Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Guerre contre la drogue'
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Figueroa-Lopez, Flor Aurora. "Du trafic de la cocai͏̈ne en Colombie à "la guerre contre la drogue" : une interprétation historique de la stratégie américaine jusqu'au Plan Colombie." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082162.
Full textThe objective of this search is to guide, inform and bring to the readers a general and historical knowledge of the production and traffic of drugs in Colombia, nerve centre of the world traffic of cocaine, till the "war against the drug" carried out by the United States. We analyze contradictions and the hidden side of Colombian and American politics applied to the fight against drug and we wonder about the ambiguity of the repressive policy to the American one. We note through the events that "the war against drug" is on the ground a political objective of the United States to apply its securty and interventionist doctrines in Colombia and Latin America. We observe, from the point of view for "the war against drug", somes connections at the continental level which are explicables only because they answer the postulate of the "war of low intensity" worked out by the Pentagon in 1985 to be opposed to the threats against the security of the United States being able to be born in the Third World. We show that cocaine became pretext, for the United States, to withdraw ground of the ideological confrontation : particularly in Colombia, their adversaries are not today any more of the opponents but delinquents and criminals. "The war against drug" is geting heavy consequences for Colombia now dived in a dirty war. The traffic and the industry of cocaine are always flourishing: it is in great part because repression and warlike speech are based on politics methods of infiltration and provocation which cause to perpetuate it
Gkotsinas, Konstantinos. "« Ulcères sociaux » : la société grecque de l'entre-deux-guerres face à la drogue." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0018.
Full textFrom the end of the 20 th century and the diffusion of Indian hemp to the 1920s and the dissemination of heroin, the recreational use of psychoactive substances spread across Greece giving birth to a "drug scene" with its popular substances, its principal actors and its favorite consumption places. This development was accompanied by the promulgation of restrictive measures, which culminated in the imposition of a State Monopoly on Narcotics during the Interwar period, as well as in a series of repressive or, in a lesser degree, therapeutic responses. If these responses were on the whole of a rather limited scope, the establishment of a prohibitive regime - a development that occurred simultaneously in several countries across the world - expressed actually the rise of an unprecedented social problem : "drug addiction". Although the number of drug addicts recorded in police, court, penitentiary, and psychiatric statistics remained low during the Internal period, the imaginary concerning drug traffickers and users proved to be rich and potent. The reason was that the problem echoed broader questions which preoccupied Greek society at the time and which were related first to the nation's future, the "Greek race's" survival, the country's position in the world, the society's relations to modernity and change ; second to the attitudes towards Otherness, whether defined by sex, age, nationality, or social position ; third to the agitated sociopolitical context of the Interwar period
Gaudard, Deborah. "La lutte contre la criminalité organisée au Brésil et les unités spéciales de police : droit de la guerre ou droit de la paix ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3050.
Full textFor several decades, numerous favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil have been controlled by narco-traffickers. As a consequence, extremely violent conflicts have occurred between several key players, the traffickers, the police, and militias made up of active and retired police officers, firemen, and security officers. To handle this situation, public order policy has focused on repression and the use of force. This context leads to a question as to whether the Basilian authorities are facing internal troubles, or if they are involved in a non-international armed conflict as defined by international rules. In the first case (internal troubles), the internal law of the country applies, as well as Human Rights International law. In the second case (non-international armed conflict), International Humanitarian Law (war law section) should apply. This question is what this research aims to study by measuring which positive effects could result from it for the affected people and if the efficiency of the fight against narco-traffickers could be improved, bearing in mind that in Rio, characteristics of both hypothesis could be combined. It is about establishing new rules in law, which prove essential to control or reduce the violence due to narco-traffickers considering the obvious failure of current security policies
Lépine, Patrice. "Le chaînon manquant, genèse de la guerre à la drogue." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ53971.pdf.
Full textTrivilino, Erick Andrés Reyes. "O extermínio do outro : a guerra contra as drogas no México." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22815.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado analisa a conformação histórica e política do Estado mexicano a partir da construção da percepção do Outro em questão de desejável e indesejável partindo desde o binarismo primordial inaugurado no primeiro contato entre os dois mundos: índio conquistado – europeu conquistador. A evolução, fragmentação e pulverização deste binarismo traz consigo, até a contemporaneidade, a criação de uma infinidade de caraterísticas ou estigmas que categorizarão aos cidadãos em grupos, muitas vezes sobrepostos, de alteridades indesejáveis desde o olhar da hegemonia, seja esta global, continental, nacional, regional ou até mesmo local. A irrupção violenta da guerra contra as drogas no México a partir de 2006 e a escalada de violência generalizada nos leva ao questionamento sobre a eficácia e legitimidade de esta estratégia militarizada diante do aparente ataque e extermínio do qual grupos considerados dentro das categorias “indesejáveis” são vítimas. A análise da construção histórica do desejável e do indesejável, em conjunto com a evolução política do Estado mexicano, os 10 anos de combate militarizado às drogas no México e a análise de três casos particulares de ataques à população civil por parte de agentes do Estado e do narcotráfico, expõe à falácia do discurso beligerante contra as drogas e o posiciona em perspectiva como uma ferramenta de legitimação do extermínio da dissidência, de controle social, de legitimação política, e de perpetuação do narcotráfico como parte fundamental da estrutura estatal mexicana, da economia global e da ordem neoliberal.
This master’s dissertation analyzes the historical and political conformation of the Mexican State starting with the construction of the perception of the Other in matters of desirable and undesirable parting from the primordial binary conception inaugurated with the first contact between two worlds: conquered native – European conqueror. The evolution, fragmentation and pulverization of this binary conception brought, until our days, the creation of endless characteristics or social stigmata that will categorize citizens into overlapping groups of undesirable Others from the hegemonic point of view, whether it´s global, continental, national, regional or even local. The violent irruption of the war on drugs in Mexico since 2006 and the uncontrolled violence surge make us question the effectiveness and legitimacy of this militarized strategy in sight of the apparent attacks and extermination suffered by these groups considered within the “undesirable” categories. Thus, by analyzing the historical construction of the desirable and undesirable, along with the political evolution of the Mexican State, the 10 year-long war on drugs in México and the analysis of three particular cases of violent attacks against citizens by agents of the State and drug traffickers, this dissertation exposes the fallacy inherent to the belligerent speech against drugs and positions it in perspective as a tool to legitimate the extermination of dissident groups or individuals, of social control, of political legitimation and as a tool to guarantee the perpetuation of drug trafficking as a fundamental building block for Mexican State structure, for global economy and for the neoliberal order.
