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1
Fino, Steven A. "Doubling Down." Vulcan 2, no. 1 (June 23, 2014): 125–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00201005.
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The us Air Force’s and Navy’s semi-autonomous radar- and infrared-guided air-to-air missiles performed miserably in air combat over Vietnam. Despite accusations that the military’s overreliance on complex technology was to blame, the two services continued to invest in ever-more advanced fighter aircraft and high-tech missiles after the war. In 1977 at the behest of Congress, the Air Force and Navy spent almost a full year evaluating air combat tactics and new infrared-guided air-to-air missiles. According to the services’ interpretation of the results from the aimval and aceval tests, future air combat demanded both improved infrared-guided missiles and revolutionary radar-guided missiles. The apparent paradox—testing infrared missiles to justify a more expensive radar-guided missile—was seized on by the military “Reformers” as emblematic of the us military’s unhealthy fascination with exorbitantly priced high-technology. This paper discusses the pivotal aimval-aceval tests, including their laborious design process and execution, and their subsequent role animating the early-1980s public debate over military technology. This understanding is crucial when evaluating the relative significance of organizational inertia in the Air Force’s air-to-air procurement decisions following Vietnam. Additionally, the aimval-aceval tests offer evidence of three pathologies that distinguish military tests from their typical civilian exemplars: military tests cannot be conducted independent of the service(s); the tests are generally inflexible and unreplicable; and their data are usually shrouded by classification concerns. These pathologies make it difficult to reconcile divergent interpretations and resolve controversies that emerge from military testing activities.
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Faqih, Kamil, Sujito Sujito, Siti Sendari, and Faiz Syaikhoni Aziz. "Smart guided missile using accelerometer and gyroscope based on backpropagation neural network method for optimal control output feedback." Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 11, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2020.v11.55-63.
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As a maritime country with a large area, besides the need to defend itself with the military, it also needs to protect itself with aerospace technology that can be controlled automatically. This research aims to develop an air defense system that can control guided missiles automatically with high accuracy. The right method can provide a high level of accuracy in controlling missiles to the targeted object. With the backpropagation neural network method for optimal control output feedback, it can process information data from the radar to control missile’s movement with a high degree of accuracy. The controller uses optimal control output feedback, which is equipped with a lock system and utilizes an accelerometer that can detect the slope of the missile and a gyroscope that can detect the slope between the target direction of the missile to follow the target, control the position, and direction of the missile. The target speed of movement can be easily identified and followed by the missile through the lock system. Sampling data comes from signals generated by radars located in defense areas and from missiles. Each part’s data processing speed is calculated using a fast algorithm that is reliable and has a level of accuracy and fast processing. Data processing impacts on the accuracy of missile movements on any change in the position and motion of targets and target speed. Improved maneuvering accuracy in the first training system can detect 1000 files with a load of 273, while in the last training, the system can detect 1000 files without a load period. So the missile can be guided to hit the target without obstacles when maneuvering.
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Xie, Wei Shi, Zhi Hua Xiao, and Jian Tang. "The Design Research of Millimeter-Wave Homing Empty - Empty Ammunition Ballistics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.337.
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The millimeter-wave terminal guidance ammunition monitoring scanning field is small. The modified design is in order to improve the search section trajectory guidance. This study established seeker search area to capture the target model, which leads to the missile engine unpowered glide distance formula after flameout. At the millimeter-wave terminal on the missiles contraction section ballistic. Each missile is designed for the flat road, the swash decline ballistic programs. Flat missile road program scans and does not shrink. Its flight speed falls and declines rapidly, has different gliding distance and terminal velocity. After the missile engine is flameout, its start-gliding speed is great. Ramp fell ballistic program enhances the air-air (or air-ground) guided missile’s gliding ability, helping to improve range. But shortcomings are that target tracking scanning domain contracts. Using the seeker optical axis in the pitch direction can achieve accurate positioning with the height precession. Two ballistic designs can both meet the target seeker’s scanning, thus effectively improve the striking precision.
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Thong, Do Quang. "Synthesis of High-Precision Missile Homing System Using Proportional Guidance Method." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 21, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.21.242-248.
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Modern air targets are characterized by low visibility, high maneuverability and high survivability. In addition, for some specific targets, for instance ballistic missiles, in order to defeat them the missile need tobe guided and carried out direct hit, i.e. "hit to kill". Therefore, in this paper, we present a high-precision missile homing system (MHS) using the proportional guidance method for firing at the highly maneuverable targets. Specifically, we propose a parametric optimization method for choosing a set of optimal parameters of the missile homing system for each dynamic parameter set of the missile. In addition, the paper gives the recommendations of choosing the initial conditions for the synthesis of missile homing system. In our experience, we should choose the small initial condition for synthesizing the missile homing system. Finally, the article also investigates the influence of systematic error in determining the speed, normal acceleration of missiles and the angular velocity of the line of sight of the missile and target on the accuracy of the missile homing system. We implement the proposed missile homing system and the parametric optimization method in Matlab. The experimental results illustrate that, using proposed system and the parametric optimization method, the missile can defeat the modern air targets with low visibility, high maneuverability and high survivability.
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Shyshanov, M., O. Zubariev, O. Hurba, and Y. Kryzhanivskyi. "ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REPAIR GUIDED AVIATION MEANS OF DE-STRUCTION." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 64 (2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2019/64-04.
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The article presents the general requirements for the level of reliability of guided aviation means of destruction (GAMD), which can be applied based on the requirements for performance indicators of operation. This depends on the set of tactical, technical and operational characteristics of GAMD, which determine their level technical excellence, as well as a method for assessing the effectiveness of guided aviation means of destruction, based on the progressive standard method. The estimation of the coefficient of technical excellence of samples of armaments, which reveal their level of development and is carried out in relation to their classification, has been considered. During the analysis, the most important performance characteristics are considered. They define the basic architecture and design of this type of armaments and have the greatest influence on their combat missions. The basics of their functioning and the order of their intended using are more fully considered in a number of sources. The developed method of comparative estimation of GAMD is intended for comparison of possible variants and allows to define complex indicators of quality that take into account most of all existing properties of GAMD, to assess its conformity to tactical and technical requirements, quantitative requirements and state standards. Moreover, it allows conducting a comparative assessment of domestic and foreign samples of armaments. The basic performance characteristics of short-range guided aviation missiles of the Air-to-Air class with infrared heads and their foreign analogues are given. The purpose of this article is to conduct a preliminary calculation of the level of technical excellence and analysis of the priority directions of development of air guided missiles of the Air-to-Air class.
