Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Guidage du tube pollinique'
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Billey, Elodie. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de la sous-famille LARP6 chez Arabidopsis thaliana : mise en évidence du rôle de LARP6c dans le pollen." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0027/document.
Full textIn eucaryotes, RNA Binding Proteins (RBP) associate with transcripts to form dynamic Ribo-Nucleoprotein Particles (mRNP), whose localization and composition are determinant for mRNA maturation, export, stability and translation. LA motif proteins are RNA binding proteins, found in several hundred eucaryotic species, which fall in 5 sub-families: genuine LA, LARP1, 4, 6 and 7. Members of these subfamilies share conserved evolutionary history, additional motifs and functions. My thesis work contributed to deciphering the functional properties of the Arabidopsis thaliana LARP6 proteins. Currently, we know that in Manduca sexta and many vertebrates species LARP6 is implicated in the regulation of cellular differentiation. In humans, it acts as an RBP to coordinate the translation of mRNA coding for type I collagen subunits. Vascular plants differ in possessing many LARP6 proteins classified in three evolutionary groups. In A. thaliana, the unique member of each subfamily seems to be specialized. LARP6b and c proteins present mutually exclusive expression profiles, with LARP6c only present in pollen and LARP6b ubiquitously expressed except in the male gametophyte. We mostly focused our work on LARP6c and showed it to be cytoplasmic and implicated in controlling the level of mRNAs encoding vesicular transport actors in pollen tubes. Putative identified LARP6c mRNA baits also encode proteins involved in transport and share two motifs in their 5’-UTR that could allow their co-regulation via RBP binding. LARP6c deletion induces deficiencies in pollen tube guidance towards the ovule, suggesting a communication default. This is consistent with the deregulation of mRNA coding for extra-cellular signal secretion/reception actors. We propose that LARP6c acts as an mRNP protein in pollen and co-regulates translation and/or stability of mRNA coding for actors of communication pathways depending on secretion and endocytosis; hence acting on male/female exchanges
Capus, Guillaume. "Anatomie du tissu conducteur." Paris : Bibliothèque universitaire Pierre et Marie Curie (BUPMC), 2009. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/toc.xsp?id=TH_000323_001&fmt=upmc&idtoc=TH_000323_001-pleadetoc&base=fa.
Full textLobstein, Eglantine. "Étude d'un mutant mâle gamétophytique chez Arabidopsis thaliana : caractérisation et analyse fonctionnelle du gène POKY POLLEN TUBE, impliqué dans l'élongation du tube pollinique." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066232.
Full textRiglet, Lucie. "How stigmatic epidermis mediates the invading cell growth : the case of pollen tube and oomycete hypha." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN058/document.
Full textThe epidermis is the first cellular barrier in direct contact with the environment in both animal and plant organisms. In plants, the result of the cell-to-cell communication that occurs between the pollen grain and the epidermal cells of the stigma, also called papillae, is crucial for successful reproduction. When accepted, the pollen grain germinates and emits a pollen tube that transports the male gametes towards the ovules. Effective fertilization in angiosperms depends on the proper trajectory that pollen tubes take while progressing within the pistil tissues to reach the ovules.Pollen tubes grow within the cell wall of the papilla cells, applying pressure to the wall. Such forces are known to alter the cortical microtubule (CMT) network and cell behaviour. The first part of my PhD thesis aimed at investigating the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton of stigmatic cells in pollen tube growth. By combining cell imaging and genetic approaches, we found that in the Arabidopsis katanin1-5 (ktn1-5) mutant, papillae have a highly isotropic CMT array, associated with a marked tendency of wild-type (WT) pollen tube to turn around the papillae. We could partially phenocopy this coiled growth of pollen tubes by treating WT papillae with the microtubule-depolymerizing drug oryzalin. As CMT pattern is linked to cellulose microfibrils organisation, and hence possibly to cell-wall stiffness, we assessed the stiffness of ktn1-5 and aged papillae using Atomic Force Microscopy. Altogether, our results suggest that both organisation of CMT and cell wall properties dependent on KATANIN have a major role in guiding early pollen tube growth in stigma papillae.Similarly to pollen tube growth within the stigmatic papilla, hypha of filamentous pathogens penetrates the epidermal tissue of the host. During pathogen attacks, epidermal cells promptly react to the invading organisms to adjust the most relevant response. Early response of the first cell layers including epidermal cells is decisive for the result of plant-pathogen interactions. The second part of my PhD work aimed at comparing the cellular response of stigmatic cells challenged by two types of invaders, the pollen tube during pollination and hyphae of two oomycete filamentous pathogens, Phytophtora parasitica and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, during the infection process. We demonstrate that a stigmatic cell challenged by a pollen tube or an oomycete hypha adapts its response to the invader’s identity
Pamard, Davia. "AtABCA1, un transporteur de la famille ATP-Binding Cassette impliqué dans la croissance du tube pollinique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22015.pdf.