La presente disertación de maestría analiza la conformación histórica y política del Estado mexicano a partir de la construcción de la percepción del Otro en cuestiones de deseable e indeseable partiendo desde el binarismo primordial inaugurado con el primer contacto entre los dos mundos: indio conquistado – europeo conquistador. La evolución, fragmentación y pulverización de este binarismo trae consigo, hasta la época contemporánea, la creación de una infinidad de características o estigmas que categorizarán a los ciudadanos en grupos, muchas veces sobrepuestos, de alteridades indeseables desde la mirada de la hegemonía, sea esta global, continental, nacional, regional o hasta local. La irrupción violenta de la guerra contra las drogas en México a partir de 2006 y la escalada de violencia generalizada nos lleva a cuestionarnos la eficacia y legitimidad de esta estrategia militarizada frente a los aparentes ataques y exterminio de los cuales grupos considerados dentro de las categorías “indeseables” son víctimas. El análisis de la construcción histórica de lo deseable y de lo indeseable, en conjunto con la evolución política del Estado mexicano, los 10 años de combate militarizado a las drogas en México y el análisis de tres casos particulares de ataques a la población civil por parte de agentes del Estado y del narcotráfico, expone la falacia del discurso beligerante contra las drogas y lo posiciona en perspectiva como una herramienta de legitimación del exterminio de la disidencia, de control social, de legitimación política y de perpetuación del narcotráfico como parte fundamental de la estructura estatal mexicana, de la economía global y del orden neoliberal.
Dampied, Maurice. "La politique générale de lutte contre la drogue et l'archipel Guadeloupéen." Antilles-Guyane, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AGUY0034.
Full textMarchant, Alexandre. "L'impossible prohibition : la lutte contre la drogue en France (1966-1996)." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DENS0049.
Full textBetween the mid-1960s characterized by the sudden upsurge of new patterns of drug addiction within the Youth (1966: first media frenzy about LSD) resulting in the new prohibitionist Act of 1970, et the mid-1990s pointing out the generalization of harm reduction strategies (1996: institutionalization of opiates substitution treatments), the dissertation highlights the making the social, health and political problem of drug abuse, through the public policies, often influenced by the international frame of the “war on drugs”. The thesis focuses on the evolutions of uses, trafficking and public policies. It addresses the issue of prohibition: how is socially and publicly constructed the scandal that legitimizes THE prohibition ? Who are the stakeholders who defined it “from the top” (politicians, parliamentary committees, medical experts) and those who enforce the law “on the bottom” (police officers, judges, physicians)? What are the social consequences of this enforcement (increased criminalization of drug smuggling, stigmatization of drug users) ? How the system is contradicting itself between its repressive and care aspects ? This research is based on various archival materials: ministerial archives (Interior, Justice, Heath, Youth and Sports, National Education, Prime Minister’s administration, Inter-ministerial mission for the fight against drug and drug abuse – MILDT), parliamentary archives, private archives, contemporary printed sources, medias, INA archives…
Retaillaud-Bajac, Emmanuelle. "Usages et usagers de drogues dans la France de l'entre-deux-guerres, 1916-1939." Orléans, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ORLE1035.
Full textBalbi, Carmen Rosa. "La ”guerra” contra las drogas : batalla desigual e ineficaz, la renuncia a la soberanía." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2005. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/47160.
Full textToghranegar, Hasan. "La politique criminelle iranienne à l'épreuve du crime organisé : l'exemple du trafic de drogue." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010279.
Full textDevi-Voisset, Renuga. "La Caraïbe du Commonwealth et la drogue : une approche géonarcotique." Antilles-Guyane, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AGUY0113.
Full textThe Commonwealth Caribbean is a major field of observation of the presence and impact of the multidimensional phenomenom of narcotics. We find in this region in an exceptionally cumulative manner the four dynamics of approach of this phenomenom: a century old and general production (cannabis); traffic on a large scale (cocaine) within what is called the "Transit Zone", between great producing and consuming coutries; drug consumption, with ancient customary usage models, and heterogeneous sub-cultural abuse patterns (from tobacco and pre-Colombian substances to a whole variety of modern drugs, starting with cocaine / crack, and to modern poly-usage); lastly, money-laundering, propelled by the fact that these States and territories belong to the huge financial Anglo-Saxon market, directly connected to one of the major tendencies of globalisation: the integration of illicit activities within the legal framework. The inter-action of this four dynamics, within a space otherwise defined by all sorts of contraints, "over-dependence", the accumulation of hystory and an extreme heterogeneity, has no equivalent in the world. It determines the global approach named here "geonarcotics". "Geonarcotics" hence reveals a unique space wich exacerbates the contradictions inherent to the neo-liberal system from witch these "Westminster Democracies" themselves emanate. The thesis, through the analysis of both the specificities and the globality of this area, highlights the situation of civil societies and political regimes under siege from narco-criminality
Andrade, Olavo Hamilton Ayres Freire de. "Guerra contra as drogas: uma an?lise sob a perspectiva do princ?pio da proporcionalidade." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13976.
