Academic literature on the topic 'Guerre des blindés'

El problema de la paz ha interesado y preocupado a la conciencia universal prácticamente desde sus inicios. No obstante, la historia que nos es conocida se caracteriza por una larga sucesión de conflictos armados que no han traído ni siquiera los atisbos indubitables de su consecución. Así, entre el ecuménico anhelo de la paz y la adversa realidad, preguntamos: ¿es la idea de la paz humanamente posible? Este ensayo aporta una respuesta a esta interrogante desde las reflexiones de Max Scheler (1874-1928). Los dos escritos que muestran con más detalle su postura ante esta problemática, Der Genius des Krieges und der Deustche Krieg (1915) y Die Idee des ewigen Friedens und der Pazifismus (1927), respectivamente, ofrecen elementos que podrían concretar la experiencia actual de la guerra, así como la posibilidad de un rotundo estado de paz en el mundo.The problem of peace has interested and concerned to the universal consciousness since its beginnings. However the known history is characterized by a large succession of armed conflicts that hasn’t even brought blinks of its uncontested triumph. Thus, between the ecumenical craving for peace and the opposite reality, we ask: Is it the idea of peace humanly possible? This essay tries to give an answer on this questions from the reflections of Max Scheler (1974-1928). Both writings that show with more detail his position to this problem, Der Genius des Krieges und der Deustche Krieg (1915) y Die Idee des ewigen Friedens und der Pazifismus (1927) respectively, they both offer elements that could grasp the actual experience of war, as well as the possibility of an absolute state of peace in the world.

The efficiency of therapy with a combined thyroxin-iodine drug and monotherapy with thyroxin was compared in patients with diffuse nontoxic goiter (DNG), and the effect of iodine intake was evaluated. The study was carried out in an outpatient setting by the double blind method in 46 women aged 18-50 years with DNG: 22 were treated by the combined drug (TI) containing 100 pg L-thyroxin and 100 pg potassium iodide per tablet (lodthyrox, Merck KGaA) and 24 were treated by thyroxin (T) in a dose of 100 pg (Euthyrox, Merck KGaA). The treatment was administeredfor 1 year. A year after this treatment, 15 women were treated with iodinated oil (IO) (lipidol capsules, Guerbet) containing 380 mg iodine. Thyroid volume, concentrations of intrathyroid stable iodine (ISI), pituitary thyrotropic hormone, free triiodothyronin and thyroxin, and antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase in the blood were evaluated in all women before and during treatment. Therapy with T and TI equally decreased the size of the thyroid in DNG. ISI concentration decreased during TI treatment less than during monotherapy. Thyroid volume increased to the pre-treatment size 12 months after therapy with T or TI was discontinued, while ISI concentration remained lowered. Administration of IO led to a decrease in the thyroid size, less pronounced than during T or TI treatment, and to an increase in ISI concentration.

33 Background: The purpose of the study is to differentiate benign and malignant breast lesions based on very early enhancement of the lesion on time-resolved gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Methods: 100 women with breast lesions were examined at 1.5 T (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), by fast T1-weighted GRE images every 5 s for 1 min after injection of Gd-DOTA (Dotarem, Guerbet, France), followed by 5 spacially-resolved MR image series every 30 s. Images were subtracted; maximum-intensity-projection images were obtained; and images were randomized and reviewed by two blinded readers, who reviewed only the spacially-resolved MR images and gave BIRADS diagnosis. After one month, they evaluated only the time-resolved MR images and noted the time of first appearance of enhancement. Results: The patients had 249 enhancing lesions: 66 malignant on histopathology and 183 benign on basis of histopathology or 1-year imaging follow-up. On time-resolved MR imaging, 15 lesions enhanced at 0-5 s (all malignant), 23 at 5-10 s (21 malignant, 2 benign), 34 at 10-15 s (28 malignant, 6 benign), and 117 at 15-20 s (2 malignant, 115 benign). All malignant lesions enhanced before 20 s. Taking 15s as the cut-off point, early enhancement had sensitivity of 96.9%, specificity of 95.6%, positive predictive value of 88.8%, negative predictive value of 98.8%, and accuracy of 95.9% for diagnosis of carcinoma. Enhancement before 15 s corrected BIRADS diagnosis of the spacially-resolved MR imaging in 14 lesions (5.6%). Conclusions: Lesion enhancement in the first 15s on time-resolved MR imaging is a useful sign for the diagnosis of breast carcinoma.