Full textHere, we report the study of the only full-length transporter of the ABCA subfamily in Arabidopsis thaliana called AtABCA1. We cloned the AtABCA1 gene which includes 40 exons corresponding to 5,6 kb. It's the largest ABC transporter in Arabidopsis and presents ABCA subfamily specifics motifs and topology, consisting in two structurally related tandem arranged halves with a large exocytoplasmic domain followed by a multispanning membrane domain and a nucleotide binding domain. By northern-blot and quantitative RT-PCR studies, we demonstrate that AtABCA1 is fully expressed in anthers, especially in tapetum and pollen grains. In addition, the expression profile of AtABCA1 transcript is enhanced by cold treatment. Using a knock-out mutant, we demonstrate that AtABCA1 is implicated in regulation of pollen tube elongation. In conclusion, we proposed that AtABCA1 is implicated in lipids and/or sterols repartition at protective layers and cellular membrane of pollen grain and regulate the pollen tube elongation
Leroux, Christelle. "Implication des pectines méthyl-estérases (PMEs) et de leurs inhibiteurs (PMEIs) au cours de la germination du grain de pollen et de la croissance polarisée du tube pollinique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES019.
Full textDuring sexual plant reproduction, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in the pistil are essential for delivering the sperm cells to the ovule. Pollen grain is composed of two sperm cells and a vegetative cell limited, from the inside to the outside, by a plasma membrane, the intine and the exine. The degradation of the intine, composed of complex polysaccharides including homogalacturonans, is of main importance to insure a proper germination. Homogalacturonan (HG) is assumed to be synthetized under a methylesterified form in the Golgi apparatus before its secretion to the cell wall. De-methylesterification of HGs is catalyzed in the cell wall by Pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Upon block-wise action of PME, the blocks of de-methylesterified HGs can interact with Ca2+, promoting the formation of the so-called "eggs-box" structure and thus rigidifying the cell wall. Upon random action, the partially de-methylesterified HGs may become a target for pectin-degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonases, affecting the texture and rigidity of the cell wall. Interestingly, 14 of the 66 Arabidopsis PMEs are specifically expressed in pollen grain and pollen tube. We have analyzed the expression of these 14 PMEs by RT-PCR in dry pollen grains, during imbibition and pollen tube growth. The expression is gene- and time-dependent. Based on this, we have studied knock-out mutants PMEs (ppme1, pme48 and pme23) under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. These mutant lines present a strong delay in germination compared to the wild type and a remarkable phenotype with multiple pollen tube tips emerging from the pollen grain and an important bursting pollen tubes rate. The objective of this project was to clarify the role of PMEs and PMEIs during the regulation of dynamic properties during cell traffic and remodeling of the pollen grain cell wall during its germination and during the growing pollen tube cell wall
Laggoun, Ferdousse. "Utilisation de petites molécules et d'enzymes afin de perturber la croissance polarisée et l'adhésion des tubes polliniques." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR081.
