Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Guides à cristaux photoniques'
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Tran, Nguyen-Vy-Quynh. "Nouvelles architectures à base de cristaux photoniques actifs." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066415.
Full textMazoyer, Simon. "Lumière lente dans les guides à cristaux photoniques réels." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650743.
Full textNeel, Delphine Benyattou Taha. "Etude en champ proche optique de guides à cristaux photoniques sur SOI." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2007. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=neel.
Full textNeel, Delphine. "Etude en champ proche optique de guides à cristaux photoniques sur SOI." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0090/these.pdf.
Full textBidimensional photonic crystals, composed of a periodic lattice of air holes in a dielectric slab, appear as attractive candidates for the miniaturization of integrated optical circuits at a sub-wavelength scale. This thesis work concerns the near-field optical study of bidimensional photonic crystals devices on SOI, in the near-infrared range (telecom wavelengths 1,2-1,6 micrometer). For the characterization of the components, a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) was used so as to obtain a local cartography of the electromagnetic field in the structures, with a resolution of about 150 nm. Those field maps allow a better comprehension of the physical phenomena occurring in the structures. Three different optical functionalities were studied: guiding, coupling and demultiplexing. First, light guiding was evidenced in a W1-type linear defect. Bloch waves and standing waves were observed in the guide. Then, the coupling between photonic crystals waveguides and dielectric waveguides, as well as the coupling between photonic crystals waveguides and coupled cavities waveguides, were studied. We show that the utilisation of well-designed tapers increase the transmission coefficient of the structures, through a reduction of the out-of-plane losses. The SNOM allows an accurate measurement of the propagation losses in the coupled cavities. Finally, the conception and the characterization of a 1,3-1,5 micrometer demultiplexer was realized. This demultiplexer uses the principle of a directional coupler
Viasnoff-Schwoob, Emilie. "Propagation et Emission dans des guides multimodes à cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007122.
Full textSchwoob-Viasnoff, Emilie. "Propagation et émission dans des guides multimodes à cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels." Paris 11, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007122.
Full textThe physics of a Fabry Perot cavity with grating mirrors, substantiated here by a multimode 2D photonic crystal waveguide, is investigated from a mainly experimental point of view. Applications in the field of optical telecommunications around 1. 55 [mu]m, as well as more fundamental issues are addressed. The guide walls consist of a periodic grating of air holes etched through a InP-based heterostructure. They are completely reflecting within the photonic band gap for any wave impinging within the periodicity plane. The periodicity along the guide couples through Bragg diffraction guided modes, with "ordinary" group velocity, with very slow modes, analogous to resonant modes. The new feature about this coupling is that it occurs only within small frequency and wavevector windows, remaining silent elsewhere. This coupling is firstly used to design a wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer, extracting, laterally with respect to the guide direction and selectively, all or part of the guided optical signal. The following and more fundamental parts of this manuscript investigate the potential impact of the spectral regions nearby these coupling windows in order to control the spontaneous emission of photons within these confining and diffractive structures. We present a sinking experimental spontaneous emission enhancement, related to a peaked photon density of states. The last part deals with a measurement of the modal gain spectrum: the consequence of the slowing of a guided mode around the coupling window onto the optical amplification of a propagating signal is discussed
Smaali, Rafik. "Contribution à l'étude de la propagation des faisceaux dans les cristaux photoniques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22416.
Full textKaïna, Nadège. "Métamatériaux localement résonants : cristaux photoniques et phononiques sub-longueur d'onde." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC113.
Full textThis thesis deals with the control of the wave propagation at deep sub-wavelength scales in locally resonant metamaterials. Those composite media are composed of small resonators arranged on spatial scales much smaller than their typical wavelength at resonance. They are hence generally considered as homogeneous media and described with effective parameters. We here prove that, going beyond those homogenization approaches, the properties of most metamaterials can be reinterpreted at the light of a microscopic approach. The latter evidences that the wave propagation in metamaterials only results from phenomenon analog to what happens in photonic/phononic crystals: namely interferences and multiple scattering. We hence demonstrate that concepts developed for wave manipulation in photonic/phononic crystals can be transposed in metamaterials while taking advantage of the latter sub-wavelength spatial organization. For instance, locally modifying the medium, at the scale of the unit celé, creates cavities and waveguides confining and guiding waves on dimensions that are independent of the wavelength. We further study the possibility offered by those waveguides to both mold and slow down the flow of waves. We finally highlight the importance of the spatial subwavelength structuration of metamaterials due to the presence of multiple scattering. We prove that a so-called single negative metamaterial (presenting only one negative effective property) can be turned into a double negative one (hence presenting a negative index of refraction), simply by smartly organizing the building blocks of the metamaterial, at scales much smaller than the wavelength
Zang, Xiaorun. "Lumière lente dans les guides à cristaux photoniques pour l'interaction renforcée avec la matière." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0172/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we firstly investigated the striking influence of random disorder on light transport near band edges in one dimensional photonic crystal wave guides, i.e. light localization. Near-field measurements, statistical simulations and theoretical model revealed the existence of a lower bound for the spatial extent of localized modes. We also showed that the disorder level and the spatial extent of individual localized mode is linked by the photon effective mass rather than the generally considered group velocity. Secondly, hybrid cold atoms and photonic crystal wave guides system have been recognized as a promising paradigm for engineering large light-matter interaction at single atoms and photons level. In this thesis, we studied the basic physics, i.e. light transport in periodic nanophotonic wave guides coupled to two-level atoms. Our developed general semi-analytical expression can quickly characterize the coupling between cold atoms and guided photons. Aim to overcome the significant technical challenges existed for developing hybrid atom-photonic systems, we designed a nanophotonic waveguide, which supports a slow guided Bloch mode with large evanescent tail in free space for cold atoms trapping (release the limitation imposed by Casmir Polder force and technical challenge of nanoscale manipulation of cold atoms). To match precisely the slow light region of the guided mode to the atomic transition line, we carefully engineered the photonic band and the dispersion curve (i.e.flatness) of the guided mode so that the interaction strength is robust against unpredictable fabrication imperfection
Dubois, Florian. "Etude des propriétés spectro-spatiales des cristaux photoniques membranaires à symétrie brisée." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEC046/document.
