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1
Vieira, José Rodolfo. "OPERAÇÃO CAST LEAD." Fênix - Revista de História e Estudos Culturais 18, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35355/revistafenix.v18i1.1064.
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O objetivo desse artigo consiste em observar o trabalho do jornalista e quadrinista estadunidense Joe Sacco, intitulado Notas sobre Gaza. Nesse trabalho, o autor, por meio de várias entrevistas tenta rememorar os acontecimentos nas aldeias de Khan Younis e Rafah, ambas na Faixa de Gaza, acerca do massacre de novembro de 1956, diante dos litígios que darão início à Guerra de Suez de 1956. No entanto, além de representar a memória dos palestinos que vivenciaram os acontecimentos de 1956, o trabalho de Sacco entrecruza com os acontecimentos que condizem com o período de produção de seu trabalho (2002-2009). Nesse artigo, nossa atenção estará voltada para a Operação Cast Lead, que aconteceu entre o final de 2008 e início de 2009. Para isso, utilizaremos como base teórica o conceito de representações do historiador francês Roger Chartier a fim de analisarmos os sistemas de representações que estavam sendo produzidos concomitante ao período de produção de Notas sobre Gaza.
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Chaufan, Claudia, and Khaleel Isa. "Heal thyself: Dealing with trauma work - Gaza 2008/2009." Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 2011): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363459309360799.
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Mansour, Camille. "Reflections on the War on Gaza." Journal of Palestine Studies 38, no. 4 (2009): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2009.38.4.91.
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This essay looks at the Gaza war of winter 2008––2009 within its broader politico-military context. At the political level, Israel's post-2005 disengagement policies and initiatives with regard to Gaza (and Egypt) and their implications relative to the future of the West Bank are emphasized. Militarily, in examining the background and objectives of the war, the author gives particular importance to the testing of lessons drawn from the past, especially the summer 2006 war on Lebanon, in the aim of regaining a kind of ““Dahiya”” deterrence based on reprisals against civilians rather than on battlefield victory.
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Tams, Christian J. "Der Goldstone-Bericht zum Gaza-Krieg 2008/2009 aus Sicht des Völkerrechts." Vereinte Nationen 58, no. 6 (2010): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0042-384x-2010-6-243.
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Ponte, Ludivine. "Commémorer la Grande Guerre dans un département de l’arrière : 14-18 dans l’Eure, à la lumière des archives publiques et de parcours individuels." La Gazette des archives 258, no. 2 (2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/gazar.2020.5981.
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Dans l’Eure, les commémorations de la Première Guerre mondiale se sont concrétisées, en 2014, par une exposition itinérante. Si la forme du projet n’avait en soi rien de particulièrement original, il fallait que le discours porté le soit : en effet, d’une part le contexte se prêtait à la multiplication des expositions, émissions de télévision, ouvrages sur le sujet et, d’autre part, une exposition avait déjà eu lieu en 2008. Plus prosaïquement, la question se posait de savoir ce que l’on pouvait dire d’un département de l’arrière pendant la guerre. Le dépouillement quasi systématique des séries d’archives publiques ainsi que, dans un second temps, des archives privées nous a fourni suffisamment de matière pour produire un discours enrichi par rapport à celui de 2008 et montrer que la vie à l’arrière avait pu être fortement touchée par les événements du front. Il nous a également permis d’approfondir notre connaissance des fonds et, à travers la mise en lumière de personnages ayant réellement existé, de mettre en avant la notion d’enquête, inhérente aux archives. Enfin, le projet s’est révélé être un important levier de cohésion de l’équipe.
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Ben-Israel, Galit Margalit. "The Impact of Web 2.0 on Public Engagement in the Israeli Home Front (From the 2006 Lebanon War to the 2014 Israel-Gaza Conflict)." International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 5, no. 2 (April 2018): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2018040105.
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This article deals with citizen engagement and public participation being in crisis on the Israeli home front, in the era of Web 2.0. Since 2004, Web 2.0 characterizes changes that allow users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in social networking sites: Facebook, Twitter, blogs, wikis, YouTube, hosted services, applications, WhatsApp, etc. Since 2006, Israel is involved in asymmetric conflicts. The research defines the impact of Web 2.0 on public engagement in the Israeli home front. The case studies examined in the research are: 1) The 2006 Lebanon War (July-August 2006); 2) The Gaza War (27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January 2009); 3) Operation Pillar of Defense (November 2012); and 4) The 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.
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Venturini, Gabriella. "L'operazione militare di Israele contro Gaza e il diritto internazionale umanitario." DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, no. 2 (July 2009): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2009-002004.
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- The Israeli armed action in the Gaza Strip between December 27, 2008 and January 18, 2009 has prompted vehement protests of the public, especially in the Arab Countries and in Europe. The reaction of international institutions has varied. While the UN Human Rights Council strongly censured Israel, placing light blame on the rocket attacks made from Gaza against Israeli towns, the UN Security Council was much more measured in itsresponde. Generally speaking, ius in bello (or International Humanitarian Law, IHL) was not extensively addressed by the international institutions, which instead focused their debates on the legitimacy of the use of force. For different reasons, neither Israel nor Hamas is bound by the most relevant IHL Conventions on the conduct of hostilities during armed conflict. The broad rules of customary international law prove barely adequate to restrain the use of means and methods of combat in asymmetrical conflicts. Although the victims may have recourse to domestic (Israeli) jurisdiction to redress their losses, the military action in Gaza will have long lasting negative consequences in the troubled area of Palestine.
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Klein, Alberto Carlos Augusto, and Regina Krauss. "Fotografia, imaginário e os lugares do Outro: um passeio por imagens do ataque israelense à Faixa de Gaza." Comunicação Mídia e Consumo 9, no. 25 (September 26, 2012): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18568/cmc.v9i25.316.
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Este trabalho apresenta a análise da cobertura imagética do maior ataque israelense à faixa de Gaza nas capas da Folha de S. Paulo entre dezembro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009. A partir dos esquemas de representação escolhidos na edição fotográfica do jornal, atenta para a caracterização dos lados envolvidos utilizando como subsídio os conceitos de teóricos da imagem, além das noções de estereótipo e arquétipo, para compreender de que modo se elabora a construção da Alteridade na oposição Ocidente versus Oriente.
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Naem, Fadel, Hashem Mansour, and Khamis Elessi. "Comparison between the Incidence of Congenital Abnormalities amongst Newborns in Gaza Strip One Year before the 2008 - 2009 War on Gaza and One Year after the 2008 - 2009 War on Gaza = مقارنة حدوث تشوه خلقي بين حديثي الولادة في قطاع غزة سنة قبل و سنة بعد الحرب على غزة عامي 2008 و 2009." Jordan Medical Journal 49, no. 3 (September 2015): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0024908.