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Sonawane, Hemant R., and Shripad P. Mahulikar. "Tactical air warfare: Generic model for aircraft susceptibility to infrared guided missiles." Aerospace Science and Technology 15, no. 4 (June 2011): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2010.07.008.
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Dobrzyński, Paweł, Stanisław Lipski, Bogdan Machowski, Rafał Miętkiewicz, and Tomasz Olszewski. "An automated module of self-defence and masking of naval vessels of the Polish Navy with the use of miniature rocket missiles caliber 70 and 40 mm." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej 214, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjpna-2018-0023.
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Abstract This article is an attempt to interest the subjects associated with maritime technology — in the possibilities of increasing the safety of Polish Navy ships (or civilian ships), which may be threatened by attacks of maneuvering missiles and drones moving at low altitude at high speed. The concept proposed by the team was initially verified in simulation tests and the obtained results of these studies indicate that the automated missile self-defence system based on guided and unguided missiles with caliber 40 mm and 70 mm, can be an effective means of self-defence (even the smallest vessels). Small dimensions and mass as well as simplicity of use and reliability of this weapon system allow to believe that 40 mm MLRS1 could also be used by special forces of Polish Navy in offensive operations (destruction of lightly armoured objects of surface or ground, vehicles, force, putting smoke screens, mine mines) to 2000 m. For that reason, the system is referred to by the team of implementers as ‘pocket rocket artillery’.
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Baranik, O., V. Berezanskii, A. Datsenko, and О. Tesnikov. "APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATION TO CHOOSE THE TECHNICAL OPERATION PROGRAM OF GUIDED AIR WEAPONS AT TRANSITION TO OPERATION ACCORDING TO TECHNICAL CONDITION." Collection of scientific works of the National Academyof the National Guard of Ukraine 2, no. 36 (2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2409-7470/2020/2/36/223552.
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The article presents the current state of the available stock of guided air weapons and the problem of transition of guided air weapons to operation according to technical condition. The transfer of guided air weapons to operation according to technical condition involves increasing the role of measurement operations and control of their parameters and characteristics. This will determine the actual technical condition and make informed decisions about further operation. In general, the effective-ness of control a technical condition of aviation missiles significantly affects the readiness for use of aviation equipment and the combat capabilities of this equipment in performance of the tasks. The exciting control model and methods for selecting parameters of technical condition is universal in relation to the variants of construction of the technical maintenance program a guided air weapons allows to conduct research into these indicators. However, this program does not indicate the plural of variant that should be selected if the undetermined influence of different nature factors to carry out a set of maintenance and repair work for guided air weapons. The possibility of using the principle of correlation, when choosing the program of technical operation a guid-ed air weapons during the transition to operation according to technical condition. With the help of the correlation principle, an approach to the choice of the program of technical operation a guided air weapons can be developed in case of unknown infor-mation about the mechanisms of influence of various internal and external factors on the properties of the guided air weapons, their effect on the technical condition and features of the units of aviation guided missile that are not amenable to instrumental con-trol. To implement the control of guided air weapons with using a principle of correlation need to use the results of practical appli-cations of aviation guided missile, including other types of fire tests, sample tests using the physico-chemical analysis of powder and explosive charges.
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Swietochowski, Norbert, and Dariusz Rewak. "‘KRAB’ – new capabilities of the Polish Armed Forces." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 188, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2501.
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The implementation of 155 mm self-propelled howitzers ‘Krab’ into the Missile and Artillery Forces significantly improve their capabilities. Apart the howitzer, the battalion fire module ‘Regina’ consists of specialized command, reconnaissance, support and ammunition vehicles. The caliber of the howitzer adjusted to NATO standards allows for the application of the common ammunition, including precision-guided, with the range up to 40 km, which will enable striking the important targets in the enemy’s rear combat zone. An artillery battalion (battery) equipped with the self-propelled howitzer ‘Krab’ owing to usage of the precision-guided munitions during the engagement will gain unprecedented capabilities with regards to impacting a target. Moreover, the battalion will be able to successfully fulfill tasks, which until recently could be executed by a general-military commander with the support of anti-tank reserves, tank subunits, special forces or tactical surface-to-surface missiles. The paper proposes organizational structures of the ‘Krab’ artillery battalion, variants of order of battle and methods of fire tasks execution.
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Kieley, Marc. "No umbrella for the rain: Canadian implications following the global revolution in reconnaissance–strike technologies." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 76, no. 2 (June 2021): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207020211019301.
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Global conflicts in 2020 have highlighted the unexpected employment of advanced ballistic missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles by developing military powers. The development of ballistic missiles by Iran, or the export of advanced drones by Turkey, are ultimately the result of the American-led revolution in military affairs that, during the Gulf War, established the potential of precision guided weapons and reconnaissance systems. In response, America’s competitors have adapted their military doctrines and developed weapons designed to both counter and copy the West’s technological advantages. As the Government of Canada implements its defence policy—Strong, Secure, and Engaged—it has promised to procure a ground-based air defence system for the Canadian Armed Forces. Careful consideration and analysis are required, however, to ensure that Canada procures the best possible solution given limited funding and a wide array of potential threats.
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Srinivas, G., and Srinivasa Rao Potti. "Computational Analysis of Fighter Aircraft Wing under Mach Number 0.7 for Small Sweep Angles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1020.
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Fighter aircraft wings are the leading lift generating components for any aerospace vehicle. The recital of any flying vehicle largely depends on its wing design. Missiles and the fighter aircrafts which are having propulsion system mostly have fins to control and maneuver. In this present paper work an attempt has been made to design a fighter aircraft wing configuration which will be used in some air launched air to surface guided weapons fighter aircraft. The main focus of this paper agreement in determining the Sweep-back effects on fighter aircraft wing under transonic condition at different angles of attack (AoA) from 0 to 5 degrees. For this the fighter aircraft wing performance for various flow conditions and sweep angles are obtained based on the empirical, semi-empirical and CFD simulation results. Hence by studying these computational results would help in the optimizing geometry for better performance, an finest wing design for the air launched air to surface body with conservative wing can be obtained.
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Evdokimenkov, V. N., M. N. Krasilshchikov, and N. A. Lyapin. "THE RESEARCH OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT EVASIVE MANEUVERS FROM ATTACK BY ENEMY AIRCRAFT ON THE BASIS OF THE GAME APPROACH." Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no. 184 (October 2019): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2019.10.pp.021-031.
