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Journal articles on the topic 'Guatemalan literature'
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1
Grandin, Greg, and René Reeves. "Archives in the Guatemalan Western Highlands." Latin American Research Review 31, no. 1 (1996): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017763.
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The region most often associated with Guatemalan history and culture is the western highlands, known locally as Los Altos. Only thirty miles from the hot Pacific coast, the highlands are located where the sierra rises rapidly to an altitude of three thousand meters, an area of painful beauty captured in Jean-Marie Simon's telling phrase, “eternal spring, eternal tyranny.” Amidst volcanoes, lakes, and cloud-covered mountains, Guatemalans struggle to rebuild civil society in the wake of what may have been the worst repression in the hemisphere, eking out a living by farming exhausted corn plots. The majority of Guatemala's twenty-three ethnic groups reside in these western highlands, where anthropologists have catalogued and attempted to interpret Mayan culture. Here also historians of nineteenth-century Guatemala have constructed a national history outlining the commercialization of land and coercion of labor that accompanied the growth of the Guatemalan coffee industry.
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MUÑOZ, KERRI A. "Stepping Towards a More Inclusive Nation: A Contextualized Reading of Carlos Wyld Ospina’s ‘El movimiento teosófico en la Ciudad de Guatemala’." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 101, no. 7 (July 24, 2024): 673–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2024.48.
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In 1923 Guatemalan author Carlos Wyld Ospina gave a speech celebrating the induction of members to the Theosophic lodge he co-founded in 1922. This article studies this address as a call to action that advocated for an inclusive nation at a time when the hegemonic discourse perpetuated the positivist ideology of exclusion. To begin, I contextualize the author and locate him in the evolution of Guatemalan Literary Studies. Next, I trace the global route of Theosophy and outline how Wyld Ospina funnelled this ideology into Guatemala. Then, I read Wyld Ospina’s speech delineating his plan of nation building, and I point to ideological continuities he was to voice in two articles in 1938. Finally, I suggest that this continuity of thought recontextualizes Wyld Ospina’s literature and opens it to new interpretations, and I define the epistemic value of these rereadings as one that will allow for the further study of the pivotal and dynamic role of race throughout Guatemalan national history.
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Friedman, Max Paul, and Roberto García Ferreira. "Making Peaceful Revolution Impossible." Journal of Cold War Studies 24, no. 1 (2022): 155–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01058.
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Abstract President John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was intended to forestall Communist revolutions by fostering political and economic reform in Latin America. But Kennedy undermined his own goals by thwarting democratic, leftwing leaders seeking to carry out the kind of “peaceful revolution” his own analysis told him was necessary. This article reveals the Kennedy administration's role in overthrowing the Guatemalan government in 1963—until now only hinted at or even denied in the existing literature—to prevent the return to power of the country's first democratically elected president, Juan José Arévalo Bermejo. New archival evidence from Chile, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Uruguay, the United Kingdom, and the United States sheds light on the transnational networks that supported Arévalo's attempt to run for the presidency in 1963, as well as the covert efforts of U.S. and Guatemalan officials to prevent “the most popular man in Guatemala” from taking office—a neglected Cold War milestone in Latin America.
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Gill, Joel C., Bruce D. Malamud, Edy Manolo Barillas, and Alex Guerra Noriega. "Construction of regional multi-hazard interaction frameworks, with an application to Guatemala." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 149–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-149-2020.
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Abstract. Here we present an interdisciplinary approach to developing comprehensive, systematic, and evidenced visual syntheses of potential natural-hazard interactions at regional scales (or regional interaction frameworks). Frameworks can help with understanding the multi-hazard environment of a specific spatial extent. We explain our approach and apply this in Guatemala, developing regional interaction frameworks for national and sub-national (southern Guatemalan Highlands) spatial extents. The frameworks are constructed and populated using five evidence types relevant to natural-hazard interactions: (A) internationally accessible literature (93 peer-reviewed and 76 grey-literature sources), (B) locally accessible civil-protection bulletins (267 bulletins from 11 June to 15 October 2010), (C) field observations, (D) stakeholder interviews (19 semi-structured interviews), and (E) a stakeholder workshop (16 participants). These five evidence types were synthesised to determine an appropriate natural-hazard classification scheme for Guatemala, with 6 natural-hazard groups, 19 hazard types, and 37 hazard sub-types. For a national spatial extent in Guatemala, we proceed to construct and populate a regional interaction framework (matrix form), identifying 50 possible interactions between 19 hazard types. For a sub-national spatial extent (southern Guatemalan Highlands), we construct and populate a regional interaction framework (matrix form), identifying 114 possible interactions between 33 hazard sub-types relevant in the southern Guatemalan Highlands. We also use this evidence to explore networks of multi-hazard interactions (cascades) and anthropogenic processes that can trigger natural hazards. We present this information through accessible visualisations to improve understanding of multi-hazard interactions in Guatemala. We believe that our regional interaction framework's approach to multi-hazards is scalable, working at global to local scales with differing resolutions of information. Our approach can also be replicated in other geographical settings. We demonstrate how regional interaction frameworks and the discussion of potential scenarios arising from them can help with enhancing the cross-institutional dialogue on multi-hazard interactions and their likelihood and potential impacts. We review future research directions and steps to embed interaction frameworks into agencies contributing to the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
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HANDY, JIM. "Chicken Thieves, Witches, and Judges: Vigilante Justice and Customary Law in Guatemala." Journal of Latin American Studies 36, no. 3 (August 2004): 533–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04007783.
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This article explores the reasons for the spread of vigilante justice (linchamientos) in contemporary Guatemala. It investigates three specific linchamientos and suggests that the roots of such vigilante justice lie in a collapsing peasant economy, insecurity of all sorts, and an unravelling of the social fabric in rural communities through the militarisation of rural Guatemala.The article also argues that linchamientos are caused partly by a conflict over the attempts by the Guatemalan state to impose a certain type of order in rural Guatemala. It discusses the literature on customary law, in Guatemala and in various other locales around the world, and suggests that attempts to impose a state sanctioned legal system without adequate provision for customary law has helped contribute to a perception that the legal system is illegitimate, not just incompetent.
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Burnett, Virginia Garrard. "Protestantism in Rural Guatemala, 1872–1954." Latin American Research Review 24, no. 2 (1989): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002387910002286x.