Full textWork carried out in this thesis is part of the overall work done at INL on optical resonators based on photonic crystals for the design of passive as well as active components integrated on silicon chips. These works especially focus on spectral properties and propagation control of guided modes and resonances settled in photonic crystal slabs. They rely partly on the guided nature of these modes as well as their symmetry properties to generate on-demand photonic dispersions. Indeed, control of the spectro-spatial properties is overriding for the design of efficient photonic components. For instance, obtaining a laser effect with a photonic crystal requires a precise control of both spectral properties (high quality factor) and spatial ones (high light slow-down) so that large photonic densities of states are achieved. Thereby, numerous strategies of control have been developed during the 2000s, allowing a laser effect to occur with various structures. Nonetheless, despite both manufacture and design qualities have been improved, these components still remain hardly competitive compared to other technologies. Demonstrating the versatility of these structures by achieving novel functionalities like beam steering or other capacities would be a real betterment. Recently, new strategies to control light using photonic crystals have been discovered. These strategies are based on completely new phenomena. For instance, new possibilities to localize light based on novel light decoupling processes from the continuum have arisen and Dirac cone dispersions could allow the formation of monomode larger-area photonic crystal lasers. These new phenomena enabled to consider new approaches to design photonic crystal laser that could lead to the novel functionalities sought. In parallel, the use of multimode photonic membranes still remains uncommon in the literature. The use of several guided orders gives additional possibilities to the control of light propagation within photonic crystal membrane thought. This additional control can lead to improved slowing-down capabilities or exotic dispersion generation. The goal of this thesis is to set up the fundamental blocks on which these particular dispersions are based on. In this purpose, a theoretical model allowing apprehending the coupling dynamic occurring in photonic crystal membranes is established. Then, this model is compared to simulation results and experimental characterizations of the manufactured structures
Mulin, David. "Etude en champ proche optique de la propagation du champ électromagnétique dans des structures périodiques planes sub-longueur d'onde : application au couplage entre guides d'ondes par cristaux photoniques." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA2040.
Full textDuché, David. "Structures photoniques pour le solaire organique : modélisations et expérimentations." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30065.
Full textOrganic materials offer the possibility to decrease the manufacturing costs of solar cells. Nevertheless, the photo-conversion efficiencies of organic solar cells (OSCs) are still low and have to reach 10% to make this technology commercially viable. In that context, photonic concepts seem to be adapted to improve the photonic absorption of such thin film devices. Accordingly, we investigated the use of photonic crystals slabs (PCS) to trap the light inside the OSCs. The aim is to couple Bloch modes with very low group velocities, also called Slow Bloch Modes (SBM), into the active layer. Using a Finite Difference Time Domain method, we theoretically studied PCS made of organic semiconductors and their incorporation in the stack of an OSC. We showed that an absorption gain between 4% and 11% can be obtained according to the band gap of the used material. Nanoimprint has been used to directly pattern P3HT :PCBM thin films in the shape of PCS able to couple SBMs. In agreement with the model, optical characterizations showed significant absorption gains. Furthermore, results proved that the crystalline properties of the blend are conserved during the process
Caër, Charles. "Cristaux photoniques à fente : vers une photonique silicium hybride à exaltation localisée du champ électromagnétique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954411.
Full textFehrembach, Anne-Laure. "Réseaux résonnants à Bande Interdite Photonique, nouveaux filtres pour le D. W. D. M." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30028.
Full textDense wavelength division multiplexing (D. W. D. M. ) significantly increases the optical telecommunication transmission rates. To separate the channels, narrow band spectral filters are necessary. Resonant gratings, composed with a grating engraved on a planar waveguide, are a potential solution. These structures support eigenmodes, which can be excited by a wave coming out of an optical fiber. The excitation creates a resonance peak in the reflected beam, for a given wavelength and incidence angle. In general, the peak does not exhibit the qualities required for the D. W. D. M. : at oblique incidence, the angular and spectral tolerances are weak, and the line shapes are polarization dependent. Combining photonic crystals concepts, a rigorous phenomenological theory, and a perturbative theory, we design a filter that meet all the conditions imposed by the D. W. D. M.
Combrié, Sylvain. "Etude et réalisation de structures en cristaux photoniques pour les applications de traitement du signal optique." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112019.
Full textMy PhD work was focused on III-V semiconductor guiding structures based on photonic crystals in the context of microwave signal processing for optical carriers. We fabricate them by dry etching techniques, exploiting a new etching technique known as “ICP”: the plasma density is controlled independently from the ion kinetic energy. We first realised deeply etched holes with a large aspect ratio, useful in view of monolithic integration of a plurality if functions. The particular heterostructure used for supporting photonic crystals is GaInP/GaAs/GaInP, an aluminium-free stack. Measurements did validate these technology synergies. During these technological efforts in TRT, we proposed a method for realising suspended GaAs membranes with high perfection. Although membranes are challenging when it comes to integration with other functions, they specifically give rise to “quasi lossless” modes when branches of the dispersion diagram may lie below the “light line”. A collaboration with LPN made it possible to define long guides (> 1mm), whose transmission could be safely measured. Exploiting the results, we evidenced (i) very low losses and (ii) a decrease in group velocity down to c/11. Correspondingly, we showed that these structures were indeed able to induce substantial dephasings (tens of degrees) onto GHz signals, dephasing that could be controlled in future miniature delay lines. Finally, we have integrated a cavity in the vicinity of such a guide, and we could evidence the resonant transfer with a coupled quality factor of ~28000. Analysis further suggests that they correspond to intrinsic quality factors of 43000, hence at level with worldwide state-of-the-art
Olivier, Ségolène. "Nouvelles structures miniatures dans des cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels planaires pour les fonctions de l'optique intégrée." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066454.
