related projects and agricultural cooperatives. In this sense, religious change proved a catalyst of socioeconomic transformations.text
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"Agrarian society in the Guatemalan Montana, 1700-1840." Tulane University, 1988.
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Agrarian society in Guatemala, since its contact with Spanish civilization, has been moving along a continuum within a broad spectrum of cultural development from the original Mayas to the modern ladinos. Each region, however, has changed at a different rate and must be examined by means of historical perspective. This study analyzes the roots of the transition of the eastern Guatemalan highlands, commonly known as the Montana, from a stable and peaceful peasant society with substantial landholding Indian towns in 1700 to a violent and more politically active ladino society in 1840. New and acute grievances after 1750 brought changes in demography, economy, and land tenure. Natural disasters, administrative reforms, epidemics, and the moving of the capital caused hunger, financial ruin and, consequently, the dispersal of Indians and greater ladinoization. Disease, particularly, affected both the rate of population growth as well as the ethnic composition of the region. Ladinos gained in political and economic power, and further ladinoization brought greater political awareness to all peasant groups. Liberal government after independence from Spain and the effects of the cochineal boom accelerated these trends. Although during the colonial period the Spanish crown had a vested interest in preserving Indian communities, that interest came into conflict with the economic and political goals of creoles. When Liberal political reforms threatened the last hope for the survival of cohesive Indian communities, peasants who had been peaceful for nearly three centuries took advantage of a weak and divided elite and took up arms. The changes that had occurred since 1700 made the Montana uniquely ripe to be the central stage for a peasant revolt in 1837 that ended the first installment of Liberal rule and shattered forever the United Provinces of Central Americaacase@tulane.edu
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Chandler, Creighton. "Guatemalan Kairos : Catholic social thought, liberation, and the course of history, 1965-1976." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/28720.
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Guatemalan Kairos chronicles the rise of the discourse of liberation in Guatemala’s Catholic Church in the decade following the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). In these years, as this study reveals, faith and human history comprised a double helix, constituting two interdependent and mutually supporting sides of the same soteriological vision. Rooted in Vatican II’s call to read the “signs of the times,” this historically conscious theological framework not only propelled Guatemala’s burgeoning progressive Catholic Church to redirect its pastoral practices toward the poor and the marginalized, especially Guatemala’s indigenous majority through an indigenized Catholicism. That new approach also sought to reshape the nation’s history by redrawing its socioeconomic, epistemological, and cultural landscape, in part through the formation of socially engaged lay leaders (catechists). Scholarship on the liberationist church has largely focused on how, as Guatemala’s Cold War civil war (1960-1996) sunk to its nadir in the late 1970s, state repression targeted the church as “subversive.” This dissertation, by contrast, seeks to step back from this prevailing attention on later repression to reconstruct the social and cultural liberative imagination prior to this religious revolution and state counterrevolution. In so doing, it cautions against historical interpretations that have ineluctably connected liberationist praxis in the decade after Vatican II to the—often catechist-led—armed or covert revolutionary activity of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Moreover, intensified by the defeat of the Guatemalan Left, the post-Peace Accords (December 1996) entrenchment of neoliberalism has brought hard times for critical historical consciousness. Indeed, as this study’s concluding chapter outlines, how to read the signs of the current historically fragmented times and craft a narrative for liberation amid today’s deep structural injustice remains a formidable obstacle. Perhaps the most daunting hurdle in this endeavor is to raise awareness of the need itself, particularly given that Guatemala’s historical record remains confronted by the perils inherent in harnessing faith and history in order to shape contemporary circumstances.text
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Henderson, Lucia. "Bodies politic, bodies in stone : imagery of the human and the divine in the sculpture of Late Preclassic Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/21977.