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For eighteen months, between March 1982 and August 1983, Guatemala was ruled by a born-again Christian, General Efrain Ríos Montt. He drew world attention to Guatemala because of his brutally effective suppression of the nation's guerrilla movement and his idiosyncratic style of rule but above all, because of his religion. The idea that a Protestant could serve as the chief of state in a country as staunchly Catholic as Guatemala struck many observers as an anomaly. Closer examination reveals, however, that it was not anomalous for a Protestant to be president of Guatemala. By 1982 nearly 30 percent of the Guatemalan population were Protestants, the result of a quiet wave of conversion that started during the nineteenth century and has accelerated dramatically in the last three decades. The idea that President Ríos Montt's religion would influence his entire administration was even less surprising, for Protestantism has been wed to politics in Guatemala ever since it first arrived in the country. The purpose of this research report is to examine the development of patterns in the relationship between the Guatemalan state and Protestantism as they evolved during the formative years between 1872 and 1954 and to explore the effects of this relationship on Protestant conversion.
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Quiroa, Néstor. "The Popol Vuh and the Dominican Religious Extirpation in Highland Guatemala: Prologues and Annotations of Fr. Francisco Ximénez." Americas 67, no. 04 (April 2011): 467–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000316150000033x.
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In 2006, the Newberry Library in Chicago announced its digitization of the ancient Maya-K’iche’ myth, the Popol Vuh. While digitization ensures the preservation of the document and easier access for researchers, it is also significant in that it marks a new stage in the long historical trajectory of the manuscript itself. The Popol Vuh, or “Maya Bible,” is the most studied indigenous document of Mesoamerica. Contemporary scholarship has considered it, among all the early colonial documents, to best reflect a pre-Hispanic native voice. It provides a breadth and depth of detail concerning Maya religion, cosmology, and society, and its contents have been generalized to apply to virtually all of the ancient Maya religions. Additionally, the text has been used as a source for numerous ethnohistorical studies, and its mythological context has profoundly influenced most Guatemalan literature from the early nineteenth century to the present. More important, the Popol Vuh has become a symbol of Guatemalan national “indigenousness” and was officially declared Guatemala’s national book in 1971.
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Quiroa, Néstor. "The Popol Vuh and the Dominican Religious Extirpation in Highland Guatemala: Prologues and Annotations of Fr. Francisco Ximénez." Americas 67, no. 4 (April 2011): 467–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2011.0071.
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In 2006, the Newberry Library in Chicago announced its digitization of the ancient Maya-K’iche’ myth, the Popol Vuh. While digitization ensures the preservation of the document and easier access for researchers, it is also significant in that it marks a new stage in the long historical trajectory of the manuscript itself. The Popol Vuh, or “Maya Bible,” is the most studied indigenous document of Mesoamerica. Contemporary scholarship has considered it, among all the early colonial documents, to best reflect a pre-Hispanic native voice. It provides a breadth and depth of detail concerning Maya religion, cosmology, and society, and its contents have been generalized to apply to virtually all of the ancient Maya religions. Additionally, the text has been used as a source for numerous ethnohistorical studies, and its mythological context has profoundly influenced most Guatemalan literature from the early nineteenth century to the present. More important, the Popol Vuh has become a symbol of Guatemalan national “indigenousness” and was officially declared Guatemala’s national book in 1971.
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Cervantes, Raymundo, Isabel D. C. Munoz, Estefania J. Aguirre, Natalia Lozano Acosta, Mariam Gomez, Adriana C. Cuello, Krissy E. Smith, et al. "30 Analyzing Spanish Speakers Cordoba Naming Test Performance." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723005817.
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Objective:A 30-item confrontation naming test was developed in Argentina for Spanish speakers, The Cordoba Naming Test (CNT). The Boston Naming Test is an established confrontation naming task in the United States. Researchers have used the Boston Naming Test to identify individuals with different clinical pathologies (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). The current literature on how Spanish speakers across various countries perform on confrontational naming tasks is limited. To our knowledge, one study investigated CNT performance across three Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, and Guatemala). Investigators found that the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentine and Mexican groups. The purpose of this study was to extend the current literature and investigate CNT performance across five Spanish-speaking countries (i.e., Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, United States). We predicted that the Argentine group would outperform the other Spanish-speaking countries.Participants and Methods:The present study sample consisted of 502 neurologically and psychologically healthy participants with a mean age of 29.06 (SD = 13.41) with 14.75 years of education completed (SD = 3.01). Participants were divided into five different groups based on their country of birth and current country residency (i.e., United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Argentina, & Colombia). All participants consented to voluntary participation and completed the CNT and a comprehensive background questionnaire in Spanish. The CNT consisted of 30 black and white line drawings, ranging from easy to hard in difficulty. An ANCOVA, controlling for gender, education, and age, was used to evaluate CNT performance between the five Spanish-speaking country groups. Meanwhile, a Bonferroni post-hoc test was utilized to evaluate the significant differences between Spanish-speaking groups. We used a threshold of p < .05 for statistical significance.Results:Results revealed significant group differences between the five Spanish speaking groups on the CNT, p = .000, np2 = .48. Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed that the United States group significantly underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. Next, we found the Guatemalan group underperformed on the CNT compared to the Argentinian, Mexican, and Colombian groups. Additionally, we found the Argentinian group outperformed the Mexican, Guatemalan, and United States groups on the CNT. No significant differences were found between the Argentinian group and Colombian group or the Mexican group and Colombian group on the CNT.Conclusions:As predicted, the Argentinian group outperformed all the Spanish-speaking groups on the CNT except the Colombian group. Additionally, we found that the United States group underperformed on the CNT compared to all the Spanish-speaking groups. A possible explanation is that Spanish is not the official language in the United States compared to the rest of the Spanish-speaking groups. Meanwhile, a possible reason why the Argentinian and Colombian groups demonstrated better CNT performances might have been that it was less culturally sensitive than the United States, Mexican, and Guatemalan groups. Further analysis is needed with bigger sample sizes across other Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Costa Rica, Chile) to evaluate what variables, if any, are influencing CNT performance.
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Vahedi, Luissa, Ilana Seff, Deidi Olaya Rodriguez, Samantha McNelly, Ana Isabel Interiano Perez, Dorcas Erskine, Catherine Poulton, and Lindsay Stark. "“At the Root of COVID Grew a More Complicated Situation”: A Qualitative Analysis of the Guatemalan Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response System during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710998.