Full textGuenneau, Sébastien. "Homogénéisation des quasi-cristaux et analyse des modes dans des fibres optiques de type cristal photonique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853818.
Full textLacour, Frédéric. "PROPAGATION DE LA LUMIÈRE DANS LES NANOSTRUCTURES ET CRISTAUX PHOTONIQUES PLANAIRES ASSOCIÉS AUX GUIDES D'ONDE : FABRICATION ET CARACTÉRISATION." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934473.
Full textBonnet, Emmanuel. "Réflexion résonnante d'un faisceau confiné par une membrane cristal photonique une dimension : démonstration dans le domaine des térahertz." Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STET4016.
Full textThe increasing miniaturization of Microsystems in general or the emerging field of terahertz waves bring out the need of conceiving and realizing structures able to manipulate interference of beams of small diameter compared to the wavelength (a few tens of wavelengths only). Thanks to a phenomenological analysis resulting from the combination of diffractive optics, integrated optics and photonic crystal concepts, this work presents the different phenomena that are involved during the interaction between a confined beam and a 1D high index contrast, high aspect ratio periodical structures (1D photonic crystals typically). It results from this a set of simple scaling rules, which permit to achieve the structure design of devices like a focused beam narrow band reflector. The realization of a demonstrator in the terahertz range is presented
Grillet, Christian. "Microcomposants optiques à base de cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels pour l'optique intégrée." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2003. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/thesegrillet.pdf.
Full textThe realization of optical devices containing photonic crystals seems a very promising way to fulfill the requirements of miniaturization of integrated optics. The PC are periodic dielectric structures conceived so as to modify the behavior of the photons in the same way that a semiconductor crystalline material affects the properties of electrons. They thus provide an effective control of light on a wavelenght scale. Moreover insertion of defects in the periodic lattice allows the realization of microcavities which can be exploited either to reinforce the interaction matter-radiation, or the filter and redirect the light on very short distances. This work of thesis aims at exploiting these properties in order to conceive, to fabricate and to characterize the optical basic building blocks like guides, resonators and coupled systems between these two elements in order to fulfill the function of selective routing and thus to allow the advent of integrated optics containing PC
Bazin, Alexandre. "III-V semiconductor nanocavities on silicon-on insulator waveguide : laser emission, switching and optical memory." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077050.
Full textSilicon photonics constitutes an ideal platform for conveying and routing optical signals, within a chip, and this, over mm long distances with very low losses. The integration of III-V semiconductors onto silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic circuits is an exciting but challenging task, which we took-up by combining the best of both III-V optoelectronic and Silicon photonic technologies. In order to be able to use optical interconnects as a replacement technology of current metallic interconnects, we strove for the smallest footprint and lowest energy consuming objects which can be Photonic Crystal nanocavities embedding III-V active material. This thesis aimed at designing, fabricating and studying experimentally hybrid III-V/SOI Photonic Circuit structures, where a III-V layer, bonded adhesively at a few 100's of nm from silicon, is patterned into a nanobeam cavity of optical resonance around 1. 5 μm. The main achievements of this work are the demonstration of 1) an easily adjustable coupling efficiency between the cavity and the SOI waveguide, which can exceed 90% when the phase-matching condition are fulfilled, 2) the continuous wave laser emission with quantum well materials through surface passivation, and 3) an optical memory lasting more than 2 s with ultra- low switching energy (~0. 4 fJ). We also present in detail the fully analytical model to fabricate high-Q factor nanobeam cavities encapsulated in a low-index material
Vynck, Kevin. "Propriétés optiques de matériaux diélectriques nanostructurés : des cristaux photoniques aux métamatériaux." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344208.
Full textCette thèse est consacrée à l'étude théorique et numérique de ces structures, avec pour objectif d'apporter de nouvelles solutions pour un contrôle accru de la lumière. Nous commençons par étudier le confinement de la lumière par des défauts structurels dans des cristaux photoniques à base d'opales, qui sont des empilements de sphères diélectriques, et proposons divers motifs de cavités résonantes et de guides d'ondes monomodes. Dans un second temps, nous considérons la propagation de faisceaux dans des cristaux photoniques planaires sans défaut. Nous démontrons la grande flexibilité offerte par les cristaux photoniques à gradient pour courber la trajectoire de la lumière et proposons une approche pratique pour la coupler efficacement à des guides d'ondes externes. Finalement, nous étudions les propriétés optiques des métamatériaux à base de tiges diélectriques et montrons rigoureusement que leurs résonances microscopiques induisent une permittivité et perméabilité toutes deux dispersives en fréquence qui peuvent être placées dans le domaine optique. Ces travaux ouvrent de nombreuses opportunités pour le contrôle de l'émission et de la propagation de la lumière et peuvent être exploités dans de nombreux domaines tels que les télécommunications, les Sciences de la Vie et l'énergie solaire.
Hassouani, Youssef El. "Contribution à l'étude des structures phononiques et photoniques unidimensionnelles périodiques et quasi-périodiques : super-réseaux solide-fluide et guides monomodes." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-215.pdf.