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Actual level of unmanned aerial vehicles development allows us to consider them as an effective tool for solving a variety of civil and military tasks (primarily reconnaissance and strike). At the same time, one of the most important problems associated with the combat use of unmanned aerial vehicles remains to ensure their high survivability in organized counteraction conditions, the source of which can be both ground-based air defense and fighter aircraft (manned or unmanned). For this reason, the study and optimization of unmanned aerial vehicle evasion maneuvers from an enemy air attack remains relevant. In the article on the basis of game approach the algorithm of the unmanned aerial vehicle trajectory guaranteeing management providing its evasion from attack of the air opponent is offered. The study of unmanned aerial vehicle maneuverability tactically significant indicators influence on the effectiveness of the evasion maneuver. The results of simulation, demonstrated the influence of unmanned aerial vehicle maneuvering capabilities on achievement a positional advantage in order to solve the problem of evasion from enemy air attack, are presented. A series of computational experiments, whose results allow to assert that the use of the developed algorithm to guarantee control regardless of the relative initial state target UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and UAV-interceptor with the comparability of their maneuvering capabilities in 73 % of cases provides the positional advantage of the target UAV, the UAV position relative to the interceptor makes inefficient use of the latest posted guided missiles, are performed. Note that the increase in the values of tactical indicators that reflect the maneuverability of the attacked UAV compared to the enemy, leads to the fact that in all cases, regardless of the initial position of the attacked UAV relative to the UAV-interceptor, it is ensured that it is brought beyond the zone of possible launches of guided missiles.
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Pywell, M. "A question of survival – military aircraft vs the electromagnetic environment." Aeronautical Journal 108, no. 1087 (September 2004): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000000270.
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Abstract Military aircraft, by definition, need to survive the onslaught of opposing forces to successfully complete their mission. From an aircraft perspective, the electromagnetic (EM) environment can be an enabler, via the use of navigation aids, radar, radio communications etc. – in fact mission success depends on its successful use. However, this environment is also potentially a disabler, as threat weapon systems and the environment itself can harm or destroy the aircraft. This paper discusses risks and hazards thus posed to aircraft survivability, partitioned into two classes – ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ EM threats. ‘Direct’ threats are those that occur as a result of direct coupling of EM energy to the airframe and systems within, e.g. lightning strike and directed energy weapons. ‘Indirect’ threats are those that utilise EM sensors to detect, track and target the aircraft, e.g. radar-guided surface-to-air missiles. Airframe intrinsic mechanical vulnerability is also an important part of survivability, although not addressed in this EM-related paper. It is shown that risk and hazard can be minimised by gaining a thorough understanding of operational scenarios, developing holistic system-of-systems solutions to military requirements, and using best practice design and development techniques.
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Zhao, Hong Chao, Xiu Xia Yang, and Zhao Qing Song. "Variable Structure Guidance Law for Supersonic Missile to Maneuver in Large Airspace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.986.
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The large airspace varying trajectory is modified to large airspace spiral maneuver trajectory, in order to improve the penetration effect of a supersonic anti-warship missile against enemy long-distance ship-to-air missile (LDSAM). In the descent phase the missile may suffer the interception of LDSAM, so the descent phase is modified to spiral maneuver descent trajectory. A variable structure guidance law is designed firstly. On the basis of it, a variable structure guidance law with spiral maneuver is proposed, in order to realize the large airspace spiral maneuver trajectory. The simulation results show that the proposed guidance law can guide the supersonic anti-warship missile to realize the large airspace spiral maneuver trajectory. The entire missiles performance indexes satisfy the flight requirement.
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Nikitchenko, V., L. Kirdei, S. Gordeev, and V. Tolmachov. "ON DETERMINATION OF ASSAULT AVIATION AIRCRAFT EFFECTIVENESS." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.3.2020.11.
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When analyzing typical assault aviation combat missions, the most common objects for each aircraft actions should be identified, a preliminary estimate of their distance from the front line has to be provided, and one of the objects should be selected as the typical target for evaluating the aircraft effectiveness.
A destruction of a typical target by an aircraft with a certain probability is one of the main components of the assault aviation aircraft effectiveness, but it does not fully characterize the effectiveness of the aircraft.
In the course of assault aircraft combat mission accomplishment, the generally accepted approach is identification the four aircraft flight phases with a purpose of destruction a surface target.
As a combat mission for assault aircraft the striking for destruction an enemy airfield or division of guided missiles can be considered.
The choice of flight route and profile is related to the assessment of the enemy's actual areas of engagement to determine the line of maneuvering.
The feature of devastating effect of attack ammunition is the conditional law of target destruction. For the means of destruction of a remote action the feature of devastating effect of attack ammunition is a cumulative effect of each munitions at known coordinates of impact points.
For the means of destruction which are used in cluster bombs, as a result of small caliber live ammunition scattering the total area of destruction is created. The cover area for single cluster bomb is ellipse shaped.
Thus, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the assault aviation aircraft employment it is advisable to use an indicator such as the effectiveness of the aircraft in one combat sortie. Evaluation of aircraft effectiveness in one sortie consists of estimates of the probability for penetration the means of air defense, the probability of target detection, the probability of target attack, the probability of target destruction and reliability of aviation equipment. For assault aviation, the effectiveness of an aircraft in a single combat sortie has the notion of a total probability of a target destruction or a mathematical expectation of a target destruction.
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Shin, Jong-Jin, and Hyochoong Bang. "UAV Path Planning under Dynamic Threats Using an Improved PSO Algorithm." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (December 31, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8820284.
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This paper presents the method to solve the problem of path planning for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in adversarial environments including radar-guided surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and unknown threats. SAM lethal envelope and radar detection for SAM threats and line-of-sight (LOS) calculation for unknown threats are considered to compute the cost for path planning. In particular, dynamic SAM lethal envelope is taken into account for path planning in that SAM lethal envelope does change its direction according to the flight direction of UAV. In addition, terrain masking, nonisotropic radar cross section (RCS), and dynamic constraints of UAV are considered to determine the cost of the path. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed for finding an optimal path. The proposed algorithm is composed of preprocessing steps, multi-swarm PSO algorithm, and postprocessing steps. The Voronoi diagram and Dijkstra algorithm as preprocessing steps provide the initial path for the multi-swarm PSO algorithm which uses multiple swarms with sub-swarms for the balance between exploration and exploitation. Postprocessing steps include waypoint insertion and 3D path smoothing. The computation time is reduced by using the map generation, the coordinate transformation, and the graphic processing unit (GPU) implementation of the algorithm. Various simulations are carried out to compare the performance of the proposed method according to the number of iterations, the number of swarms, and the number of cost evaluation points. The t -test results show that the suggested method is statistically better than existing methods.