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Sandrup, Therese. "When the Outrage Becomes Personal, and the Urge to Act Unbearable." Conflict and Society 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2018.040106.
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In this article, I draw on ethnographic data from previous fieldworks among Turkish immigrant families in a Norwegian suburb (2008–2009) and, more recently, on preventative actions against radicalization (2015–2016). As point of departure, I outline two events considered morally outrageous by many of my interlocutors: the Gaza War (2008–2009) and the repression of the Syrian civil uprising in 2011. By contextualizing moral outrage and analyzing certain incidents as “triggers” among people who are already outraged, I aim at providing a better understanding of that emotion’s generic power. I will also give an example of how a “trigger” incident can provide an emotional outlet. In seeing moral outrage as a kind of “prism” through which people negotiate values around right and wrong, good and bad, I will argue that these negotiations might as well result in generating emotional relief and to restored integrity.
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Ghanem, As‘ad. "The Fallout from Israel's War on Gaza: A Turning Point in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict?" Holy Land Studies 8, no. 2 (November 2009): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1474947509000547.
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In this article I argue that the Israeli War against Gaza of December 2008–January 2009 marked a historical crossroad in the annals of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. The article examines four arguments: first, the war as a test for the Israeli post-Oslo strategy: Israel believed that the Palestinian Bantustans should behave as ‘protectorate regimes’, otherwise they would be under massive Israeli attack. Second, the war as the second ‘open confrontation’ that was a result of Israel's loss of its historical military deterrence. Third, some of the Arab states, including the ‘protectorate regime’ in Ramallah are part of the Israeli (and American) alliance against what is considered as the ‘rejectionist regimes’. Forth, the war in Gaza is the formal beginning of the end of the PLO as the ‘sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people’.
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Palma Morales, Oscar. "Gaza. Reflexiones sobre la intervención humanitaria." Revista de relaciones internacionales, estrategia y seguridad 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2009): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/ries.156.
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El fin del cese el fuego entre Hamas y el Gobierno de Ehud Olmert a finales de 2008 originó una guerra causada por el continuo lanzamiento de cohetes por parte de Hamas al vecino territorio Israelí y la consecuente respuesta de esa nación ocupando la Franja de Gaza. Los fuertes ataques, que repetitivamente afectaron a la población civil y las misiones internacionales, generaron unambiente de condiciones humanitarias extremas e intolerables en el área más densa del planeta. Esta situación obliga a reflexionar sobre el instrumento de intervención humanitaria. El mundo entiende dicho instrumento como el medio para intervenir por la fuerza en aquellos Estados donde, por excesos del gobierno contra ciertos sectores de la población o grupos subnacionales, se generan emergencias humanitarias supremas. El caso de Gaza demuestra la necesidad contemplar la posibilidad de que dicha intervención no se conciba como exclusiva para escenarios puramente internos, sino también cuando el choque entre uno o más Estados genera las mismas condiciones de degradación humanitaria inaceptable. Sin embargo, se oponen los intereses de las grandes potencias mundiales y sus alianzas, y la posibilidad de que en vez de lograr el control de la situación haya un escalamiento del conflicto.
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Hermant, Marina, and Lionel Gallois. "Au service de la mémoire de la Grande Guerre, les Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais." La Gazette des archives 258, no. 2 (2020): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/gazar.2020.5975.
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Par une délibération du 24 juin 2013, le conseil général du Pas-de-Calais a déterminé le cadre de son engagement pour les commémorations de la Première Guerre mondiale et en a confié la coordination et le suivi aux Archives départementales, en lien étroit avec les autres directions concernées. Il a participé, dès 2008, aux programmes européens chargés d’y préparer au mieux les territoires : portés par des acteurs du tourisme et de la culture, ceux-ci ont donné lieu à la conception d’études, d’expositions et d’outils touristiques multilingues. Le département a soutenu activement les projets structurants portés par la région, les collectivités ou certaines associations ; il a aussi souhaité favoriser l’émergence des initiatives locales, en lançant deux appels à projets, en 2015 et 2017, qui ont permis la réalisation d’expositions et de programmations culturelles communales ou intercommunales, ont aidé à la création ou à la diffusion de spectacles vivants comme à l’organisation de manifestations sportives à visée mémorielle. Les Archives ont aussi donné naissance, seules ou en partenariat, à cinq nouvelles expositions consacrées à la Première Guerre mondiale, avec comme principaux objectifs l’accessibilité du contenu à tous les publics et leur itinérance sur l’ensemble du département. Le Centenaire a également permis de renouveler l’intérêt des enseignants pour l’usage des archives en classe, et d’accroître ainsi le nombre des élèves reçus. Le «coeur de métier » , lui-même, a été fortement impacté par les commémorations, qu’il s’agisse de la collecte d’archives privées (y compris dans le cadre des opérations nationales ou régionales de Grande Collecte dématérialisée), du classement des archives des organismes temporaires de la Première Guerre mondiale (1 951 mètres linéaires traités), de la numérisation et de l’indexation des registres matricules, ou de la publication de «Chroniques de la Grande Guerre » sur le site Internet des Archives départementales (548 articles). La plantation d’arbres de la paix, dans les 158 collèges et certains bâtiments départementaux, a enfin accompagné le centenaire de la fin des combats et de l’armistice. L’implication des Archives départementales dans la politique volontariste mémorielle du département a ainsi été particulièrement fructueuse, y compris pour ses missions obligatoires, en leur apportant une réelle visibilité auprès du grand public. S’appuyant sur cette expérience de cinq années, le département développe aujourd’hui l’axe ainsi défini, en confiant aux Archives la coordination des commémorations du centenaire de la convention franco-polonaise d’émigration et d’immigration, signée à Varsovie le 3 septembre 1919.
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Lyons, Joshua. "Documenting violations of international humanitarian law from space: a critical review of geospatial analysis of satellite imagery during armed conflicts in Gaza (2009), Georgia (2008), and Sri Lanka (2009)." International Review of the Red Cross 94, no. 886 (June 2012): 739–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383112000756.
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AbstractSince the launch of the first commercial very high resolution satellite sensor in 1999 there has been a growing awareness and application of space technology for the remote identification of potential violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. As examined in the three cases of armed conflict in Gaza, Georgia, and Sri Lanka, analysis of satellite imagery was able to provide investigators with independent, verifiable, and compelling evidence of serious violations of international humanitarian law. Also examined are the important limitations to such imagery-based analysis, including the larger technical, analytical, and political challenges facing the humanitarian and human rights community for conducting satellite-based analysis in the future.
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Tali, Saed. "Rompere l'anonimato scegliendo di essere presenti." GRUPPI, no. 2 (October 2010): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gru2009-002011.