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A growing body of literature has documented an increased risk of gender-based violence (GBV) within the context of COVID-19 and service providers’ reduced capacity to address this vulnerability. Less examined are the system-level impacts of the pandemic on the GBV sector in low- and middle-income countries. Drawing on the perspectives of 18 service providers working across various GBV-related sectors in Guatemala, we explored how the Guatemalan GBV prevention and response system operated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings highlight that the pandemic reinforced survivors’ existing adversities (inadequate transportation access, food insecurity, digital divides), which subsequently reduced access to reporting, justice, and support. Consequently, the GBV prevention and response system had to absorb the responsibility of securing survivors’ essential social determinants of health, further limiting already inflexible budgets. The pandemic also imposed new challenges, such as service gridlocks, that negatively affected survivors’ system navigation and impaired service providers’ abilities to efficiently receive reports and mobilize harm reduction and prevention programming. The findings underscore the systemic challenges faced by GBV service providers and the need to incorporate gender mainstreaming across public service sectors—namely, transportation and information/communication—to improve lifesaving GBV service delivery for Guatemalan survivors, particularly survivors in rural/remote regions.
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Carmody, Michelle. "Review of Recent Guatemalan books." Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 11, no. 1 (July 2005): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2005.10426807.
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López, Andrés C. "Kemenik le Ch’o’b’oj / Tejiendo Historias / Weaving Histories/Stories: Creating a Memoria Histórica of Resistance through Maya Backstrap Weaving Rhetorics." College Composition & Communication 75, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ccc202332673.
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In their report of the violences committed during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996), the Commission for Historical Clarification stated that “historical memory, both individual and collective,” is important for creating just conditions and providing reparations to the victims of violence perpetrated during this armed conflict (1998, 48). As a result, remembrance projects began to create a memoria histórica that historicizes the violences committed by the Guatemalan government. These remembrance projects and memories often imagine a heteronormative Guatemalan populace and, in turn, erase the existence of queer and trans Maya people also affected by violence and ongoing genocide. In this article I argue that the practice of Maya backstrap weaving is a rhetorical mechanism for remembrance and maintenance of traditional practices. Using a Two Spirit critique, I articulate a Maya-centered queer/trans rhetorical methodology that points to how Western historiographic methodologies continue to be the norm in Guatemalan historicizing practices, but also within WGSS, queer and trans studies, and rhetoric and writing studies. My use of backstrap weaving is a type of storytelling and remembrance practice that centers cultural rhetorics, Indigenous sovereignty, and locally specific Indigenous paradigms and frameworks to stop the erasure of Indigenous peoples from collective consciousness and canons.
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Lipińska, Monika M., and Cecylia Barabasz. "Pollination of Guatemalan orchids – state of knowledge." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 19, no. 2 (June 28, 2024): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.19.e119499.
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This literature review aims to synthesise existing knowledge on research on pollination of orchid species in Guatemala. Orchids, known for their diverse and specialised interactions with pollinators, play a key role in the ecosystems of this Central American country. As a base for our research, we have used the orchid checklist published in 2018 where more than 1200 taxa have been listed. Then we conducted a systematic search of academic databases, including, but not limited to PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and relevant botanical databases. From 1231 orchid species reported to occur in Guatemala and classified in 221 genera, we have found data on pollination of only 98 taxa, classified in 71 genera. Through an exhaustive survey of the relevant scientific literature, this review intends to provide a comprehensive summary of the available data, highlighting gaps in current knowledge and suggesting directions for future research. Research on pollination in tropical orchids presents a formidable challenge due to the immense diversity of species, the intricacies of pollination mechanisms, the elusive nature of pollinators and the susceptibility of these ecosystems to environmental changes. Despite these challenges, the importance of unravelling these mysteries is underscored by the critical role orchids play in tropical ecosystems and their potential implications for conservation and biodiversity.
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Hallum, Anne. "Ecotheology and Environmental Praxis in Guatemala." Nova Religio 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2003): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2003.7.2.55.
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One can argue that religious beliefs have more influence for changing societal behavior than does scientific knowledge. Thus, the rediscovery of ecological themes in a variety of religious texts (ecotheology) can be a step toward environmental activism and conservation behavior, where science alone has been relatively ineffective. The article presents this argument, reviewing relevant literature. Next, the article tests this argument for the potential influence of religion in promoting environmentalism through a comparative case study of three Guatemalan villages: one in which religious traditions are quickly disintegrating because the population was forced to move; one in which religious traditions remain largely intact; and one in which Guatemalans, Europeans, and North Americans practice environmental preservation in a pluralistic religious setting. Shared values and the common religious theme of caring for creation can be a motin
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Cáceres, Armando, and Sully M. Cruz. "Detection and Validation of Native Plants Traditionally Used as Medicine in Guatemala." Current Traditional Medicine 5, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083805666190327172409.
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Guatemala as part of Mesoamerica, is a region of high biological and cultural diversity, where several cultures have flourished. Since 1976, a project started for the detection, validation, production, and utilization of medicinal species for primary health care. It included several ethnobotanical surveys conducted among ten Guatemalan ethnical groups. The objective of this paper is to summarize the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the country and review the literature validating the use of the most promising native species. From these surveys, more than 650 plant species used for medicinal purposes were detected and cultivation activities were conducted for some of these species. Initially, in cooperation with the multidisciplinary teams in Guatemala, and later with other academic institutions in Brazil, Costa Rica, Italy, Mexico, Panama, Spain and United States, in vitro and in vivo validation activities were performed, such as biocidal, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and other activities. A comprehensive literature review of the most relevant species was performed. Based on the traditional utilization and preclinical or clinical evidence, several national and international projects were conducted. The most interesting results include anti-candida (Solanum nigrescens), antimicrobial (Tagetes lucida), immunomodulator (Phlebodium pseudoaureum), anti-protozoal (Neurolaena lobata), sedative (Valeriana prionophylla), anti-menopause (Piper hispidum) activities and others. With this information and the reviewed literature, specific formulas were prepared for the treatment of different pathologies, leading to several products registered as phytotherapic in Guatemala. Concise updated information is integrated into mini-reviews for 15 species in order to inform about the properties, chemistry and potential use of these species.
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Fischer, Edward F. "War and Peace in the Guatemalen Highlands:Paradise in Ashes: A Guatemalan Journey of Courage, Terror, and Hope." Anthropology Humanism 30, no. 1 (June 2005): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.2005.30.1.108.
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Ramírez, William. "The rise of urban diasporic identity and consciousness in Guatemalan American literature." Latino Studies 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 362–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41276-019-00192-0.
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Elías, Diego J., César E. Fuentes-Montejo, Yasmín Quintana, and Christian A. Barrientos. "Non-native freshwater fishes in Guatemala, northern Central America: introduction sources, distribution, history, and conservation consequences." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 17, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.17.e80062.