Full textDuring plant sexual reproduction pollen grains land on the stigma, rehydrate and produce pollen tubes that grow through the female transmitting-tract tissue to assure a proper fertilization. Pollen tubes are fast tip-growing cells and represent a good model to study growth dynamics. Pollen tubes are able to perceive female guidance signals and to adhere to the extracellular matrix of the female transmitting tract. In order to improve our knowledge on the cell mechanisms implicated during pollen tube growth and adhesion, two different approaches have been used. First, 258 compounds were screened and two small compounds were isolated. They disrupted in vitro pollen tube growth of tobacco, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. The effects of an inhibitor of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases, galvestine-1, on pollen tube growth were also studied. We showed that these 3 compounds reduced pollen tube length and induced abnormal phenotypes in a dose dependent manner. Pollen germination was significantly reduced with the two compounds isolated from the screen. They also affected cell wall material arrangement in pollen tube cell wall. The compounds modified ROS production and were able to disorganized actin filaments as well as the dynamic changes of the protein RIC4 suggesting that they might perturb vesicle trafficking at the pollen tube tip. Secondly, using a plant-made adhesion matrix in 96 –well plates, we studied the in vitro adhesion of A. thaliana pollen tubes. Different cell wall extracts from A. thaliana flowers and leaves or commercial lemon pectins with different degree of methylesterification were tested and the adhesive fractions were deconstructed by enzymatic treatments. Polygalacturonase or endo-galactanase treatments of commercial pectins and pectin-enriched cell wall extracts totally or partially disrupted pollen tube adhesion. Our results pointed out that A. thaliana pollen tubes are capable of adhering on pectins from diverse origins (species and organs) and suggested that homogalacturonan, the side chains of rhamnogalacturonana-I, especially galactans, as well as a minimum molecular weight may be necessary for pollen tube adhesion
Wojda, Franck. "Mesure de l'amplitude d'une onde de plasma créée par sillage laser guidé." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00485671.
Full textViallet, Claire. "Identification de protéines impliquées dans le guidage du tube pollinique par les ovules de Solanum chacoense." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18830.
Full textLafleur, Edith. "Rôle de la protéine ScFRK1 dans le développement du sac embryonnaire et son impact sur le guidage des tubes polliniques." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3617.
Full textThe Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) is a member of plant MAPKKK that is specifically expressed in ovules. ScFRK1 mRNA levels accumulate predominantly in the egg apparatus cells of the embryo sac at mature stage and decrease rapidly following pollination. These results suggest both pre- and post-fertilization roles in ovule development. Although no expression could be detected in mature pollen, FRK1 mRNAs could be detected in pollen mother cells. Transgenic plants expressing sense or antisense ScFRK1 showed no abnormal phenotype in vegetative tissues but produced seedless fruits upon pollination. A microscope-based examination of developing female gametophytes revealed that its formation did not progress further than the functional megaspore stage in affected transgenic plants and, as the levels of ScFRK1 mRNA decreased, the percentage of normal embryo sacs declined. Surprisingly, even in severely affected plants producing no or very few embryo sacs, pollination led to the production of parthenocarpic fruits. Similarly, viable pollen production declined with decreasing levels of ScFRK1 and this could be linked to affected mitosis I. Since embryo sac integrity is a prerequisite for pollen tube guidance, we devised a semi-in vivo pollen tube growth system to assess the ability of the ScFRK1 mutant ovules to attract pollen tubes. As expected, guidance was severely affected, confirming the involvement of the egg apparatus cells as the source of attracting molecules. Attraction was also determined to be highly species-specific and developmentally-regulated with the acquisition of attraction competence on anthesis day.
Liu, Yang. "The plant ovule omics : an integrative approach for pollen−pistil interactions and pollen tube guidance studies in solanaceous species." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13589.