Full textThis thesis presents a contribution to the study of propagation and localization of acoustic and electromagnetic waves in one-dimensional phononic and photonic crystals. We are mainly interested in acoustic wave propagation in solid-fluid periodic multi-layered media and electromagnetic wave propagation in quasi-periodic monomode waveguides. Our goal was to propose new materials that exhibit large forbidden bands and to study the effect of the presence of inhomogeneities in these structures such as : a free surface, an interface with a homogeneous medium or a defect layer (cavity). These results are obtained using a detailed analytical calculation of the Green's functions which enabled us to determine the dispersion relations, local and total densities of states, transmission and reflection coefficients as weIl as the corresponding phase times. Ln the case of acoustic waves of sagittal polarization in solid-fluid superlattices, we highlighted the existence and the behaviour of the surface and interface modes; in particular we have shown a general ruIe on the existence of these modes. Also, we have shown that these systems can present omnidirectional band gaps where aIl incident angles are reflected (acoustic mirrors) as weIl as a selective transmission through defect and interface modes (acoustic filters). Ln the case of electromagnetic waves in quasi-periodic (Fibonacci) monomode waveguides constituted of coaxial cables, we highlighted sorne properties related to these systems such as: the self-similarity of the transmission spectrum with a scaling factor in the case of a single Fibonacci sequence. Also, it was shown that these systems can present in sorne regions of frequencies, subluminal and superluminal velocities. Ln the case of periodic Fibonacci sequences, we have shown some properties related to the allowed bands such as the fragmentation of the frequency spectra according to a power law as weIl as the existence of two types of surface modes. The surface and bulk modes in these Structures can exhibit particular behaviours related to multifractal systems. AIl these results are obtained from the measurement of the amplitude and the phase of the transmission coefficient through these photonic crystals when the latter are either inserted horizontally between two guides or placed vertically on a guide. The experimental and theoretical results are in~ood agreement
Chateiller, Quentin. "Couplage cohérent de nanocavités optiques hydrides actives." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/CHATEILLER_Quentin_va2.pdf.
Full textIn a time where computing resources and telecommunications requirements are exploding all around the world, the microelectronics industry has undertook over the past decade a major turnaround in their course to keep answering to the emerging technological needs of our societies. One of the ways undertaken is based on integrated photonics, which in particular requires the development of robust and energy efficient light sources at the nanoscale, with advanced optical functionalities. In this thesis, we propose a new concept of laser source emitting at 1550 nm, based on a system composed with two identical active optical nanocavities made of photonic crystal, coupled evanescently to a common waveguide. The coupling phase is then directly controlled by their relative distance. This system is fabricated by bonding a heterostructure of quantum wells in III-V semiconductor on an optical silicon circuit, followed by an electronic lithography and an ICP etching. In the context of an identical pumping, we thus demonstrated theoretically and experimentally the existence of two symmetrical and anti-symmetrical coupled modes, characterized by a splitting both in losses and in energy. The existence of a dark mode has also been predicted, which blocks the emission in the waveguide at particular coupling phases. More generally, the emission characteristics of this system allow us to assimilate it to a single effective cavity, whose the laser properties are modulated by the coupling phase. These can in particular be improved near the dark mode. The general exploration of this system finally opens the way to many other studies, based for instance on the variation of the pumping configuration and / or the coupling configuration of these cavities. In this context, other effects were observed, such as a directional emission in the waveguide, and the cancelling of this emission related to the presence of an exceptional point
Pierre, Raphaël. "Propriétés effectives d'un cristal photonique. Extensions de la méthode des sources fictives. Application à l'étude du guidage de modes quasi-TEM uniformes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00360840.
Full textLe second volet est l'étude du guidage de modes quasi-TEM uniformes dans un guide métallique au moyen de parois structurées. Les structures sont des surfaces hard analysées grâce à la méthode modale tandis que les guides d'ondes associés le sont par une extension de la méthode des sources fictives. Cartes de champs et relations de dispersion révèlent le comportement des surfaces et guides envisagés.
Beugin, Vincent. "Étude de la photosensibilité dans les guides planaires et les fibres à cristal photonique." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Beugin.pdf.
Full textSarrazin, Michael. "Etude de propriétés optiques liées à la transmission de cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002972.
Full textFerrier, Lydie. "Micro-nano structures à base de cristaux photoniques pour le contrôle 3D de la lumière." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625602.
Full textCalero, Vila Venancio. "Antenne à cristal photonique électro-optique pour la détection de fréquences électromagnétiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD018.
Full textThis thesis work focuses on the fabrication of non-perturbing E-field sensors based on the electro-optical effect. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) combined with Photonic Crystals (PhC) can increase considerably the material sensitivity to electric fields leading to ultra-compact devices. The target structure must exhibit a high sensitivity, extended bandwidth, ultra-fine spatial resolution and the most important: the electric field should not perturb the electric field to be measured, which is ensured since the sensor is not based on metallic parts. Most of the E-field sensors based on ferroelectric materials are based on Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulators or any other kind of waveguide-based topologies which presents high losses produced at the injection of the light within the tiny waveguides and can reach relatively low electric field sensitivities. These issues may not happen in fibered-based devices where the photonic structure can be located at the facet and a nano-structure may act as a sub-wavelength diffraction grating that couples the light into the PhC itself. By choosing the adequate geometrical parameters, very efficient out-of-plane to in-plane coupling can be performed.In this thesis we focus on the simulation, fabrication and characterization of the fiber-tip electric-field sensor. Here we perform numerical simulations in order to study the feasibility of the structure where the different fabrication errors are studied. The fabrication is divided in two parts: a first one where we overcome with the problem of micromachining photonic crystals within Thin Film Lithium Niobate (TFLN) and a second part, where the integration of the photonic device within the fiber facet is explained. Regarding the part concerning the PhC fabrication, we have developed a reproducible process to release the lithium niobate membrane where the PhC is made by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) techniques. The optical characterization of these structures, which receive the name of Photonic Crystal Slabs (PCS), shows excellent agreement with the theory never achieved before in this material. On the other side, different methods here shown for the integration onto fiber, leading to an ultra-compact and versatile sensor. After the assembly, the sensor is characterized verifying its different features such as spatial resolution, linearity, sensitivity and bandwidth. The resulting device results in the first Fano E-field sensor ever reported, but in addition it also presents the highest spatial sensitivity ever obtained in these kind of devices
Farha, Robert. "Etude d'une structure à cristal photonique "LOM" gravée dans un guide Ti liNbO3 dopé erbium pour l'émission de la lumière à 1.55 µm." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00612669.