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L'autore, uno psicologo palestinese che vive e lavora in Israele, riferisce le emozioni provate alla visione del film Munich di Steven Spielberg, ancora scosso per le esperienze vissute in occasione degli attacchi israeliani contro la Striscia di Gaza dell'inverno 2009. Egli utilizza il film come esempio del processo che consente di trasformare il "nemico" da oggetto a soggetto, cioč del processo che avviene durante i dialoghi di pace in cui si confrontano persone appartenenti a gruppi in conflitto. Tale processo deve superare le resistenze che si oppongono al cambiamento per realizzare la transizione necessaria all'uscita dal conflitto. Tali riporta un episodio che sottolinea il ruolo giocato dai mezzi di informazione durante la Guerra di Gaza e analizza alcuni esempi delle tendenze opposte ben rappresentate nel film: il desiderio di incontrare il nemico alla ricerca di nuove modalitŕ relazionali e, dall'altro lato, l'istinto di mantenere inalterata la situazione.
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Berrigan, Frida. "Made in the U.S.A.: American Military Aid to Israel." Journal of Palestine Studies 38, no. 3 (2009): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2009.xxxviii.3.6.
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Enforcement of U.S. law concerning weapons exports and the disbursement of military aid are subject to highly politicized interpretations of concepts like ““legitimate self-defense”” and ““safeguarding internal security.”” As illustrated by Israel's July 2006 war in Lebanon and its 2008––2009 Operation Cast Lead in Gaza, Washington has essentially allowed Israel to define ““self-defense”” however it chooses. This overview of U.S. military aid to Israel, including weapons sales and related support of its domestic military industrial complex, examines in detail the mechanisms through which aid is funneled, the restrictions on aid that do exist, and the uses to which U.S. military aid has been put——particularly in terms of Israel's military operations and its exports abroad.
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Marton, Ruchama. "Human rights violations during Israel's attack on the Gaza Strip: 27 December 2008 to 19 January 2009." Global Public Health 6, no. 5 (July 2011): 560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010.551518.
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Fahmy, Shahira, and Rico Neumann. "Shooting War Or Peace Photographs? An Examination of Newswires’ Coverage of the Conflict in Gaza (2008-2009)." American Behavioral Scientist 56, no. 2 (September 19, 2011): NP1—NP26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764211419355.
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According to Galtung, a peace journalism frame is one that highlights peace initiatives and tones down differences by promoting conflict resolution. A war journalism frame, in his view, is one that highlights differences between opposing parties, urging violence as means to a resolution. Thus, based on the above classification of these two competing frames of war coverage, this is one of the first studies to empirically test the model via a visual quantitative analysis. Using news photographs, this study analyzes the extent to which the Gaza War (2008-2009) was represented as war versus peace journalism in the three leading Western newswires (Associated Press, Reuters, and AFP/Getty Images). Findings indicate that all three wires combined provided a variety of visual frames to communicate a comprehensive coverage of the event. This observed pattern therefore highlights the role of gatekeeping in providing a broad-based understanding of conflicts. In other words, it becomes crucial to note that photo selections in terms of war versus peace journalism ultimately has an impact in shaping public opinion and influencing perceptions of news events. Furthermore, from a theoretical standpoint, this work expands the classification of war versus peace journalism by operationalizing these frames into concrete pictorial patterns from a visual communication perspective.
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Lambeth, Benjamin S. "Israel's War in Gaza: A Paradigm of Effective Military Learning and Adaptation." International Security 37, no. 2 (October 2012): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00099.
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For more than two decades, the pursuit of “lessons learned” from major combat encounters has been an area of sustained activity within the defense establishments of the United States and its principal allies around the world. Yet as often as not, such efforts have, at best, yielded lessons merely indicated and identified, since they cannot be said to have been truly learned until their prescriptions have been accepted and assimilated into an armed service's doctrine, force development, and operating procedures. In one notable instance in late December 2008 and early January 2009, however, an exemplar of lessons learned and incorporated was offered by the twenty-three-day campaign conducted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) against the radical Islamist organization Hamas in the Gaza Strip. That performance came on the heels of the IDF's less impressive showing more than two years before against the Iranian-sponsored terrorist movement Hezbollah during Israel's 2006 war in Lebanon. By any measure, Israel's comparative success in Gaza was a direct result of teachings gained and duly incorporated into the IDF's combat repertoire by Israeli civilian and military leaders in response to their earlier misadventure in Lebanon.
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Breau, Susan C. "THE YEAR IN REVIEW." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 12 (December 2009): 195–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135909000075.
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AbstractThis year in review will first discuss the major developments that contributed towards the formation or enforcement of international humanitarian law. Despite the many positive developments in the elucidation of international humanitarian law, 2009 witnessed the continuation of violent armed conflict around the world, not least in Sri Lanka where the long standing armed conflict came to a bloody conclusion amidst allegations of summary executions and other serious violations of international humanitarian law. Two other conflicts involving Israel/Gaza and Russia/Georgia which took place in 2008 and early 2009, resulted in the release of two influential international investigative reports, each of which alleged serious violations of international humanitarian law and called for the enforcement of criminal accountability. The election of Barack Obama marked a significant shift in the attitude of the United States to terrorism and detention with the new President immediately announcing on taking office, the closure of Guantánamo Bay.
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Crone, Olivier. "« Plomb durci » : l'opération militaire israélienne contre le Hamas à Gaza du 27 décembre 2008 au 18 janvier 2009." Outre-Terre 22, no. 2 (2009): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/oute.022.0098.
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Pust, Hans-Christian. "Ausstellung „Orages de Papier“ in Paris." WLBforum 12, no. 2 (October 15, 2010): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53458/wlbf.v12i2.395.
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Am 26. Oktober 2010 wurde in Paris die Ausstellung „Orages de Papier – La Grande Guerre des médias“ eröffnet. Die Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte hat diese Ausstellung zusammen mit der Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg (BNU), der Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine (BDIC) in Paris-Nanterre und der Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) erarbeitet. Alle vier Institutionen haben zu der Ausstellung Exponate aus ihren Kriegssammlungen beigesteuert, die im Ersten Weltkrieg angelegt wurden. Die Ausstellung war 2008 und 2009 schon in Straßburg und in Stuttgart zu sehen. In Paris wird sie in den Ausstellungsräumen der BDIC im Hôtel National des Invalidesgezeigt.
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Khalidi, Muhammad Ali. ""The Most Moral Army in the World": The New "Ethical Code" of the Israeli Military and The War on Gaza." Journal of Palestine Studies 39, no. 3 (2010): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.3.6.
