Journal articles: 'Guayusa'

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Kapp, Robert W., Odete Mendes, Shambhu Roy, Robert S. McQuate, and Richard Kraska. "General and Genetic Toxicology of Guayusa Concentrate (Ilex guayusa)." International Journal of Toxicology 35, no. 2 (January 25, 2016): 222–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581815625594.

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Tea from the leaves of guayusa ( Ilex guayusa) has a long history of consumption by Ecuadorian natives in regions where the plant is indigenous. The tea contains the methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine as well as chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and sugars. Various studies were performed to evaluate the general and genetic toxicology of a standardized liquid concentrate of guayusa (GC). Guayusa concentrate was found to be negative in in vitro genotoxicity tests including the Ames test and a chromosome aberration study in human lymphocytes. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of GC was >5,000 mg/kg for female rats. Guayusa concentrate was administered to male and female rats in a 90-day subchronic study at 1,200, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/d of GC and a caffeine-positive control at 150 mg/kg/d corresponding to the amount of caffeine in the high-dose GC group. Effects observed in the GC-treated groups were comparable to those in the caffeine control group and included reductions in body weights, food efficiency, triglycerides values, and fat pad weights and increases in blood chemistry values for serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum alanine aminotransferase, and cholesterol and adaptive salivary gland hypertrophy. No signs of incremental toxicity due to any other components of guayusa were observed. The studies indicate no harmful effects of GC in these test systems.

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Dueñas, Juan F., Christopher Jarrett, Ian Cummins, and Eliot Logan–Hines. "Amazonian Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.): A Historical and Ethnobotanical Overview." Economic Botany 70, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-016-9334-2.

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García-Ruiz, Almudena, Nieves Baenas, Ana M. Benítez-González, Carla M. Stinco, Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez, Diego A. Moreno, and Jenny Ruales. "Guayusa (Ilex guayusa L.) new tea: phenolic and carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, no. 12 (March 9, 2017): 3929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8255.

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Jakubowski, Mariusz. "Guayusa - aspekty praktyczne i rynkowe." PRZEMYSŁ FERMENTACYJNY I OWOCOWO-WARZYWNY 1, no. 10 (October 5, 2019): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/64.2019.10.4.

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Erazo-Garcia, Maria P., Juan José Guadalupe, Jennifer K. Rowntree, Pamela Borja-Serrano, Nina Espinosa de los Monteros-Silva, and Maria de Lourdes Torres. "Assessing the Genetic Diversity of Ilex guayusa Loes., a Medicinal Plant from the Ecuadorian Amazon." Diversity 13, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050182.

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Ilex guayusa Loes. is a shrub native to the Neotropics, traditionally consumed as an infusion. Despite its cultural value and extensive use, genetic research remains scarce. This study examined the genetic and clonal diversity of guayusa in three different Ecuadorian Amazon regions using 17 species-specific SSR markers. The results obtained suggest a moderately low degree of genetic diversity (He = 0.396). Among the 88 samples studied, 71 unique multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified, demonstrating a high genotypic diversity. A Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) revealed the existence of two genetic clusters. We propose that a model of isolation-by-environment (IBE) could explain the genetic differentiation between these clusters, with the main variables shaping the population’s genetic structure being temperature seasonality (SD × 100) (Bio 4) and isothermality ×100 (Bio 3). Nonetheless, we cannot dismiss the possibility that human activities could also impact the genetic diversity and distribution of this species. This study gives a first glance at the genetic diversity of I. guayusa in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It could assist in developing successful conservation and breeding programs, which could promote the economic growth of local communities and reinforce the value of ancestral knowledge.

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Cadena-Carrera, Santiago, Deise Parolo Tramontin, Alexandre Bella Cruz, Rosana Cé Bella Cruz, José Miguel Müller, and Haiko Hense. "Biological activity of extracts from guayusa leaves (Ilex guayusa Loes.) obtained by supercritical CO2 and ethanol as cosolvent." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 152 (October 2019): 104543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104543.

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Radice, Matteo, and Giovanni Vidari. "Caracterización fitoquímica de la especie Ilex guayusa Loes. y elaboración de un prototipo de fitofármaco de interés comercial." La Granja 6, no. 2 (October 30, 2007): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n6.2007.01.

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De los 17 países megadiversos del mundo cuatro de ellos se ubican en la zona andina y concentran el 75% de la diversidad en especies de animales y plantas, estos son: Colombia, Perú, Venezuela y Ecuador (Estrella et al. 2005). La Amazonía ecuatoriana representa una de las áreas con mayor biodiversidad del planeta y por su enorme variedad de plantas se convierte en una fuente de investigación de interés permanente, especialmente para el desarrollo de nuevas materias primas del mercado farmacéutico, cosmético y alimentario. Al interés comercial se unen también el científico y el antropológico, sobre todo cuando se trata de recuperar una de las plantas sagradas de las nacionalidades indígenas que habitan en la región amazónica ecuatoriana conocida con el nombre vernáculo de guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.) y que es usada tradicionalmente por los Achuar y mestizos en forma de infusión.Dentro de este contexto, es fundamental aclarar que el conocimiento fitoquímico de la guayusa es limitado y la literatura científica es escasa, razón por la cual es necesaria una profunda investigación científica con el fin de evaluar su actividad biológica o farmacéutica y los posibles usos comerciales. Actualmente, los pocos datos fitoquímicos de esta planta solo revelan datos de su contenido en cafeína, así como la presencia de triterpenos y ácidos clorogénicos (Rosero Gordón 2006-2007); por lo tanto, aún no se pueden explicar todas las propiedades curativas que la tradición popular le atribuye. Así, los objetivos de esta investigación fueron:1. Desarrollar un fitofármaco con base en Ilex guayusa Loes. que actúe como un coadyuvante en el tratamiento de manifestaciones sintomáticas como gripe, jaqueca y fiebre. 2. Identificar las familias químicas presentes en Ilex guayusa Loes. 3. Desarrollar la preparación de un extracto adecuado a la formulación final. 4. Desarrollar un método de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) para la dosificación de la cafeína en el producto final. 5. Establecer los parámetros de calidad del producto transformado. 6. Realizar un proceso productivo apto a las condiciones tecnológicas locales.El enfoque de la investigación se puede resumir en nueve etapas principales (Figura 1), las cuales deben ser completadas con el desarrollo de un prototipo sometido a estudios preclínicos y clínicos, pruebas industriales y finalmente, el producto desarrollado debe tener un plan de comercialización.