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Non-native freshwater fishes have been introduced to Guatemalan freshwater ecosystems since the beginning of the last century without prior risk assessment or subsequent evaluation of their impacts. We synthesized historical records, and distributional data from a literature review, online databases and museum records of non-native freshwater fishes in Guatemala. We found records for 22 non-native freshwater fishes with the oldest records dating back to 1926. Non-native freshwater fishes were recorded in 64% of the river sub-basins in Guatemala and we identified that at least 12 species have established populations. The Jaguar guapote (Parachromis managuensis) and Tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) are the most widespread non-native fishes. The species of non-native freshwater fishes introduced indicates that they are human selected (e.g., for farming purposes). Our work shows that aquaculture has been the major driver of introductions in the country, but aquarium release has become an important source in the last 20 years. Given the potential impact of non-native freshwater fishes on native fauna and ecosystems, we highlight an urgent need to assess their ecological effects, as well as to establish a fish fauna monitoring program in Guatemala to detect new introductions. Government and non-governmental agencies should promote the use of native species to supply fish demands in alignment with environmental policies and the objectives of the fishing agency in Guatemala.
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Kasperska, Iwona. "The Construction of the Guatemalan Other in Andrzej Bobkowski's Letters." Polish Review 67, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.67.3.08.
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Abstract This article concerns the epistolary work of Andrzej Bobkowski (1913–1961), a Polish émigré writer. After leaving Poland in 1938 and staying in France during World War II, the author left Europe and lived in Guatemala from 1948 to 1961. From there, it was by means of written correspondence that he maintained contact with editors of Polish journals in exile, writers, friends, and relatives. The letters analyzed here were published in nine collections. This text focuses on a subjective image of Guatemala, an important topic in Bobkowski's correspondence, both personal and semi-official, as with Jerzy Giedroyc, the editor of the Paris-based monthly Kultura. He would describe Guatemala from the perspective of an educated white European male, brought up in the elite environment of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). Here Bobkowski's letters are characterized through four filters related to the identity of the author, that is, Eurocentrism, ethnocentrism, race, and favorite literature. Additionally, the article contains reflections on the change of the writer's status in Polish literature. From a peripheral author who was banned during the communist era, Bobkowski moved to the center of integrated Polish literature after 1989, gradually achieving the status of a canonical writer.
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Little-Siebold, Todd. "The Valenzuela Collection in the Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala." Latin American Research Review 29, no. 3 (1994): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100035573.
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The principal facts that direct the historic life of a country lie in the rulers who have served during different political eras. One can be sure that they are the protagonists of history because each of them creates with his or her actions chapters that will be recounted in many volumes through the years.Gilberto Valenzuela GonzálezWhile many researchers who have worked in Guatemala in the past decade would take issue with the perspective on the past reflected in Gilberto Valenzuela's statement, few would deny the importance of the collection of documents he began. In an era when history was the history of kings and battles, presidents and laws, one family's tradition of collecting any and all documents on Guatemala gave rise to a remarkable collection. The Sección Valenzuela of the Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala offers today the basis for an in-depth reconstruction of Guatemalan history during the last century and a half.
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Kubota, Yuichi. "Explaining State Violence in the Guatemalan Civil War: Rebel Threat and Counterinsurgency." Latin American Politics and Society 59, no. 03 (2017): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1531426x0001027x.
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Abstract Literature on the Guatemalan Civil War has debated whether or not state violence was triggered by rebel activities. Did the government respond to each insurrection caused by the rebels, or did it blindly target regions where antigovernment antipathy and movements had historically prevailed? Because state violence was extensive during the civil war period, the dynamism of the war could have been the reason for its occurrence. Relying on the threat-response model of state violence, this article argues that human rights violations occurred when the government perceived a rebel threat that would have seriously degraded its capability in future counterinsurgencies. The article employs propensity score matching to address the problem of confounding in empirical analysis, and reveals that rebel attacks, particularly those targeting security apparatus and resulting in human injury, increased the likelihood of state violence in the Guatemalan Civil War.
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Pato, Enrique. "Principales rasgos gramaticales del español de Guatemala." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 139, no. 1 (March 9, 2023): 154–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2023-0006.
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Abstract This work offers an in-depth description of the main morphosyntactic (and lexical) features found in present Guatemalan Spanish, a lesser-known Central American variety. Text corpora and sociolinguistic surveys help us to provide an updated grammatical overview, which takes into account most categories: nouns and adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and locutions, and it is illustrated with examples taken both from formal and informal settings. By comparing these features with previous grammatical descriptions, this study helps in identifying some common American features —such as the use of hasta and una mi amiga— as well as some specific patterns —such as the prominence of several suffixes and pronouns— in present-day Guatemalan Spanish, some of which remain to be incorporated in the Academy grammar.
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Ibáñez-Alfonso, Joaquín A., Rosalba Company-Córdoba, Claudia García de la Cadena, Ian C. Simpson, Diego Rivera, and Antonio Sianes. "Normative Data for Ten Neuropsychological Tests for the Guatemalan Pediatric Population Updated to Account for Vulnerability." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070842.
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The Guatemalan pediatric population is affected by a high incidence of poverty and violence. The previous literature showed that these experiences may ultimately impact cognitive performance. The aim of this article is to update the standardized scores for ten neuropsychological tests commonly used in Guatemala considering vulnerability. A total of 347 healthy children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age (M = 10.83, SD = 3) were assessed, controlling for intelligence, mental health and neuropsychological history. The standard scores were created using multiple linear regression and standard deviations from residual values. The predictors included were the following: age, age squared (age2), mean parental education (MPE), mean parental education squared (MPE2), gender, and vulnerability, as well as their interaction. The vulnerability status was significant in the scores for language, attention and executive functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that includes the condition of vulnerability in the calculation of neuropsychological standard scores. The utility of this update is to help in the early detection of special needs in this disadvantaged population, promoting more accurate interventions in order to alleviate the negative effects that living in vulnerable conditions has on children and adolescents.
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Minkevich, Milorada. "The Moon as the Patroness of Doubles and Magic. Miguel Ángel Asturias and His Guatemala Dream." Stephanos Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 58, no. 2 (March 31, 2023): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2023-58-2-158-168.
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The subject of this paper is the image of the Moon in the works of the Guatemalan indigenist writer Miguel Ángel Asturias. His artistic reality can undoubtedly be called magical. Nobel laureate, he let the voice and spirit of Guatemala into his works, revived the mythological and legendary past of his country. Here Maya myths, witchcraft and dreams are closely intertwined with reality. In Asturias’ Guatemala universe the Moon rules the over mythological space and time, carries the heroes into the world of dreams, rituals, magic and shapeshifting. The image of the Moon is the key to understanding Latin American literature, and within the artistic image of Latin American night helps a person to perceive himself and the true essence of being. The Moon is Asturias’ works possesses the property of mirror and dublicates reality, creates the doubles and is the one itself. In this paper we consider the influence of the moonlight on the landscape and the metamorphoses it initiates in the Asturias’s characters. The Moon becomes the conductor of the mystic gift to change the world by words in “Legend of the Singing Tablets”, helps the “Men of Maize” characters to unite with their naguals, reveals the image of love in the play “Kukulkan” and tunes the ritual time in all the works named.