Jean-Paul Sartre and Badr Shakir al-Sayyabe are among the most prominent writers that critiqued the destructive role of capitalism and the patriarchal power system in the period of the Post-World War II crisis. Divided into three chapters, the present study examines two of the most eminent literary works in the history of the Western and Eastern societies in the fifties of the last decade: Jean Paul Sartre’s play : The Respectful Prostitute and Badr Shaker al-Sayyabe’s poem: The Blind Prostitute. Chapter one discusses the position of the prostitute in a patriarchal societies. Chapter two linguistically analyzes the prostitute’s behavior with men and evaluates the nature of a relationship when based on profit and loss. Such a relationship exposes the male dominance system on this social level through stigmatizing, marginalizing and depriving of her family establishing rights. Chapter Three sheds light on the prostitute’s ego and the other. In the two works, the society double standard is presented in dealing with status of a woman, rather than a man, as a prostitute, something that leads to uncover the individuality of such a character. Thus, and in addition to justly picturing prostitution as a human setback in all the western and Eastern societies, Sartre and al – Sayyab succeed in visualizing humanity decay within the perspective of the preceding decades. Résumé Jean-Paul Sartre et Badr Shakir al-Sayyabe font partie des écrivains qui ont contribué à travers leurs œuvres à critiquer le système capitaliste et la société masculine dans la période de l'après-guerre. En lisant les deux ouvrages, nous avons choisi comme sujet commun de cette étude d'analyser le statut de prostituée dans les sociétés orientale et occidentale au cours des années 1950 du siècle dernier. L'étude est divisée en trois chapitres : Le premier chapitre est basé sur la présentation du statut de la prostituée dans les communautés masculines des deux auteurs. Le deuxième chapitre analyse linguistiquement le comportement de la prostituée envers les hommes et la nature de la relation basée sur le principe du profit ou de la perte. Cette relation met d'abord en évidence la domination du système masculin sur cette partie social, le problème de la stigmatisation sociale, de la marginalisation et de la privation de son droit d'avoir et de fonder une famille. Le troisième chapitre traite la position de la prostituée entre le moi et l'autre. Dans les deux œuvres, le point de vue de la société semble être un double standard dans la condamnation de la femme comme prostituée plutôt que comme homme. Ce mécanisme nous amène à retrouver l'identité de la prostituée. Nous arrivons à conclure que le succès de Sartre et d'al-Sayyabe en présentant cette profession comme un échec humain pour les sociétés orientales et occidentales et la décadence de l'homme ou de la femme et en les dépeignant avec une perspective qui correspond aux crises du siècle dernier.

O objetivo deste artigo é apontar alguns problemas na relação entre esfera pública e emancipação na teoria do jovem Habermas. Para tanto, o recurso a dois textos habermasianos da década de 1960 é imprescindível: Mudança estrutural da esfera pública e Trabalho e Interação. No primeiro, Habermas fundamenta sua teoria pela perspectiva de uma esfera pública normativa, possibilitada pela configuração do período pós-guerra; no seguinte, além de utilizar outra categoria esfera pública, diferente daquela normativa, sua intenção é demonstrar como os indivíduos se formam no âmbito privado de suas existências. Todavia, em ambos os textos há uma linearidade acerca da fundamentação teórica: o trabalho e a interação simbólica são separados no que tange aos desenvolvimentos da humanidade. A emancipação estaria a cargo da interação, enquanto o trabalho somente proviria a subsistência genérica. Isto é decorrente de uma reformulação problemática na teoria marxiana no que tange ao trabalho social e à perspectiva da totalidade. É nesse imbróglio que este artigo se situa: verificar até que ponto o que Habermas compreende por trabalho poderia desbancar, de fato, a teoria de Marx; e, por outro lado, demonstrar que a crítica dialética marxiana acerca do trabalho social, caso levada em consideração por Habermas, faria a teoria deste perder a lógica de seus fundamentos, deslocando sua ideia de emancipação para uma aceitação da realidade efetiva vigente.Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to point out some problems in the relation between public sphere and emancipation on the young Habermas’s theory. Therefore, it is going to be essential to rely on two habermasians works of the 1960s: The structural transformation of the public sphere and Work and Interaction. On the first one, the book The structural transformation of the public sphere, which was first published in 1962, Habermas founds his theory by the prospect of a normative public sphere, made possible by the configuration of the post-war period; whereas on the essay Work and Interaction, from 1967, besides using another public sphere category, different from that normative, his intention is to demonstrate how individuals are formed in the private sphere of their existence. However, both in the book from 1962 and in the text from 1967, there is linearity on the theoretical foundation: concerning humanity development, work and symbolic interaction are separated. Emancipation would be in charge of interaction, while work would simply provide for the generic livelihood. This is due to a problematic reformulation of marxian theory regarding social labor and the totality perspective. It is in this imbroglio that stands the point of this paper: to verify to what extent Habermas’s understanding of work could, in fact, debunk Marx's theory; and on the other hand, to show that the marxian dialectical critique about social labor, when taken into account by Habermas, loses the logic of its foundations, shifting his idea of emancipation to an acceptance of the present actual reality. Keywords: Habermas; Public Sphere; Private Sphere; Emancipation; Marx.