Full textIn flowering plants, the ovary is the female reproductive organ that interacts extensively with the male gametophyte during pollen tube (PT) growth, guidance, reception, discharge and gamete fusion. The process begins when numerous ovule-expressed genes are activated when pollen lands on the stigma. To explore the ovular signals that have a great impact on successful pollen–pistil interactions, especially the secreted molecules that mediate species-specific signalling events, ovule mRNA expression and protein secretion profiles were studied in Solanum chacoense, a wild diploid potato species. Solanum chacoense has undergone extensive interspecific hybridization with sympatric solanaceous species that greatly facilitates the study of species-specific pollen–ovule interactions and evolution. In this project, three ovule conditions were studied: wild-type mature ovules, slightly immature ovules at two days before anthesis (2DBA), and frk1 mutant ovules that lack an embryo sac (ES). RNA-seq was performed on S. chacoense ovules to provide a scaffold assembly comprising 33852 CDS-containing sequences, then to provide read counts for differential gene expression analyses on three ovule conditions as well as on leaf. Compared to wild-type ovules, 818 genes were downregulated in frk1 ovules. A subset of 284 genes was concurrently under-expressed in 2DBA ovules, suggestive of their specific involvement in late stages of ES maturation (female gametophyte (FG), FG6 to FG7 developmental stage), as well as in PT guidance processes, as neither frk1 nor 2DBA ovules attract semi in vivo-grown PTs. Of these 284, 21% encoded cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs). Using de novo assembled ovule transcriptomes of two close relatives, S. gandarillasii and S. tarijense, an orthology survey was conducted on these CRPs, revealing their highly polymorphic nature among species and rapid evolution. Interestingly, novel cysteine motifs unique to this family were also uncovered. As compared to parallel studies in Arabidopsis, S. chacoense was found to possess a highly divergent ES transcriptome, in terms of both functional categories and individual ortholog similarities. Although glycosylation is not required for micropylar guidance cues to attract PTs in Arabidopsis, Torenia or maize, glycosylated ovule extracts from S. chacoense showed enhanced PT guidance competency by 18%. This is the first time a positive regulation between glycosylation and ovular PT guidance has been observed. As a complement to the transcriptomic approach, a proteomic approach using secreted proteins from the ovule (secretome) was employed to identify proteins involved in pollen–pistil interactions. Ovule exudates were collected from mature ovules (PT attracting) and immature ovules at 2DBA (PT nonattracting), using a novel tissue free-gravity extraction method (tf-GEM), which efficiently reduced the cytosolic contamination to less than 1%. Through mass spectrometry analyses, a total of 305 ovule-secreted proteins (OSPs) were identified, of which 58% were considered ovule-specific when compared to secretome studies conducted in other plant tissues. The secretion of 128 OSPs was upregulated in mature ovules vs. immature ovules. These OSPs were considered as candidate proteins involved in late ovule maturation and PT guidance. This study demonstrated that the ES maturation from FG6 to FG7 stages influenced the secretion status of 44% of ovule secretome. Surprisingly, the majority (83%) of these proteins were not regulated at the RNA level, vindicating this novel approach in the study of PT guidance as a robust complement to transcriptomic studies. Among all identified guidance-related ovular signals from the transcriptomic and proteomic approaches described above, we focused on the evaluation of the involvement of CRPs in ovular PT guidance of S. chacoense, due to the implication of various CRPs in pollen–pistil interactions and, especially, in PT guidance. A total of 28 CRPs were present in PT attracting ovules while being low or absent in nonattracting ovules, at the mRNA and/or protein secretion levels. Of these, 17 CRPs were expressed in bacteria and purified in sufficient amount for PT guidance assays. However, while ovule exudates were shown to induce PT chemotropism in the bead assay, refolded candidates did not show guidance competency. Since the use of eukaryotic protein expression systems might lead to better refolding and higher protein activity, the remaining candidates will be expressed in both yeast and plant-based expression systems and tested for their ability to attract PTs in a semi in-vivo assay, in order to lead us toward the isolation of PT guidance chemoattractants in solanaceous species like S. chacoense.
Joly, Valentin. "Exploration bioinformatique des interactions pollen–pistil chez Solanum chacoense." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22695.
Full textParre, Élodie. "Le rôle des constituants pariétaux dans les propriétés biomécaniques du tube pollinique." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15022.
Full textGossot, Olivier. "Croissance du tube pollinique chez Papaver rhoeas : de nouveaux rôles pour le cytosquelette." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8149.