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Vásquez, William F., and Alok K. Bohara. "Household Shocks, Child Labor, and Child Schooling: Evidence from Guatemala." Latin American Research Review 45, no. 3 (2010): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100011158.
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AbstractUsing data from the National Survey of Standards of Living conducted in Guatemala in 2000, this article tests the hypothesis that Guatemalan households use child labor and reduce child schooling to cope with household shocks. First, the authors use factor analysis to estimate the latent household propensity to natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. Then, they estimate bivariate probit models to identify the determinants of child labor and schooling, including household propensity to natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. Results suggest that households use child labor to cope with natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. In contrast, the authors found no evidence that suggests that households reduce child schooling to cope with shocks. Findings also indicate that poor households are more likely to use child labor and schooling reduction as strategies to cope with socioeconomic shocks.
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Monico, Carmen. "Implications of irregular transnational adoptions within international standards: A review of intercountry adoption systems and Guatemalan birthmother perspectives." Childhood 28, no. 4 (November 2021): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09075682211061982.
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With growing global emergencies, child abduction became a concern in countries of origin and reception of transnationally adopted children. Improved regulations and standards to prevent child trafficking exhibit failures to ensure the best interest of children and the principle of subsidiarity. The article reviews relevant literature documents the Guatemalan birthmothers’ experiences and documented child theft, deception by trafficking networks, fraudulent adoptions, and familial coercion. Human rights and child welfare system implications drawn may be relevant to irregular transnational adoptions elsewhere.
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MacKenzie, C. James. "Shamanism in Motion, Pentecostalism on Hold, and Maya Mormonism." Nova Religio 18, no. 2 (2014): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2014.18.2.45.
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This article examines how religion, including new religious movements as well as older options in new contexts, combines with ethnic and community attachments in shaping the identity of Guatemalan economic migrants in southern California. While the literature on transnationalism tends to view religion and ethnicity as different though sometimes overlapping means by which migrants seek incorporation into new social and political contexts, the ethnographic evidence presented here suggests more complicated dynamics. These are reflected in the experiences of three migrants from a single indigenous community in Guatemala, each with different backgrounds of faith and ethnic identity: a nominal Catholic in his early 20s who is sympathetic to Mesoamerican shamanism though ambivalent about Maya ethnic identity; a middle-aged Pentecostal Christian who is ambivalent about religious practice and belief in the United States and rejects the Maya ethnic label; and a convert to Mormonism in his 30s who has attenuated his ties to his home community while adopting a broader Maya ethnic identity. To interpret these experiences, I develop an analytical framework which draws upon some of Thomas Csordas’ ideas about religion in globalization but stresses a renewed attention to community as a persistent, if ambivalent and perhaps inherently conflictive, site for identity formation, especially in the context of migration.
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Stelzer, Diana Astrid. "East Asian Technical Cooperation Initiatives in Central America: A Comparative Analysis of Japan and South Korea in Guatemala." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 92–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2019-0004.
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Abstract This article describes the similarities and differences of Japanese and South Korean technical cooperation approaches in Guatemala. The literature review illustrates the transition from an initially donor-centric results chain approach towards one that is increasingly recipient-balanced due to new cooperation principles such as horizontality and demand-drivenness. Such approaches are mainly fostered by the rise of new emerging donors on the international development cooperation horizon, such as the advocates of South-South Development Cooperation (SSDC). An analysis based on a framework by the Network of Southern Think Tanks (NeST) concludes that Japanese and Korean technical cooperation approaches are markedly similar, most notably in regard to officially proclaimed technical cooperation standards and commitments. Differences result from the degree of related implementation: Japan achieves higher results based on relative deficiencies in reporting by Korea as well as comparatively shorter bilateral Korean-Guatemalan relations. Similarities are fostered by analogous institutional and project related structures, stemming from an argued learning and simulation approach by Korea from the long-standing experiences of Japan. Lastly, it is argued that the growing assimilation of the traditional and the SSDC concept, as well as the increasing engagement of both countries in triangular cooperation contribute to the identified similarities.
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Vannini, Jay P. "Nearctic avian migrants in coffee plantations and forest fragments of south-western Guatemala." Bird Conservation International 4, no. 2-3 (September 1994): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002781.
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SummaryHabitats at intermediate and upper elevations of the volcanic Cordillera of southwestern Guatemala harbour a diverse terrestrial vertebrate fauna that includes at least 423 avian species, 108 of which are known to be Nearctic migrants, and 43 of which are known or suspected to have both resident and long-distance migrant populations. During the course of floral and faunal inventories in a proposed Multiple Use Area in this region from 1987 through 1991, FIIT researchers collected or observed 254 avian species, of which 44 are regarded as Nearctic migrants and 26 are known or suspected to have both resident and long-distance migrant populations. Study sites included climax and selectively logged lower montane forest fragments, as well as subtropical agroecosystems. Data are presented to support the conclusion that a significantly higher percentage of resident avian species reported from this region in the literature continue to occupy these habitats than do species known to undertake cyclical longdistance migrations. Non-quantitative, historical reports of relative abundance of all Nearctic avian migrants in the region during the early and mid-twentieth century are compared with current status of these species. Threats to Nearctic avian migrants in the western Guatemalan highlands are discussed, and areas of future research for ornithologists working with this community in the region are proposed. Recommendations are made to preserve or improve habitats on wintering grounds and along migration routes considered to be of critical importance for the long-term survival of a number of threatened and vulnerable Nearctic avian migrants in Guatemala.
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Mengesha, Lilian G. "Defecting Witness: The Difficulty in Watching Regina José Galindo’s PERRA." TDR/The Drama Review 61, no. 2 (June 2017): 140–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00652.
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In 2005, Guatemalan artist Regina José Galindo carved the letters P-E-R-R-A (bitch) into her thigh, the same word carved onto the many victims of her country’s feminicide crisis. PERRA urgently asks spectators to defect in the wake of grotesque violence, to refuse easy understanding and instead occupy a position of shared vulnerability. A practice of defecting privileges an ethics of responsibility despite and because of the impossibility for accurate representation.
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Garcia, Kimberly S., and Jill F. Kilanowski. "Senales de Peligo: Guatemalan Lay Midwives’ Perceptions of Responding to Obstetrical Complications." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 31, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659619889114.