Abstract Introduction In MDS-004, a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study, the efficacy and safety of LEN was evaluated in RBC transfusion-dependent pts with IPSS-defined Low-/Int-1-risk MDS and del(5q), with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities (Fenaux P, et al. Blood. 2011;118:3765-76). LEN was recently approved in the European Union (EU) for RBC transfusion-dependent pts with IPSS-defined Low-/Int-1-risk MDS and isolated del(5q). This ad hoc analysis evaluated treatment responses, progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) in a subset of pts with isolated del(5q) from the MDS-004 study. Methods In MDS-004, pts were randomized to either LEN 10 mg/day on days 1–21 or LEN 5 mg/day on days 1–28 of each 28-day cycle; or placebo (PBO). Erythroid response was assessed at 16 weeks. Double-blind treatment continued until unacceptable toxicity, erythroid relapse, or disease progression. PBO or LEN 5 mg pts without response by 16 weeks crossed-over to open-label (OL) LEN 5 mg or 10 mg treatment, respectively. After 52 weeks, pts on double-blind treatment entered the OL phase at their current LEN dose (total study duration 156 weeks). The primary end-point was RBC-transfusion independence (TI) ≥ 182 days. Secondary end-points included duration of RBC-TI ≥ 182 days, cytogenetic response (CyR; IWG 2000), progression to AML, OS, and AEs. In this subset analysis of pts with isolated del(5q) at baseline from the MDS-004 study, RBC-TI ≥ 182 days and CyR were compared across treatment groups (LEN 10 mg vs PBO; and LEN 5 mg vs PBO). Progression to AML and OS were characterized by the Kaplan-Meier method from study randomization with differences evaluated by the log-rank test. Results A total of 135 of 205 pts randomized to treatment in the MDS-004 study had isolated del(5q) and were included in the intention-to-treat population for this analysis: LEN 10 mg (n = 47), LEN 5 mg (n = 43), and PBO (n = 45). Baseline characteristics were comparable across treatment groups; median age 69 years (range 36–86), 75% female, and median time since diagnosis 2.5 years (range 0.2–29.2). Median hemoglobin (Hb) level was 8.2 g/dL (range 5.6–11.2) and median transfusion burden was 6 units/8 weeks (range 1–25). Significantly more LEN 10 mg (57.4%) and LEN 5 mg (37.2%) pts achieved RBC-TI ≥ 182 days versus PBO (2.2%; both P < 0.001). Median duration of RBC-TI ≥ 182 days was not reached (NR) for the LEN 10 mg (95% CI 1.6 years–NR) and 5 mg groups (95% CI 0.8 years–NR). Median time to RBC-TI ≥ 182 days response was 4.3 weeks (95% CI 0.3–14.7) and 4.2 weeks (95% CI 0.3–12.3) for the LEN 10 mg and 5 mg groups, respectively. In pts with RBC-TI ≥ 182 days, median maximum Hb increases were 6.5 g/dL (range 8.8–14.4) and 5.4 g/dL (range 8.3–14.1) for the LEN 10 mg and 5 mg groups, respectively. CyR (major + minor response) was achieved in 56.8%, 23.1%, and 0% of pts in the LEN 10 mg, LEN 5 mg, and PBO groups, respectively (LEN 10 mg vs PBO, P < 0.001; LEN 5 mg vs PBO, P = 0.03). Of the pts randomized to PBO, 38 crossed over to LEN. In pts treated with LEN, the estimated 2-year cumulative risk of progression to AML was 13.8%. The rates for the estimated 2-year cumulative risk of progression to AML were 12.6% (95% CI 5.4–27.7), 17.4% (95% CI 8.7–33.3), and 16.7% (95% CI 8.3–32.0) in the LEN 10 mg, LEN 5 mg, and PBO groups, respectively (Figure 1A). Median OS was 4.0 years (95% CI 2.5–NR), 3.5 years (95% CI 1.7–4.8), and 2.9 years (95% CI 2.2–4.2) in the LEN 10 mg, LEN 5 mg, and PBO groups, respectively (Figure 1B). By landmark analysis (6 months), progression to AML was similar (P = 0.9883), but OS was longer (P = 0.0072) in LEN-treated pts who achieved RBC-TI ≥ 182 days versus non-responders. AEs included myelosuppression, with grade 3–4 neutropenia reported in 76.6%, 76.7%, and 17.8% of pts; and thrombocytopenia in 46.8%, 46.5%, and 2.2% of pts in the LEN 10 mg, LEN 5 mg, and PBO groups, respectively. Conclusions In this subset analysis of MDS-004 pts with isolated del(5q), LEN therapy was associated with a significant achievement of RBC-TI ≥ 182 days and CyR (57% of pts in the LEN 10 mg group for both RBC-TI and CyR), and had no negative impact on progression to AML or OS. The overall safety profile was well characterized and consistent with the known safety profile of LEN. These data support that LEN is beneficial for the treatment of RBC transfusion-dependent pts with Low-/Int-1-risk MDS and isolated del(5q). Disclosures: Giagounidis: Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Mufti:Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Mittelman:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Sanz:Celgene Corp.: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Platzbecker:Celgene: Honoraria. Selleslag:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; GSK: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Beyne-Rauzy:Celgene Corporation: Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding. te Boekhorst:Novartis: Consultancy. del Cañizo:Celgene: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Array: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Guerci-Bresler:Celgene: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria. Quesnel:Celgene: Research Funding. Bowen:Celgene: Honoraria. Schlegelberger:Celgene: Consultancy. Fu:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Benettaib:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Hellström-Lindberg:Celgene: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Fenaux:Celgene: Honoraria.