Full textAouar, Leila. "Les propriétés mécaniques du réseau cellulose/xyloglucanes dans la croissance apicale du tube pollinique." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8143.
Full textBolduc, Jean-François. "Modélisation par éléments finis de la micro-indentation du tube pollinique : rôles de paramètres géométriques." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17360.
Full textSoulard, Jonathan. "Destins des S-RNases et interactions moléculaires dans le tube pollinique dans le cadre de l’auto-incompatibilité gamétophytique chez Solanum chacoense." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11296.
Full textSelf-incompatibility (SI) is a prezygotic reproductive barrier that allows the pistil of a flower to specifically reject their own (self-) pollen. SI systems can help prevent self-fertilization and avoid inbreeding. In gametophytic SI (GSI), the genotype of the pollen determines its breeding behaviour and in this system both female and male specificity determinants of SI are under the control of a multigenic and multiallelic locus called the S-locus. In Solanaceae, the female determinant of SI is a highly polymorphic stylar-expressed extracellular glycoprotein with RNase activity called the S-RNase. S-RNases show a distinct pattern of two hypervariable (HVa and HVb) regions, responsible for their allelic specificity, and five highly conserved regions (C1 to C5) thought to be involved in either the catalytic activity or the structural stabilization of the protein. In this work, we analyzed and characterized several conserved features of the S-RNases and also identified a potential novel S-RNase interactant in Solanum chacoense. The aim of our first study was to investigate the role of the C4 region of S-RNases. To test the hypothesis that the C4 region may be involved in S-RNase folding or stability, we examined a mutant in which the four charged residues in the C4 region were replaced with glycine. This mutant did not accumulate to detectable levels in styles, supporting a structural role for C4. To test the possibility that C4 might be involved in binding another protein, we prepared an R115G mutant, in which a charged amino acid was eliminated to reduce any potential binding to this region. This mutant had no effect on the pollen rejection phenotype of the protein, and thus C4 is likely not involved in either ligand binding or S-RNase entry inside pollen tubes. Finally, a K113R mutant, in which the only conserved lysine residue in all the S-RNases was replaced with arginine, was generated to test if this residue was an S-RNase ubiquitination site. However, S-RNase degradation was not disrupted in this mutant. Taken together, these results indicate that the C4 region likely plays a structural role. In a second study, we analyzed the role of S-RNase glycosylation. All S-RNases share a conserved glycosylation site in the C2 region. To test the possibility that the sugar residues might be a target for ubiquitination, a transgenic S11-RNase lacking its single glycosylation site was examined. This construct behaved similarly to a wild type S11-RNase, demonstrating that the lack of glycosylation does not confer constitutive pollen rejection. To determine if the introduction of an N-linked glycan in the HVa region would affect pollen rejection, a construct containing a second N-glycosylation site inside the HVa region of the S11-RNase and a construct containing only that N-glycosylation site inside the HVa region were prepared. The first construct rejected S11 pollen normally, but surprisingly, plants expressing the construct lacking the C2 glycosylation site rejected both S11 and S13 pollen. We propose that the non-glycosylated form is a dual specific allele, similar to a previously described dual-specific allele that also had amino acid replacements in the HV regions. Interestingly, this phenotype is not observed in the mutant containing two glycosylation sites, which suggests that the sugar residues are not removed during S-RNase entry into the pollen. In the final study, S-RNase-binding assays were performed with pollen extracts to detect potential interacting proteins. We found that concanavalin A-immobilized S11-RNase bound eEF1A, a component of the eukaryotic translational machinery. This interaction was validated by pull-down experiments using a GST-tagged S. chacoense eEF1A. We also found that a previously documented actin binding to eEF1A was markedly increased in the presence of S-RNases, although S-RNases alone do not bind actin. Lastly, we observed that actin in incompatible pollen tubes has an unusual aggregated form which also co-labels with S-RNases. This suggests that binding between S-RNases and eEF1A could provide a potential functional link between the S-RNase and the alteration of the actin cytoskeleton that occurs during the SI reaction. Furthermore, if eEF1A binding to S-RNases acted to titrate the amount of free S-RNase in the pollen tube, this binding may help explain the threshold phenomenon, where a minimum quantity of S-RNase in the style is required to trigger the SI reaction.