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Wise, Graham, and Demetrio E. Santander. "Assessing the History of Safe Use of Guayusa." Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 6, no. 7 (August 12, 2018): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-6-7-8.

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Gan, Ren-You, Dan Zhang, Min Wang, and Harold Corke. "Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from the Genus Ilex, a Source of Traditional Caffeinated Beverages." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111682.

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Tea and coffee are caffeinated beverages commonly consumed around the world in daily life. Tea from Camellia sinensis is widely available and is a good source of caffeine and other bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols and carotenoids). Other tea-like beverages, such as those from the genus Ilex, the large-leaved Kudingcha (Ilex latifolia Thunb and Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng), Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil), Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria), and Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes) are also traditional drinks, with lesser overall usage, but have attracted much recent attention and have been subjected to further study. This review summarizes the distribution, composition, and health benefits of caffeinated beverages from the genus Ilex. Plants of this genus mainly contain polyphenols and alkaloids, and show diverse health benefits, which, as well as supporting their further popularization as beverages, may also lead to potential applications in the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries.

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Manzano Santana, Patricia, María Quijano-Avilés, Ivan Chóez-Guaranda, Ana Barragán Lucas, Rafael Viteri Espinoza, Daysi Martínez, Cinthia Camacho, and Migdalia Miranda Martinez. "Effect of drying methods on physical and chemical properties of Ilex guayusa leaves." Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 8617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v71n3.71667.

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En este trabajo se discute la influencia del secado al aire (AD), el horno de convección (CO) y el secado solar (SOD) sobre las propiedades físicas y químicas de las hojas de Ilex guayusa. Seestimaron las cenizas totales (%), las cenizas insolubles en ácido (%), las cenizas solubles en agua (%), la humedad residual (%) y el contenido de cafeína (%). Además, se analizó la presencia los alcaloides, flavonoides, azúcares reductores, saponinas, esteroides, quinonas, grasas, fenoles y taninos en extractos de hojas secas. Los resultados revelaron que los parámetros del análisis físico no se vieron afectados por las técnicas de secado. La mayor cantidad de metabolitos secundarios se detectó en el extracto etanólico y acuoso. En general, las hojas secadas al horno de convección mostraron el mayor contenido de cafeína (3,71%) y el menor tiempo de secado (13 h) en comparación con los otros métodos de secado empleados. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron un método rápido para secar hojas de Ilex guayusa sin alterar el contenido de componentes bioactivos beneficiosos para la salud, estudios que no han sido reportados.

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Chianese, G., S. D. Golin-Pacheco, O. Taglialatela-Scafati, J. A. Collado, E. Munoz, G. Appendino, and F. Pollastro. "Bioactive triterpenoids from the caffeine-rich plants guayusa and maté." Food Research International 115 (January 2019): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.005.

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Quijano-Avilés, Maria, Ivan Chóez-Guaranda, Rafael Viteri, Ana Barragán-Lucas, Daynet Sosa, and Patricia Manzano. "Effect of Cocoa Bean Shell Addition on Metabolite Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Herbal Infusions." International Journal of Food Science 2021 (May 6, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9915797.

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Cocoa bean shell (CBS) is a by-product with aromatic characteristics that can enhance the aroma and bioactivity of herbal infusions. This study was aimed to determine the effect of the addition of cocoa bean shell on the metabolite profile and antioxidant activity of infusions made with Ilex guayusa and Vernonanthura patens and their mixtures. Metabolite profile was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis. Total polyphenol content and flavonoids were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and by the flavonoid-AlCl3 complex, respectively. Antioxidant activities were measured by the decolorization assay of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and the ferric reducing antioxidant power. The results revealed that the addition of CBS increases the content of phenolic acids in the infusions (caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and pyrocatechol). Nonetheless, the antioxidant activity of the infusions decreased with the addition of CBS (16.21 to 2.74 TEAC). Carboxylic acids and derivatives, major compounds present in the infusions prepared with V. patens, were the metabolites that showed the highest correlation with the antioxidant activity. This study suggests that the infusions made with CBS present a profile of metabolites different from the infusions of I. guayusa, V. patens, and their mixtures.

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Lewis, W. H., E. J. Kennelly, G. N. Bass, H. J. Wedner, M. P. Elvin-Lewis, and D. Fast W. "Ritualistic use of the holly Ilex guayusa by Amazonian Jivaro Indians." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33, no. 1-2 (May 1991): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90156-8.

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SALTOS, Ricardo Vinicio Abril, Tomás Elías Ruiz VÁSQUEZ, Jatnel Alonso LAZO, Derwing Viáfara BANGUERA, Pedro Damián Ríos GUAYASAMÍN, Janeth Karina Aguinda VARGAS, and Ingrid Vega PEÑAS. "The use of medicinal plants by rural populations of the Pastaza province in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Acta Amazonica 46, no. 4 (December 2016): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201600305.