Full textFérachou, Denis. "Application des fibres creuses à cristal photonique pour la réalisation de résonateurs micro-ondes et de guides d’onde térahertz." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6c8250cd-a5a5-4db6-bc7c-1c9ffc8bbfbf/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4042.pdf.
Full textThe domain terahertz (THz) is a little studied frequency range. The difficulty to generate and detect in this domain has long prevented its development compared to the optical domain (> 100 THz) and microwaves (<100 GHz). The study proposed in this thesis concerns the terahertz waveguides based on structural adaptation of hollow core optical fibers composed of a photonic crystal. The low losses it is possible to achieve with this kind of optical fibers have been demonstrated. The interest of this adaptation is to find the same advantages of such structures in THz. An introductive chapter provides more detail on the THz domain and the constraints of this area. A state of the art of THz waveguides and the THz time domain spectroscopy setup developed for the study of waveguides are presented. The second chapter is devoted to models developed to explain the optical confinement in fibers based on photonic crystals and the adaptation of these crystals to microwave and THz domains. The last chapter deals with the optimization and realization of microwave resonators and waveguides THz based on adapted photonic bandgap crystals
Sauvan, Christophe. "Etude de la propagation et du confinement de la lumière dans des nanostructures." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011142.
Full textTout d'abord, nous avons réalisé une étude théorique et numérique de la propagation de la lumière dans des guides à cristaux photoniques. Nous nous sommes intéressés à un système modèle, le guide à une rangée manquante, ainsi qu'à trois quantités physiques essentielles, l'atténuation, la durée de vie et le coefficient de réflexion du mode fondamental.
Nous avons également étudié le confinement de la lumière dans des microcavités à cristaux photoniques. Nous avons en particulier montré que, même à l'échelle de la longueur d'onde, la physique du confinement est essentiellement gouvernée par des quantités classiques : les pertes radiatives à l'interface des miroirs et la vitesse de groupe du mode de Bloch guidé à l'intérieur de la cavité.
Finalement, nous avons étudié une application des cristaux photoniques à l'optique diffractive en espace libre. Leurs propriétés de dispersion structurale originales nous ont permis de concevoir des optiques diffractives qui restent efficaces sur une large bande spectrale.
Filloux, Pascal. "Etude et réalisation de structures bidimensionnelles à bandes photoniques interdites pour le domaine optique et proche infrarouge." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112254.
Full textA photonic crystal is a composite structure with periodically arranged materials at the wavelength scale. The periodicity allows the opening of photonic band gaps i. E. Frequency ranges for which light can not propagate in the structure, whatever its polarization or propagation direction. Two types of components, implementing two-dimensional photonic crystals, have been studied, for the optical telecommunication wavelengths between 1. 3 and 1. 55mM. Their modeling is carried out using the mathematical Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA) method. The first component, for guided optics, is based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The two-dimensional photonic crystal is etched in the silicon film; diffraction gratings allow in and out coupling of light. Several substrates have been considered for which we have studied the propagation of guided waves. Then we have dimensioned the couplers and photonic crystal. To model these crystals, in integrated optics, we have used an approximate calculation based on the RCWA method which enables the determination of their optical properties with a good approximation. A second component has been studied and realized for diffractive optics. It is obtained by etching grooves through one or several layers of a one-dimensional stack. As all the layers are etched, the structures, having two directions of periodicity and being made out of three different materials, constitute non-classical 2D photonic crystals. We have shown the possibility to realize, with those structures, mirrors and filters, dispersive or not, polarizing or not. We have shown the feasibility of etching multilayer (silicon /silicon nitride) structures on membranes using a focused ion beam etching
Fasquel, Sophie. "Propriétés optiques de structures guidantes en cristal photonique." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/e2f8fa6b-4758-4782-808c-b7155b110a74.
Full textChecoury, Xavier. "Etude théorique et expérmentale de cristaux photoniques pour la réalisation de lasers guide d'onde aux longueurs d'onde télécom." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112244.