Bou, Daher Firas. "Actin cytoskeleton regulates pollen tube growth and tropism." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5175.
Full textFertilization in plants depends on the delivery of the sperm cells in the pollen grain through the pollen tube to the ovule. The pollen tube is a highly anisotropic, fast growing cellular protuberance. Because the pollen tube is non autotrophic, it requires a steady supply of carbohydrates and minerals supplied by the pistil to sustain its growth. These elements serve for the synthesis of cell wall material, delivered to the site of cell wall assembly in secretory vesicles that are transported along the actin cytoskeleton and deposited at the growing apex of the tube. The tube has to resist external deformation forces in order to maintain its cylindrical shape and to respond to various directional signals in order to reach its target. My objectives were to identify the role of the cytoskeleton in the anisotropic growth of the pollen tube and to determine how the tube responds to directional cues. The cytoskeleton in the pollen tube consists of microfilaments and microtubules, both forming long filamentous elements. For in vitro growing pollen tubes, carbohydrates and growth minerals have to be added to the growth medium in specific amounts order to sustain pollen tube growth. I optimized the growth conditions of Arabidopsis thaliana and Camellia japonica pollen tubes which, in addition to pollen from Lilium longiflorum, were used as model species for my experiments. I developed a microwave based, fast and efficient fixation and labelling protocol for pollen tubes. I used pharmacological, mechanical, molecular and microscopical tools to study the role of the cytoskeleton in pollen tube growth and tropism. I found that the actin cytoskeleton, and more specifically the subapical actin fringe, plays an important role in the regulation of pollen tube growth and architecture through the controlled delivery of secretory vesicles to the growing apex. I constructed a galvanotropic chamber that can be mounted on an inverted microscope to induce controlled tropic triggers. I found that the actin cytoskeleton is also involved in the ability of the pollen tube to change its direction. This tropic behaviour was shown to be dependent on the concentration of calcium ions in the growth medium and calcium influx through calcium channels. The cytosolic calcium gradient in the pollen tube regulates the activity of various actin binding proteins that are responsible for remodelling the actin cytoskeleton. Among these proteins are two Arabidopsis gametophyte-specific actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) that I tagged with two intrinsically fluorescent proteins. I found that ADF7 and ADF10 are differentially expressed during microsporogenesis and pollen tube germination and growth and that they likely divide important functions between them.
Naghavi, Mahsa. "Studying the cytomechanic aspects of pollen tube growth behavior using Lab-On-Chip technology." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11529.
Full textCellular elongation of tip-growing cells such as fungal hyphae, root hairs, pollen tubes and neurons, is limited to the tip of the cell, which enables these cells to invade the surrounding substrate and to reach a target. Tip-growing plant cells are surrounded by the stiff polysaccharidic wall that regulates the growth and elongation of these cells, a mechanism that is very different from non-walled cells. Understanding the regulation of the cell wall mechanical properties in controlling growth and cellular functioning of the pollen tube, a rapidly growing plant cell, is the goal of this project. The pollen tube carries sperm cells from the pollen grain to the ovule for fertilization and on its way from the stigma towards ovary the pollen tube physically invades the stylar transmitting tissue of the flower. To reach its target it also has to change its growth direction multiple times. To assess the behavior of growing pollen tubes, an in vitro experimental system based on lab-on-chip (LOC) technology and MEMS (microelectro-mechanical systems) was designed. Using these devices we measured a variety of physical properties characterizing the pollen tube of Camellia, such as growth velocity, invasive growth and dilating force. In one of the experimental set-ups the tubes were exposed to slit-shaped openings made of elastic PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) material allowing us to measure the force a pollen tube exerts to dilate the growth substrate. This invasion capacity is crucial for pollen tubes to allow them to enter narrow intercellular spaces within the pistillar tissues. In other assays we used the microfluidic set-up to test whether pollen tubes can elongate in air and whether they have a directional memory. One of the applications that the lab is interested in is the investigation of intracellular processes such as the motion of fluorescently labelled organelles or macromolecules while the pollen tubes grow within the LOC devices. To prove that the devices are compatible with high-resolution optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, I used the styryl dye FM1-43 to label the endomembrane system of Camellia japonica pollen tubes. Observation of the vesicle cone, an aggregation of endocytic and exocytic vesicles in the apical cytoplasm of the pollen tube tip, did not pose any problems in pollen tubes located within the LOC. However, the particular dye in question adhered to the sidewalls of the LOC microfluidic network, making viewing of pollen tubes close to the sidewalls difficult because of the highly fluorescent signal of the wall. This property of the dye might be useful to image the network geometry when operating in fluorescence mode.