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ABSTRACT Mera, Santa Clara and Pastaza municipalities are located in the Ecuadorian Amazon region. The objective of the study was to identify plant species used in traditional medicine by small farmers of these localities, and to classify these plants according to locality, farmer ethnicity and purposes of use. It was also investigated whether the use of medicinal plants differs between the ethnic groups. Data were collected by applying a questionnaire and personal interview with 213 farmers belonging to two ethnicities (Kichwa and mestizo), and to different municipalities (Mera, Santa Clara and Pastaza). Generated data were analyzed using contingency tables and frequency and the most representative species were determined by proportion analysis comparison. A total of 34 families and 52 species of medicinal plants were identified. The most used species was Ilex guayusa which was cited 48 times. Santa Clara municipality and Kichwa farmers used the highest number of species. These species belonged to the Lamiaceae and Solanacease family, and the plants were used for treating stomach pain, cold and inflammations. There were significant differences (Chi square test p < 0.05) between localities and ethnicities (Kichwa and mestizo). There were differences in the use of medicinal plant species among members of the Kichwa ethnicity and mestizo farmers, depending on locality, being Ilex guayusa the most used species.

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Wise, Graham, and Demetrio E. Santander. "Comparative Composition Analysis of the Dried Leaves of Ilex guayusa (Loes.)." Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 6, no. 10 (November 9, 2018): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-6-10-4.

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Krause, Torsten, and Barry Ness. "Energizing agroforestry: Ilex guayusa as an additional commodity to diversify Amazonian agroforestry systems." International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2017.1303646.

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Villacís-Chiriboga, José, Almudena García-Ruiz, Nieves Baenas, Diego A. Moreno, Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez, Carla M. Stinco, Lourdes Jerves-Andrade, Fabián León-Tamariz, Johanna Ortiz-Ulloa, and Jenny Ruales. "Changes in phytochemical composition, bioactivity andin vitrodigestibility of guayusa leaves (Ilex guayusaLoes.) in different ripening stages." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98, no. 5 (November 24, 2017): 1927–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8675.

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Arteaga-Crespo, Yasiel, Matteo Radice, Luis Ramón Bravo-Sanchez, Yudel García-Quintana, and Laura Scalvenzi. "Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from Ilex guayusa Loes. leaves using response surface methodology." Heliyon 6, no. 1 (January 2020): e03043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03043.

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Paladines-Santacruz, Geovanna, Andrea Orellana-Manzano, Glenda Sarmiento, Glenda Pilozo, Elsy Iñiga, Fausto Zaruma-Torres, Johana Ortíz-Ulloa, et al. "Acute oral toxicity of a novel functional drink based on Ilex guayusa, Vernonanthura patens, and cocoa husk." Toxicology Reports 8 (2021): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.026.

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Ruiz Q., Julio R., and Mirtha Roque A. "Actividad antimicrobiana de cuatro plantas del nor-oriente peruano." Ciencia e Investigación 12, no. 1 (June 15, 2009): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/ci.v12i1.3387.

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Se investigó la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de los extractos metanólicos, etanólicos e hidroalcohólicos de cuatro plantas del nor-oriente peruano: Cassia reticulata (planta entera), Ilex guayusa Loes (hojas), Piper lineatum (hojas), y Terminalia catappa (hojas). Las especies fueron recolectadas en el departamento de Cajamarca, excepto Terminalia catappa (Amazonas). La actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó mediante el método de difusión en agar. Los microorganismos utilizados fueron las bacterias Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis y Escherichia coli; y los hongos Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger y Microsporum canis. De doce extractos investigados, ocho (67%) presentaron actividad antimicrobiana significativa frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis y uno (8%) frente a Escherichia coli. De doce extractos investigados, diez (83%) presentaron actividad significativa frente a Candida albicans, y seis (50%) contra Microsporum canis. Los extractos con la mejor actividad actimicrobiana fueron los tres extractos del Piper lineatum; el extracto hidroalcohólico de Cassia reticulata y el hidroalcohólico de Terminalia catappa.

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Wise, Graham, and Adam Negrin. "A critical review of the composition and history of safe use of guayusa: a stimulant and antioxidant novel food." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60, no. 14 (August 1, 2019): 2393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1643286.

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RENGIFO-SALGADO, Elsa Liliana, César Miguel FERNÁNDEZ-VILCHEZ, and Gabriel VARGAS-ARANA. "BÚSQUEDA Y EVALUACIÓN DE ACEITES ESENCIALES EN ESPECIES AMAZÓNICAS." Folia Amazónica 19, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24841/fa.v19i1-2.340.

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El interés, cada vez creciente, por los recursos vegetales con potencial para los Bionegocios, motivo el estudio de algunas especies, que contengan aceites esenciales, para ello, se recopiló y sistematizo información bibliográfica, sobre especies amazónicas aromáticas, seleccionándose trece especies, incluida Citrus medica, introducida del Sureste de Asia. Las zonas de colecta y estudio fueron, El Centro de Investigaciones Allpahuayo – CIA, Comunidades de Santo Tomas y Puerto Almendras y Distrito de Tamshiyacu, Loreto, Perú. La obtención de los aceites esenciales se realizó por destilación con arrastre de vapor de agua. De las trece especies seleccionadas solo se logró obtener el aceite esencial de cinco de ellas. Se determinó el rendimiento del aceite esencial mediante la fórmula correspondiente y se midió el pH con los siguientes resultados: Citrus medica “Cidra” 16 ml. con un rendimiento de 0.24% y pH = 5. Piper aduncum “Cordoncillo” 3 ml. con un rendimiento de 0.02% y pH = 5. Piper callosum “Guayusa” 11 ml. con un rendimiento de 0.18% y pH = 5. Tetragastris panamensis “Copal Blanco” 1 ml. con un rendimiento de 0.004% y pH = 8. Alpinia zerumbet “Canelilla” 3 ml. con un rendimiento de 0.02% y pH = 5.