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Introduction: The Guatemalan maternal mortality rate is among the highest in Latin Americans, and lay midwives (LMs) attend home births. The study’s purpose was to explore LMs’ knowledge of, attitudes toward, and practices regarding obstetrical complications and emergencies. Method: In the remote Peten region, a descriptive ethnographic study held focus group discussions before education programs to teach/boost LMs’ awareness about obstetrical complications. The long-table approach of analyses developed a matrix of common themes. Results: Nearly 200 LMs participated in 11 groups. Six themes emerged: LMs attribute their knowledge to God, recognize signs of obstetrical danger, want more training and equipment, encounter resistance from a patriarchal culture, feel fear and despair in addressing obstetrical complications/emergencies, and experience arduous logistics in emergency hospital transfers. Discussion: Contrary to published literature, LMs were able to verbalize basic knowledge of obstetrical complications. Information learned can guide future, action-research studies to address the maternal mortality rate in resource-poor settings.
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Mariscal, David Caballero. "The Guatemalan Genocide Through Indigenous Mayan Literature Twenty Years After the Peace Accords: Rigoberta Menchú, Humberto Ak´Abal and Victor Montejo." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v7i1.p31-39.
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Guatemala experienced a cruel genocide in the early eighties, in the context of a repressive Conflict. Due to the different governments´ repressive policies, this terrible social situation was little known abroad, and even in the own country. Just after the Peace Accords, several organisms worked to uncover the historical truth. In any case, we cannot forget that testimonial literature is a privileged mean to know this dark period of the contemporary history of Guatemala. This genre is particularly relevant, because the main writers are originally Mayans, and have directly suffered both repression and social exclusion due to ethnic reasons. Rigoberta Menchú, Unmberto Ak´abal and Víctor Montejo represent a new and original point of view in the measure in which they describe feelings and situations from the perspective of those who experience them personally. Testimonial literature or the Testimonio becomes an ethnographic document that allows us to know not just a period but a people who have suffered from repression and exclusion for centuries.
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Alvarenga Venutolo, Patricia. "Poder, memoria y sujeto en Tikal Futura. Memorias para un futuro incierto (novelita futurista), de Franz Galich." Revista de Historia, no. 73 (June 29, 2016): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rh.73.5.
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The current article enriches the reflection about the novel Tikal Futura, through the dialogue between such novel and the sociological literature related to Guatemalan society and theoretical analysis around the issue of subjectivity. La first section explores the literary representation of social exclusion through the concepts of “otherness” and “abjection”. The second one develops the relation between power and subjectivity taking under consideration their effects in the victims as well as in the victimizer. The concept of memory is central in the last section because in the novel the representation of the past is a key issue in the creation of effective forms of resistance.
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VALDEZ-MORENO, MARTHA ELENA, JOSÉ POOL-CANUL, and SALVADOR CONTRERAS-BALDERAS. "A checklist of the freshwater ichthyofauna from El Petén and Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, with notes for its conservation and management." Zootaxa 1072, no. 1 (October 28, 2005): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1072.1.4.
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Guatemala is characterized by high diversity of its freshwater fishes. Among the most important regions of biodiversity are the Departments of El Petén and Alta Verapaz, located in the northern part of the country south of the Mexican border. Several authors consider the ichthyofauna of this country to be relatively well studied, but the majority of available information is dispersed and sporadic. We present an updated systematic list, comprising all species collected by us, and which includes an exhaustive check of literature records. A total of 55 collecting localities are included in this study. The total species number is 88, distributed in 47 genera, 24 families, and 14 orders. The two departments together include 35.2% of the total estimated number of fish species for the entire country. The Cichlidae and Poeciliidae are the most speciose families. Of the total of 88 species, 11 are primary fishes, 54 are secondary, and 23 peripheral, according to Myers (1938) classification. One endemic species is known from El Petén and 12 from Alta Verapaz. Three species are considered to be exotics: Ctenopharyngodon idella, Carassius auratus, and Oreochromis aureus. Several of our collections confirm the presence of species not reported for more than 30 years (e.g., Bramocharax species), but others require more study (i.e. Heterandria species). Only 18 species from Guatemala are recognized as threatened or endangered by different organizations, but included are some of the more common and widespread species, such as Astyanax aeneus. Several endemics are excluded from such listings, possibly due to lack of knowledge. The actual condition of the Guatemalan populations for the majority of the fish species, including the endemics, is not known.Guatemala presenta una gran diversidad de peces dulceacuícolas y entre las regiones más
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Arias, Arturo. "Letter from Guatemala: Indigenous Women on Civil War." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 5 (October 2009): 1874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.5.1874.
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Nothing had been published on women indigenous combatants until Ligia Peláez edited memorias rebeldes contra el olvido: Paasantzila txumb'al ti' sortzeb'al k'u‘l, a collection of essays portraying the voices of Ixil and K'iche’ women. During the Guatemalan Civil War they fought with the Guerrilla Army of the Poor. When the war ended in 1996, they returned to their hometowns. About six hundred of them founded the Kumool Association in 1999. Peláez, an academic working for the Association for the Advancement of the Social Sciences, met them in Uspantán in May 2006. She returned in June with her team, and by the second meeting, in July, the Kumool women chose to collaborate in the writing of a book about their experience.
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Martí Esteve, Imma. "Ramon Vinyes i la renovació de la narrativa colombiana: El proteisme literari a <i>El llac d'Atitlán</i>." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 33 (July 1, 2020): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2020.329-350.
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Summary: This article analyses literary proteanism in Ramon Vinyes’ narrative and particularly in his short story “El llac d’Atitlán”. In this tale Ramon Vinyes turns into fiction his reflections about literary dynamism and the interconnection between literary systems. Literature facilitates knowledge transfer throughout epochs and cultures. Besides, the literary text is the result of various metamorphoses in which individuality and cultural hegemony play an outstanding role. “El llac d’Atitlán” fictionalises through the imagination of a Guatemalan poet the transfer of Renaissance philosophy in Latin America and its corruption under the influence of North American culture. Intertextuality and self-reference are the mechanisms to reshape knowledge. Literary proteanism becomes apparent through semantic and narratological transformation. Keywords: proteanism, knowledge transfer, intertextuality, self-reference, literary system, imperialism, metamorphosis, Pico della Mirandola, tellurism, Grupo de Barranquilla
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Carey, David, and M. Gabriela Torres. "Precursors to Femicide: Guatemalan Women in a Vortex of Violence." Latin American Research Review 45, no. 3 (2010): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100011146.