Chebli, Youssef. "Cell wall composition regulates cell shape and growth behaviour in pollen tubes." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8988.
Full textOne of the most important features characterizing plant cells and differentiating them from animal cells is the cell wall that surrounds them. The cell wall plays a critical role in providing protection to the protoplast; it acts as a filtering mechanism and is the location of many biochemical reactions implicated in the regulation of the cell metabolism and the mechanical properties of the cell. The local stiffness, extensibility, plasticity and elasticity of the different cell wall components determine the shape and geometry of the cell during differentiation and morphogenesis. The goal of my thesis is to understand the role played by the different cell wall components in shaping the plant cell and controlling its growth behaviour. To achieve this goal, I studied the pollen tube, or male gametophyte, as a cellular model system. The pollen tube is a cellular protuberance formed by the pollen grain upon its contact with the stigma. Its main purpose is to deliver the sperm cells to the female gametophyte to ensure double fertilization. The pollen tube is a tip-growing cell characterized by its simple cell wall composition and by the fact that it is the fastest growing cell of the plant kingdom. This makes it the ideal model to study the effects of drugs, mutations or stresses on cellular growth behaviour, metabolism and cell wall mechanics. The pollen tube cell wall consists mainly of proteins and three major polysaccharidic components: pectins, cellulose and callose. To understand the role played by these components in regulating pollen tube growth, I investigated the effects of mutations, enzymatic treatments, hyper-gravity and omni-directional gravity on the pollen tube cell wall. Using mathematical modeling combined with molecular biology and high-resolution electron and fluorescent microscopy I was able to show that the regulation of pectin chemistry is required for the regulation of the growth rate and pollen tube shape and that cellulose is crucial for determining the pollen tube diameter in the sup-apical region. Moreover, I investigated the role of the pectate lyases, a group of pectin digesting enzymes expressed during pollen tube development, and I showed that this enzyme activity is required for the initiation of pollen germination. More importantly, I directly showed for the first time that the pollen tube secretes cell wall loosening enzymes to facilitate its penetration through the style.
Mazin, Benjamin Damien. "Exploration du rôle de signalisation des Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases lors de la fécondation chez les plantes." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25575.