Full textAs subst?ncias entorpecentes acompanham a humanidade desde o in?cio da civiliza??o. No entanto, v?rias delas foram consideradas proscritas ao longo do tempo. Seu combate foi inaugurado na comunidade internacional a partir do come?o do s?culo XX. No in?cio, tinha o cond?o eminentemente moral, porquanto a proibi??o encerrava, por princ?pio, a prote??o da ?tica amea?ada pelo padr?o desviado do consumo de estupefacientes. Na d?cada de 1970, a guerra contra as drogas, express?o cunhada nesse per?odo, evoluiu para se tornar o meio pelo qual o consumo seria mitigado. Dez anos mais tarde, ante ? impossibilidade de sucumbir o narcotr?fico, passou a ser um fim em si mesma o novo argumento para os esfor?os militares dos Estados Unidos da Am?rica. A criminaliza??o das subst?ncias entorpecentes consideradas il?citas ? fundamento jur?dico da guerra contra as drogas. Esse modelo proibicionista encontra argumento no direito penal do inimigo, segundo o qual o Estado pode, em situa??es que exponham a coletividade a grave perigo, negar ? determinada categoria de criminosos (os inimigos) as garantias inerentes ao direito penal, cabendo-lhes apenas a coa??o estatal. Mesmo tendo consumido trilh?es de d?lares, encarcerado aos milh?es e custado a vida de milhares de pessoas, pode-se dizer que a guerra contra as drogas n?o reduziu a oferta e o consumo de subst?ncias entorpecentes consideradas il?citas, nem mitigou os danos delas decorrentes pelo contr?rio, tornou-se um problema de seguran?a p?blica. Assim, imp?e-se a verifica??o da constitucionalidade da norma penal que fundamenta a guerra contra as drogas, sob pondera??o do princ?pio da proporcionalidade. Referido postulado cobra que a norma seja adequada, cumprindo a finalidade pretendida, necess?ria, n?o havendo meio menos gravoso ? obten??o do mesmo fim, e proporcional, estrito senso, que a san??o imposta ao indiv?duo seja equivalente ao dano que se quis prevenir. Em mat?ria penal h? de se incluir um outro elemento, a ponderar se as consequ?ncias da proibi??o em mat?ria penal, por si s?, s?o mais graves que os consect?rios dos fatos que se pretendem proibir - exige-se que a lei seja socialmente menos ofensiva. A norma penal que fundamenta a guerra contra as drogas n?o se mostrou h?bil a mitigar os danos sociais delas decorrentes sendo, por isso, inadequada. Existem meios alternativos ? criminaliza??o mais eficientes ? esse objetivo, pelo que se faz desnecess?ria. Na medida em que estupefacientes mais nocivos ? coletividade s?o considerados l?citos, a criminaliza??o de drogas menos danosas se mostra desproporcional. E, uma vez que dela resultam graves danos ? sociedade, n?o atende ao crit?rio da menor ofensividade social. ?, portanto, inconstitucional
Coudreau, Marin. "Guerre et lutte contre les nuisibles en URSS, 1910-1940." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2053.
Full textThis research explores the interrelations between war and the destruction of the environment through the entanglements of the soviet policy of chemical struggle against agricultural pest and the preparation for war. The first chapter is organized around the institutionalization of applied entomology and the telescoping of war and « natural disasters » until the early 1920s. The second chapter focuses on the collaborations between military, industrial chemists and entomologists for the transfer of technologies to agriculture and the policy of the establishment of the double standard policy of the German war economy. The introduction of war gas and plane dusting in agriculture is supported by the military sector organizing the promotion of a new « aerochimical » weapon. The third chapter focuses on the regions of the South East in the 1920s where intertwined human and nonhuman risks cross-fertilized and where warlike modes of struggle against pest are forged. The fourth chapter relates to the creation of a hyper centralized and planned system of struggle against pest stimulated by the mass proliferations of the Great Turn and to the promotion of “brute force technologies” for pest control during the first Five Year Plan. The fifth chapter focuses on the interdependencies of the internal colonization of the USSR, the struggle against pest and dekulakization during the crisis of the collectivization, the famine and preparation for war. In 1933, the intertwined destruction of life reaches an apogee. New organizational practices emerge during this period for the whole decade
Silva, Helenice Rodrigues da. "Le discours "d'Esprit" et des "Temps modernes" contre la guerre d'Algérie." Paris 10, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA100063.
Full textThe phenomenon of commitment is intrinsic to the discourse of the two journals "Esprit" and "les temps modernes" against the Algerian war. Anticolonialist intellectuals acted on the level of the discourse of "truth" and on the level of conscience. In order to keep a small proportion of public opinion informed about the events that were taking place in Algeria, these intellectual journals played the role of a provisional counter-power. Speech acts became synonymous with actions. By studying the discourses of these two journals, two struggle strategies are being set up; they both reflect the two different trends of thought in the intellectual left; i. E. The Christian and the progressive ones
OREJUELA, E. C. G. "¿LA GUERRA ES CONTRA QUIÉN?: POLITICA DE DROGAS Y HACINAMIENTO PENITENCIARIO Y CARCELARIO EN COLOMBIA 1998-2015." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/8751.
Full textAnalisamos a relação existente entre a atual política nacional de drogas e a evolução da superlotação carcerária na Colômbia no período 1998 a 2015, com o objetivo de mostrar o papel principal da chamada guerra às drogas no descontrolado aumento da população privada da liberdade. Pode se evidenciar como a condução hegemônica estadunidense neste campo tem aprofundado o referido fenômeno, papel que se intensifica após a assinatura do Plano Colômbia. Desta forma procedemos na elaboração de uma contextualização do desenvolvimento do Estado colombiano durante os últimos trinta anos, com o intuito de mostrar sua atuação frente à proteção dos cidadãos. Isto deixa ao descoberto que tem cumprido de maneira eficaz a implementação de políticas neoliberais, cujo objetivo é garantir a reprodução do capital, precarizando a proteção social ampla. Fizemos uso de uma pesquisa documental, utilizando como metodologia uma analise qualitativa de documentos tais como o oficial do governo colombiano sobre o Plano Colômbia, a normativa internacional adotada pela Colômbia em matéria de drogas e a atual política penal nacional de drogas, representada pelo Estatuto Nacional de Estupefacientes (lei 30 de 1986) e o capitulo segundo do Título XIII do Código Penal (lei 500 de 2000). Em seguida, realizamos uma análise quantitativa dos dados oficiais obtidos do Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario de Colombia sobre pessoas privadas da liberdade, população geral de pessoas detidas por delitos relacionados ao tráfico de entorpecentes. Feitas as analises, conseguimos concluir que existe uma forte relação, que se aprofunda com o passar do tempo, entre a política penal em matéria de drogas e a evolução da superlotação dos presídios no nosso país. Evidência disto é o aumento de 90.135,71% da população privada da liberdade por delitos de drogas entre 1998 e 2015. Conseguimos observar, ainda, que as principais vítimas deste fenômeno são as pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social da Colômbia, uma vez que em 2015, 12.192 dos 12.633 presos por delitos relacionados com o narcotráfico, não haviam concluído sequer todos os níveis de ensino fundamental e médio. Palavras chave: Estado neoliberal, Política de drogas, superlotação carcerária
Orejuela, Elsa Carolina Giraldo, and 0000-0001-7383-0978. "¿La guerra es contra quién? : política de drogas y hacinamiento penitenciario y carcelario en Colombia 1998-2015." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/8751.