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AbstractToday women in Guatemala are killed at nearly the same rate as they were in the early 1980s when the civil war became genocidal. Yet the current femicide epidemic is less an aberration than a reflection of the way violence against women has become normalized in Guatemala. Used to re-inscribe patriarchy and sustain both dictatorships and democracies, gender-based violence morphed into femicide when peacetime governments became too weak to control extralegal and paramilitary powers. The naturalization of gender-based violence over the course of the twentieth century maintained and promoted the systemic impunity that undergirds femicide today. By accounting for the gendered and historical dimensions of the cultural practices of violence and impunity, we offer a re-conceptualization of the social relations that perpetuate femicide as an expression of post-war violence.
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Vázquez Enríquez, Emily Celeste. "Forecasting Extinction at the Guatemalan Border Forests: El mundo como flor y como invento by Mario Payeras." Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures 77, no. 4 (October 2, 2023): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397709.2023.2263348.
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Brown, Linda A. "Planting the Bones: Hunting Ceremonialism at Contemporary and Nineteenth-Century Shrines in the Guatemalan Highlands." Latin American Antiquity 16, no. 2 (June 2005): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30042808.
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AbstractFrom the Classic period to the present, scholars have documented the widespread Maya belief in a supernatural guardian of the animals who must be appeased in hunting rituals. Despite this resilience, features and deposits entering the archaeological record as a result of hunting ceremonies remain largely unknown. I describe several contemporary and nineteenth-century shrines used for hunting rites in the Maya highlands of Guatemala. These sites contain a unique feature, a ritual fauna cache, which consists of animal remains secondarily deposited during hunting ceremonies. The formation of these caches is informed by two beliefs with historical time depth: (1) the belief in a guardian of animals and (2) the symbolic conflation of bone and regeneration. The unique life history of remains in hunting-related ritual fauna caches suggests a hypothesis for puzzling deposits of mammal remains recovered archaeologically in lowland Maya caves. These may have functioned in hunting rites designed to placate the animal guardian and ensure the regeneration of the species via ceremonies that incorporated the secondary discard of skeletal remains. A review of the ethnographic literature from the Lenca, Huichol, Nahua, Tlapanec, and Mixe areas reveals similar hunting rites indicating a broader Mesoamerican ritual practice.
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López Martínez, María Del Pilar. "El árbol de Adán, de Gerardo Guinea Diez. Narrativa y memoria del genocidio guatemalteco (El árbol de Adán, by Gerardo Guinea Diez. Narrative and Remembrance of the Genocide in Guatemala)." LETRAS 1, no. 59 (February 6, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.1-59.2.
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El estudio analiza la propuesta estética de una de las novelas menos estudiadas sobre el genocidio guatemalteco: El árbol de Adán. Se efectúa un recorrido sobre la obra de ficción del escritor Gerardo Guinea Diez, e incursiona en algunos elementos de su poética para señalar las diferencias con la llamada «literatura de posguerra centroamericana», así como con el modelo predominante que entre los historiadores literarios se tiene. Muestra esos otros imaginarios que desde el interior de los países centroamericanos se construyen, muchas veces a contrapelo de lo que se conoce desde fuera de las fronteras del Istmo.This study analyzes the aesthetic proposal of one of the least known novels about the Guatemalan genocide: El Árbol de Adán (Adam’s Tree). It explores the fictional works of Gerardo Guinea Diez, and addresses the author’s poetic style, to emphasize the discrepancies between his work and that of the so-called “post-war school of Central American literature” and the predominant model supported by historians. The article reveals these other imaginary worlds created from within the Central American countries, but which often contrast with widespread perceptions of those who are outside the region.
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Fuentes, Alberto. "Learning Targets: Policy Paradigms and State Responses to the Anticorruption Transnational Advocacy Network Campaign in Guatemala." Latin American Politics and Society 64, no. 1 (February 2022): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.55.
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ABSTRACTScholarship on Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) increasingly recognizes that even weak states targeted by TANs may respond, and subvert, transnational norm socialization campaigns. It examines both the conditions conducive to such responses and the range of policy instruments available to these states. Yet this emerging work lacks a robust, contextualized account for how states devise the strategy and the content of their responses. This article builds on the policy-learning literature to elucidate the process through which states construct their antiTAN approaches. It suggests that states’ policy paradigms in the field of domestic security largely shape those responses, with different paradigms offering distinct priorities and instruments. The comparison of the divergent impact of the Guatemalan state’s contrasting responses to two similar legal-political challenges, undertaken in the context of the same anticorruption TAN campaign, illustrates the argument.
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Amat, Víctor Manuel Sanchis. "El hombre de Montserrat: writings on violence in the latin american crime fiction." Alea: Estudos Neolatinos 20, no. 1 (January 2018): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-106x/2018201142160.
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Abstract: The article adresses the novel El hombre de Montserrat, written by the Guatemalan writer Dante Liano and recognized within the genre of crime fiction, as a precursory model for a narrative that established a way of rewriting the history of violence in Central American countries in both fictional and theoretical terms. Dante Liano’s successful reception has turned the novel into a reference of the Central American literature of the nineties. This is due to the fact that his narrative is replete with mechanisms that were seen in the best works of the previous Latin American narrative, far from the great discourses, by a displaying genre hybridization, a parodic transgression or lexical localism. This article analyses the interweaving of genres and the subversion of the plot, the characters and the rewriting of the history against the postulates of the classic detective novel.
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Ruiz-Alfaro, Sofía. "Argentine, Mexican, and Guatemalan Photography: Feminist, Queer, and Post-Masculinist Perspectives by David William Foster." Hispanic Review 84, no. 3 (2016): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hir.2016.0030.
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Yu, Elaine A., Tianwei Yu, Dean P. Jones, Reynaldo Martorell, Manuel Ramirez-Zea, and Aryeh D. Stein. "Macronutrient, Energy, and Bile Acid Metabolism Pathways Altered Following a Physiological Meal Challenge, Relative to Fasting, among Guatemalan Adults." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 8 (June 29, 2020): 2031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa169.