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Bulldozed, effaced, and paved over by the buildings and winding streets of Guatemala City, the vast majority of the archaeological remains of Kaminaljuyú are now lost to us. This early site, which reached its peak during the Late Preclassic period (ca. 300BC-250AD), was once the largest and most influential site of the Maya highlands and one of the most important sites of early Mesoamerica. This dissertation, begun as an art historical salvage project, is at once documentary and analytical. It not only focuses on recording and preserving the Late Preclassic bas-relief stone sculptures of Kaminaljuyú through accurate technical drawings, but also provides cautious and detailed analyses regarding what this iconography can tell us about this ancient site. In essence, the following chapters approach, flesh out, and describe the bodies of Late Preclassic Kaminaljuyú---the stone bodies, the divine bodies, and the human bodies that interacted with them across the built landscape. They discuss topics like human sacrifice, the Principal Bird Deity, and the myriad supernatural forms related to water and wind at Kaminaljuyú. They consider the noisiness of performance, the sensory impact of costumed rulers, and the ways in which these kings utilized the mythical, supernatural, and divine to sustain their rule. In addition to untangling the complex iconography of these early sculptures, these chapters give voice to the significance of these stones beyond their carved surfaces. They contemplate the materiality of stone and the ways in which the kingly body and sculpted monuments were inscribed, made meaningful, and performed to establish and maintain ideological, socio-political, and economic structures. In essence, then, these chapters deal with the interwoven themes of stone and bone and flesh and blood; with the structuring of human, sculpted, and divine bodies; and with the performative role these bodies shared as transformative spaces where extraordinary things could happen. In other words, this dissertation not only addresses stone carvings as crucial points of access into the belief structures and political strategies of Kaminaljuyú, but as active participants in the social, economic, and ideological processes that shaped human history at this ancient site.text
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"Los hijos predilectos de la nacion: Guatemalan military professionalization and the Escuela Politecnica, 1871--1954." Tulane University, 2001.
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This dissertation examines the history of Guatemalan officer professionalization beginning with the Liberal Revolution of 1871 and ending with 1954, the year a CIA-supported military coup ended Guatemala's ten-year experiment with sweeping political and social reforms. Throughout this period, the Escuela Politecnica served as the primary if not lone educational center for officer training. Therefore, the majority of the narrative focuses on the daily operations of this school and the factors that influenced changes in the academy's curriculum. However, beyond offering an institutional history of the Escuela Politecnica, this dissertation traces the gradual development of a professionalized officer corps. Despite the founding of the Escuela Politecnica in 1873, the waxing and waning of various political administrations' commitment to military professionalization, as well as the deliberate manipulation of the Guatemalan Army by unscrupulous chief executives, repeatedly frustrated officers' rising expectations. Not until the October Revolution of 1944 did leaders make a concerted effort to professionalize the entire officer corps and do away with the practice of commissioning officers directly from civilian life. More importantly, in an effort to ensure the revolution's success, leaders placated officers' interest in limiting the ability of presidents to control the military's internal operations or manipulate the Army for personal gain. Although this goal paralleled society's interest in preventing future dictatorships, the institutional autonomy granted to the military had the unforeseen consequence of allowing an increasingly professionalized officer corps to dominate Guatemalan politics once the reform fervor lessened and the fear of international communism began to rise. Thus, although officer professionalization facilitated the Guatemalan military's institutional dominance of the political apparatus following the 1954 coup, the militarization of Guatemalan society occurred not because the military had been professionalized, but because it had been raised above politicsacase@tulane.edu
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Dove, Stephen Carter. "Local believers, foreign missionaries, and the creation of Guatemalan Protestantism, 1882-1944." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-5233.
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This dissertation examines how Guatemalan converts transformed missionary Protestantism into a locally contextualized religion in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Using archival materials from local religious groups and public archives in Guatemala alongside missionary documents from the United States, this research identifies how converts adopted certain missionary teachings but reinterpreted or rejected others. This selective application not only altered the definition of Protestantism in Guatemala but also affected the early growth of the movement by creating contextualized forms of Protestantism that attracted more interest than foreign versions.