Abstract Abstract 2090 Poster Board II-67 EP42675 is the first representative of a new class of synthetic parenteral anticoagulants with a dual mechanism of action. EP42675 is an indirect factor Xa inhibitor (antithrombin binding pentasaccharide: fondaparinux analog) and a direct free and clot-bound thrombin (factor IIa) active site inhibitor (peptidomimetic: α-NAPAP analog). EP42675 was assessed in two phase I trials: (i) a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled single ascending dose study, where a single intravenous (IV) bolus of 1, 3, or 10 mg was administered to 3 groups of healthy male subjects (6 EP42675 and 2 matching placebo per group); (ii) a study assessing the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) plus clopidogrel, and unfractionated heparin (UFH) on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of EP42675. In this study, 24 healthy male subjects received 5 mg of EP42675 as an IV bolus on day 1, then ASA 100 mg and 75 mg clopidogrel from day 8 to 21. On day 15, they received a second IV bolus of 5 mg of EP42675 and were immediately randomized in 3 groups to receive either placebo, UFH 30 IU/Kg or UFH 60 IU/Kg, thus mimicking the rescue use of UFH in complicated percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). EP42675 plasma concentrations were measured using anti-Xa and anti-IIa activity specific bioassays (Biomnis, France). EP42675 PD was assessed by global: thrombin generation test (TGT) and activated clotting time (ACT: ACT+ cartridge, Hemochron Signature Elite®, Gamida), and specific coagulation tests performed on a STA-R Evolution® automaton: prothrombin time (PT: Neoplastine CI plus Diagnostica Stago), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT: PTTA Diagnostica Stago), ecarin clotting time (ECT: Ecarine Diagnostica Stago), anti Xa activity expressed as ΔDO/min (Biophen Heparin Hyphen Biomed®), and thrombin time using purified human alpha thrombin (TT: Hemoclot Thrombin Inhibitors, Hyphen Biomed®). TGT performed on platelet poor plasma (PPP) were triggered with PPP reagent high (20 pM recombinant human tissue factor and 4 μM phospholipids, Biodis) on a Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT™: Diagnostica Stago). The EP42675 plasma concentrations, measured by both anti-IIa and anti-Xa bioassays, showed a high and significant correlation (r=0.99, p<0.0001) indicating that the two active moieties of EP42675 did not dissociate. The plasma concentration versus time curves showed a marked distribution phase followed by a slow terminal phase and a less than proportional increase in exposure with increasing dose, with a half-life between 44.1 and 55.3 hours. EP42675 increased ACT, TGT lag time, TT, aPTT, PT, ECT, and anti-Xa activity. Maximum anticoagulant effect was reached within 2 minutes after bolus injection and lasted for more than 72 hours. The higher sensitivity of the TT test compared to the ECT test is explained by the higher selectivity of the EP42675 antithrombin moiety for the human alpha thrombin. A decrease in TGT endogenous thrombin potential was observed with a complete inhibition of thrombin generation at peak in the 10 mg dose group. The apparent lack of dose response at lower concentrations is likely to be due to interactions between the EP42675 antithrombin moiety with the alpha2 macroglobulin-thrombin complex. As anticipated, the co-administration of UFH induced a dose-dependent further increase in ACT, TGT lag time, TT, aPTT, PT, and anti-Xa activity, while the combination of ASA and clopidogrel did not influence the PK or PD of EP42675. The intra- and inter-subject variability was low for both PK and PD parameters. EP42675 was well tolerated. The only drug-related adverse events were mild hematoma at injection or blood sampling site in 6 subjects, mild gingival hemorrhage in 7 subjects, and mild epistaxis in one subject. No change in liver function tests was observed. These data provide useful information for designing future clinical studies with a single-dose anticoagulant treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing PCI, and treated with various combinations of antithrombotic drugs. Disclosures: Gueret: Endotis: Research Funding. Krezel:Endotis: Employment. van Giersbergen:Endotis: Consultancy. Fuseau:Endotis: Consultancy. Neuhart:Endotis: Employment.