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This article examines the content of and justification for a new "ethical code" designed for the Israeli army to take into account the "fight against terror. " It argues that the code contains two innovations: it includes acts aimed exclusively at military targets in its definition of "terrorism," and it contains a principle of distinction that prioritizes the lives of citizen combatants over those of noncitizen noncombatants, contrary to centuries of theorizing about the morality of war as well as international humanitarian law. The article suggests that the principle of distinction played a direct role in Israel's offensive in Gaza in winter 2008––2009, as demonstrated by a preponderance of testimony indicating that Israeli military commanders explicitly instructed soldiers to give priority to their own lives over those of Palestinian noncombatants.
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van Atteveldt, Wouter, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul R. Shenhav, and Yair Fogel-Dror. "Clause Analysis: Using Syntactic Information to Automatically Extract Source, Subject, and Predicate from Texts with an Application to the 2008–2009 Gaza War." Political Analysis 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2016.12.
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This article presents a new method and open source R package that uses syntactic information to automatically extract source–subject–predicate clauses. This improves on frequency-based text analysis methods by dividing text into predicates with an identified subject and optional source, extracting the statements and actions of (political) actors as mentioned in the text. The content of these predicates can be analyzed using existing frequency-based methods, allowing for the analysis of actions, issue positions and framing by different actors within a single text. We show that a small set of syntactic patterns can extract clauses and identify quotes with good accuracy, significantly outperforming a baseline system based on word order. Taking the 2008–2009 Gaza war as an example, we further show how corpus comparison and semantic network analysis applied to the results of the clause analysis can show differences in citation and framing patterns between U.S. and English-language Chinese coverage of this war.
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Zeitzoff, Thomas. "Using Social Media to Measure Conflict Dynamics." Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, no. 6 (June 20, 2011): 938–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002711408014.
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The lack of temporal disaggregation in conflict data has so far presented a strong obstacle to analyzing the short-term dynamics of military conflict. Using a novel data set of hourly dyadic conflict intensity scores drawn from Twitter and other social media sources during the Gaza Conflict (2008–2009), the author attempts to fill a gap in existing studies. The author employs a vector autoregression (VAR) to measure changes in Israel’s and Hamas’s military response dynamics immediately following two important junctures in the conflict: the introduction of Israeli ground troops and the UN Security Council vote. The author finds that both Hamas’s and Israel’s response to provocations by the other side increase (both by about twofold) immediately after the ground invasion, but following the UN Security Council vote, Israel’s response is cut in half, while Hamas’s slightly increases. In addition, the author provides a template for researchers to harness social media to capture the micro-dynamics of conflict.
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Arimatsu, Louise. "TERRITORY, BOUNDARIES AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 12 (December 2009): 157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135909000063.
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AbstractIsrael's military operation in the Gaza Strip from 27 December 2008 until 18 January 2009 raised a host of legal questions on status and the conduct of hostilities, many of which have been subjected to intense scrutiny. But perhaps the two most troubling questions that remain unresolved concern the appropriate legal regime that governed the conflict and the geographical reach of the law. Was this an international armed conflict? If so, who were the ‘contracting parties’ and what was the territorial scope of the conflict? Alternatively, was the armed conflict one between a state, Israel, and a non-state actor, Hamas, and thus subject to the rules that apply in non-international armed conflict? This latter position jars with our intuition not least because the codified law assumes non-international armed conflict takes placewithinthe territory of a contracting state. The disquiet is apparent in the Israeli Supreme Court judgment of 2009,Physicians for Human Rights v. Prime Minister, in which the Court had to determine the legal regime governing the armed conflict between Israel and ‘the Hamas organization’. Describing the normative ‘arrangements’ as ‘complex’, it noted that ‘the classification of the armed conflict between the state of Israel and the Hamas organization as an international conflict raises several difficulties’.
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Hammoudeh, Weeam, Dennis Hogan, and Rita Giacaman. "Quality of life, human insecurity, and distress among Palestinians in the Gaza Strip before and after the Winter 2008–2009 Israeli war." Quality of Life Research 22, no. 9 (March 12, 2013): 2371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0386-9.
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De Albuquerque, Adenilson De Barros. "La guerra del fin del mundo e O pêndulo de Euclides: momentos decisivos no conjunto das narrativas canudenses." Revista Légua & Meia 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/lm.v9i1.4544.
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Em uma gama de produções romanescas, história, memória e ficção se entrelaçam, contribuindo para as mais diferentes demonstrações e interpretações possibilitadas pela compreensão de que toda e qualquer recriação escrita do passado constitui-se em discurso. Dentre os romances canudenses, La guerra del fin del mundo (1981) de Mario Vargas Llosa e O pêndulo de Euclides (2009) de Aleilton Fonseca expõem, de modos distintos, a realidade nordestina representada pelo sistema cultural, social, político e religioso de Canudos, em face de uma pretensa oficialidade ou homogeneidade brasileiras. Estes dois romances, de certa forma, obedecem a uma evolução no sentido de se compreender, avaliar e aceitar as diferenças de uma parte híbrida – o sertão nordestino – diante de um universo maior.
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MAUGEY, B., G. LAGARDE, M. FLUSIN, M. LACQUEMENT, C. PAUGAM, and G. HEREDIA. "Bilan de l’année d’activité 2008-2009 de la cellule de régulation médicale de Kaboul (Med RC C)." Médecine et Armées Vol. 39 No. 4, Volume 39, Numéro 4 (October 1, 2011): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.6570.
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La cellule de régulation médicale franco-allemande (MEdical Regulation Command Capital/Med RC C) organise et conduit les évacuations médicales (MEDEVAC) au Régional Command Capital (RC C) de Kaboul au sein de la Force internationale d’assistance à la sécurité (FIAS/ISAF) de l’Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nord (OTAN) en Afghanistan. Le Med RC C est chargé de coordonner l’ensemble des MEDEVAC dans la région de Kaboul ou en provenance des quatre autres régions d’Afghanistan (RC N, RC E, RC S, RC W). La mission prioritaire est la relève en urgence des blessés de toutes origines en zone hostile (MEDEVAC primaire/Forward MEDEVAC). Mais le pilotage des transferts des blessés en provenance des différents centres de soins du pays vers Kaboul (MEDEVAC secondaire/Tactical MEDEVAC) reste le travail de fond du Med RC C. L’étude est une analyse d’une année d’activité du Med RC C entre août 2008 et juillet 2009, période au cours de laquelle 80 MEDEVAC primaires au bénéfice de 134 blessés (dont 69 français), et 320 MEDEVAC secondaires pour 333 patients (dont 33 français) ont été conduites. L’important soutien santé à la population afghane mérite d’être rapporté (40 % de l’activité totale s’applique aux blessés civils dont 16 % aux enfants). L’état de guerre du théâtre afghan oblige la pratique d’une régulation des blessés particulière. L’activité du Med RC C est un exemple de coopération internationale qui exploite la complémentarité des moyens opérationnels engagés.
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Escamilla Frias, Luis Enrique. "Hacia una memoria tras la “guerra contra el narco”: cuatro necropoemas mexicanos." Acta Poética 44, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.ap.2023.2/100x26s476.