Full textReproduction is a crucial event for plant life. This process requires the formation of pollen and ovules. The germ cells will undergo meiosis and then a succession of mitosis, two for the pollen and three for the ovule, which will allow them to acquire their final structures. Once formed, these two gametes must meet each other. For this, the pollen grain will germinate on the stigmas to form the pollen tube. The growth of the pollen tube will pass through the different female tissues and thus pull the two sperm cells to the ovum for reproduction. An important cellular signaling network is necessary to allow these events to occur. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPKs) cascades are one of the most studied signaling networks in plants. These kinases are involved in a wide range of developmental processes such as embryo formation and stomata. However, their roles remain poorly characterized during fertilization. The aim of this project is to better understand the role played by MAPKs during the formation of male and female gametes as well as during the growth of pollen tubes. Several members of the MAPK superfamily have been characterized for their role in the sexual reproduction of plants. Previous work in Daniel P. Matton's laboratory has demonstrated the involvement of two MAPK Kinases (MAP3K), Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) and ScFRK2. These two kinases are necessary for egg and pollen development in S. chacoense, a diploid wild potato species. In a first step, we studied the functionality of a new ScFRK, ScFRK3. This third member of the class of FRKs in S. chacoense, is also involved in the development of male and female gametophytes. From the expression pattern to the establishment of a potential signaling pathway, through the phenotypic characterization of mutants, several experiments have been performed in order to understand the role of ScFRK3 in the formation of gametes in S. chacoense. We show that ScFRK3 is involved in the formation of pollen as well as that of the embryonic sac. We then continued our research by refining the phenotyping of the overexpression mutant ScFRK2. Indeed, previous studies have shown that ScFRK2 overexpression leads the ovular primordium to the formation of carpeloid structures. However, the sets of ovular primordia have not become capeloid structures. We show here that only 10% of the eggs in the ovary have become carpeloid. Our study shows that in addition to the carpeloid structures, a large number of ova do not have an embryonic sac in the anthesis, which explains the low number of seeds per fruit. The analysis of the development of the embryonic sacs shows that 7 overexpression of ScFRK2 leads to the cessation of the functional megaspore stage. This phenotype is similar to what has been observed in interfering RNA lines reducing expression of ScFRK1 and ScFRK3. Previous studies in Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that members of the MAPK superfamily are not essential for pollen tube growth. To understand the role that MAPKs play in pollen tube elongation, we used a MAP Kinase Kinase (MKK) inhibitor called U0126. The presence of this drug in the growth medium of pollen grains causes a decrease in germination and elongation of the pollen tube. The use of the semi in vivo method shows a loss of polarization of the pollen tube growth caused by the inhibition of MKK. The presence of the inhibitor leads to a decrease in the number of actin filaments and their disorganization at the apex of the tube. Exocytosis is also affected by MKK inhibition. We show in this chapter that MAPK cascades are necessary for polarized pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we wanted to identify some members of the MAPK superfamily involved in pollen tube growth. We were first interested in the ScFRK family orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtMAP3K19-20-21 are the closest orthologs to ScFRK3. These AtMAP3K are expressed during the development of pollen grains and during the elongation of the pollen tube. Pollen analysis of the different mutant lines shows that in their absence the pollen does not present any development problems unlike ScFRK3. On the other hand, double mutants and triple mutant for AtMAP3K19-20-21 show a decrease in germination capacity. Pollen tube elongation is affected when at least one of the AtMAP3Ks is mutated. These two studies demonstrate that MAPKs are essential for the formation and elongation of the pollen tube and that AtMAP3K19-20-21 participate in these biological processes.
Boivin, Nicolas. "Destinée des S-RNases dans les tubes polliniques lors des croisements compatibles et incompatibles." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10739.
Full textSelf-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread genetic device used by flowering plants to reject their own pollen, and thus to avoid inbreeding. This cell-cell recognition mechanism is mediated by molecular interactions between gene products expressed in the pollen and those expressed in specialized cells of the pistil. The genetic determinants of the system are produced from a highly complex multigenic S-locus with multiple S-haplotypes, although other genes outside the S-locus also contribute to the phenomenon in a non-allele specific manner. SI discriminates between self and non-self pollen, as the former will be rejected (incompatible cross), whereas the latter will be allowed to accomplish fertilization (compatible cross). In the Solanaceae (to which Solanum chacoense belongs) the pistillar determinant to SI is an extremely polymorphic stylar extracellular S-RNase, whereas the pollen determinant involves the collaborative action of several members of the F-box family (SLF or S-locus F-box). This has led to the hypothesis that during compatible crosses, ubiquitin-mediated degradation of non-self S-RNases takes place (degradation model). However, it has also been found that non-self S-RNases appear to be sequestered in the vacuole during compatible crosses (sequestration model). The objective of our study was to discriminate between these two models by using immunolocalization techniques and transmission electron microscopy. We have found that the concentration of S-RNases is significantly higher in incompatible pollen tubes than in compatible ones.