Abstract Abstract 944 Background: In a phase II study (MDS-003), lenalidomide (LEN) resulted in RBC transfusion-dependence (RBC-TI; ≥8 consecutive wks) in 67% of pts and complete cytogenetic response (CyR) in 45% of pts with RBC transfusion-dependent IPSS Low- or Int-1-risk MDS with del5q. The optimal LEN dose in these pts is unclear. This phase III study (MDS-004) compared the efficacy and safety of 2 LEN doses (5 and 10 mg) vs placebo (PBO). Methods: In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind (DB) study, LEN naïve pts with RBC transfusion-dependent Low- or Int-1-risk MDS with del5q were randomized to receive LEN 5 mg on days 1–28 or LEN 10 mg on days 1–21, both of a 28-day cycle, or PBO. Erythroid response was assessed at 16 wks. Responders continued DB treatment for up to 52 wks, until erythroid relapse or disease progression. PBO and LEN 5 mg pts who did not respond by wk 16 were considered as treatment failures and received LEN 5 or 10 mg, respectively (resp), in an open-label (OL) extension phase. Pts who completed 52 wks of therapy could enter the OL phase at their current LEN dose. The primary end point was RBC-TI for ≥26 consecutive wks. Secondary end points included duration of TI, CyR (IWG 2000), progression to AML, and adverse events. Efficacy analyses used the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population: pts with centrally-confirmed Low- or Int-1-risk MDS with del5q and documented RBC transfusion dependence who had received ≥1 dose of study drug. Results: Overall, 205 pts were randomized (LEN 5 mg, n=69; LEN 10 mg, n=69; PBO, n=67). The mITT population comprised: 138 pts (LEN 5 mg, n=46; LEN 10 mg, n=41; PBO, n=51); median age 69 y (range, 36–86 y); 76% female; 48% Low- and 52% Int-1-risk; and 75%, 16%, and 9% with isolated del5q, del5q + 1 abnormality, and del5q + ≥2 abnormalities, resp. Median time since diagnosis was 2.8, 2.5, and 2.4 y in LEN 5 mg, LEN 10 mg, and PBO groups, resp. Median baseline RBC transfusion requirement was 6 units/8 wks in each treatment group. Key efficacy results are reported in the Table. At 52 wks, significantly more LEN 5 mg (41%) or LEN 10 mg (56%) pts had achieved TI (≥26 consecutive wks) vs PBO (6%; both p<.001) (Table). Similar results were obtained using the IWG 2000 definition of TI (≥8 consecutive wks). RBC-TI was achieved at a median of 1 cycle of therapy (3.3 and 4.3 weeks, resp) for both LEN 5 and 10 mg. RBC-TI rate was not affected by age, gender, FAB classification, IPSS classification, time from diagnosis, cytogenetic complexity, baseline platelet counts, and number of cytopenias. CyR was reported in 17% and 41% of pts in LEN 5 and 10 mg groups, resp (p<.001 vs PBO for both), including complete CyR in 11% (LEN 5 mg; p<.01 vs PBO) and 24% of pts (LEN 10 mg; p<.001 vs PBO). None of the pts in the PBO group had CyR. In the safety population 4/69 (6%), 1/69 (1%), and 1/67 (2%) pts progressed to AML in the LEN 5 mg, LEN 10 mg, and PBO groups, resp; median time to AML progression from the first dose of study drug was 9.3, 5.9, and 3.1 months, resp. Grade 3-4 neutropenia was reported in 74%, 75%, and 15% of pts in the LEN 5 mg, LEN 10 mg, and PBO groups, resp, and thrombocytopenia in 33%, 41%, and 2% of pts, resp. DVT was reported in 1%, 6%, and 2% pts, resp. AEs leading to dose reduction were reported in 52% and 58% of LEN 5 and 10 mg pts, resp (none reported with PBO). These were due to neutropenia (28% vs 38%), thrombocytopenia (12% vs 23%), or febrile neutropenia (3% vs 0%) for LEN 5 and 10 mg, resp. Discontinuation due to AEs during the first 52 wks was reported in 16%, 9%, and 5% of pts in the LEN 5 mg, LEN 10 mg, and PBO groups, resp. Conclusion: In this first randomized PBO-controlled study of LEN in pts with Low- or Int-1-risk MDS with del5q, both LEN 5 and 10 mg were generally well tolerated and achieved significant RBC-TI and CyR. LEN 10 mg was associated with better RBC-TI and CyR than LEN 5 mg, while maintaining a comparable safety profile. These data support the use of LEN 10 mg as a starting dose, with dose reductions or discontinuations if needed. Disclosures: Fenaux: Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ortho Biotech: Honoraria, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Cephalon: Honoraria, Research Funding; Epicept: Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Honoraria, Research Funding. Giagounidis:Celgene: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; GlaxoSmithKline: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Johnson & Johnson: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Selleslag:Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Beyne-Rauzy:Celgene: Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding. Mufti:Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Mittelman:Celgene: Clinical trials supported, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Bio GAL: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Sanz:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. del Cañizo:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Guerci-Bresler:Celgene: Consultancy. Schlegelberger:Celgene: Cytogenetic reference diagnostics. Kreipe:Celgene: Research Funding. Knight:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Francis:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Fu:Celgene: Employment. Hellstrom-Lindberg:Celgene: Research Funding.