Full textIn this thesis work, an exhaustive study of two dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides is carried out, both experimentally and theoretically. PhCs are fabricated by periodically etching air holes through an InP based heterostructure including six quantum wells. A single mode laser emission is experimentally demonstrated under optical pumping at room temperature for narrow waveguides formed by one or three rows of missing air holes (W1 or W3 waveguides) in a triangular or square lattice PhC. More precisely, a laser emission is observed in very narrow waveguides (W1) whose core width is about 650 nm. Single mode laser emission in larger PhC waveguides is also observed under electrical injection. In this case, the side mode rejection ratio is better than 40 dB. Experimental results are successfully interpreted using band diagram computations and finite difference in time domain simulations (FDTD) in parallel with envelope function calculations. Several improvements to PhC waveguide lasers are proposed. As regards to the simulation of PhCs, an algorithm relying on expansions in wavelet basis has been developed. It allows to compute band diagrams more efficiently than with more traditional algorithms relying on plane wave expansion. Concerning waveguide lasers, simulations show that an appropriate air hole size allows to finely tune the laser emission wavelength on one hand and to significantly reduce diffraction losses of waveguide lasers on the other hand
Pureur, Vincent. "Modélisation et caractérisation de fibres à guidage par bandes interdites photoniques à coeur solide." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10003/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses both on theoretical and experimental studies of a new class of micro-structured optical fibers, called Solid Core Photonic BandGap Fibers (SC-PBGFs), for which PBGs originate from the 2D periodical arrangement of weak refractive index contrast inclusions in the cladding. After giving these fibers advantages, we work on the identification and the understanding of confinement losses mechanisms in such micro-structures in the case of straight and bent fibers. These investigations allow us to establish simple evolution trends ofthese losses versus their different opto-geometrical parameters, and underline a compromise to find between the losses of the straight and bent fiber. Moreover and for the first time, impact of transversal defects appearing during the fabrication process will be evaluated and discussed. This study shows notably that such defects can lead to a minimum confinement loss lower than the ideal structure, which leads us to define a new class of SC-PBGFs, called hybrid. A new double clad PBG structure is also proposed, for which an extra holey ring reduces the confinement losses of both the straight and bent fiber. This thesis lays out moreover an application of such all-solid fibers, thanks to the conception and characterization of an Ytterbium doped PBGF with a transverse single-mode laser emission around 977 nm. Finally, we present the experimental and theoretical studies of several birefringent solid-core photonic bandgap fibers
Itawi, Ahmad. "Dispositifs photoniques hybrides sur Silicium comportant des guides nano-structurés : conception, fabrication et caractérisation." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112363/document.
Full textThis work contributes to the general context of III-V materials on Silicon hybrid devices for optical integrated functions, mainly emission/amplification at 1.55µm. Devices are considered for operation under electrical injection, reaching performances relevant for data transfer application. The main three contributions of this work concern: (i) bonding InP-based materials on Si, (ii) nanostructuration of the Si guiding layer for spatial and spectral control of the guided mode and (iii) technology of an hybrid electrically injected laser, with a special attention to the thermal budget. Bonding has been investigated following two approaches. The first one we call heterohepitaxial or oxide-free bonding, is performed without any intermediate layer at a temperature ~450°C. This approach has the great advantage allowing electrical transport across the interface, as reported in the literature. We have developed oxide-free surface preparation for both materials, mainly InP-based layers, and established bonding parameter processing. An in-depth STEM and RX structural characterization has demonstrated an oxide-free reconstructed interface without any dislocation except on one or two atomic layers which accommodate the large lattice mismatch (8.1%) between InP and Si. Photoluminescence of quantum wells intentionally grown close to the interface has shown no degradation. We have also developed an oxide-based bonding process operated at 300°C in order to be compatible with CMOS processing. The original ozone activation of the very thin (~5nm) oxide layer we have proposed demonstrates a bonding surface without any unbonded area due to degassing under annealing. We have developed an original method based on nanoindentation characterization in order to obtain a quantitative and local value of the surface bonding energy. Related to the absence or to the very thin intermediate layer between the two materials, our modal design is based on a double core structure, where most of the optical mode is confined in the Si guiding layer, and no taper is required. The Si waveguide on top of the SOI stack is a shallow ridge. A nanostructured material on both sides of the waveguide core ensures the lateral confinement, the nanostructuration geometry being at a sub-wavelength period in order to operate this material well below its photonic gap. It behaves as an uniaxial material with ordinary and extraordinary indices calculated according to the structuration geometry. Such a structuration allows modal and spectral control of the guided mode. 3D modal and spectral simulation have been performed. We have demonstrated, on a double-period structuration, a wavelength selective operation of hybrid optical waveguides. Such a double-period geometry could be included in a laser design for DFB operation. This nanostructuration has larger potential application such as coupled waveguides arrays or selective resonators. We have developed all the technological processing steps for an electrically injected hybrid laser fabrication. Main developments concern dry etching, performed with the Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE technique of both the nanostructuration of the Silicon material, and the mesa of the hybrid laser. Efficient electrical contacts fabrication is also a complex step. First lasers operating performances could be improved. We have investigated a specific design in order to overcome the thermal penalty encountered by all the hybrid devices. This penalty is due to the thick buried oxide layer of the SOI stack that prevents heating related to the current flow to be dissipated. Taking advantage of the electrical transport we have shown at the oxide-free interface, we propose a design where the n-contact is defined on the guiding Si layer, suppressing thermal heating under electrical operation. Such an approach is very promising for densely packed hybrid devices integrated with associated electronic driving elements on Si
El-Jallal, Said. "Cristaux phoxoniques et propriétés optomécaniques : interaction des photons et des phonons." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10047/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study optomechanic interactions in phoxonic crystals which are defined as dual phononic/photonic crystals that can exhibit simultaneously phononic and photonic band gaps. The existence of absolute band gaps allows the simultaneous confinement of both waves that, in turn, can produce the enhancement of their interaction for the purpose of novel and high-performance optomechanical and acousto-optic devices and applications. A main objective is the modulation of light by acoustic waves when both excitations are confined inside the same cavity or propagate with a slow group velocity inside a waveguide. We have studied theoretically the optomechanic interactions in different (2D, slabs and strip) phoxonic crystals cavities. We have demonstrated the dependence of these optomechanic interactions as a function of both the nature of the material and the incoming optical wavelength. The results for strip waveguides have been compared with experimental results performed by our partners. Finally, as a perspective, we began to study the phonon-plasmon coupling
Oden, Jérémy. "Microcavités non linéaires en régime d’excitation cohérente." Thesis, Palaiseau, Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IOTA0005/document.