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Roach, J. Ashley. "The Law of Naval Warfare at the Turn of two Centuries." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 1 (January 2000): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555231.
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The law of naval warfare as it existed in 1899 and as it is understood in 1999 exhibits a few similarities but many differences. The fundamental similarity is that the law of naval warfare can be seen, then as now, as consisting primarily of customary international law. The many differences in this law have been caused by the major changes in war at sea and the law of the sea. In 1899 war at sea meant combat primarily by gunfire between surface warships, control of maritime commerce, and shore bombardment. Today, war at sea also involves nuclear-powered aircraft carriers; supersonic aircraft, helicopters and tilt-rotor aircraft; submarines; high-speed patrol craft; ballistic, cruise, and other guided missiles; long-range secure communications for command, control, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; radar; underwater sound technology; electronic and information warfare; satellites in space; unmanned aerial and undersea vehicles; and stealth and computer technology; as well as expeditionary and amphibious capabilities. Nevertheless, the fundamental role of navies continues to be to establish control at sea or to deny it to the enemy, linking that control to broad political and economic issues ashore. In view of these constants and changes, this article reviews the state of the law of naval warfare at the end of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and assesses its future prospects.
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Huang, Hesong, Zhongxiang Tong, Taorui Li, Lintong Jia, and Shenbo Li. "Defense Strategy of Aircraft Confronted with IR Guided Missile." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9070412.
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Surface-type infrared (IR) decoy can simulate the IR characteristics of the target aircraft, which is one of the most effective equipment to confront IR guided missile. In the air combat, the IR guided missile poses a serious threat to the aircraft when it comes from the front of target aircraft. In this paper, firstly, the model of aircraft and surface-type IR decoy is established. To ensure their authenticity, the aircraft maneuver and radiation models based on real data of flight and exhaust system radiation in the state of different heights and different speeds are established. Secondly, the most effective avoidance maneuver is simulated when the missile comes from the front of the target aircraft. Lastly, combining maneuver with decoys, the best defense strategy is analysed when the missile comes from the front of aircraft. The result of simulation, which is authentic, is propitious to avoid the missile and improve the survivability of aircraft.
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PHILLIPS, HENRY W. "TALOS DEFENSE UNIT-AN ADVANCED SURFACE-TO-AIR GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEM." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 70, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1958.tb03282.x.
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Kumar, Deepak, and R. N. Mishra. "Angular Steering for Proportional Navigation-commanded Surface-to-air Guided Missile." Defence Science Journal 56, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.56.1910.
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Ma, Xiao Xiao, Tao Li, Yong Qiang Ren, and Tao Liu. "Research on TV-Command-Guided Air-to-Ground Missile Simulation Training System Based on SIMBox." Advanced Materials Research 630 (December 2012): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.630.253.
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Simulation training plays an important role in the training of complicated military equipment. The complicated operation procedure of TV-command-guided missile is analyzed. The models of the missile including the kinematics model, dynamics model and command-guided model are present, and a simulation system is developed based on SIMBox simulation platform. The simulation data is similar to the actual trajectory, and the results show the system can simulate the procedure of the weapon operator controlling the missile. The system provided a resolution to solve the problem of training of this type weapon.
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Schwab, Harry. "Vibration Testing a Large Guided Missile on Air-Spring Supports." Journal of the IEST 42, no. 4 (July 14, 1999): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.42.4.p56174w22v3rnu15.
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When performing a vibration test on a guided missile, it is necessary to simulate the free-free condition of the missile in flight. This procedure presents technical difficulties because the missile must be supported for the test in the laboratory, and the supports can affect the mode shapes and resonant frequencies. To avoid the problems that occurred when using slings or bungee cords, an air-spring support system was developed. The performance of the air-spring support system exceeded expectations. The missile could be raised quickly and consistently on the saddles, and the supports had minimal effects on the vibration responses.
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Konovalchik, A. P., and M. V. Malyshevskiy. "Employing supercomputer technology for aircraft accident investigation." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2016-1-114-125.
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We consider a software package for simulation and visualisation of surface-to-air guided missile flight and target defeat. We illustrate the research with the results of investigating the aircraft accident that took place in July 2014 in Ukraine.
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Cahyaningtias, Sari, and Subchan Subchan. "Application of Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle in Optimum Time of Missile Manoeuvring." CAUCHY 4, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ca.v4i3.3534.
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Missile is a guided weapon and designed to protect outermost island from a thread of other country. It, commonly, is used as self defense. This research presented surface-to-surface missile in final dive manoeuvre for fixed target. Furthermore, it was proposed manoeuvring based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), autopilot system, which needs accuration and minimum both time and thrust of missile while attacking object. This paper introduced pontryagin’s Minimum Principle, which is useable to solve the problem. The numerical solution showed that trajectory of the missile is split it up in three sub-intervals; flight, climbing, and diving. The numerical simulation showed that the missile must climb in order to satisfy the final dive condition and the optimum time of a missile depend on initial condition of the altitude and the terminal velocity
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Moskalets, S., V. Zhyrnyi, A. Rudyk, and A. Artikula. "METHOD OF DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A MISSILE’S BLAST-FRAGMENTATION WARHEAD BY USE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHOD AND EXPERIMENT." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 4 (August 19, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.4.2020.10.
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Armaments are characterized by groups of technical and operational characteristics, each of which is divided into separate indicators. These include effectiveness, ranges of use; combat capability, reliability, operational safety. Under the effectiveness of the missile’s warhead it shall be understood the amount of damage that can cause an explosion in combat environment.
The aim of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the blast-fragmentation warhead by modeling and analyzing the damaging of injurious effects.
Primary blast-fragmentation warhead effects are a shock wave, which is characterized by a specific air pressure on its front and a specific impulse, as well as fragments that move at high speed.
Determining the effectiveness of target neutralization by the fragmentation effect of the warhead is described by a set of positions of the j units, each of which is characterized by the fractional volume, the angle of inclination, the type of losses.
Due to the independent impact on the target of several effects, their whole impact can be estimated by the total probability of individual injurious effects.
The effectiveness of warhead is assessed by the probability of hitting the target. It is most rational to achieve the goal by reducing the distance to the explosion while increasing accuracy. This is a global development trend.
Other ways are either to increase its explosive power or structurally - the number of fragments.
It is necessary to indicate experimental data on the number of holes per unit area for a given distance and characteristics of the warhead of the missile.
Assessing the probability of the debris impact requires clarification of the characteristics of the warhead, the characteristics of the vulnerable spots of the target and the angle of the missile approach.