The first section of the dissertation analyzes the theologies and goals that early missionaries brought to Guatemala and explains the intramural conflicts that created the first Protestant communities in the country. Between 1882 and 1921, five North American Protestant denominations and several independent missionaries entered Guatemala, each with particular ideas about how to improve the country both spiritually and materially. This internal diversity provided new converts with the ability to choose between multiple versions of Protestantism, but more importantly it also taught them how to carve out their own space between imported religious ideologies.
The second section of the dissertation analyzes how local believers reinterpreted Protestantism within those spaces by pursuing four important areas of innovation: theological primitivism, Pentecostalism, political involvement, and nationalism. Despite protests from many foreign missionaries, between 1920 and 1944 numerous Guatemalan Protestants adopted variations of these four themes in attempts to create a culturally and socially relevant religious product. As new converts opted for these new local communities over missionary-led options, these four themes became defining hallmarks of Guatemalan Protestantism, which by the twenty-first century was practiced by one-third of the country’s population. This dissertation argues that these contextualized challenges to missionary ideas in the early twentieth-century made Protestantism an attractive local product in Guatemala and sparked the movement’s growth. It also demonstrates how poor and working class Guatemalans in the early twentieth century used Protestantism as a tool to participate in national conversations about race, gender, and class.text
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"The effects of political violence on the development of popular movements: Guatemalan campesino organizations, 1954-1985." Tulane University, 1993.
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This dissertation examines the effects of politically-motivated violence on popular movements with particular reference to the following three dependent variables: (1) internal organizational structures (2) mobilization strategies, and (3) ideologies and tactics. Guatemalan political violence and campesino organizations between 1954 and 1985 are employed as a case study for this investigation. The dissertation includes an in-depth study of the literature of political violence and revolution, and a discussion of the literature surrounding popular movements. A cyclical model of political violence is developed and applied to contemporary Guatemala (1954-1985). An original history which traces the evolution of rural popular movements during each modern cycle of violence is then provided. This narrative history includes discussions of guerrilla organizations, labor organizations, cooperatives, and broad-front organizations in contemporary rural Guatemala. The changes in the three dependent variables are discussed within the context of this history. The concluding chapter is an analysis of these variables and their relationship to the cycle of violence modelacase@tulane.edu
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"Los alemanes en Guatemala, 1828-1944." Tulane University, 1991.
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La inmigracion alemana a Guatemala se inicio con la critica situacion socio-economica en la transicion a la era industrial. Los alemanes llegaron primero a la colonia belga de Santo Tomas en la decada de 1840, pero luego se asentaron en la Capital y en muchas partes del interior de la Republica y se dedicaron a sus profesiones artesanales, a los negocios y al comercio. Esta inmigracion aumento significativamente en las ultimas decadas del siglo XIX por la expansion industrial y comercial del Imperio Aleman como por las necesidades y posibilidades de desarrollo de Guatemala bajo los regimenes liberales Los alemanes se dedicaron en especial al cultivo del cafe y al comercio de importaciones y exportaciones. A fines del siglo controlaban una tercera parte de la produccion cafetalera de Guatemala y explortaban dos terceras partes del mismo a Alemania. Tanto el floreciente mercado del cafe de Hamburgo, con altos precios entre 1887 y 1896, como las ventajas obtenidas bajo del Tratado de Comercio de 1887 entre Guatemala y el Imperio Aleman, mas el espiritu empresarial, la preparacion profesional y el trabajo tesonero de los inmigrantes alemanes, favorecieron las inversiones alemanas en la agricultura, comercio, industria e infraestructura del pais y aumentaron las comunicaciones maritimas con Alemania Hacia fines del siglo vivian en Guatemala unos mil alemanes, cuyo numero crecio a 3,000 en la decada de 1920. Ellos fundaron asociaciones, clubes, colegios, una iglesia protestante y un periodico aleman. A traves de estas instituciones conservaron las caracteristicas de su nacionalidad, lengua y cultura. Hacia 1940 la comunidad alemana era una fuerza visible y de influencia en la sociedad y economia guatemaltecas Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, bajo la fuerte presion economica y politica de Estados Unidos, el gobierno de Guatemala confisco todos los bienes y propiedades de esta minoria, siendo deportados y repatriados muchos de ellos a Alemania Esta disertacion esta basada en investigacion en archivos estatales y privados en Alemania, Guatemala y Estados Unidos, asi como testimonios orales, memorias manuscritas, periodicos y obras secundariasacase@tulane.edu
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"A history of Protestantism in Guatemala (Rios Montt, church, religion)." Tulane University, 1986.