Full textHigh quality factor and small modal volume microcavities allow, thanks to a strong light confinement, an enhancement of light matter interactions and the realization of low energy consumption devices for optical signal processing.In this work, we study the coherent excitation of nonlinear photonic crystal resonators, which is achieved by controlling the pulse time-Frequency relation, enabling nonlinear interaction enhancement.A modeling of the intra-Cavity nonlinear dynamics is conducted using the coupled mode theory, underlying the nonlinear refractive effects contribution in the intra-Cavity pulse energy reduction and distortion.We show that an appropriate pulse time-Frequency relation allow to compensate for the cavity resonance frequency shift, and to maintain the benefit of light localization during the entire excitation.The pulse shaper, made of a pulse-Stretcher combined with a spectral filter, has been specifically designed.Preliminary nonlinear characterizations of silicon nanowires enable to determine the shaped pulses parameters.A very first experimental coherent excitation of an optical resonator is reported, leading to a nonlinear interaction enhancement, and to the control of both the optical bandwidth and nonlinear dynamics of the cavity
Guyot, Clement. "Etude, fabrication et caractérisation de cristaux photoniques à hauts facteurs de forme en niobate de lithium pour la réalisation de modulateurs électro-optiques ultra-compacts." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2008/document.
Full textThe main goal of this PhD thesis is to fabricate compact electro-optical devices in exploiting the properties of photoniccrystal (PhC). Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a very attractive material for optical applications (such as opticaltelecommunication, biomedicine, astrophysics) thanks to its low propagation losses (0.1 dB/cm or less), its weakwavelength dispersion, its large optical bandwidth (350-5000 nm), and its strong electro-optical, non linear and acoustoopticalcoefficients. However, classical LiNbO3-based optical components possess active lengths of several centimers,which is not benefic for their good integration in compact optical circuits.We will focus this study more precisely on the feasibility of ultra-compact electro-optical modulators while keeping theperformances of commercialized LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder type modulators, like their low insertion losses, their high extinctionratios, and their low power consumptions. To overcome this challenge, we will structure high aspect ratio photonic crystalson lithium niobate waveguides by combining optical grade dicing and focused ion beam milling. The main configuration isbased on the technology of LiNbO3 ridge waveguide in order to confine the light laterally and on the nano-structuration ofhigh aspect ratio photonic crystal on the ridge waveguide to enhance the sensibility to electric field stimuli on a fewmicrometers only. Structuring such high aspect ratio PhC will be possible thanks to focused ion beam milling from thetopside and the lateral side of the waveguide.The first issue is to optimize the technology developed in FEMTO-ST Institute for the fabrication of LiNbO3 integratedcomponents. The second issue is to create new configurations to control the propagation of light. This will be the firstexperimental demonstration of high aspect ratio LiNbO3 nanostructures
Delhote, Nicolas. "Composants céramiques 3D par procédé de stéréolithographie : solutions de filtrage hyperfréquence innovantes." Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/3703d4dd-1832-49a6-85c5-2a916d7271f2/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4028.pdf.
Full textThis work is about the design and manufacturing of 3D components made out of ceramic material by stereolithography. This process is able to manufacture complex 3D shapes out of several ceramic materials. These components bring new and innovative filtering solutions to the current ones. The first part presents the particular properties of electromagnetic bandgap materials and several 1D, 2D and 3D structures. Several manufacturing process are as well studied. The second part deals with the design and manufacturing of dielectric resonators made out of Alumina and working in the Ku band. The chosen manufacturing process is more precisely described. The third part presents the design and manufacturing of innovative electromagnetic bandgap filters working in the Ka band. In this part the use of several ceramic materials like the Zirconia and BZT ceramic is particularly studied. Finally the last part is focused on 3D electromagnetic structures called “woodpile”. These particular crystals are studied in order to propose innovative guiding and filtering devices which are made out of several ceramic materials
Heidmann, Samuel. "Composants actifs en optique intégrée pour l'interférométrie stellaire dans le moyen infrarouge." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT096/document.
Full textThe observation of exoplanets and more generally of the close environment of young stars represents an observational double difficulty : the small angular separation between the star and the planet (or its environment such as a protoplanetary disk) and contrast flux. One technique to overcome these difficulties is the nulling interferometry. Two telescopes target a star planet/disk system and the pupils are recombined in such a way that the photons from the star cause destructive interference while those from the planet/disk cause constructive interference. Instrumental constraints are very strong to ensure sufficient extinction of the star, both in terms of optical path difference (of the order of nanometers) than photometric balance (4% for a minimum extinction ratio 40dB). L-band (3.4-4.1μm) is adapted to the observation of cold matter, because the flux ratio between the planet (or star dust) and the star presents a minimum of 10−4 order after 3μm, making the L-band particularly attractive for such observations. Because silicates and glass are not suitable to build guides reaching the L-band, there is currently no mature instrument in this band in integrated optics. Indeed, instrumental constraints on nulling interferometry can be relaxed by using a single-mode interferometer integrated, thanks to modal filtering. An interferometric instrument integrated L-band would be more than welcome, but needs a technology development effort to develop a method of producing L-band single-mode guides as well as integrated beam combiners. My PhD work was to develop such single mode waveguides as well as beam combiners in order to ob- tain an extinction ratio of 10−4 in the L-band. The selected material is lithium niobate (LiNbO3), the mid-infrared transparency makes it a perfect candidate. We used two methods to make the guides : proton exchange and Titanium diffusion. This latter allows to guide both TE and TM polarizations. As Lithium Niobate is electro-optic, we also worked to internally control the phase delay between channels without mobile mechanical part, applying an electric field at the guide via electrodes "on chip". The electro-optical effect allows us to not only vary the optical path delay between channels but also to settle the photometric balance, paving the way towards the realization of an integrated complete interferometer, lightweight, compact and robust. I therefore sought to characterize and optimize the electro-optical efficiency of the system to obtain a command voltage lower than 15V. The result is a "Y" interferometer presenting two Mach-Zehnders as input for photometric adjustment and offering an extinction ratio of 33dB in monochromatic light (3.39μm). Because the electro-optical drive is very fast (> MHz), it becomes possible to compensate for the phase perturbations induced by the atmosphere (1kHz) in real time. We have worked to build a demonstrator which compensates phase delays of the order of kHz without mechanical mobile part and which guarantees, at 3.39μm, an optical path delay around 3nm. We also realized directional couplers whose coupling ratio can be adjusted via a control voltage. The direct application of this technology is an interferometric component 2TABCD or 3TAC whose defects (unbalanced couplers) can be electrically corrected by calibration
Lee, Ko-Hsin. "Investigation and fabrication of 2D photonic crystals structures for light emission and optical modes control at 1. 55 µm." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112084.