It is advisable to make the trajectory of the missile approach guided, taking into account the modularity of the configuration. This reduces ammunition consumption and increases the efficiency of the warhead.
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Qiao, Qing Qing, and Wan Chun Chen. "A Near Optimal Midcourse Guidance Law for Air-to-Air Missile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 336-338 (July 2013): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.336-338.833.
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Dynamic inversion and singular perturbation methods are employed for medium-range air-to-air missile to obtain a near-optimal midcourse guidance law. The midcourse guidance stage is separated into two phases. In phase 1, which the rocket engine working, a dynamic inversion guidance law is used to guide the missile flight along a nominal trajectory. In the second gliding phase, singular perturbation technique is employed to develop a guidance law which maximum terminal specific energy. A terminal correction is made to ensure the seeker intercept the target. The result obtained from numerical simulation shows that, the guidance law can conserve energy for terminal interception, and the flight path error is small enough at the end of midcourse stage.
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Zheng, Xiao Long, Bang Jie Li, and Zhi Fu Shi. "Research on Guide and Control Method of Air Launched Ballistic Missile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 389 (August 2013): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.583.
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In order to further improve the performance of the air launched ballistic missile, a full range of air launched method had been given. For the full range launch program faced initial roll angle and initial lateral speed problem, researched the initial roll angle control mode processing technology in the virtual body coordinates and correct the lateral initial velocity method used angle of sideslip flight procedures. Given the ballistic flight simulation Using the proposed method and technology, and verified the feasibility of the ballistic missile program of all-round air launched.
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Dai, Jin Jin, Xiang Min Li, and Zi Fen Li. "Target Identification Method for Single-Ship Air-Defense Based on Kinematics Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.559.
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In this paper, a target identification method is proposed based on kinematics characteristics for single-ship air-defense. After seriously analyzing the characteristics of modern air strike targets, extracting methods of the features of height, velocity, acceleration, detection distance, continuous radial motion etc. is given. Then, three-layer identification structure is established: layer 1 can identify tactical ballistic missile (TBM) and armed helicopter (AH) according to height, velocity; layer 2 can identify anti-radiation missile (ARM) and precision guided bomb (PGB) according to the features of horizontal continuous decelerated motion and continuous radial motion; layer 3 combines Fuzzy set and DS evidence theory to identify anti-ship missile (ASM) and bomb-attacker (BA) according to the features of height and detection distance. Verified by environment of typical targets, this method proposed in this paper has fine effect of identification.
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Park, Jin H., Ki W. Ko, and Young H. Kim. "Suitability Analysis of Weaponeering Tool for Surface-to-Surface Guided Missile for Building Target." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (June 5, 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2013.16.3.255.
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Kabanov, D. E., and V. P. Makhrov. "The Concept of a Small-Size Guided Air-to-Surface Missile with Paste-Like Propellant Rocket Engine." Russian Aeronautics 61, no. 4 (October 2018): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068799818040086.
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Xu, Hao, Qinghua Xing, and Zhenhao Tian. "MOQPSO-D/S for Air and Missile Defense WTA Problem under Uncertainty." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9897153.
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Aiming at the shortcomings of single objective optimization for solving weapon target assignment (WTA) and the existing multiobjective optimization based WTA method having problems being applied in air and missile defense combat under uncertainty, a fuzzy multiobjective programming based WTA method was proposed to enhance the adaptability of WTA decision to the changes of battlefield situation. Firstly, a multiobjective quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization with double/single-well (MOQPSO-D/S) algorithm was proposed by adopting the double/single-well based position update method, the hybrid random mutation method, and the two-stage based guider particles selection method. Secondly, a fuzzy multiobjective programming WTA model was constructed with consideration of air and missile defense combat’s characteristics. And, the uncertain WTA model was equivalently clarified based on the necessity degree principle of uncertainty theory. Thirdly, with particles encoding and illegal particles adjusting, the MOQPSO-D/S algorithm was adopted to solve the fuzzy multiobjective programming based WTA model. Finally, example simulation was conducted, and the result shows that the WTA model constructed is rational and MOQPSO-D/S algorithm is efficient.
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Quartly, Graham D., Ge Chen, Francesco Nencioli, Rosemary Morrow, and Nicolas Picot. "An Overview of Requirements, Procedures and Current Advances in the Calibration/Validation of Radar Altimeters." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010125.
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Analysis of the radar echoes from a spaceborne altimeter gives information on sea surface height, wave height and wind speed, as well as other parameters over land and ice. The first spaceborne radar altimeter was pioneered on Skylab in 1974. Since then, there have been about 20 further missions, with several advances in the sophistication of hardware and complexity of processing with the aim of increased accuracy and precision. Because of that, the importance of regular and precise calibration and validation (“cal/val”) remains undiminished, especially with efforts to merge altimetric records from multiple missions spanning different domains and time periods. This special issue brings together 19 papers, with a focus on the recent missions (Jason-2, Jason-3, Sentinel-3A and HY-2B) as well as detailing the issues for anticipated future missions such as SWOT. This editorial provides a brief guide to the approaches and issues for cal/val of the various different derived parameters, including a synopsis of the papers in this special issue.
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Luo, Chang, Jie Wang, Hanqiao Huang, and Pengfei Wang. "Integrated Guidance and Control Based Air-to-Air Autonomous Attack Occupation of UCAV." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6431264.
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An approach of air-to-air autonomous attack occupation for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) is proposed to improve attack precision and combat effectiveness. According to the shortage of UCAV in the task of attack occupation, kinematic and dynamic models of UCAV and missile loaded on it are formed. Then, attack zone and no-escape zone are calculated by pattern search algorithm, and the optimum attack position is indicated. To arrive at the optimum attack position accurately with restriction of gesture, a novel adaptive sliding mode control method is suggested to design the integrated guidance and control system of UCAV in the process of autonomous attack occupation. Key parameters of the control system are adaptively regulated, which further economize control energy at the same time. The simulation results show that compared with traditional methods our approach can guide the UCAV to the optimum attack position with stable gesture and economize nearly 25% control energy.
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Mills, James. "The transfer and exploitation of German air-to-air rocket and guided missile technology by the Western Allies after World War II." International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology 90, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17581206.2020.1797446.
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Heller, M., Jaime Calero, Ron Wescott, Simon A. Barter, Jireh Choi, and Greg Surtees. "Life Extension of F/A-18 LAU-7 Missile Launcher Housings Using Rework Shape Optimisation." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.739.