Full textCAPES
Analisamos a relação existente entre a atual política nacional de drogas e a evolução da superlotação carcerária na Colômbia no período 1998 a 2015, com o objetivo de mostrar o papel principal da chamada guerra às drogas no descontrolado aumento da população privada da liberdade. Pode se evidenciar como a condução hegemônica estadunidense neste campo tem aprofundado o referido fenômeno, papel que se intensifica após a assinatura do Plano Colômbia. Desta forma procedemos na elaboração de uma contextualização do desenvolvimento do Estado colombiano durante os últimos trinta anos, com o intuito de mostrar sua atuação frente à proteção dos cidadãos. Isto deixa ao descoberto que tem cumprido de maneira eficaz a implementação de políticas neoliberais, cujo objetivo é garantir a reprodução do capital, precarizando a proteção social ampla. Fizemos uso de uma pesquisa documental, utilizando como metodologia uma analise qualitativa de documentos tais como o oficial do governo colombiano sobre o Plano Colômbia, a normativa internacional adotada pela Colômbia em matéria de drogas e a atual política penal nacional de drogas, representada pelo Estatuto Nacional de Estupefacientes (lei 30 de 1986) e o capitulo segundo do Título XIII do Código Penal (lei 500 de 2000). Em seguida, realizamos uma análise quantitativa dos dados oficiais obtidos do Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario de Colombia sobre pessoas privadas da liberdade, população geral de pessoas detidas por delitos relacionados ao tráfico de entorpecentes. Feitas as analises, conseguimos concluir que existe uma forte relação, que se aprofunda com o passar do tempo, entre a política penal em matéria de drogas e a evolução da superlotação dos presídios no nosso país. Evidência disto é o aumento de 90.135,71% da população privada da liberdade por delitos de drogas entre 1998 e 2015. Conseguimos observar, ainda, que as principais vítimas deste fenômeno são as pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade social da Colômbia, uma vez que em 2015, 12.192 dos 12.633 presos por delitos relacionados com o narcotráfico, não haviam concluído sequer todos os níveis de ensino fundamental e médio. Palavras chave: Estado neoliberal, Política de drogas, superlotação carcerária
Roulot, Jean-François. "Le crime contre l'humanite." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOD003.
Full textSimoni, Simonetta. "Les Acteurs et les enjeux des politiques contre la drogue esquisse d'une analyse idéologique et étude de cas /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609947p.
Full textSimoni, Simonetta. "Les acteurs et les enjeux des politiques contre la drogue : esquisse d'une analyse idéologique et étude de cas." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040321.
Full textThis study regards the relationship between the welfare state and the treating and assistance of drug addicts, taking into account the problem of prohibitionism. The relationship between the two analysis levels leads to some major ideological significations. They orient political decisions concerning the campaign against drug abuse, which involves different subjects : drug users, public opinion, doctors and politicians. The author's aim is to understand which are the concepts guiding the international legislation repressing, treating and organizing educational actions in an overall frame of comprehensive assistance. This method is applied in the last part of the study to analyze the public service for drug addicts in bologna, Italy
Chopard, Thomas. "La guerre aux civils : les violences contre les populations juives d'Ukraine (1917-1924) : guerre totale, occupations, insurrections, pogroms." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0147.
Full textCivil War that ravaged the former Russian Empire after 1917, was also the moment of the worst anti-Jewish persecution before Holocaust, a mix between a deadly war and a new wave of specific violence against Jews. This work explores why emerged a new form of anti-Semitism, fulfilled with religious and economic resentment, but also deeply renewed by a new powerful myth : judeo-bolshevism. Anti-Semitism worsens after 1917 revolution because the Jew's image was a powerful imaginary antagonism for nationalisms - both Ukrainian and Russian - that fought against the supporters of a soviet regime in Ukraine. Anti-Semitism was therefore a basic category in daily management of civilian populations, and especially of the two million Jews in Ukraine, by fighting armies. This context led to mass perpetration of anti-Jewish pogroms that are analysed in details in their patterns and variations. The most extreme forms of violence are emphasized, especially cases of violence from Christians against their Jewish neighbours that moulded a politic of ethnic cleansing and sometimes of extermination. Finally are analysed the immediate and long term effects of violence on the victims. Massive war refugees were brutally managed by neighbour countries, in a last moment of violence. Recomposition of the Jewish population and its prompt integration to the new Soviet society closed this sequence of a decade of war
Martin, Benoît. "La production des statistiques internationales : le cas de l'Office des Nations unies contre la drogue et le crime (UNODC)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0030.
Full textHow do international organizations produce their statistics? This thesis unveils these singular activities from the case of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The demon-stration follows a double sociological approach (of international relations and of quantification) based on interviews conducted at headquarters (in Vienna, Austria), methodological literature (internal and published) and UN documents (normative and analytical). Quantifying internationally is a complex process organized in successive steps: agreeing a mandate, defining a method, collecting and then processing and validating the data, and finally publishing a world report. The enterprise is collective, involving the UNODC secretariat, member states and experts. However, the task is unequally distributed, the international civil servants realizes or coordinates a large part of the work; just as the interactions between actors are asymmetrical, UNODC depends on its member states in many respects and has no real power to constrain them. Bureaucratic, political, financial and even self-censorship issues affect routine statistical work. In addition, official but administrative national sources – with their documented and delicate biases to overcome – remain mostly used because of their legitimacy. The use of satellite imagery and field surveys is an exception. Developed under such conditions, UN drug and crime statistics provide a more consensual international inventory than the so-called global diagnosis
Alvarado, Cabrales Daliksa, and López Francisca Márquez. "Análisis crítico de la política criminal de guerra contra las drogas y su expresión en la Ley No. 20.000." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/153099.
Full textLa sociedad avanza a un ritmo vertiginoso, la moral y las buenas costumbres son conceptos que sólo encuentran determinado contenido en relación a una época, y las normas legales no pueden hacer más que adaptarse a los cambios. Las drogas, han formado parte de diversas culturas a lo largo de la historia, y la relación que el ser humano ha establecido con ellas ha mutado de un tiempo a otro. Desde hace ya casi medio siglo que a nivel mundial se ha impuesto sin contrapesos una política de drogas de orden criminal, represiva y muy costosa, que ha venido a romper con toda posibilidad de acercamiento a determinadas sustancias, denominadas sicotrópicas o estupefacientes. Esta política se ha denominado “Guerra contra las drogas”. Lo cierto, es que hoy por hoy, no ha disminuido la cantidad de drogas, ni su consumo ni su distribución, y que se ha gastado una cantidad abismante de recursos sin ver cumplidos los objetivos propuestos. Se vuelve imperioso desarrollar políticas públicas efectivas y eficientes, con medidores de impacto reales que demuestren los avances de modo concreto, orientándose al desarrollo de individuos por sobre su criminalización. Esta memoria es un pequeño aporte en ese sentido.