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Desde 2006, en México se ha multiplicado la producción de textos, tanto académicos como literarios, relacionados con la violencia generada en el país a causa de la estrategia securitaria de los gobiernos de México y Estados Unidos, desde el mandato del presidente Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) y George W. Bush (2001-2009); una estrategia que en realidad sirvió para otros objetivos como el extractivismo. En este artículo se analizan los poemas Los muertos de María Rivera, Querida fábrica de Dolores Dorantes, Disentimientos de la nación de Javier Raya y Antígona González de Sara Uribe. El análisis se hace en relación con dos constelaciones teóricas. Por un lado, los planteamientos de Giorgio Agamben, Rita Segato, Oswaldo Zavala y Luis Astorga, que explican la violencia como resultado de una estrategia esencialmente capitalista. Y por otro, las propuestas de Cristina Rivera Garza, Ana Cento Bull y Hans Lauge Hansen, así como de Daniel Inclán, las cuales buscan, desde el trabajo con el archivo y la memoria, distintas soluciones a los resultados trágicos que la violencia ha traído consigo.
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Silva, Auliam da. "Os sobreviventes da noite:." Cadernos CESPUC de Pesquisa Série Ensaios, no. 43 (December 6, 2023): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2358-3231.2023n43p33-47.
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Este trabalho parte de uma leitura do romance Os sobreviventes da noite (2008), do escritor moçambicano Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa. A obra, valendo-se dos provérbios africanos, como intertextos, revela ao leitor uma gama de elementos da ancestralidade moçambicana/africana. As personagens, em meio aos acampamentos da guerra civil, utilizam os provérbios como forma de tentar entender a situação de guerrilha em que vivem. Nossa leitura parte da ideia de que os provérbios, como elaborações formais que Ba Ka Khosa se vale, nos permitem conhecer mais da tradição e cosmovisão moçambicana. Como arcabouço teórico, partiremos das ideias de Laura Cavalcante Padilha (2007), Adolfo Colombres (2000), James Obelkevich (1997), Catherine Fourshey (2019).Palavras-chave: Provérbios Africanos; Literatura Moçambicana; Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa.ey (2019).
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Jilani, Hina, and Khan Ayesha. "Hina Jilani on the value of the rights discourse in the context of political Islam." Feminist Dissent, no. 3 (November 27, 2018): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/fd.n3.2018.378.
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Hina Jilani is one of Pakistan’s most influential human rights activists and a leader of Women’s Action Forum, the group that began the modern women’s movement in the country. She co-founded the first women’s law firm and legal aid organisation, AGHS, and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. At the international level she has held numerous positions as well. She is a member of the Eminent Jurists Panel on Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights. In 2009, she was appointed to the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. She was also UN Special Representative on Human Rights Defenders (2000–2008); appointed to the UN International Fact-Finding Commission on Darfur (2006); and served as President of the World Organisation Against Torture (2016).
Jilani received the Amnesty International Genetta Sagan Award for Women’s Rights (2000), and the Millennium Peace Prize for Women (2001). She is a member of The Elders, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights, founded by Nelson Mandela.
Below are edited excerpts from an interview with Ayesha Khan held at Jilani’s home in Lahore on 23 October 2015.
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Ruff-Stahl, Hans-Joachim Klaus. "The Strategic Assessment Model (Stratam) Studying and Preventing Strategic Failure." Journal of Military Studies 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jms-2016-0192.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to introduce the Strategic Assessment Model (STRATAM), a model designed to assist in the prevention of strategic failure. STRATAM aids firstly in the assessment of a strategy, as well as its crafting and evolution; secondly, it aims to enable and possibly streamline civil-military strategic debates on military operations. It is argued that strategic blunders in many cases result from latent organizational failures on one’s own side. Therefore, STRATAM combines Clausewitz’ theory of war and strategy with organizational failure theory. To demonstrate the use of this model, this paper uses Operation Cast Lead (or the Gaza War) of 2008-2009 as a case study. The paper’s findings include that the ultimate reasons for strategic failure were on one hand Clausewitzian; on the other hand, the Israeli Defense Force’s failure in organizational learning from a previous war two years earlier. The timely, strategic assessment and an effective civil-military debate about the effects of ongoing military operations might have prevented this failure. STRATAM would have provided the necessary language, structure, and relevance to identify actual and potential strategic failures with the goal to evolve the strategy.
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Zulkarnain, Zulkarnain. "Implementation of Criminal Sanctions for Violators of International Crimes by the International Criminal Court." Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal 9, no. 1 (March 14, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/abc.v9i1.149.
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In enforcing International Humanitarian Law against violators of crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) based on the 1998 Rome Statute and previous international crimes that were tried based on the Ad Hoc Court. Norms regarding enforcement mechanisms for International Humanitarian Law can be found in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and two Additional Protocols I and II of 1977. Apart from that, they can also be found in provisions relating to ad hoc and permanent War Crimes Tribunals, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC). This International Court is a legal instrument that causes violations of international crimes to be said to be effective. To prove that in enforcing International Humanitarian Law, the International Court has tried and punished perpetrators of international crimes, for example, Herman Wihem Georing case through the Nurenburg court with sentenced to death, Matsue Iwane case that Tokyo Tribunal finished, Anto Furundzija case by Yugoslavia court (ICTY), Jean- Paul Akayesu by Ruwanda Tribunal (ICTR), Somalia and Sudan case in processing by ICC. Case of Israel committing war crimes in Gaza during the 2008-2009 period.
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Hoewe, Jennifer, Brian J. Bowe, and Geri Alumit Zeldes. "A Lack of Balance: An Examination of Local Detroit, Michigan, Newspaper Coverage of the 2006 War in Lebanon and the 2008–2009 War in Gaza." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 32, no. 4 (December 2012): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2012.744171.
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Azanza López, José Javier, and Lucas Garmendia Lasa. "Tras las huellas de Picasso en la caricatura política." Revista Eviterna, no. 14 (September 29, 2023): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/re.14.2023.16968.
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Dave Brown (Barnehurst, 1957), caricaturista político del periódico británico The Independent desde 1996, adquirió una formación artística en sus estudios de Bellas Artes en la Universidad de Leeds, que pone de manifiesto semanalmente por medio de una caricatura inspirada en una obra de arte. En ella se encuentran representados los grandes artistas, con Caravaggio, Velázquez, Rembrandt, Goya, Turner y van Gogh como sus principales referentes. Y a los anteriores se suma Picasso, a quien ha acudido en varias ocasiones desde 1999, cuando se inspiró en Los tres bailarines (1925). Otras obras del malagueño que le sirven como referencia son Desnudo, hojas verdes y busto (1932), Gallo (1938) y Naturaleza muerta con cráneo de toro (1939). Y no falta Guernica (1937), en el que reconoce su validez universal como manifiesto contra la guerra y la violencia, como reflejan sus trabajos condenando los atentados de la Estación de Atocha (2004) y de La Rambla de Barcelona (2017), así como los bombardeos en la Franja de Gaza (2009). Partiendo de la consulta bibliográfica y hemerográfica y del valioso testimonio personal del autor, este trabajo indaga en la relación entre la obra de Picasso y la actualidad política a través de las caricaturas de Dave Brown.