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LAU-7 missile launcher housings, which are fitted to most Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) F/A-18A/B aircraft, can experience cracking in the guide rail. This paper covers the design, manufacture and validation of a life extension repair for cracked launcher housings. The repair development uses DSTO's rework shape optimisation technology and fatigue testing capabilities. The rework design reduces peak stresses by 33 %, resulting in significant fatigue life enhancements, as demonstrated by representative coupon testing. A special manufacturing jig has been designed and transitioned to the RAAF, which has used it to repair housings. These housings have performed well in flight tests, with no cracking detected.
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Ding, Yi Yuan, and Shu Chen Xiao. "Dynamic Infrared Scene Simulation Study Based on DMD Imaging System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 2903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2903.
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Dynamic infrared scene generator is one of the important means to test the detection,track and anti-interference performance of the infrared seeker. The article to a certain type of air-to-air missile seeker loop simulation application object, based on the micro-mirror array (DMD), Vega Prime software and its infrared module for the development of tools,Real-time infrared images with vary objects and backgrounds in different conditions are generated to simulate the infrared radiation at the pupil of the guide system.The radiation of blackbody is reflected and modulated by digital micro mirror device based on infrared video signal,which is used to test and evaluate the performance of infrared seeker.The results indicate that the system has the advantages of compact structure,high real-time performance,high frame frequency,high resolution,and great dynamic range.
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Sams, Michelle R., and Joel H. Fernandez. "A Concept Evaluation of an Electronic Delivery of Maintenance Information." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 16 (October 1988): 1078–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803201618.
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This study evaluated the concept of using electronically delivered technical procedures to support maintenance operations in lieu of paper publications. The concept was tested on the basis of effectiveness, feasibility, and human factors issues. The Electronic Maintenance Publication System (EMPS) was tested on the PATRIOT system, an air defense missile system. No significant difference in maintenance time was found between EMPS or paper manuals. Errors committed while performing the tasks were negligible. Human factors issues were considered primarily to evaluate the concept of an electronic delivery and to guide refinement and future development of the system. Based on this study, it was concluded that an electronic delivery of maintenance information (as tested in EMPS) is an effective and feasible alternative to paper publications.
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Zhang, Kai, Hao Liu, Xi Yang, Shaoyi Li, and Xiaotian Wang. "Identification Algorithm Based on Key-Point Detection Network for Vital Parts of Infrared Aerial Target." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, no. 6 (December 2020): 1154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203861154.
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The precision strike capability of an infrared-guided air-to-air missile to target the vital parts of a fighter is key to precision-guidance weapons. The traditional image processing algorithms select features and designs classifiers according to human prior knowledge, but this has some limitations. Therefore we propose an algorithm for identifying the vital parts of an infrared aerial target based on key-point detection networks. The algorithm uses the end-to-end deep learning network architecture and combines illumination with texture. The data set is augmented and enhanced in terms of lighting, texture and deformation. The entire image information is preprocessed simply as input, and a loss function with constraints is constructed and iterated with an optimization algorithm. Compared with the conventional algorithms with the same training, the average recognition rate of the trained network model increases by 10%. The vital parts of the infrared aerial target are identified at the speed of ≤ 10 ms/frame. The accuracy of recognition of the 4 vital parts proposed by us is more than 80%.
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Hawarey, M. "Travelling ionospheric disturbance over California mid 2000." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 13, no. 1 (January 16, 2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-13-1-2006.
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Abstract. In this paper, the GPS data collected by more than 130 permanent GPS stations that belong to the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) around the launch of a Minuteman-II missile on 8 July 2000 (UTC) is processed to reveal traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) all over the network on average 15 min after the launch. This TID was initially perceived to be excited by the launch itself, but this conclusion is challenged by the propagation direction. This is because this TID seems to travel towards the air force base from where the launch took place, not far away from it. This challenge is based on the assumption that TID is occurring at one single ionospheric altitude. While the nature of ionosphere supports such horizontally-guided propagation, multi-altitude ionospheric pierce points are hypothesized, which would support the suggestion that detected TID is excited by the missile launch itself, despite the apparent reverse direction of propagation. The overall analysis rules out any extra-terrestrial sources like solar flares, or seismic sources like earthquakes, which confirms the conclusion of TID excitation by the launch. There is apparent coherence of the TID for about 45 min and the propagation speed of TID within the layer of ionosphere is calculated to be approximately equal to 1230 m/s. While the usual assumption for TID is that they occur around an altitude of 350 km, such sound speed can only occur at much higher altitudes. Further research is recommended to accurately pinpoint the ionospheric pierce points and develop an algorithm to locate the source of TID in case it is totally unknown.
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Psotka, Joseph. "Advancing the Mind/Machine Interface: Qualitative Simulations, Hypertext, and Natural Language Processing." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 19 (October 1989): 1334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301921.
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Advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence (Al), hypertext, and natural language processing (NLP), are transforming the Mind/Machine Interface. This presentation focuses on two large development projects underway that use these technologies in unique ways. Their use is guided by the three natural means of communication between people: saying, coaching, and showing; as metaphors for using advanced technology interfaces. The two projects are aimed at developing job and training aids for the Army. The most complete example is the Maintenance Aid Computer for HAWK–Intelligent Institutional Instructor (MACH-III). This is the largest and most successful implementation of an ITS to date (Psotka, Massey, and Mutter, 1988). MACH-III was developed by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN), to provide training in organizational maintenance of the main radar of the HAWK air defense guided missile system. Its core is a huge qualitative simulation of the radar. The complexity of the simulation and the troubleshooting problem space demand a unique hypertext interface, whose structure and function are only beginning to be understood. Some preliminary evaluation results from the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery School (USAADASCH), Ft. Bliss, Texas are beginning to show its effectiveness. The other project, Building Robust Dual Grammar Exercisers (BRIDGE), will begin to explore the architextual structure of hypertext systems within the context of advanced technologies for military machine translation and military foreign language training. From this perspective, hypertext is a bridging technology that links the existing strengths of qualitative simulations with the future power of natural language processing.
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Chen, Sheng Qi, and Jun Zhou. "Analysis and Attitude Control of Spacecraft with Input Uncertainty." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 2041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.2041.
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A moving mass control of rotating spacecraft is a kind of new control mode, it differs from other control modes because it generates an angle of attack and an angle of sideslip directly from the mass motion.The nonlinear equations of motion for rotating Maneuverable Spacecraft are derived. the variable structure attitude controller is presented according to the nonlinear equations, It’s based on two-timescale separation and with two loops, faster loop and slower loop respectively. Inertial uncertainties and aerodynamic moment uncertainties are considered simultaneously, In order to track the command signals perfectly, the sliding surface is of integral form, results of the simulation shows that this kind of attitude control system is potentially practical and robust in the presence of inertial uncertainties of guided missile and uncertainties of aerodynamic moments. Compared with the common attitude control system, it has the following advantages:(1) non linear model is directly controlled,(2)it has robust. Because the non-linear factor is considered, it has the practical use for the engineering field.