Le but de cette thèse est d’analyser l’emploi des blindés dans globalité et jusqu’aux plus petits échelons (pelotons, équipages) c’est-à-dire à hauteur d’hommes (slogan devenu à la mode depuis). En effet beaucoup d’écrits et d’études précédents restent souvent au niveau tactique voire stratégique. Il s’agit également d’étudier les éventuelles différences entre la théorie doctrinale et son application sur le terrain, voir si l’emploi des blindés variait en fonction des acteurs et si oui pourquoi. Cette étude se veut globale, elle prend en compte, les hommes (donc leur formation, leur origine, leur passé), la doctrine et le matériel car l’emploi au combat est la réunion de tous ces facteurs. Les recherches montrent que les trois GU blindées françaises n’étaient pas employées de la même façon, la raison principale résidant dans les conceptions d’emploi des chefs. Les unités blindées françaises étaient composées d’hommes au passé et au parcours différents. Des Gaullistes historiques au jeune engagé d’aout 1944 en passant par les rappelés de l’armée d’Afrique. Tous se retrouvèrent dans les tourelles avec un même but libérer le pays. Elles-mêmes avaient des origines diverses. Certaines n’avaient cessé de combattre, d’autres étaient restées en Afrique du nord ou en Afrique occidentale jusqu’au débarquement allié de novembre 1942. Mais toutes montrèrent un haut niveau de maîtrise tactique et de professionnalisme Leur équipement et leur organisation étaient homogènes car d’origine américain. Leur concept d’emploi était celui dicté par les FM qu’elles adaptèrent à leur main pour combattre à la Française et parfois marquer leur différence par rapport aux alliés. Une fois engagées, elles tinrent toute leur place aux côtés des unités alliés, prouvant leur valeur et marquant ainsi la renaissance de l’armée française. Cette unicité d’organisation, de doctrine et d’équipement masque cependant des différences dans l’emploi. Elles furent tributaires des grandes unités auxquelles elles étaient rattachées et de leur chef. L’emploi des unités blindées dépendait en grande partie des hommes. Des chefs d’abord dont tous n’avaient pas les mêmes conceptions d’emploi des unités blindées ce qui se traduisit par des frustrations et des conflits en particulier entre les généraux Leclerc et de Lattre. Mais également des équipages qui firent preuve d’un état d’esprit remarquable mais particulier et de beaucoup d’abnégation
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the use of armored vehicles globally and up to the smallest levels (platoons, crews), that is to say at the level of men (slogan that has become fashionable ever since). Indeed, many previous writings and studies often remain at the tactical or strategic level. It is also a question of studying the possible differences between the doctrinal theory and its application in the field, to see if the use of armored vehicles varied according to the actors and if so why. This study is intended to be comprehensive, it takes into account, men (thus their training, their origin, their past), doctrine and equipment because employment in combat is the meeting of all these factors. Research shows that the three French armored GUs were not employed in the same way, the main reason residing in the chiefs' conceptions of employment. French armored units were made up of men with different backgrounds and backgrounds. From the historical Gaullists to the young worker of August 1944, passing by the recalled African army. All found themselves in the turrets with the same goal to liberate the country. They themselves had various origins. Some had continued to fight, others had remained in North Africa or West Africa until the Allied landings of November 1942. But all showed a high level of tactical mastery and professionalism. Their equipment and organization were homogeneous because of American origin. Their concept of employment was that dictated by the FM that they adapted to their hand to fight the French and sometimes mark their difference compared to the allies. Once engaged, they held their place alongside the allied units, proving their value and thus marking the rebirth of the French army. This uniqueness of organization, doctrine and equipment, however, masks differences in employment. They were tributaries of the great units to which they were attached and of their leader. The use of armored units depended largely on men. Chiefs first, all of whom did not have the same conceptions of the use of armored units, which resulted in frustrations and conflicts in particular between Generals Leclerc and de Lattre. But also crews who showed a remarkable state of mind but particular and a lot of self-sacrifice