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Margalit, Alon. "International and Local Enforcement Measures in Response to Serious Violations of IHL During the Gaza Military Operations in December 2008–January 2009: The Goldstone Report and Subsequent Developments." Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Online 15, no. 1 (2011): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22112987-90000006.
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Bogaerts, Pierre, Thierry Naas, Farid El Garch, Gaelle Cuzon, Ariane Deplano, Tugba Delaire, Te-Din Huang, Benedicte Lissoir, Patrice Nordmann, and Youri Glupczynski. "GES Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in Belgium." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 11 (August 30, 2010): 4872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00871-10.
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ABSTRACT During a PCR-based surveillance study of β-lactam resistance, 125 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were obtained from 18 hospitals in Belgium from January 2008 to December 2009. Nine GES-positive A. baumannii isolates were detected at 6 Belgian hospitals. DNA sequencing of the bla GES genes identified GES-11, GES-12, and a novel variant GES-14, which differs from GES-11 by a single amino acid substitution (Gly170Ser). All index isolates were travel associated and originated from patients transferred from Turkey (n = 2), Egypt (n = 2), and Palestinian territories (Gaza) (n = 2). A nosocomial outbreak involving three additional patients occurred in a burn unit at a single hospital. No clonal relatedness could be established between the 6 index isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Three different alleles (the plasmid-located bla GES-11 and bla GES-12 and a likely chromosomally located novel variant bla GES-14) were detected as part of a class 1 integron, also including the aac6′Ib and dfrA7 genes. Restriction analysis of plasmids suggests a common origin for the plasmids bearing bla GES-11 and bla GES-12. Cloning of the bla GES genes in E scherichia coli identified GES-14 as hydrolyzing imipenem, while GES-12 showed the highest specific activity against ceftazidime. This report highlights the emergence of various bla GES-like genes, especially those conferring carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii and its importation in Western Europe from Middle Eastern countries.
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VENNESSON, PASCAL. "War under transnational surveillance: framing ambiguity and the politics of shame." Review of International Studies 40, no. 1 (April 23, 2013): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210513000089.
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Abstract‘Naming and shaming’ those accused of abuse and misconduct is one of the most common strategies of transnational activists. Yet both qualitative and quantitative studies show that the policy and behavioural effects of naming and shaming are often contradictory. Named and shamed actors do respond at least partially by adjusting their policies and behaviour to some extent, but the actions challenged publicly as human rights violations may not cease and can even become more widespread. This ambivalent outcome is usually explained by the uneven capacity of the target to reform or by its ‘strategic’ response to escape the consequences of naming and shaming. By contrast, I show that naming and shaming can be brought to a standstill when the frame used by transnational activists is ambiguous. I trace the role of framing ambiguity during the Human Rights Watch (HRW) ‘naming and shaming’ campaigns against the Israel Defence Force (IDF) in the course of the July–August 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war (Lebanon war), and the December 2008–January 2009 Israel-Hamas war (Gaza war). I argue that HRW's use of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as a frame led to an argumentative deadlock (frame implication contest). This legal frame, and the process of legal framing, did genuinely constrain the IDF, affecting its operations and behaviour. However, the ambiguity of the frame also provided the IDF with a range of material and ideational assets that gave it scope to claim that its actions were actually in conformity with applicable law, and to justify continuing to use force in densely populated areas.
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Basallote Marín, Antonio. "Relaciones convulsas. La política exterior turca e israelí durante la era del AKP." Tiempo devorado 3, no. 2 (August 26, 2016): 286–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/tdevorado.75.
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En el artículo destacaremos la evolución de la política de Turquía en Oriente medio durante el período del Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, abreviado como AKP o AK Parti), con especial énfasis en las relaciones turco-israelíes. Veremos como el papel cada vez más preeminente que Ankara consigue en Oriente Medio con el AKP, al diversificar su política y sus relaciones históricas se estancan a partir de 2011-2015, obligando al gobierno turco a replantearse su política inicial.Una vez reseñada la política exterior en general, nos centraremos en su relación con Israel. Una relación que está determinada, como se verá, por tres aspectos fundamentales: 1) La beligerante y agresiva política de ocupación y bombardeos en Palestina (sobre todo en 2008-2009 y en 2014 por sendos ataques a la franja de Gaza); 2) El asalto a la Flotilla de ayuda humanitaria Mavi Mármara, en 2010; y 3) Los intereses estratégicos comunes en el ámbito económico y de seguridad.Para ello, tras una introducción general sobre Turquía en la actualidad, analizaremos sucintamente los aspectos más destacados de su política exterior, sobre todo respecto a Oriente Medio, describiendo con más detalle el recorrido histórico de sus relaciones con Israel y analizando las causas de la ruptura de las mismas y de la reconciliación.Habría que ver, por otra parte, hasta qué punto las relaciones bilaterales se congelaron en realidad y cuál fue el alcance verdadero de los discursos oficiales de ambos Estados. ¿El discurso fue acompañado de medidas en la práctica que incidían en las relaciones con el Estado sionista? Así mismo caben considerar las causas y posibles consecuencias de la reciente reconciliación.
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Kirby, Peadar. "Requisitos para el cambio transformativo: contribuciones de Karl Polanyi." International Review of Economic Policy-Revista Internacional de Política Económica 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/irep.2.1.17745.
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Una pregunta clave que surge de la pandemia de coronavirus es qué se requiere para hacer de esta fase temporal un camino hacia el cambio transformador. O, como sucedió en gran medida después de la crisis financiera de 2008, ¿volverá la sociedad a una economía dominada por el crecimiento y cargada de carbono basada en una ética del individualismo radical y el consumismo desenfrenado, informada por recetas neoliberales? Este artículo se basa en el trabajo de Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) para ofrecer un marco teórico alternativo para guiar el cambio social transformador en la era del cambio climático. Comienza por identificar una característica clave del equilibrio entre la estructura y la agencia en la sociedad contemporánea, a saber, un optimismo tecnológico y propone un marco alternativo a través de la economía política. La segunda sección identifica los dos marcos teóricos clave que informaron las configuraciones dominantes de la economía política desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial: un marco socialdemócrata y un marco neoliberal. Se argumenta que ahora es necesario un nuevo marco. La tercera y más larga sección dibuja una gama de contribuciones conceptuales de Polanyi para ofrecer una teoría distintivamente diferente a la que ofrece el neoliberalismo. Estos incluyen: sociedad de mercado; diferentes significados de economía; mercancías ficticias; formas de integración; doble movimiento; descubrimiento de la sociedad; la persona humana y la libertad; y el poder de la tecnología. La sección final saca conclusiones.