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Anderson, Stuart. "Bistatic and Stereoscopic Configurations for HF Radar." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040689.
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Most HF radars operate in a monostatic or quasi-monostatic configuration. The collocation of transmit and receive facilities simplifies testing and maintenance, reduces demands on communications networks, and enables the use of established and relatively straightforward signal processing and data interpretation techniques. Radars of this type are well-suited to missions such as current mapping, waveheight measurement, and the detection of ships and aircraft. The high scientific, defense, and economic value of the radar products is evident from the fact that hundreds of HF radars are presently in operation, the great majority of them relying on the surface wave mode of propagation, though some systems employ line-of-sight or skywave modalities. Yet, notwithstanding the versatility and proven capabilities of monostatic HF radars, there are some types of observations for which the monostatic geometry renders them less effective. In these cases, one must turn to more general radar configurations, including those that employ a multiplicity of propagation modalities to achieve the desired illumination, scattering selectivity, and echo reception. In this paper, we survey some of the considerations that arise with bistatic HF radar configurations, explore some of the missions for which they are optimal, and describe some practical techniques that can guide their design and deployment.
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Galel, Z., J. L. Hunt, and T. H. Unger. "Laser Guidance for Repairing Gas Turbine Parts." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2814128.
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As a result of normal operating conditions, jet engine parts tend to distort. During repair, many of these parts require some form of selective cutting. Due to the differences between each individual part, automation such as CNC machining becomes complex. The need to map each individual part prior to machining has prohibited repair facilities from introducing sophisticated automation. This paper presents for the first time a novel method that addresses many problems related to selective material removal in jet engine repairs. Similar to a terrain-following cruise missile, a laser-guided cutter is used to follow a selected datum surface. For example, in the case of Honeycomb Airseals, the thin laser beam penetrates the honeycomb cell structure to follow the base metal. The method minimizes parent metal removal and under-minimum-wall condition. As a result, life potential of parts is extended, and repair costs are reduced. The ability to track a moving part and modify the cutting path automatically produces one more significant advantage: Accurate setup of a part on a machine is no longer critical. The method has applications in the repair of airseals, frames and cases, and airfoils.
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Ruel, Stefanie, Albert J. Mills, and Jean Helms Mills. "Gendering multi-voiced histories of the North American space industry: the GMRD White women." Journal of Management History 25, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 464–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-02-2018-0019.
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Purpose The authors focus on “writing women into ‘history’” in this study, embracing the notion of cisgender and ethnicity in relation to the “historic turn”. As such, the authors bring forward the stories of the US Pan American Airway’s Guided Missile Range Division (GMRD) and the White women who worked there. The authors ask what has a Cold War US missile division to tell us about present and future gendered relationships in the North American space industry. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply Foucault’s technology of lamination, a form of critical discourse analysis, to both narrative texts and photographic images in the GMRD’s in-house newsletter, the Clipper, dating from 1964 until the end of 1967. They meld an autoethnography to this technique, providing space for the first author to share her experiences within the contemporary space industry in relation to the GMRD White women experiences. Findings The authors surface, in applying this combined methodology, a story about a White women’s historical, present and future cisgender social reality in the North American space industry. They are contributing then to a multi-voiced, cisgender/ethnic “historic turn” that, to date, is focused on White men alone in the US race to the moon. Social implications The social implication of this study lies in challenging perceptions of the masculinist-gendering of the past by bringing forward tales of, and by, women. This study also brings a White woman’s voice forward, within a contemporary North American space industry organization. Originality/value The authors are making a three-fold contribution to this special issue, and to an understandings of gendered/ethnic multi-voiced histories. The authors untangle the mid-Cold War phase from the essentialized Cold War era. They recreate multi-voiced histories of White women within the North American space industry while adding an important contemporary voice. They also present a novel methodology that combines the technology of lamination with autoethnography, to provide a gateway to recognizing the impact of multi-voiced histories onto contemporary and future gendered/ethnic relationships.
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Cave, William L., and Dominic S. Cusanelli. "Effect of Stern Flaps on Powering Performance of the FFG-7 Class." Marine Technology and SNAME News 30, no. 01 (January 1, 1993): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1993.30.1.39.
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The effect of a stern flap on the powering performance and annual fuel consumption of an FFG-7 Oliver Hazard Perry Class Guided Missile Frigate is presented. Analytical analysis using free surface potential flow theory was conducted to evaluate the flow on the afterbody of the ship. Model tests were conducted to determine the optimum geometrical characteristics of the stern flap. Based on the analytical and model test results, a stern flap was retrofitted to an FFG-7 Class frigate, and full-scale results on powering performance were collected. Results of model powering experiments showed that the flap, set at 10 deg trailing edge down, decreased the delivered power by 8.4 percent at 26 knots, and provided for a 3.8 percent decrease in annual fuel consumption. This decrease in annual fuel consumption places the payback period on the cost of the flap installation at only 10 months. The full-scale comparison of the flap's effectiveness was marred by adverse weather conditions and differences in the pre-and post-flap ship configurations. However, observations of the full-scale stern wave system, before and after the installation of the stern flap, lead the authors to conclude that the flap will produce a larger decrease in delivered power at full scale than shown by the model experiments.
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Shyy, Wei, Chang-kwon Kang, Pakpong Chirarattananon, Sridhar Ravi, and Hao Liu. "Aerodynamics, sensing and control of insect-scale flapping-wing flight." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2186 (February 2016): 20150712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0712.
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There are nearly a million known species of flying insects and 13 000 species of flying warm-blooded vertebrates, including mammals, birds and bats. While in flight, their wings not only move forward relative to the air, they also flap up and down, plunge and sweep, so that both lift and thrust can be generated and balanced, accommodate uncertain surrounding environment, with superior flight stability and dynamics with highly varied speeds and missions. As the size of a flyer is reduced, the wing-to-body mass ratio tends to decrease as well. Furthermore, these flyers use integrated system consisting of wings to generate aerodynamic forces, muscles to move the wings, and sensing and control systems to guide and manoeuvre. In this article, recent advances in insect-scale flapping-wing aerodynamics, flexible wing structures, unsteady flight environment, sensing, stability and control are reviewed with perspective offered. In particular, the special features of the low Reynolds number flyers associated with small sizes, thin and light structures, slow flight with comparable wind gust speeds, bioinspired fabrication of wing structures, neuron-based sensing and adaptive control are highlighted.