Ferrary, Jean-Louis. "Aspects idéologiques de la conquête romaine du monde hellénistique, de la seconde guerre de Macédoine à la guerre contre Mithridate." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040146.
Full textRather than the conquest of the Greek world by the romans, the causes of their intervention and the organization of their rule, the main topic of this thesis is the way they presented their policy and wanted it to be understood, the reactions it provoked amongst the Greeks, and the mutual influences arising from the relationship between roman politicians and Greek intellectuals. It first investigates one of the main themes of roman propaganda vis-a-vis the Hellenistic world, Greek freedom, scrutinizing its emergence in 198-194 and then its transformation down to the Mithridatic war. A second part deals with Greek historians and philosophers' reactions, including a study of Polybius histories and of what can be restored of Panaetius' teaching on war and power, but also a new interpretation of Antisthenes the peripatetic's narrative and a political history of the Athenian philosophical schools from the embassy of 155 to the Mithridatic crisis. Considerations on Posidonius lead to the third part, analyzing the links between roman aristocrats' cultural interests and their political actions. Spectacular gestures like Aemilius Paullus holding games at Amphipolis or Scipio Aemilianus restoring Greek statues discovered in Carthage and inviting the philosopher Panaetius to accompany him on his great eastern embassy are treated in detail. This thesis covers the two main aspects of roman philhellenism in the 2nd century b. C. , an essentially political one with Flaminius and a more particularly, but not exclusively, cultural one with Paullus and Scipio, and tries to determine their real significance
Pourzand, Pejman. "L'internationalisation pénale en matière de trafic de drogue : étude critique de l'enchevêtrement des espaces normatifs." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010328.
Full textLainé, Mathieu-Joffre. "Se tuer à l'ouvrage : le capital en guerre contre le travail, Québec 1878-1918." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26111/26111.pdf.
Full textPigné, Jérôme. "Au-delà du paradigme de la guerre globale contre la terreur : le cas sahélien." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0021.
Full textSince 9-11 attacks, International Relations have been dominated by the Global War on Terror paradigm. The African continent, although not a strategic priority for the United States, has dramatically suffered the security and military narrative. The Horn of Africa and the Sahel rapidly became experimental for the so called paradigm.The Sahel is politically, economically and socially fragile. It has also become a major focus of international aid and development cooperation. Starting from the late 2000, the region has experimented innovative strategies for conflict prevention and countering terrorism: the comprehensive approaches. Through this research, we will intent to understand contextual dynamics (Northern Mali attacked and sieged by armed terrorist groups for instance) in which the European Union and the United States have developed their security and development strategies for the region. Through cross disciplinary methods, we will examine the accuracy of comprehensive approaches in regard with the international and dominant context of the global war on terror. We will also tend to go beyond the security paradigm in order to implement and experiment new strategic thinking and way of analyzing islamist and international terrorism. In fact, our endeavor is a plea for innovative strategic thinking meant to support local, endogenous and sahelian narratives
Rousseau, Sabine. "L'engagement de chrétiens français contre les guerres d'Indochine et du Vietnam (1945-1975)." Lyon 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO20075.
Full textThe thesis relates the story of the french christian groups - both catholic and protestant ones - who stood out against the french war in Indochina between 1945 and 1954 and against the american war in Vietnam between 1965 and 1975. It is mainly based on the study of about thirty periodicals with a christian approach, and on private archives belonging to christian militants and movements. But in order to make a comparison with secular groups, it also uses other sources of information that are similar as to their nature though non christian. The thesis is centered on the concept of commitment. Its aim is to state the motivation, the pace of activity and the forms of christian militancy against both wars in Indochina : by analysing militant rhetoric, it shows how the war was turned into a cause ; and it charts the progress of the various anti-war protest activities that christians organised or in which they took part so as to act out their disapproval. There are three parts following the chronology of events : the first part, dealing with the french war in Indochina, focuses on how various actors took public stand, a process which led to acts of commitment by groups or individuals, taking place between 1947 and 1954. This part allows us to develop a typology of christian activism at a time when the first wave of decolonization and the cold war loomed large. The second part is about the first phase do the american war in Vietnam between 1965 and 1968. The christian opposition to that war is partly what gave birth to a significant disagreement within ecclesiastical hierarchies in the post Vatican II period. The third part covers the years 1969 to 1975 and shows militants trying to rebuild some form of christian identity, especially through commitment against the war in Vietnam. This was to be achieved by elaborating a liberation theory, by seeing how it was possible to act in accord with non-christians within the dynamics of a coalition of left wing political parties and/or by creating humanitarian associations centered on Vietnam
Dubois, Jean-Etienne. "Leçon d'histoire pour une droite dans l'opposition ? : les mobilisations de droite contre le Cartel des gauches dans la France des années Vingt." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF20031/document.
Full textIn the mid-twenties, France was achieving its reconstruction, both economical and political. In 1924, and for the first time since the beginning of the century, the general election took place in a context of a clear bipolarization between left and right, which had a structuring effect on French political field. The victory of the Cartel des gauches at this election appears as a political break-point, that the historiography about political life during interwar years has rather neglected since Jean-Noël Jeanneney’s studies upon Cartel des gauches in the seventies. The organizations of the right-wing learnt a few important lessons from this period when they were in the parliamentary opposition. The most important one was that the political majority coming out democratic election could be changed in the middle of the parliamentary legislature. Indeed, in July 1926, weakened by the growing divisions between radicals and socialists incapable of giving an answer to the increasing financial and monetary crisis, the cartellist majority fell definitely. Raymond Poincaré, the main opponent of the left in 1924, came back to the Council presidency, leading a new parliamentary majority of national union. When the right had been defeated again in 1932 and 1936, it remembered this precedent. Another lesson was that the various social and political mobilizations against the Cartel des gauches had played a significant role to weaken the socialist and radical majority. The community movements, such as catholic or professional ones, and the political organizations mobilized in this period, built a culture and abilities of being in political opposition, that they have reactivated later during the interwar years. This episode proved also the persistence, in political opposition, of structural divisions of the political field of the French right-wing, due to the permanence of doctrinal and strategic splits (the first ones about questions of secularism, foreign policy or parliamentary nature of institutions; the second ones about the political attitude toward the radicals, between uncompromising attitude and conciliation). These divisions, but also the nature of the political debates and the political practices which were developed during these two years, had lasted until the mid-thirties
Chaddad, Rihad. "La résistance nationale contre l'occupation étrangère : cas du Liban." Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000954.pdf.