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Roger, Philippe. "Gauheria, Le passé de la Gohelle. Nouveaux documents sur la Grande Guerre , n os 66, 67 et 68, septembre et novembre 2008, février 2009, 104, 104 et 112 p., 8 € le numéro." Revue du Nord 381, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): XIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rdn.381.0641m.
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Qawariq, Rami. "Political and Ideological Tensions in Palestine." Connections: A Journal of Language, Media and Culture 1, no. 1 (November 5, 2020): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/connections21.
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It is widely accepted that the struggle over media representation within the Palestinian-Israeli struggle is no less important than the struggle on the ground (Wolfsfeld, 1997). Although the role of the media in this struggle has been a focal interest for researchers, the vast majority of studies adopt top-down approaches with macro-level tools of analysis which lead to a dichotomous positive ‘Self’ and negative ‘Other’ representation. This study, in contrast, is a qualitative language-based analysis of three Palestinian news websites, which publish in English, during the 2014 Gaza war. These news websites are indicative of the media landscape in Palestine, and the choice of these outlets is intended to present a range of possible views. The study adds to the effort that approaches media discourse to detect fissures and dissonances, rather than identifying stabilities and symmetries. It aims at revealing some discursive aspects of the way marginal ideologies compete with the dominant discourse in Palestine. This is intended to shed light on the latent change in the Palestinian political culture and how it is discursively articulated. Within the framework of critical discourse analysis, the study takes account of transitivity (Halliday, 1985; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004), the social actor model (van Leeuwen, 2008) and referential strategies (Reisigl & Wodak, 2009) to conduct its bottom-up analysis. The study finds that Palestinian news websites subtly exploit representations of actions and actors in their struggle for power, representativeness and legitimacy. More importantly, the results of this study reveal that a marginal ideology in Palestine is growing and competing with hegemonic national narratives. While the hegemonically dominant ideology depends on common public knowledge and backgrounds much contextual information, the marginal ideology mainly functions via the extensive contextualization of events, which takes a bottom-up discursive direction in relation to the prevailing socio-political culture.Keywords: Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory; conflict; Shakespeare; Chinese Daoism; education
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Delbecque, Éric. "Des Black aux Yellow Blocks ? Généalogie et prospective d’une technique de combat." Sécurité et stratégie 32, no. 4 (March 19, 2024): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sestr.032.0034.
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L’univers des black blocks vient de loin : il dispose de sa galerie de faits d’armes, liés aux grandes dates de l’altermondialisme. Au sommet de l’OMC, le 30 novembre 1999, à Seattle, ils apparurent à la face du monde pour la première fois, bien que leur histoire soit plus ancienne. On les retrouve bien sûr à Gênes en juillet 2001, au Sommet des Amériques à Québec la même année, dans les mobilisations contre le G8 à Évian en 2003, durant le sommet du G20 à Toronto en 2010, puis lors de la grève étudiante au Québec en 2012, pendant le mouvement populaire NO TAV de protestation contre le projet de construction de la ligne Lyon Turin dans la vallée de Suse, ou encore dans le mouvement protestataire brésilien de 2013. Ils étaient aussi présents à San Francisco dans le cadre d’une manifestation contre la guerre en Irak en 2003, contre le sommet du G8 en Écosse en 2005 et contre celui de 2007 à Heiligendamm (les affrontements eurent lieu à Rostock : des vitrines de banques furent fracassées, une voiture de police vandalisée et un bureau de Caterpillar incendié ; au total, on compta 400 policiers blessés). On les voit encore agir à l’automne 2008 à l’occasion du sommet de l’Union européenne sur l’immigration à Vichy, puis le 6 décembre en Grèce, après la mort d’un jeune anarchiste de quinze ans (Alexandros Grigoropoulos, tué par la police à Athènes). Intense activité en 2009 : ils perturbent les sommets de l’OTAN à Strasbourg (c’est leur véritable acte de naissance en France) et du G20 à Londres en avril, à Pittsburgh en septembre, puis la conférence de l’OMC à Genève en novembre. En 2010, à Vancouver, ils agissent au sein d’une manifestation contre les Jeux Olympiques dans le contexte d’une campagne intitulée « Pas de Jeux sur les terres volées aux autochtones ! » .
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Jané, Oscar. "Controlar la frontera en Cataluña. Fortificar y dominar el espacio en la época moderna." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.07.
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El texto aborda la evolución del análisis historiográfico que se ha llevado a cabo sobre la Cataluña moderna entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVIII. Aunque la frontera moderna de Cataluña puede ser múltiple, nos centramos esencialmente en aquella que va desde el Valle de Arán hasta el Mediterráneo. El texto abre con una primera reflexión sobre el camino hacia el cambio de modelo, luego evoca los efectos de las guerras con Francia, con algunos ejemplos concretos, como el de Cerdaña, y, por último, expone la realidad percibida y llevada a cabo con la nueva “fortificación” de la frontera catalana a finales del siglo XVII, cuando el control de Francia se hace evidente. Palabras clave: Frontera, fronterización, fortificaciónTopónimos: Francia, España, Cataluña,Período: época moderna ABSTRACTThe text addresses the evolution of the historiographical analysis that of modern Catalonia between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 18th century. Although the modern border of Catalonia may be multiple, the focus will essentially be upon the border that runs from the Arán Valley to the Mediterranean. The text opens with an initial reflection on the path towards a change of model, before evoking the effects of the wars with France, with some specific examples, such as that of Cerdanya, and finally presenting the reality perceived and manifested with the new “fortification” of the Catalan border at the end of the 17th century, when French control became evident. Keywords: Border, bordering, fortificationPlace names: France, Spain, CataloniaPeriod: modern era REFERENCIASAyats, A., Louis XIV et les Pyrénées catalanes de 1659 à 1681. Frontière politique et frontières militaires, Trabucaire, Canet, 2002.Bély, L., “La representación de la frontera en las diplomacias durante la Época Moderna”, Manuscrits, 26, (2008), pp. 35-51.