En 1954, l’Arme Blindée et Cavalerie (ABC) est une arme qui monte en puissance pour faire face à la menace soviétique en Europe. Le général inspecteur de cette arme voit s’achever la guerre d’Indochine avec un soulagement car il pense pouvoir se consacrer pleinement à cette tâche. Aussi, est-ce avec une certaine réticence, qu’à partir de 1955, il fournit à la Xe région militaire (Algérie) les renforts qu’elle réclame. L’organisation opérationnelle des corps, l’instruction du personnel et le programme d’équipement s’en trouvent très perturbés. Voulant à la fois maintenir sa capacité opérationnelle en Europe et faire face aux besoins de l’Algérie, le commandement désorganise l’ABC. Les unités blindées ne sont adaptées ni à un conflit de type insurrectionnel, ni au terrain particulier de l’Algérie. Pourtant, à partir de 1958, elles donnent satisfaction. Leur composante portée s’est développée, leur puissance de feu et leur mobilité sont mises pleinement à profit sur les barrages, et les unités à cheval, qui ont refait leur apparition, sont employées plus judicieusement sur des terrains favorables. Mais cette adaptation s’est faite au prix de grands sacrifices. Le vieux matériel américain n’est remplacé que très progressivement soit par des engins français modernes (EBR ou AMX 13), que le commandement a le sentiment de gaspiller, soit par des nouveaux matériels (Ferret, AML 60, ou AMX 13 à tourelle de M24) qui ne peuvent être employés qu’en Algérie et dont l’acquisition se fait au détriment du char de 25 t dont doit pourtant être équipée l’ABC d’urgence. En somme, l’ABC aurait rencontré les pires difficultés si le conflit avait dû se prolonger au-delà de 1962
In 1954, the French Armored Cavalry was a corps that was aiming to get stronger to face the Soviet threat in Europe. The Inspector General of this corps was relieved when the war in Indochina ended because he thought he could rededicate himself to this task. So it was with some reluctance, that from 1955 on wards, he provided the tenth military region (Algeria) with the reinforcements it required. The operational organization of the units, personnel training and equipment program found it very disturbing. Seeking both to maintain its operational capacity in Europe and meet the needs of Algeria, the command reorganized the Armored Cavalry. Armored units were not adapted neither to counter-insurgency, neither to the particular terrain in Algeria. Yet in 1958, they gave satisfying result. The vehicle-mounted infantry had been expanded, their firepower and mobility were expertly used over fences; and horseback units were re-created and deployed more wisely on a favorable terrain. But this re-organization cost very much. The old American equipment was only gradually replaced by French modern equipment (EBR or AMX 13), the command considering this equipment was being wasted. The new materials (Ferret, AML 60, or AMX 13 with M24 turret) could only in Algeria and their acquisition was at the expense the 25 ton tank. However, the French Armored Corps urgently needed this battle tank. To sum up, the Armored Cavalry would have encountered severe difficulties if the conflict had been extended beyond 1962

Le convertisseur analogique-numérique (ADC), fait fonction d’interface entre les domaines de représentation analogique et numérique des systèmes mixtes de traitement du signal.Il est un élément central en cela que ses performances circonscrivent celles des traitements numériques qui lui succèdent et a fortiori celles de son dispositif hôte. C’est notamment le casdes récepteurs radioélectriques numériques à large bande instantanée. De fait, ces systèmes voient leurs performances de dynamiques instantanées monotonale (DTDR) et bitonale (STDR)– i.e. leur capacité à traiter simultanément des composantes de faible puissance en présence d’une ou plusieurs autres composantes de plus forte puissance – limitées par la linéarité de leur ADC.Ce dernier caractère est quantifié par les performances de dynamique sans raies parasites (SFDR)et distorsion d’intermodulation (IMD) d’un ADC.Les critères de DTDR et de STDR sont essentiels pour les récepteurs radios numériques de guerre électronique conçus pour le traitement des signaux de radiocommunications. En effet, ces dispositifs sont employés à l’établissement de la situation tactique de l’environnement électromagnétique à des fins de support de manoeuvres militaires. La fidélité de la représentation numérique du signal analogique reçu est donc critique. Ainsi, cette thèse vise à étudier la linéarisation des ADC, i.e. l’augmentation des SFDR et IMD, en vue de