Full textA state of war generated by the incessant Israeli-Palestinian conflict since the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 has weighed heavily on the entire Middle East and transformed the region into a powder keg. Involved in the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict because of its geographical location, Lebanon has become a ground for competing interests of its neighbors’: Israelis, Palestinians and Syrians. The invasion and occupation of Lebanon in 1982 by Israeli troops led the Lebanese national resistance, led by the party of God (Hezbollah) who is accused of terrorist by the USA and Israel with the attacks of September 11 2001. To study and interpret the topic of national resistance against foreign occupation is trying to talk about the Arab-Israeli conflict and the contribution of the Palestinian refugee issue and the military presence of Syria taking into account the progress events and challenges that have revealed a significant change on the Lebanese political scene as the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri and the war of thirty-three days during the summer of 2006 between Israel and Hezbollah, which gave the political crisis this country a dimensional aspect
Ziani, Abdulkrim. "La chaîne Al-Jazira et la guerre contre l'Irak : couverture médiatique et traitement de l'information." Grenoble 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE39050.
Full textThe Anglo-American war against Iraq was the first war ever to be broadcasted live. If is not an exaggeration to say that the viewers took part in this war, by following its events by the hour. Another specificity of this war was that it witnessed the multiplication of Media eager to cover the events. Study deals with the Qatari channel Al Jazeera as a new model of Arab Medias, through the study of the channel as a media organization, from its creation to its funding, to its editorial policy. We also study the constant confrontations of the channel with the authorities of most Arab countries and the numerous campaigns the United States have launched against it. While also taking a look at the international popularity the channel gained, we will try and answer different questions, among which : How did Al Jazeera cover the events of the war against Iraq? Which were the orientations of this coverage? Which models and styles of treatment did the reporters of Al Jazeera use for their coverage? Which information sources did the channel trust? What role did the new communication technologies play in the coverage of the war? The practice of the reporters during their coverage of the war events is also part of our study
Skoko, Andrej. "Le capitalisme de guerre : le droit pénal canadien face à la participation des compagnies aux crimes de guerre, crimes contre l'humanité et génocide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28482/28482.pdf.
Full textFerrary, Jean-Louis. "Philhellénisme et impérialisme : aspects idéologiques de la conquête romaine du monde hellénistique, de la seconde guerre de Macédoine à la guerre contre Mithridate /." Rome : Paris : École française de Rome ; diff. de Boccard, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb350056498.
Full textBouvier, Charlotte-Lucie. "La mémoire et le droit des crimes de guerre et des crimes contre l'humanité depuis la seconde guerre mondiale : comparaison Allemagne fédérale / France." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3018/document.
Full textContrary to the popular belief that the time clears injuries, the finding must be made of the omnipresence of the memory as a matrix of guidelines decided by our leaders. Seventy years after the World War II ended, it occupies public space in all its components and drives the adoption of laws recognizing victims and punishing speech of negation. Meanwhile, the legislature must meet its conventional obligations and the requirements of international criminal justice. But again, the political contingencies are strong, which block legal thinking and lead to the creation of controversial provisions. This phenomenon, striking in France, is less at our german neighbor, yet reliant on a heavy legacy memorial. This observation may surprise those who do not consider the joint but divergent evolutions of the two states since 1945, on the « treatment » of international crimes by nature and their consequences ; hence the usefulness of a transverse, historical and comparative approach to these issues
Habibi, Homayoun. "La notion de menace contre la paix en droit international." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010280.
Full textAugustin, Pierre. "Essai sur l'artillerie contre-aérienne française et la guerre aéroterrestre des origines à nos jours /." [Mauguio] (173, rue Saint-Exupéry, 34135 Cedex) : [Offset 2000], 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35467151v.
Full textNsingui, Barros Francisco. "A contre courant : les Etats-unis ont gagné- à domicile- leur guerre du/au Vietnam." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100142.
Full textA recent flowering of books published on The Vietnam War,that brings together researchers, testimonies of actors and policy analysis requires a re—affirmation too fast asserted. To leave without glory of a theater of operations far from their domestic and true interests, the United States - perhaps — in this war lost some of their good image and credibility in an episode that, of course, marks and media coverage of military history and national levels. But the interest of this research is to show that the United States, because of or after the war /Vietnam, remained what they were since the creation of the American nation until today 'Today thanks to their fundamental institutional and national constituent: Constitution, Law,Prosperity, Power, Mission Statement, Influence, Weighing. What they were yesterday and today remains will still be there tomorrow because of Inheritance assumed even in cyclical redundancy (PartI: Prolegomena) and, despite the gravity of events, crossing Profits and Losses in a conflict, the backup the bulk (Part Two: Polarization) by the return to basics.In the long history of the United States, War/ Vietnam War is not only seen as heinous or as "fair",but "just war". In the balance of profit and loss, the war still offers a great reading grid of what this country has saved essential, substantial in each race: to win against bad luck by trusting his "manifest destiny". Until history has a final word
Augustin, Pierre. "Essai sur l'artillerie contre-aerienne francaise et la guerre aeroterrestre des origines a nos jours." Montpellier 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON30007.
Full textBorn at the edge of the twentieth century, the french ada was primarily organized to deal with the threat representated by zeppelin aircraft. The first world war was the test and the unique field of development in war contions of the best ada of this war, being taken as a model by the other allied ada's this was a perfect example of an efficient self development under stress conditions. The period leading to the second world war show and proved through a process of unadequation between missions and means, how can a system fail and definetely deteriorate. The conquest of the occupied french territory was practically a field of lack of employment of the ada in its role and the missile revolution was the cause of a new era beginning in 1962. The contemporary period has ended to prove that the ada demonstrates the supremacy of technology upon tactics, the process of initiation of a sophisticated development by the required necessity to master the third dimension, the air threat and anintegrated assessment of needs and missions throughout the spectrum of the airland war
Montrichard, Cyrielle. "La presse de tranchées : un espace discursif de mise en scène d’un contre-discours combattant ?" Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCC015.