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Sidali, Katia, Pascual Morocho, and Edgardo Garrido-Pérez. "Food Tourism in Indigenous Settings as a Strategy of Sustainable Development: The Case of Ilex guayusa Loes. in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Sustainability 8, no. 10 (September 22, 2016): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8100967.

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Rueda-Aponte, Nubia Raquel. "Aplicación de técnicas de merchandising para el posicionamiento de los productos del Barrio Celen Parroquia Gualel del Cantón Loja." INNOVA Research Journal 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33890/innova.v4.n1.2019.777.

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El presente trabajo se lo realizo en la zona rural del barrio Celen de la Parroquia Gualel, en el cual se evidenció la necesidad de desarrollar productos novedosos, innovadores y de calidad aptos para el consumo, mejorando los productos artesanales del sector que carecían de una marca, envase y posicionamiento. Al respecto, la Universidad Internacional del Ecuador extensión Loja (UIDE-Loja) cumpliendo con la misión institucional realizo vinculación con la comunidad del barrio Celen, contando con el apoyo del Municipio de Loja. Para el efecto se realizó un diagnostico situacional en el lugar indicado, detectando falencias en la creación de sus productos; siendo uno de los objetivos de la investigación, desarrollar productos y aplicar técnicas de merchandising para su posicionamiento. En la metodología de trabajo se utilizó la investigación cualitativa aplicando la técnica de la observación participativa al involucrar a 20 productores quienes se involucraron activamente en el desarrollo de los productos, luego se realizó capacitación de ventas, elaboración de stands para ferias libres. Como resultado de la propuesta se construyó la imagen corporativa para los productos de Celen, con asesoría de docentes y estudiantes de la carrera de Marketing de la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas de la UIDE Loja, realizando diferentes diseños y el manual de marca de los siete productos elaborados en base a la guaviduca y guayusa plantas nativas del sector.

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Herrera Montero, Luis. "Patrimonio cultural inmaterial en el cantón Mera: una experiencia etnográfica." ÁNFORA 20, no. 35 (September 13, 2016): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30854/anf.v20.n35.2013.44.

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Objetivo: identificar los patrimonios culturales inmateriales que perviven en el cantón Mera, provincia de Pastaza- Ecuador.Metodología: se articuló la producción teórica con el trabajo de campo etnográfico; se teorizó en temas de patrimonio y patrimonio cultural inmaterial y se obtuvieron narrativas sobre los bienes patrimoniales, a través de entrevistas tematizadas y talleres participativos. La fundamentación metodológica se sostuvo en los aportes del interaccionismo simbólico, la antropología posestructural y la investigación acción latinoamericana.Resultados: mediante el registro de 50 fichas, conforme los ámbitos de la Convención de la UNESCO de 2003, se observó que en las poblaciones amazónicas lo patrimonial tiene vigencia cultural. No obstante, no están exentas de los procesos de globalización y colonización, hay manifestaciones culturales extintas y en riesgo de extinguirse. Existen diferencias entre las poblaciones mestizas, parroquias Mera y Shell y las comunidades kichwas, en la parroquia de Madre Tierra.Conclusiones: hay una rica interdependencia entre los ámbitos del patrimonio cultural inmaterial –las fiestas son ejes articuladores y la yuca, la guayusa y la chicha son bienes transversales–; compleja coexistencia entre el cristianismo, las prácticas tradicionales y la modernidad los patrimonios culturales inmateriales de la región; compleja condición para la inmaterialidad, pues es aún más académica que prioridad para el desarrollo; riesgo de extinción de algunos patrimonios por la ruptura cultural que manifiestan las nuevas generaciones; distintos roles de género en la práctica de los patrimonios; diferencias entre poblaciones kichwas y colonos, las primeras con una mayor presencia de sus patrimonios culturales y las segundas en mayor grado de vulnerabilidad.

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Bottasso, Noemi, and Salvatore Patera. "La dinámica “Cuerpo Común” como herramienta para el desarrollo endógeno de la comunidad indígena Shuar Yawi, Gualaquiza, Ecuador." Universitas, no. 25 (December 30, 2016): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17163/uni.n25.2016.02.

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La pedagogía se enfoca a la formación humana de aquel ser-sujeto-individuo entendido como animal social que en la sociedad cumple su propia formación humana, que es un conjunto de emancipación de… y construcción en la libertad, autonomía, auto-formación. De hecho sujetos, grupos, comunidades e instituciones que continuamente aprenden, desarrollan una creciente participación en la vida social, combinando crecientes niveles de competencias y capacidad para mejorar sus propia auto-realización en el desarrollo sostenible del amplio horizonte de la sociedad. El aprendizaje, individual y colectivo es un “proceso interactivo de interpretación, integración y transformación” de nuestro mundo experiencia, donde el aprendizaje reproduce y transforma la estructura social en la que habita. El valor constructivo de la evaluación, se vuelvo un instrumento de consciencia y mejoría del camino realizado por un grupo y promueve aprendizaje organizacional. El acento está puesto sobre el proceso de innovación y mejoramiento que la evaluación tiene de desempeñar, sobre las transformaciones auspiciadas en sujetos, los cuales, aprendiendo a evaluar y formular mas conscientemente y autónomamente los objetivos, a perseguirlo de manera intencional y cooperativa, a revisitar periódicamente lo realizado. El caso de estudio del siguiente artículo hace referencia a la capacitación propiciada al “Colectivo Juventud de Emprendedores”, grupo de indígenas Shuar de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana, que en 2015 empezó un proceso de emprendimiento para rescatar la sabiduría de sus ancestros y reforestar con plantas de Ilex Guayusa algunas zonas de la provincia de Morona Santiago, Ecuador. Se utilizó la metodología del “Cuerpo Común” como herramienta para el fortalecimiento del grupo y la visualización de sus fortalezas y debilidades.