— “Westphalie, Pyrénées, Utrecht: trois traités pour redessiner l'Europe”, en O. Jané (ed.), Del Tractat dels Pirineus a l'Europa del segle XXI: un model en construcció, Museu d'Història de Catalunya-Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2010, pp. 13-21.Bourret, C., Les Pyrénées centrales du ixe au xixe siècle. La formation progressive d’une frontière, Pyrégraph, Aspet, 1995.Brunet, S., Les prêtres des montagnes. La vie, la mort, la foi dans les Pyrénées centrales sous l'Ancien Régime (Val d'Aran et diocèse de Comminges), PyréGraph, Aspet, 2001.Cámara, A., Fortificación y ciudad en los reinos de Felipe II, ed. NEREA, Madrid, 1998.Camiade, M., Genís, M.T. y Lacombe-Massot, J.-P., “Les mirades en el territori: les fortificacions al massís de l’Albera, el vessant més oriental dels Pirineus”, en Fronteres: una visió des de l'Empordà, Annals de l’Institut d’Estudis Empordanesos, 2011, pp. 491-502.Caner, P. y Vilar, L., “Castells i cases fortificades de Calonge”, Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins, 23, (1976), pp. 279-320.Capponi, N., “Le strade dell’ invasore. 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Alteraciones sociales y conflictos políticos, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 1982.Conesa, M., D’herbe, de terre et de sang: La Cerdagne du XIVe au XIXe siècle, Presses universitaires de Perpignan, Perpiñán, 2018.Cornette, J., Le roi de guerre. Essai sur la souveraineté dans la France du Grand Siècle, Editions Payot Rivages, París, 2000, p. 43Cortada, L., Estructures territorials, urbanisme i arquitectura poliorcètics a la Catalunya preindustrial, IEC, Barcelona, 1998, 2 vols.Díaz Capmany, C., “La construcció de la plaça forta de Sant Ferran a Figueres”, AIEE, 36, (2003), pp. 265-295.Dubost, J.-F., “Absolutisme et centralisation en Languedoc au XVIIe siècle (1620-1690)”, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 37-3, (1990), pp. 369-397.Dubost, J.-F.y Sahlins, P., Et si on faisait payer les étrangers? Louis XIV. 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Delmaire, Bernard. "Jean-Marc Dissaux , La guerre de 1537 en Artois , 2 vol., Isbergues, ALPHA (Association locale pour l’histoire de l’Artois), n os 33, 36, 2008-2009, 120 + 126 p. 21 x 29,7 cm, 18 + 18 € [G. Vandembeuche, 43 rue du Tonkin, 62330 Isbergues]." Revue du Nord 396, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): XXI. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rdn.396.0731u.
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Belloni, Benedetta, and Francesca Crippa. "Entrevista a Ángel de la Calle." CuCo, Cuadernos de cómic, no. 7 (December 30, 2016): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/cuco.2016.7.1218.
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Ángel de la Calle (Molinillo de la Sierra, 1958) es un historietista, guionista, diseñador e ilustrador atípico, de obra cambiante, comprometida y singular. Nace en un pequeño pueblo de la provincia salmantina pero pronto su familia se traslada a Gijón, ciudad en la que vive desde entonces. Se inicia en la historieta durante la década de los setenta, más precisamente en los inicios del boom del cómic adulto en España, y publica sus primeros dibujos no remunerados en las revistas del Partido Comunista español. Sucesivamente, empieza a dedicarse al cartelismo y a publicaciones marginales para pasar luego a colaborar con importantes revistas nacionales: Star, Bésame Mucho, Rambla, Rampa-Rambla, Zona 84, Comix Internacional, El Víbora. Colabora también con revistas foráneas: la sueca Tung Metal, la francesa Fantastik y la estadounidense Heavy Metal. En 1988 participa en la organización de la Semana Negra de Gijón, festival literario y cultural que dirige, en sus contenidos, desde 2012. Desde 1989 es también director del periódico A quemarropa, editado por la misma Semana Negra.
Hacia finales de los noventa empieza a dedicarse a la realización de story boards para publicidad y para la película de Gonzalo Suárez titulada El lado oscuro (1991). En 1996, bajo el seudónimo Adela C., crea la tira «Mary Mari» para los diarios La Nueva España (la primera temporada) y El Comercio (a partir de la segunda): esta tira diaria se publica desde entonces durante los meses de verano de cada año.
En el nuevo siglo siente la necesidad de crear historietas más ambiciosas. En 2002, ilustra la novela corta de Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Mon ami Morán. Al año siguiente aparece la primera parte de una obra muy amplia: Modotti. Una mujer del siglo XX, la biografía de la fotógrafa y activista política italiana Tina Modotti (1896-1942), que se completa en un segundo tomo en 2005. Con este libro, traducido a cinco idiomas, gana el Premio de la Crítica en 2006. Los dos volúmenes son recogidos en la obra integral editada en el año 2007. Ese mismo año publica el libro de reflexión teórica Hugo Pratt: la mano de dios y, en 2008, El hombre enmascarado: en el sendero. Inicia también su serie autobiográfica Diarios de festival de la que han salido dos episodios. Durante 2016 aparecerá su segunda novela gráfica de largo aliento titulada Pinturas de guerra, un recorrido por el exilio latinoamericano de los años setenta y el arte contemporáneo comprometido. De la Calle ha sido codirector de la revista de análisis de cómic Dentro de la Viñeta (32 números publicados) y es codirector y creador de las Jornadas Internacionales del Cómic Villa de Avilés.
Con motivo de la celebración de una de las conferencias del ciclo Palabras Contemporáneas, organizado por el prof. Dante Liano en la Universidad Católica del Sacro Cuore de Milán en colaboración con el Instituto Cervantes, Benedetta Belloni y Francesca Crippa entrevistaron al autor.
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Erazo Solórzano, Cyntia, Diana Salazar Daza, Jaime Vera Chang, and Diego Tuárez García. "APLICACIÓN DE BACTERIAS ÁCIDO-LÁCTICAS PROVENIENTES DEL MUCILAGO DE CACAO COMO AGENTE DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LA PAPAYA." Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología 24, no. 107 (December 24, 2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/uct.v24i107.412.
Full textAbstract:
El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la conservación de la papaya con aplicación de bacterias ácidos lácticas provenientes del mucilago de cacao, se utilizaron diferentes porcentajes de aplicación (0, 5, 10 %) por aspersión a temperatura ambiente 35°C, se valoró el cambio en las características físicas, químicas, y microbiológicas en un lapso de 14 días, el peso de la papaya fluctuó entre 1 – 1.4 kg, considerando una madurez de cosecha. Se realizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) con arreglo bifactorial AxB, para la comparación de medias de los tratamientos a estudiar se utilizó la prueba de rangos de Tukey al 5%. Las variables evaluadas (pH, pérdida de peso, acidez) dio como resultado que el tratamiento T9 (10% BAL; 14 Días) fue el que mantuvo mejores propiedades de almacenamiento transcurrido el tiempo de 14 días de conservación, el color de la fruta se mantuvo en niveles adecuados.
Palabras Clave: características sensoriales, frutas frescas, procesamiento de frutas, tiempo de vida útil.
Referencias
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Full textAbstract:
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