Full textThis work offers an in-depth study of French soldiers’ discourse in the Trench Press (written by soldiers for soldiers) during the First World War. In the early beginning of the war, the public space is shaped by the sacred Union speech delivered by Raymond Poincaré, President of France. This constitutive speech (Grésillon & Maingueneau) builds an hegemonic discourse (Angenot) that becomes the only one that can be told in the public space at least until 1916. Between propaganda and censorship, is it possible to produce a counter-speech, an argumentation against the sacred Union and every representation (soldiers are happy and brave heroes ready to make the sacrifice of their life, german are barbarians, etc.) that comes with it? We first built a corpus of five journals (for about a half million words) which allow us to use textometric tools that offers, among other things, different angles of reading. By investing the argumentative dimension theory (Amossy) that sees discourse as a way, not only to convince but also, to show a point of view, our work is trying to reveal if the Trench Press can be consider as a counter-speech. To do so, we explore different paths such as the enunciative heterogeneity (Authier-Revuz) to see how and why the dominant discourse is exposed in the Trench press
Anastasi, Carole. "Innovation moléculaire à visée thérapeutique : Conception, synthèse et évaluation des propriétés antivirales de nouveaux dérivés de la 2',3'-didésoxy-3'-thiacytidine : Mécanisme d'action : drogue et prodrogue?" Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22068.
Full textTenenbaum, Élie. "Une odyssée subversive : la circulation des savoirs stratégiques irréguliers en Occident (France, Grande-Bretagne, États-Unis) de 1944 à 1972." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0015.
Full textAfter being marginalized for centuries by the Western military model, irregular warfare was reintroduced during the Second World War through the indirect strategy adopted under British leadership. These new concepts then spread to the French and the American allies, thus contributing to forge the crucible of a new strategic community. The emergence of a "subversive threat" at the beginning of the Cold War allowed the renewal of such a community and the development of strategic knowledge such as irregular guerrilla or psychological warfare. Sometimes in cooperation, sometimes in rivalry, Western allies weaved their community of practice, first in Southeast Asia, facing the Maoist threat of people’s war, and then throughout the whole Third World. In the 1960s, the United States took the head of the crusade against the "wars of national liberation" and thus developed an integrated strategy, known as "counterinsurgency". The failure of its implementation in Vietnam and its political excesses yet lead to the rapid decline of irregular strategy in the West until its reappearance in the early twenty-first century, in the context of the global war on terror. Based on a large number of primary sources and adopting new methods of connected history, this work highlights the structures, networks and vectors which contributed to the circulation of strategic knowledge associated with irregular warfare. It also explores the motivations and limitations for such a circulation and attempts to offer an global narrative to apprehend the evolution of irregular warfare concepts
Hudebine, Hervé. "Au risque du désordre, un succès de santé publique : l'adaptation des politiques britanniques de lutte contre la drogue en réponse au sida (1982-1993)." Grenoble 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE21005.
Full textValin, Claudy. "La Rochelle, la Vendée 1793 : Révolution et contre-révolution /." Paris : le Croît vif, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36185717w.
Full textCoste, Nicolas. "Contribution à l'étude de la dispersion des contre-mesures dans la couche de surface marine." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22069.
Full textFiasson, David. "« Tenir frontière contre les Anglois ». La frontière des ennemis dans le royaume de France (v. 1400 - v. 1450)." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL3H048.
Full textThis PhD deals with the frontier of the enemies, a territory disputed by the French king, the English king and the duke of Burgondy. We can define it as the whole of the parishes taxed by both sides, meaning most of the parishes located less than 30 miles from an enemy’s fortress. In these dangerous areas, people were compelled to face incertitude, and invented new solutions to deal with it. This thesis also focuses on the frontier as a line, an imaginary boundary between obedient and inobedient people to a same king, as well as a real boundary between the parishes subdued to the French or the English king’s authority. Eventually, the frontier of the enemies was a juridical concept which both kings and urban communities used in their correspondence. This concept was part of the identity of the people living in a territory at war, as Jean Juvénal des Ursins, bishop of Beauvais. By writing the history of this frontier during the second part of the Hundred Years War, we reveal how the French conceived their territory and their relations with the princes then at war
Girard, Michel F. "La guerre contre l'écologisme : essor et déclin de la Commission de la conservation du Canada, 1909-1921." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7807.
Full textLafon, Jean-Marc. "Le paradoxe andalou (1808-1812) : contre-insurrection, collaboration et résistances dans le midi de l'Espagne." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.numeriquepremium.com/content/books/9782847361896.
Full textThis work strives to elucidate attitude changes in Andalusia during the Peninsular War. Despite a propitious geopolitical context, mobilization and extreme violence, which overcame the Dupont forces during the summer of 1808, were followed by the surrender of Spring 1810 and the makings of a Guerrilla associated with plunder. On the other hand, both military and civil collaboration were undeniably present. Over and above the innovative program of counter-revolt stimulated by Soult, there existed the effect of the ambiguities of the revolt itself along with the contradictions of meridional society. The fiscal restrictions, howewer, imposed by the Occupant to provide for the needs of the Southern Army and finance its military and industrial program, made long-term pacification difficult. Poverty, rural exodus and plunder marked the last phase of the Occupation
Villela, Priscila. "A “guerra às drogas” e a transnacionalização do policiamento estadunidense no Brasil : as relações entre a Polícia Federal e a DEA nos anos 1990 e 2000 /." Marília, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192870.