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Huber, Otto. "GUAYANA HIGHLANDS VERSUS GUAYANA LOWLANDS, A REAPPRAISAL." TAXON 37, no. 3 (August 1988): 595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221102.

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Angotti, Thomas. "Ciudad Guayana." Journal of Planning Education and Research 20, no. 3 (March 2001): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x0102000305.

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West, Jan, and Eloy Rodriguez. "GPC Analysis of Rubber in Guayule and Five Species of Parthenium (Asteraceae)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 60, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536162.

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Abstract The genus Parthenium includes one species, guayule (P. argentatum Gray), that produces large amounts of good quality rubber. At present, guayule is the subject of research to determine if it can be developed as an alternative crop for the arid areas of the United States and other countries. Interspecific hybridization between guayule and other species of Parthenium can be accomplished without major difficulties, and there are several desirable agronomic traits that can be transferred from these species to guayule. These other species have not been reported to have large amounts of rubber. Rollins reported that some biotypes of Parthenium incanum H.B.K. contain small amounts of rubber. Taylor and Benedict reported that P. tomentosum D.C. var. stramonium (Greene) Rollins contained 0.02% rubber. Angulo-Sanchez examined 21 guayule plants from native stands near Saltillo and found Mw values varied between 6.10×104, 6.10×105, and 1.13×106; Mn values varies between 6.10×104 and 6.10×105 (Reference 7). These values are comparable to Hevea clones examined by Subramanian. In this study, the molecular weights of guayule and five species of Parthenium are reported, the F1 hybrids between guayule and one of these species, P. alpinum was also examined to determine the size of polymers that characterize this particular hybrid.

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Latigo, G. V., J. Smart, J. O. Bradford, and J. O. Kuti. "Performance of Arizona and California Guayule Lines in Southern Texas." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 795D—795. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.795d.

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Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a promising alternative to (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) for rubber production in semiarid regions. Substantial improvement in yield is needed to establish guayule as a competitive source of natural rubber. A 4-year field study was conducted on a dryland site in southern Texas to evaluate productivity of selected guayule breeding lines from Arizona and California. Plants were harvested at the age of 22, 34, and 46 months and analyzed for dry weight, resin content, rubber content, resin yield, rubber yield, and percent mortality. While significant differences (P = 0.05) were found for dry weight, resin content, and rubber content within the harvest dates and among the guayule lines, no significant differences were found for rubber content between the harvest dates for each genotypes. Phytomass was highly correlated (r = 0.94) with rubber yield. Survivorship of all the guayule lines decreased progressively over the experimental period and mortality rates ranged from 38% to 67 %. Guayule lines `UC102' from California and `N6-5' and `P3-1' from Arizona were ranked highest for all traits measured.

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Hashemi, A., A. Estilai, and J. G. Waines. "Cytogenetics and reproductive behavior of induced and natural tetraploid guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray)." Genome 32, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 1100–1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-561.

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Tetraploid guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) plants with 72 chromosomes were obtained by colchicine application to the shoot apices of the diploid (2n = 36) seedlings. Interspecific hybridization of guayule as female with Parthenium rollinsianum Rzedowski (2n = 36) was used to compare the mode of reproduction of the induced tetraploids with that of natural tetraploids. Plants produced from crosses of induced tetraploid guayule and P. rollinsianum were all hybrids. Hybrid plants showed 2n = 54 chromosomes, indicating that the artificially produced tetraploids reproduce sexually. Interspecific crosses between natural tetraploids and P. rollinsianum produced predominantly maternal type progeny. This suggests that the apomictic mode of reproduction in guayule is a consequence of mutations which accumulated in the natural polyploids. Diploid guayule plants showed regular meiosis with an average of 14.86 rod and 3.14 ring bivalents. Induced tetraploids produced 0.25 I, 29.21 II, 0.13 III, and 3.24 IV. In comparison, natural tetraploids showed 1.20 I, 30.85 II, 0.06 III, and 2.23 IV. The frequency of multivalents, which was limited in the induced tetraploids, showed further reduction in natural polyploid guayule, which may indicate diploidization in these plants. Percent pollen stainability was 98.5 ± 1.03, 83.7 ± 12.24, and 89.5 ± 3.41 for diploids, induced tetraploids, and natural tetraploids, respectively. Both induced and natural tetraploids had larger capitula, achenes, and pollen and thicker leaves than the diploids.Key words: guayule, natural rubber, reproductive behavior, meiosis, polyploid induction.

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Hemida, Ahmed, and Magdy Abdelrahman. "Influence of Guayule Resin as a Bio-Based Additive on Asphalt–Rubber Binder at Elevated Temperatures." Recycling 4, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling4030038.

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This study seeks to find the influence of replacing a portion of the asphalt–rubber binder with the bio-based material “guayule resin.” This replacement could be beneficial in terms of sustainability, economics, and environmental concerns related to the asphalt industry. Nine asphalt–rubber–guayule binders were investigated to find their rheological properties. Consecutively, the study proceeded with five selected binders being compared to the original asphalt (PG64-22). Investigations underwent whole matrices (crumb rubber modifier (CRM) residue included) and liquid phases (CRM residue extracted). Additionally, these properties were partially sought for their corresponding asphalt–rubber binders to compare and judge the contribution of the guayule resin. Likewise, a thermo-gravimetric analysis was done for the guayule resin to recognize its moisture and composition complexity. Such an analysis was also done for the as-received CRM and some extracted CRMs to determine the release and residue of rubber components. Outcomes showed that the guayule resin has the potential to compensate the performance required against the original asphalt at elevated temperatures while greatly decreasing the asphalt cement proportion. For instance, a blend of 62.5% asphalt, 12.5% CRM, and 25% guayule resin provided better performance than that of the original asphalt.