l’amélioration des dynamiques instantanées de ces récepteurs.Dans ce manuscrit, nous traitons cette problématique selon deux axes différents. Le premier consiste à corriger les distorsions introduites par un ADC au moyen de tables de correspondances(LUT) pré-remplies. À cette fin, nous proposons un algorithme de remplissage de LUT procédant d’une méthode de la littérature par la réduction de moitié du nombre de coefficients à déterminer pour estimer la non-linéarité intégrale (INL) d’un ADC. Sur la base de cette nouvelle méthode,nous développons une approche de correction des non-linéarités dynamiques introduites par un ADC reposant sur une paire de LUT statiques et présentons un exemple d’algorithme permettant de l’opérer. Le second axe du manuscrit repose sur la modélisation comportementale de l’ADC par les séries de Volterra à temps discrets et leurs dérivés. En premier lieu, nous considérons les trois problématiques fondamentales de cette approche de linéarisation : la modélisation ;l’identification de modèle ; et l’inversion de modèle. Puis, nous définissons trois solutions de linéarisation d’ADC aveugles. Enfin, nous analysons l’implémentation sur circuits à réseaux logiques programmables (FPGA) de l’un de ces algorithmes afin d’évaluer la pertinence d’uneopération en temps-réel des échantillons de sortie d’un ADC échantillonnant à une fréquence d’environ 400 MHz
The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a central component of mixed signal systems as the interface between the analog and digital representation spaces. Its performance bounds that of the device it is integrated in. Indeed, ADC linearity is essential for maintaining in the digital space the reliability of its input signal and then that of the information it carries.Wideband digital radio receivers are particularly sensitive to ADC non-linearities. Single-tone and dual-tone dynamic range (respectively STDR and DTDR) of such systems – i.e. the abilityto process simultaneously signal components with high power ratio – are limited by the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) and intermodulation distortion (IMD) of their internal ADC.DTDR et de STDR are key metrics for electronic warfare wideband digital radio receivers developed for radiocommunication signal processing. As a matter of fact, these equipments are employed for analyzing the tactical situation of the radiofrequency spectrum in order to support military maneuvers. Hence, signal integrity is critical. This thesis deals with the ADC linearization issue in this context. Thus, it aims to study techniques for increasing ADC SFDRand IMD for the purpose of improving dynamic ranges of electronic warfare wideband digitalr eceivers.In this dissertation, the problematic of ADC linearization is approached in two different ways.On the one hand, we consider distortion compensation using pre-filled look-up tables (LUT). Wepropose an algorithm for filling LUTs that stems from an existing method by halving the numberof coefficients required for the integral non-linearity (INL) estimation. Then, based on this new method, we develop an approach for correcting ADC dynamic non-linearities using a couple ofstatic LUTs and we present an example of algorithm for operating this method. On the other hand,we study linearization solutions that rely on behavioural modelling of ADCs using discrete-time Volterra series and its derivatives. First, we address the three fundamental issues of this approach:modelling ; model identification ; and model inversion. Then, we propose three blind linearization algorithms. Finally, we consider the implementation on field programmable gate array (FPGA) of one of them for the purpose of evaluating the relevance of real-time linearization of an ADC sampling at about 400 MHz

Acontecimentos como a saída da Inglaterra do Mercado Comum Europeu, o aumento das taxas de importação feitas pelo presidente Americano Donald Trump e a guerra comercial com a China são exemplos atuais de medidas de restrição e de proteção ao comércio internacional. Em face às posturas protecionistas governamentais que objetivam blindar suas economias, proteger suas indústrias e muitas vezes obter vantagens no comércio internacional de bens e serviços, é latente a necessidade de as empresas internacionalizadas evoluírem seus processos de planejamento adaptação e legitimação ao ambiente globalizado a fim de manterem e/ou elevarem seus níveis de competitividade. Baseado no livro “Business Besides Borders” este artigo identifica e analisa, de forma qualitativa, as barreiras que influenciam o comércio internacional. Além disso, expõe os mecanismos de adaptação e inovação gerenciais que capazes de manter o fluxo de comércio com o mínimo de prejuízo às empresas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza aplicada, de cunho descritivo e explicativo, cuja coleta de dados baseou-se em análise bibliográfica.