Full textResumo: A chamada “guerra às drogas” vem desde a década de 1990 impulsionando a transnacionalização de agências de policiamento estadunidenses, como a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Interpretou-se que as lacunas entre as diferentes jurisdições nacionais representavam uma oportunidade à criminalidade transnacional e, ao mesmo tempo, uma barreira à ação policial. Em razão disso, as dinâmicas do policiamento, cuja jurisdição costumou restringir-se às delimitações territoriais nacionais, ganharam alcance transnacional. O Brasil, reconhecido enquanto uma das mais importantes rotas do tráfico internacional de drogas da América Latina, tornou-se importante espaço de atuação da DEA. Entre as décadas de 1990 e 2000, a DEA e a Polícia Federal brasileira estreitaram suas relações visando o combate ao tráfico de drogas. Ao promover programas de assistência, treinamento, financiamento de políticas públicas e operações conjuntas, a DEA logrou influenciar as condutas, diretrizes, objetivos e estratégias da Polícia Federal. Por meio de uma pesquisa documental e de entrevistas, este trabalho buscou descrever as diferentes formas pelas quais a DEA e a Polícia Federal se articularam nesse dado período, destacando a assimetria de poder que marcou essa relação.
Abstract: The so-called “war on drugs” has, since the 1990s, driving the transnationalization of US policing agencies, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). It was interpreted that the gaps between the different national jurisdictions represented an opportunity for transnational crime and, at the same time, a barrier to police action. As a result, the dynamics of policing, whose jurisdiction used to be restricted to national territorial boundaries, have gained transnational reach. Brazil, recognized as one of the most important routes for international drug trafficking in Latin America, has become an important area of policing for the DEA. Between the 1990s and 2000s, the DEA and the Brazilian Federal Police strengthened their relations aiming the drug trafficking control. By promoting assistance programs, training, financing of public policies and joint operations, the DEA managed to influence the Federal Police’s conduct, guidelines, objectives and strategies. Through documentary research and interviews, this work sought to describe the different ways in which the DEA and the Federal Police articulated themselves in this given period, highlighting the asymmetry of power that marked this relationship.
Resumen: La llamada “guerra contra las drogas” ha impulsando, desde la década de 1990, la transnacionalización de las agencias policiales estadounidenses, como la Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Se interpretó que las brechas entre las diferentes jurisdicciones nacionales representaban una oportunidad para el crimen transnacional y, al mismo tiempo, una barrera para la acción policial. Como resultado, la dinámica de la policía, cuya jurisdicción solía estar restringida a las fronteras territoriales nacionales, ha ganado alcance transnacional. Brasil, reconocido como una de las rutas más importantes para el tráfico internacional de drogas en América Latina, se ha convertido en un área importante de actividad para la DEA. Entre los años 1990 y 2000, la DEA y la Policía Federal de Brasil fortalecieron sus relaciones con el objetivo de combatir el narcotráfico. Al promover programas de asistencia, capacitación, financiamiento de políticas públicas y operaciones conjuntas, la DEA pudo influir en la conducta, las directrices, los objetivos y las estrategias de la Policía Federal. A través de investigaciones documentales y entrevistas, este trabajo buscó describir las diferentes formas en que la DEA y la Policía Federal se articularon en este período dado, destacando la asimetría de poder que marcó esta relación.
Doutor
Jaulin, Emmanuel. "La gendarmerie dans la guerre d’Algérie, dépendance et autonomie au sein des forces armées." Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040021.
Full textThis thesis aims to demonstrate that the relations between the French gendarmerie and army during the Algerian war has evolved according to the different phases of this conflict. As long as the political orientations were clearly in favor of Algerian integration to France, there were no major divergences within the two corps who successfully cooperated to crush the rebellion. But progressive General de Gaulle evolution toward Algerian independence from end of 1959 leads to such stress within the army and European population in Algeria that divergences arises and leads to misunderstandings and sometime real opposition
Joblin, Alain. "Réforme, contre-réforme et reformation catholique dans le boulonnais, 1550-1713." Lille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL30008.
Full textAs a frontier province situated in the north-west of the kingdom of france, the seneschalsy of boulogne was very close to the protestant england and to the flemish and artois territories belonging to the spanish. Around 1550, boulogne and its surroundings became the center of a new diocese which was created after the former diocese of therouanne had been destroyed by the spanish. In the second half of the sixteenth century, protestants and catholics were both anxious to get in control of boulogne harbour and of the region. In the seventeenth century, a small protestant community still existed (it will survive until the revocation of the edict of nantes in 1685) and the bishops of boulogne were aware a catholic reform was necessary. They wanted to improve the state of the clergy so that the priests were more easily able to control the religious practices of their congregations by laying stress on the religious instruction. This catholic reform was marked by the spirit of "l'ecole francaise de spiritualite", the main representatives of which were the cardinal berulle, the oratoriens and saint vincent de paul. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a jansenist crisis broke out in the region of boulogne, showing that the catholic reformation had been a success in this region
Okoko, Ghislain. "La "guerre contre le terrorisme international" et le droit international humanitaire au lendemain des attentats du 11 septembre 2001." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAD005/document.
Full textDescribed as "acts of war", the attacks of 11 September 2001 enabled President George W. BUSH to justify his military interventions against the states he designated as the "Axis of Evil" "Empire of Evil" denounced by Ronald REAGAN. On September 18, 2001, the US Congress reinforced the militarization of the fight against terrorism by almost unanimously voting the "Authorization for Use of Military Force". The reaction of the United States can be summed up in four very specific words: "War on Terrorism" or "War on Terror". As early as 6 October 2001, this "war" took the form of an international armed conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq. The main objective of the United States was to eradicate terrorism by destroying the terrorist organization al-Qaeda, including its leader Oussama BEN LADEN, whom George W. BUSH wanted "dead or alive" Reference to the expeditious justice of the Far West. These armed conflicts have led to the capture of Taliban fighters and al-Qaeda members on different battlefields. It is on the basis of the US President's Military Order that most of them will be detained at the US naval base in Guantanamo bay, described as "illegal combatants", and then deprived of prisoner-of-war status. The daily practice of torture by American soldiers will make Guantanamo a true "no-law zone". The detainees found themselves in a "legal black hole" due to the uncertainty created around their legal status. Yet war is regulated by international humanitarian law through the rules of jus ad bellum, which determine the situations in which it is lawful to resort to force, and jus in bello regulating the conduct of a war. This corpus of law is today largely codified by the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977. But the "war on terror" is undoubtedly a new form of "war" which was not envisaged The adoption of the Geneva Conventions. A careful reading of these conventions may suggest that these provisions do not apply to terrorists who engage in activities that are totally contradictory to Geneva law. Thus, the applicability and application of this right in this "war" seem controversial, particularly with regard to the status of those arrested and then detained by the United States. However, the constant of international humanitarian law is that it should be applicable as soon as a situation of violence turns into an armed conflict