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Hashemi, A., A. Estilai, and J. G. Waines. "Cytogenetic analyses of intersectional hybrids between Parthenium argentatum and Parthenium confertum." Genome 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-420.

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Induced tetraploid guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, a rubber-producing and woody species of section Parthenicaeta) was crossed to P. confertum var. lyratum Gray, a herbaceous species of section Argyrocheta. Hybrids were obtained when guayule was used as female. Like their diploid progenitors, induced tetraploids were sexual and self-incompatible. At meiosis, they averaged 0.30 I, 29.63 II, 0.12 III, and 3.02 IV. Parthenium confertum had 69 chromosomes and was apomictic. At meiosis, it averaged 1.00 I, 32.98 II, and 0.51 IV. Hybrids received 36 chromosomes from guayule and 34 chromosomes from P. confertum. At meiosis, they averaged 0.52 I, 33.44 II, 0.20 III, and 0.50 IV. F1 plants behaved like an amphidiploid in which homologous chromosomes of guayule genome paired with each other and homologous chromosomes of P. confertum genome also paired preferentially. Chromosome association in the hybrids indicated that P. confertum parent may be a tetraploid with suppressed multivalent formation. Although hybrids were partially fertile and produced backcross progeny, the transfer of desirable traits (rapid growth and herbaceous growth habit) from P. confertum into guayule will depend on elimination of preferential pairing in the hybrids.Key words: guayule, natural rubber, meiosis, chromosome pairing.

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Grote-Flores, C. D., G. V. Latigo, J. O. Bradford, and J. O. Kuti. "Postharvest Stability of Guayule Natural Rubber and Resin during Long-term Cold Storage." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 636c—636. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.636c.

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Guayule shrub (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a source of natural rubber resin and latex. Because guayule does not produce natural antioxidants, considerable amounts of rubber and resin are lost after harvest. The effect of long (2–7 years) cold storage on postharvest stability of rubber and resin contents in selected dryland guayule breeding lines were compared. While most genotypes tested showed significant decline in rubber and/or resin content during the storage, few genotypes consistently maintained or increased the amounts of rubber or resin content during storage. The mechanisms of postharvest degradation or synthesis of rubber and resin in harvested guayule plant materials need to be studied further.

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MARCANO, VICENTE. "Te genus Siphula Fr. (Icmadophilaceae, Lichenized Fungi) in Venezuela." Phytotaxa 489, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.1.2.

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Seven species of Siphula Nylander have been found in Venezuela (including Páramos and Guayana Highlands). Three species from the Guayana Highlands viz. S. chimantensis V. Marcano, S. subsimplex V. Marcano and S. subpteruloides V. Marcano are described as new to science. A key to the species is presented together with data on morphology, chemistry, variation, taxonomy, habitat and distribution. The data indicate that of the taxa reported from Venezuela, four are known only from the Guayana Highlands, one is known only from the neotropics, and two are pantropical. The high concentration of Siphula species seen in the Guayana Highlands suggests that this region constitutes an important centre for speciation and endemism for the genus.

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Piluzza, Giovanna, Giuseppe Campesi, Maria Giovanna Molinu, Giovanni Antonio Re, and Leonardo Sulas. "Bioactive Compounds from Leaves and Twigs of Guayule Grown in a Mediterranean Environment." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040442.

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Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) is one of the most promising alternatives to produce natural rubber. As the guayule leaves represent a waste byproduct in the rubber extraction process, their exploitation might contribute to the valorization of the whole plant biomass. The specific aim of our study was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the content of phenolic compounds in leaves and twigs of different guayule lines cultivated in a Mediterranean environment. The antioxidant capacity and the contents of phenolic were affected significantly by guayule accession and harvest time. Overall means in twigs represented about 60% of the corresponding leaf values for antioxidant capacity as DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and not tannic phenolic and about 55% as ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt), total phenolic, tannic phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Five individual phenolic compounds were identified in methanolic extracts of leaves. Neochlorogenic acid (62.5–174.8 mg g−1 DW) and chlorogenic acid (28.6–41.1 mg g−1 DW) were the most abundant phenolic acids. In addition to the compounds quantified in leaves, cynarin was identified only in twigs and for the first time in guayule biomass. Our results indicate that guayule leaves and twigs represent a rich source of antioxidants for potential applications in fodder, nutraceutical and pharmacological sectors.

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Whitworth, J. Wayne. "Guayule Natural Rubber." Bioresource Technology 35, no. 2 (January 1991): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(91)90034-h.

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Nakayama, F. S. "Guayule future development." Industrial Crops and Products 22, no. 1 (July 2005): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.05.006.

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Alonso-Cifuentes, Julio César, Pablo José Ordóñez-Morales, and Andrés Felipe Rivera-Triviño. "La demanda de guayaba en Colombia." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 18, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol18_num1_art:557.