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ABSTRACT Background The healthy human metabolome, including its physiological responses after meal consumption, remains incompletely understood. One major research gap is the limited literature assessing how human metabolomic profiles differ between fasting and postprandial states after physiological challenges. Objectives Our study objective was to evaluate alterations in high-resolution metabolomic profiles following a standardized meal challenge, relative to fasting, in Guatemalan adults. Methods We studied 123 Guatemalan adults without obesity, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or comorbidities. Every participant received a standardized meal challenge (520 kcal, 67.4 g carbohydrates, 24.3 g fat, 8.0 g protein) and provided blood samples while fasting and at 2 h postprandial. Plasma samples were assayed by high-resolution metabolomics with dual-column LC [C18 (negative electrospray ionization), hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC, positive electrospray ionization)] coupled to ultra-high-resolution MS. Associations between metabolomic features and the meal challenge timepoint were assessed in feature-by-feature multivariable linear mixed regression models. Two algorithms (mummichog, gene set enrichment analysis) were used for pathway analysis, and P values were combined by the Fisher method. Results Among participants (62.6% male, median age 43.0 y), 1130 features (C18: 777; HILIC: 353) differed between fasting and postprandial states (all false discovery rate–adjusted q < 0.05). Based on differing C18 features, top pathways included: tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), primary bile acid biosynthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism (all Pcombined < 0.05). Mass spectral features included: taurine and cholic acid in primary bile acid biosynthesis; and fumaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid in the TCA. HILIC features that differed in the meal challenge reflected linoleic acid metabolism (Pcombined < 0.05). Conclusions Energy, macronutrient, and bile acid metabolism pathways were responsive to a standardized meal challenge in adults without cardiometabolic diseases. Our findings reflect metabolic flexibility in disease-free individuals.
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Eisenlauer, J. S. Noble, and Christine Conte. "Maya Culture and Costume: A Catalogue of the Taylor Museum's E. B. Ricketson Collection of Guatemalan Textiles." African Arts 19, no. 1 (November 1985): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336395.
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Cleary, Edward L. "Examining Guatemalan Processes of Violence and Peace: A Review of Recent Research." Latin American Research Review 37, no. 1 (2002): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100019439.
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Sanford, Victoria. "From I, Rigoberta to the Commissioning of Truth: Maya Women and the Reshaping of Guatemalan History." Cultural Critique 47, no. 1 (2001): 16–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cul.2001.0027.
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Lorenzen, Matthew. "The Mixed Motives of Unaccompanied Child Migrants from Central America's Northern Triangle." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 4 (December 2017): 744–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500402.
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A growing body of literature has argued that the distinction between forced and voluntary migration can be, in practice, unclear. This literature points out that each individual migrant may have mixed motives for migrating, including both forced and voluntary reasons. Few studies, however, have actually set out to analyze mixed-motive migration. This paper examines the mixed-motive migration of unaccompanied minors from Central America's Northern Triangle states (Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador), using data from a small 2016 survey carried out in 10 shelters for unaccompanied child migrants run by a Mexican government child welfare agency. Using this survey, the paper identifies the immigrating minor's motives, which are oftentimes mixed, and details differences by nationality, gender, and age groups. Some of the key findings include: • Around one-third of the child migrants surveyed had mixed motives, including both forced and voluntary reasons for migrating. • Violence appears most often as a reason for migrating among minors with mixed motives, as opposed to the search for better opportunities, which appears more often as an exclusive motive. • Significant differences between the three nationalities are observed. Relatively few Guatemalan minors indicated violence as a motive, and few displayed mixed motives, as opposed to Hondurans, and especially Salvadorans. • The minors fleeing violence, searching for better opportunities, and indicating both motives at the same time were largely mature male adolescents. • The minors mentioning family reunification as their sole motive were predominantly girls and young children. The results indicate that binary formulations regarding forced and voluntary migration are often inadequate. This has important implications, briefly addressed in the conclusions. These implications include: • the need for migration scholars to consider forced reasons for migrating in the context of mixed-motive migration; • the fact that mixed motives call into question the established, clear-cut categories that determine whether someone is worthy of humanitarian protection or not; • the need to have in-depth, attentive, and individual asylum screening because motives may be interconnected and entangled, and because forced reasons may be hidden behind voluntary motives; and • the need for a more flexible policy approach, so that immigration systems may be more inclusive of migrants with mixed motives.
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Lovell, W. George, and Christopher H. Lutz. "Conquest and Population: Maya Demography in Historical Perspective." Latin American Research Review 29, no. 2 (1994): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100024158.
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How many Mayas are there? That deceptively simple question has seldom met with an unqualified answer, especially in Guatemala, where both question and answer invariably trigger ideological positions that are not easily reconciled. The Columbus Quincentenary in 1992, the year a Maya woman, Rigoberta Menchú, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, offered a timely juncture for reflecting on the matter. In this research note, we chart from the eve of conquest to the present the collapse and eventual recovery of an Indian population that today numbers more than twice as many as it did at European contact, a trajectory of survival experienced by few other Native American populations. The figures we examine are the best we could find, although none of them should be considered definitive. Moreover, they all indicate an Indian presence without ever being clear or consistent as to whom the definition applies. These figures are displayed in table 1. Any figure contemplated must also be appreciated in relation to the sources and methodology of its calculation. Discussion of this issue, however, we have kept to a minimum. Our aim is to summarize the salient features of a complex demographic situation in the hope of shedding light on an enduring Maya presence, one that increasingly challenges traditional notions of what a Guatemalan nation-state should be and on what terms Maya peoples contained within it should live (Cojtí Cuxil 1991; Smith 1990, 1991).
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De Jesus, Maria, and Carissa Hernandes. "Generalized Violence as a Threat to Health and Well-Being: A Qualitative Study of Youth Living in Urban Settings in Central America’s “Northern Triangle”." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183465.
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El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras rank among the top 10 countries experiencing violence in the world, despite not being at war. Although there is abundant literature on generalized violence in this “northern triangle” of Central America as a driver of out-migration to the United States, very little is known about the perspectives and experiences of youth who do not migrate. This study aimed to elicit the emic perspectives of youth residing in the region on how the day-to-day generalized violence produces a pervasive threat to the overall health and human security of youth as well as the key protective factors and resiliencies at work. We conducted two separate waves of qualitative research in 2015 and 2018 over a 6-month period, which included 60 in-depth interviews and six focus groups among Salvadoran, Guatemalan and Honduran youth living in urban areas. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed two meta-themes: (1) ‘Lack of health,’ defined as not experiencing peace within the family, the community, and the country’ and (2) ‘Resilience.’ Thematic clusters that reflect the first meta-theme are: (1) violence as a common occurrence; (2) living in fear and insecurity; (3) victimization; and (4) lack of state protection and services. Thematic clusters for the second meta-theme are: (1) a positive future outlook and a commitment to education; (2) transnational and local family network support; and (3) engagement in community-based youth groups. To interpret the findings, we adopt the Latin American Social Medicine and Collective Health (LASM-CH) approach that prioritizes perspectives from the region. Generalized violence is conceptualized as a systemic phenomenon that is generated and reproduced through the complex interactions of structural inequities and unequal power relations. The findings of this study provide new insights into the implementation of a different approach to address the generalized violence, insights that may guide multi-sectoral health policies and interventions both in the region and transnationally.