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This study examines the history of Protestant work in Guatemala, from the efforts of foreign Bible vendors, in the early nineteenth century through 1983, when the nation's first evangelical president, General Efra(')in R(')ios Montt, was ousted from office This work seeks to answer two central questions. (1) Why did the efforts of American missionaries between 1890 and 1960 have such poor results? (2) What kinds of changes took place after 1960 that allowed Protestants to account for twenty-five percent of Guatemala's population in 1980? This work suggests that the foreign missionaries offered a formula for salvation that was culturally inappropriate for most Guatemalans. The missionaries emphasized the ideals complemented the political goals of the Liberal governments who sponsored the missionaries. They had little appeal, however, for the average Guatemalan, who continued to adhere to Catholic, organic values Following the overthrow of the revolutionary government of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954, however, Guatemalan Protestantism changed dramatically, as nationalistic native Protestants began to leave the missions to form their own congregations. These new sects were indigenous in form and Pentecostal in theology. Simultaneously, a new breed of American missionaries began to flow into the country, calling for an end to sectarianism and offering Protestantism as a spiritual alternative to communism. The new missionaries launched an evangelical revival in the early 1960s which gave new impetus to the indigenous Protestant churches. Buffered by the association of evangelicalism and anti-communism, the native evangelicals could redirect the frustrated nationalism of the Arbenz period into a religious forum Guatemala's 1976 earthquake spurred Protestant growth in two ways. (1) Protestant relief workers exposed large numbers of Guatemalans to their message. (2) the earthquake signaled the beginning of a downward spiral of national chaos marked by warfare, terror, and economic decline. In the midst of this trauma, the indigenous Protestant churches offered spiritual solace, and a political stance which absolved the believer from the dangerous demands of Catholic Liberation Theology. Indigenous Protestantism has become the new religion of the helpless and the hopeless in Guatemala, and for that reason, it continues to thrive. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)acase@tulane.edu
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Jefferson, Ann F. "The rebellion of Mita: Eastern Guatemala in 1837." 2000. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9988800.
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This study is a social history of the rural mulattoes/ladinos of the District of Mita in eastern Guatemala who rebelled against the Liberal government headed by Mariano Gálvez in Guatemala City in June of 1837. Known as the Carrera movement or the War of the Mountain, this popular uprising began with scattered revolts precipitated by an outbreak of cholera, but soon became a full-scale rebellion that articulated a set of demands and eventually spread across the state of Guatemala and beyond. While the importance of this rebellion in the political history of Central America is widely recognized, this is the first attempt to focus on the ethnicity and social position of the protagonists, to relate rural social structure and the patron-client system to the rebellion, and to link the everyday concerns of this rural population with their political actions. The methodology combines anthropological techniques with chronological history. The early chapters provide a structural analysis of the geography of the area, settlement patterns, households, the economy, and affective life to create a picture of a society that differed in important ways from that of the urban Liberals. The last chapter shows how liberal policies designed to create a new polity based on Enlightenment principles and a free-trade economy antagonized the local population and exacerbated long-standing differences between the urban power structure and rural groups. The Liberals' decision to end banditry on the Camino Real and the methods they pursued to accomplish this goal emerge as the definitive step in the polarization process. The rebels' first engagement with government troops took place in Santa Rosa and was led by local cattle ranchers Teodoro and Benito Mexia. This study finds that a peasant elite, typified by the “mulatto” Teodoro Mexia, played the critical role in catalyzing the rebellion by forging alienated sectors of the local population into a strong regional alliance and by drawing on their substantial resources to fund the war.