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Para el caso de Colombia, no existe ningún trabajo sistemático que busque determinar la demanda de frutas en el país y mucho menos para un producto específico como la guayaba, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), más allá de un conjunto de análisis descriptivos sobre el consumo per cápita según distintas características socioeconómicas individuales. Este documento estima la relación entre los precios de la guayaba y su demanda para determinar la dinámica de su consumo en Colombia. Se encontró que el consumo de la guayaba no es afectado por el cambio de sus precios y que, además, las cantidades demandadas varían más que proporcionalmente al cambio de los ingresos de los hogares consumidores. Mientras que características socioeconómicas como el estrato, el nivel educativo y las circunstancias laborales del jefe de hogar afectan la decisión de consumir guayaba, son otras características como la raza y el número de individuos que componen el hogar las que determinan la cantidad de guayaba que se consumirá en los hogares colombianos.

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Cornish, Katrina, Jali Williams, Julie L. Hall, and Raymond G. McCoy. "Production and Properties of Yulex® - The Natural Solution to Latex Allergy." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 81, no. 4 (September 1, 2008): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3548227.

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Abstract Natural rubber is an irreplaceable raw material vital to industry, transportation, medicine and defense, largely produced from clonal plantations of Hevea brasiliensis in Southeast Asia. Additional rubber-producing crops are greatly desired to increase biodiversity, protect supplies, and provide a safe alternative for people suffering from Type I latex protein allergy. Basic and applied research approaches were used to make the production of latex (Yulex® latex) from Parthenium argentatum (guayule) a commercial reality. In contrast to Hevea brasiliensis, from which rubber latex is tapped by hand from laticifers, guayule latex rubber is contained within individual bark parenchyma cells. Processing involves disrupting these cells to release the rubber particles, and then purifying the latex. As in the Hevea industry, latex concentration can be achieved by centrifugation and/or by creaming agents. An artificially produced guayule natural rubber latex is then produced, under the material name of “Yulex® latex”. The Yulex Pilot Plant has been constructed, optimized and automated, and extracts then purifies latex from guayule shrub without detectable losses. The natural rubber polymers in guayule latex are high molecular weight and products made from this material have the desired high performance properties. Because guayule latex contains very little protein, all of which is hydrophobic and bound to the rubber phase, and because none of the protein cross-reacts with Type I latex allergy to Hevea latex products, its use is initially aimed towards the high-value medical products marketplace. Clinical and performance trials continue to ensure that guayule processing provides a safe, high performance, non-allergenic natural rubber latex that is safe for human use.

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Cosme Linares, Walter Alexander, Melba Jeannette Pacheco de Jordán, and Blanca Estela Saravia Arias. "Harina de guayaba taiwanesa como sustituto de almidón en la producción de embutidos crudos y cocidos." Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible 7 (September 20, 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/payds.v7i0.8427.

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La investigación se realizó en el laboratorio de investigación de la Universidad Católica de El Salvador sede Ilobasco, Cabañas en El Salvador, a raíz de aprovechar excedentes de producción de guayaba taiwanesa. De los excedentes de cosecha se recolectó y clasificó fruta para establecer calidad, protegiendo la inocuidad de los mismos; luego los frutos fueron rebanados sin sobrepasar 5mm de ancho, ya que a mayor grosor menor deshidratación, inclusive a 60°C y velocidad del aire 3.5m/s. Luego de la obtención de harina de guayaba se determinaron los porcentajes a ser agregados a las diferentes fórmulas. Se evaluó y caracterizó la harina de guayaba mediante análisis proximal y análisis de textura; posterior a la caracterización se pulverizó y tamizó para luego experimentar con dos porcentajes de harina de guayaba 1.7% y 3.4% como sustituto de almidón en la elaboración de embutidos crudos y cocidos. Se puede afirmar porlos resultados de los análisis organolépticos que es factible la elaboración de embutidos crudos y cocidos con harina de guayaba, ya que esta no altera ninguna de las cualidades organolépticas en la producción de embutidos crudos y cocidos.

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Tafoya, Felipe, Jorge Gibran Velasco-Olvera, Catarino Perales-Segovia, Ernesto González-Gaona, and Jaime Jaime. "Evaluación de compuestos volátiles para estimar poblaciones del picudo de la guayaba Conotrachelus dimidiatus." Acta Universitaria 21 (September 1, 2011): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2011.32.

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Mediante experimentos realizados en Calvillo, Aguascalientes, México, se determinó que las poblaciones del picudo de la guayaba Conotrachelus dimidiatus pueden ser estimadas con trampas tipo pirámide cebadas con compuestos volátiles de la guayaba. Las pruebas de atracción fueron efectuadas en lotes comerciales de guayaba por un periodo de cinco meses durante los años 2008 y 2009. La captura total de adultos fue mayor en junio y julio de ambos años, con el inicio de la temporada de lluvias, decreciendo hacia los meses posteriores. Los liberadores disiparon los compuestos químicos hasta 22 días según la mezcla utilizada. De acuerdo a los resultados se concluye que la estrategia de uso de trampas con compuestos químicos puede ser una alternativa para muestrear las poblaciones del picudo de la guayaba. Compuestos adicionales del insecto (feromonas) deben ser identificados para incrementar el nivel de capturas.

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Black, L. T., C. L. Swanson, and G. E. Hamerstrand. "Effects of Storage on the Molecular Weight of Rubber Contained in Guayule." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 59, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538179.

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Abstract Although this was a limited study based on only two guayule varieties, the trends relating to rubber degradation with storage time and temperature condition are clear. Whole guayule plants, and especially chopped guayule awaiting processing, cannot be stored for long periods at elevated temperatures without at least partial degradation of the molecular weight of the rubber in the plant. These studies are now being expanded to determine if the observed differences in stability are, in fact, attributable to variety or are the result of postharvest treatment or agronomic practices.

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Hamilton, Robert G., and Katrina Cornish. "Immunogenicity studies of guayule and guayule latex in occupationally exposed workers." Industrial Crops and Products 31, no. 1 (January 2010): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.09.012.