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Spyrakos, E., P. Hunter, S. Simis, C. Neil, C. Riddick, S. Wang, A. Varley, et al. "MOVING TOWARDS GLOBAL SATELLITE BASED PRODUCTS FOR MONITORING OF INLAND AND COASTAL WATERS. REGIONAL EXAMPLES FROM EUROPE AND SOUTH AMERICA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-3/W2-2020 (October 29, 2020): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-3-w2-2020-101-2020.
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Abstract. Surface waters are a fundamental resource. They fulfil key function in global biogeochemical cycles and are core to our water, food and energy security. The rapidly increasing rate of data collection from different Earth observation (EO) missions suitable for observing water bodies has promoted satellite remote sensing (RS) as a more widely recognised source of information on a number of indicators of water quality and ecosystem condition at local and global scales. In parallel, advances in optical sensors support new and more detailed characterisation of the Earth surface and could lead to innovative EO-based products. Nonetheless, RS of water colour of inland and coastal systems, especially in larger scales and over long-term time series, faces unique challenges. This study provides an overview of the challenges and solutions of developing a global observation platform, including the diverse and complex optical properties of inland waters and guided algorithm selection procedure required to deliver reliable data. The development and validation of a global satellite data processing chain (Calimnos) has been supported by access to an extensive in situ data from more than thirty partners around the world that are now held in the LIMNADES community-owned database. This approach has resulted in a step-change in our ability to produce regional and global water quality products for optically complex waters. Local examples of the data outputs will be explored and the opportunities in how these data can be embedded within local and national monitoring schemes to facilitate better management of water will be discussed.
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Nantogma, Sulemana, Keyu Pan, Weilong Song, Renwei Luo, and Yang Xu. "Towards Realizing Intelligent Coordinated Controllers for Multi-USV Systems Using Abstract Training Environments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060560.
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Unmanned autonomous vehicles for various civilian and military applications have become a particularly interesting research area. Despite their many potential applications, a related technological challenge is realizing realistic coordinated autonomous control and decision making in complex and multi-agent environments. Machine learning approaches have been largely employed in simplified simulations to acquire intelligent control systems in multi-agent settings. However, the complexity of the physical environment, unrealistic assumptions, and lack of abstract physical environments derail the process of transition from simulation to real systems. This work presents a modular framework for automated data acquisition, training, and the evaluation of multiple unmanned surface vehicles controllers that facilitate prior knowledge integration and human-guided learning in a closed-loop. To realize this, we first present a digital maritime environment of multiple unmanned surface vehicles that abstracts the real-world dynamics in our application domain. Then, a behavior-driven artificial immune-inspired fuzzy classifier systems approach that is capable of optimizing agents’ behaviors and action selection in a multi-agent environment is presented. Evaluation scenarios of different combat missions are presented to demonstrate the performance of the system. Simulation results show that the resulting controllers can achieved an average wining rate between 52% and 98% in all test cases, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed approach and its feasibility in realizing adaptive controllers for efficient multiple unmanned systems’ cooperative decision making. We believe that this system can facilitate the simulation, data acquisition, training, and evaluation of practical cooperative unmanned vehicles’ controllers in a closed-loop.
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Gbodjo, Yawogan Jean Eudes, Dino Ienco, Louise Leroux, Roberto Interdonato, Raffaele Gaetano, and Babacar Ndao. "Object-Based Multi-Temporal and Multi-Source Land Cover Mapping Leveraging Hierarchical Class Relationships." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2020): 2814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172814.
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European satellite missions Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) provide at high spatial resolution and high revisit time, respectively, radar and optical images that support a wide range of Earth surface monitoring tasks, such as Land Use/Land Cover mapping. A long-standing challenge in the remote sensing community is about how to efficiently exploit multiple sources of information and leverage their complementarity, in order to obtain the most out of radar and optical data. In this work, we propose to deal with land cover mapping in an object-based image analysis (OBIA) setting via a deep learning framework designed to leverage the multi-source complementarity provided by radar and optical satellite image time series (SITS). The proposed architecture is based on an extension of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) enriched via a modified attention mechanism capable to fit the specificity of SITS data. Our framework also integrates a pretraining strategy that allows to exploit specific domain knowledge, shaped as hierarchy over the set of land cover classes, to guide the model training. Thorough experimental evaluations, involving several competitive approaches were conducted on two study sites, namely the Reunion island and a part of the Senegalese groundnut basin. Classification results, 79% of global accuracy on the Reunion island and 90% on the Senegalese site, respectively, have demonstrated the suitability of the proposal.
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Jayaweera, Herath M. P. C., and Samer Hanoun. "UAV Path Planning for Reconnaissance and Look-Ahead Coverage Support for Mobile Ground Vehicles." Sensors 21, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 4595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134595.
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Path planning of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for reconnaissance and look-ahead coverage support for mobile ground vehicles (MGVs) is a challenging task due to many unknowns being imposed by the MGVs’ variable velocity profiles, change in heading, and structural differences between the ground and air environments. Few path planning techniques have been reported in the literature for multirotor UAVs that autonomously follow and support MGVs in reconnaissance missions. These techniques formulate the path planning problem as a tracking problem utilizing gimbal sensors to overcome the coverage and reconnaissance complexities. Despite their lack of considering additional objectives such as reconnaissance coverage and dynamic environments, they retain several drawbacks, including high computational requirements, hardware dependency, and low performance when the MGV has varying velocities. In this study, a novel 3D path planning technique for multirotor UAVs is presented, the enhanced dynamic artificial potential field (ED-APF), where path planning is formulated as both a follow and cover problem with nongimbal sensors. The proposed technique adopts a vertical sinusoidal path for the UAV that adapts relative to the MGV’s position and velocity, guided by the MGV’s heading for reconnaissance and exploration of areas and routes ahead beyond the MGV sensors’ range, thus extending the MGV’s reconnaissance capabilities. The amplitude and frequency of the sinusoidal path are determined to maximize the required look-ahead visual coverage quality in terms of pixel density and quantity pertaining to the area covered. The ED-APF was tested and validated against the general artificial potential field techniques for various simulation scenarios using Robot Operating System (ROS) and Gazebo-supported PX4-SITL. It demonstrated superior performance and showed its suitability for reconnaissance and look-ahead support to MGVs in dynamic and obstacle-populated environments.