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"La Ciudad de Guatemala, 1776-1954, una panoramica historica." Tulane University, 1996.
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El presente trabajo intenta hacer historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala en el periodo comprendido entre los anos 1776-1954. Este trabajo esta dividido en seis capitulos y trata de probar que los factores economicos, politicos y sociales han influido de manera determinante en el desarrollo historico de la Ciudad de Guatemala. El primer capitulo, comprende los anos de 1776 a 1821, describe las condiciones sociales que rodearon el traslado de la capital guatemalteca de Antigua Guatemala a su actual localizacion en el Valle de la Ermita en 1776 luego de los terremotos de 1773. En el mismo se describen las circunstancias economicas, politicas y sociales que lo rodearon y sus consecuencias. En el segundo capitulo se estudia la ciudad durante los anos 1821 a 1871. En este se describen los servicios con los que contaba la ciudad y se evaluan los cambios que sufrio durante los primeros anos de vida independiente. El tercer capitulo reconstruye la vida de la ciudad durante los anos 1871 a 1920. En el mismo se detallan los factores esenciales que cambiaron la vida de la ciudad durante aquel periodo. Este concluye con los terremotos de 1917-18 que marcaron un momento clave en el desenvolvimiento de la ciudad. El cuarto capitulo describe los esfuerzos del gobierno en la reconstruccion de la ciudad de 1917 a 1930. Ademas, se estudian las condiciones de vida a que se vieron sujetos los pobladores luego del siniestro. El quinto capitulo describe y analiza el papel del Estado en la reconstruccion final de la ciudad durante los anos treinta del siglo XX. Estudia los factores fundamentales y las fuerzas sociales que movieron el proceso de reconstruccion final de la ciudad. El sexto capitulo recupera la vida de la ciudad durante los anos 1944 a 1954. En este se evalua la actividad de los gobiernos de la Revolucion de Octubre en cuanto al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de los habitantes de la ciudad. Finalmente, se aportan las conclusiones del autoracase@tulane.edu
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Ajb'ee. "Los caminos de la resistencia : comunidad, política e historia Maya en Guatemala." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17869.
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This dissertation is about Mayan people’s resistance and identity formation, particularly in Ixtahuacán, a Maya-Mam town in northwestern Guatemala. It focuses on a central paradox: that a notion of “locality,” including but not limited to the municipio or township, is deployed both as part of the processes that oppress the Maya and the processes through which Mayan people contest oppression and engage in collective self-affirmation. Building on 18 months of ethnographic research and theoretical perspectives of both Mayan and non-Mayan origins, I seek to resolve this paradox by delving into the varied and complex ways that Mam people respond to the myriad faces of oppression. In so doing, I propose to understand Mam struggles through what I call kojb’il, which in the Mam language basically means community. I argue that kojb’il is a window of inquiry that can lead us to a better understanding not just of the ways in which people resist but also the ways a new collective identity emerges. I first analyze Mam people’s political organizing experiences and the ways kojb’il has been constructed historically. Second, I study the ways kojb’il relates to Mam people’s own understanding of their collectivity as well as how this collectivity is constructed discursively. Third, I analyze the ways people talk about current crisis or threats to their kojb’il, their collectivity and their well-being. Fourth, since a main part of this dissertation is about Mam people’s agency, I seek to further develop an understanding of who these actors are. I argue that in order to understand Mayan people’s struggles we must focus on voices from the margins that are rarely taken into account. And finally, I examine other cultural practices that are essential in the formation of kojb’il. In particular, I focus on the poom which is fundamental to Mam spiritualityand is the heart of Mam collective identity. This dissertation contributes to an understanding of how Mam people resist, and it takes into account owr own ways of understanding the world and owe own ways of talking about it and constructing it. It also contributes to the body of literature that focuses on Mayan studies and indigenous people’s social movements in Latin America.text