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Kuti, J. O., G. V. Latigo, and J. O. Bradford. "Techniques for Inoculation of Guayule Seedlings with Two Soil-borne Pathogens." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 766E—766. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.766e.

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Soil-borne pathogens such as Macrophomina phaseolina (the causative agent of charcoal rot) and Phymatotrichum omnivorum (the causative agent of cotton root rot) contribute to mortality of transplanted guayule (Parthenium argentatum, Gray) seedlings in southern Texas. In order to select guayule genotypes for resistance to these pathogens, it would be useful to develop reliable greenhouse inoculation procedures for screening guayule seedlings. Twelve-week-old guayule seedlings (`11591', a USDA standard breeding line) were inoculated using two inoculation methods (soil-drenching and root-dipping) in two soil media (field soil and commercial soil mix). Plants were rated for disease severity 2 to 5 months after inoculation and pathogens were re-isolated from diseased plants to establish Koch postulates. The soil drenching technique, using field soil, caused rapid development of disease symptoms that were consistent with re-isolation frequencies of pathogens from the diseased plant tissues.

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Alvarez, Ruth, Pedro Díaz, and Angel Nava. "EVALUACIÓN DEL CONTENIDO DE HIERRO EN LA GUAYABA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA) Y PIMENTÓN (CAPSICUM ANNUM L) Y SU IMPACTO COMO COMPLEMENTO EN LA DIETA." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v6n2.64678.

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Ingerir alimentos conocidos en Venezuela como guayaba (Psidium guajava) y pimentón (Capsicum annum L.), pueden estimular la fijación de Fe (II); en el organismo, por lo que, evaluar su participación y sinergia en el cuerpo es de suma importancia. La evaluación estuvo basada en una metodología de diseño no experimental, de tipo campo, con nivel descriptivo. Para ello, se trataron entre 30 a 35 g de cada especie, para la guayaba en diferentes disposiciones (trozos: t, jugo: j y residuo: r, para el pimentón (t) y para la mezcla de ambas especies (jugo y residuo). Después de digerir las muestras con HCl 6M a 100° C, se analizaron por espectroscopia de absorción atómica (EAA) y espectroscopia de absorción molecular (UV- visible) (EAM), acomplejando el Fe (II) con o-fenantrolina. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la guayaba presenta mayor concentración de Fe en el orden r>t>j. En el pimentón la concentración de Fe resultó ser mayor en los trozos en comparación con los valores obtenidos en la guayaba (trozos y jugo) y la mezcla de ambos con excepción del residuo de la guayaba y de la mezcla. Los resultados sugieren que la fruta y hortaliza estudiada pueden ser utilizadas como complemento en la dieta alimenticia del ser humano.

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Jara, Francisco M., Katrina Cornish, and Manuel Carmona. "Potential Applications of Guayulins to Improve Feasibility of Guayule Cultivation." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120804.

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Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is an interesting alternative and renewable source of rubber/latex which has been used in the past. Guayule rubber and latex products are not available in the market largely because the raw material cost is higher than the current sources produced in South-East Asia and other tropical countries (Hevea brasiliensis). Guayule contains many other compounds whose joint exploitation could make guayule cultivation profitable, especially in semi-desert areas where cultivation of other crops is difficult or impossible. Guayulins A–D, sesquiterpene esters, appear to have some commercial promise. Despite being accumulated in relatively high concentrations (its majority representative, guayulin A, can account for up to 13.7% of the resin content of this plant, which itself ranges from 6%–12%), guayulins have received little direct attention from scientists. This review presents the current knowledge about the activity of these compounds and, based on known activities of similar compounds from other species, potential uses as fungicides, miticides and insecticides are suggested.

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Estilai, A. "Molecular Weight of Rubber Contained in Guayule Bark, Wood, and Whole Stem." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 60, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536128.

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Abstract Guayule bark not only produces most of the plant's rubber, its rubber Mw and Mn are also significantly higher than those of the wood. Further studies are expected to throw light on the mechanisms that control the production of different-sized polymers in different guayule tissues. This investigation shows that every guayule genotype may yield rubbers with three different molecular weights. Based on needs of the industry, whole guayule shrub, its bark, or its wood may be processed for rubber extraction. Since, depending on genotypes, 70 to 85% of the rubber is in the bark, and since bark rubber has the highest molecular weight, the possibility of processing only bark needs serious considerations as new cultivars with increased rubber yield become available. Based on the observed variation of molecular weight relative to the tissues used, the genotype, and the age of the plant, it is critical to develop standardized procedures for molecular-weight determination so that molecular-weight values, obtained by different laboratories, may be compared.

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Espinoza Soriano, Waldermar. "Etnia Guaylla (ahora Huaylas)." Investigaciones Sociales 17, no. 30 (June 11, 2014): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/is.v17i30.7882.

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Tanto en la era de los Incas como en tiempos anteriores, el ámbito andino —Costa, Sierra y Ceja de Selva— estuvo habitada por una gran cantidad de señoríos y reinos, a los que científicamente se prefiere nombrar etnias. Precisamente, una de las notorias y significativas se formó, desarrolló y extinguió en el Callejón de Huaylas. Su estructura económica, social y política dependía de las actividades agrarias y, en segundo lugar, de la ganadería. Social y políticamente estaba dividida en dos mitades: Anan y Lurin, gobernadas por curacas estrictamente jerarquizados de acuerdo al ordenamiento decimal. Conocían las clases sociales y rendían culto a muchas divinidades. Fue conquistada por los Incas.

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Kelly, K. M., and J. van Staden. "Carbohydrate production in guayule." South African Journal of Botany 60, no. 4 (August 1994): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)30612-3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Guayusa'

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