Full textThis PhD work focuses on two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhC) devices based on InP materials for application around 1. 55 µm wavelength. PhC is a periodic structure in dielectric constant and is characterized by photonic band gap, a frequency domain in which the light propagation is inhibited for certain directions. Introducing defects in the periodicity offers another manner for light guiding and photon localization, which may provide a platform for photonic integrated circuits. The investigated devices include PhC taper waveguides and multiple-constricted-waveguide lasers on InP substrate, and PhC channel defect waveguides on InP suspended membrane. The perforated PhC structures are realized using reactive ion etching technique associated with inductive coupled plasma. A Cl2/Ar plasma has been optimized and demonstrated an etch depth of 1. 9~2. 9 µm for 110~250 nm-diameter holes. We have demonstrated that the addition of N2 into chlorine-containing plasmas can enhance the anisotropic etching and suppress the etched surfaces roughness. In addition, we have shown that adding BCl3 augments the feature verticality. Extremely smooth etched sidewall surfaces are obtained when the etching is performed under the BCl3/N2 plasma; in which an etch depth of 1 µm can be achieved. Several contour geometries of PhC tapers are studied and their transmission spectra and beam divergences are measured and compared with the simulation results. The transmission efficiency can be enhanced by a factor of 4 owing to the proper taper design. As for suspended membrane, a propagation loss of 25 dB/cm has been obtained for W1 PhC waveguide while operating below the air-light line
Hoang, Thi Hong Cam. "Planar slot photonic crystal cavities for on-chip hybrid integration." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS063/document.
Full textThis Ph.D. work is a contribution to the modeling and the experimental study of slot photonic crystal cavities for hybrid on-silicon integration. Among the design works, we first have used plane the wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods to design a series of mechanically robust (non-free membrane) SOI slot photonic crystal heterostructure cavities with resonance wavelengths in the telecommunication range, i.e. from 1.3 µm – 1.6 µm, with Q-factors of around several tens of thousands and mode volumes around 0.03(lambda/n)^3 after being infiltrated by cladding materials with typical index values around 1.5. We have then analytically and numerically studied the coupling between a slot photonic crystal cavity and a slot photonic crystal waveguide by using the coupled mode theory and FDTD simulation. Then we confirmed the ability to excite the cavity slot modes from a waveguide by using FDTD simulation. Finally, as a preliminary step towards the use of several coupled slotted cavities for future hybrid integration schemes, we have numerically and semi-analytically investigated photonic molecules made of two coupled slot photonic crystal cavities providing two different supermodes (bonding and antibonding ones) with controllable wavelength splitting. We successfully employed the tight-binding (TB) approach, which relies on the overlap of the two tightly confined cavity electric fields, to predict the supermodes frequencies and spatial distributions in several coupled slot photonic crystal cavity configurations.This exploratory work was supplemented by an experimental part, which focused on the investigation of a family of slot photonic crystal heterostructure cavities. The fabricated silicon on insulator hollow core cavities showed quality factors of several tens of thousands, i.e. from 18,000 to 31,000 and mode volume V of ~0.03(λ/n)3 after being infiltrated with liquids of ~1.46 refractive index, yielding Q/V ratio larger than 600,000, and reaching 1,000,000 in the best case (at λ ≈ 1.3 μm).This preliminary experimental stage gave rise to two types of additional developments.Firstly, the properties of the studied slot photonic crystal cavities have been investigated for index sensing applications by using different liquids with refractive index values ranging from 1.345 to 1.545. The considered photonic crystal resonators have demonstrated quality factors of several tens of thousands with sensitivities of ~235 nm/RIU and index sensing FOMs around 3,700, i.e. at the state of the art considering hollow core silicon integrated resonators.Secondly, in the view of the integration of active materials on silicon, the potential of these hollow core nanoresonators has been considered to enhance the photo-luminescence (PL) of semiconductor single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) integrated in thin films deposited on top of silicon. We have brought the first experimental demonstration of SWNTs PL collection (around lambda=1.28 µm) under vertical pumping at short wavelength (lambda=740 nm) from a slotted resonator into millimeter long integrated silicon waveguides, providing a first proof-of-concept step towards nanotube/Si-PhC integration as an active photonic platform. The reported works demonstrate the feasibility of integrating telecommunication wavelength nanotube emitters in silicon photonics as well as emphasize the role of slot photonic crystal cavities for on-chip hybrid integration
Qiu, Wentao. "Study of photonic crystals on thin film lithium niobate for sensing applications - design, fabrication and characterization." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2060/document.
Full textLight is incredibly versatile for measuring all kinds of physical quantities :temperature, electric field (E-field), displacement and strain etc. Photonic sensors are promising candidates for the new generation of sensors developments due to their virtues of high sensitivity, large dynamic range and compact size etc. Integrated and on-fiber end photonic sensors on thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) exploring the electro-optic (EO) and pyro-electric effects are studied in this thesis in order to design E-field sensors and temperature sensors (T-sensors). These studies aim to develop sensors with high sensitivity and compact size. To achieve that aim, sensors that are made of photonic crystals (PhC) cavities are studied by sensing the measurand through the resonance wavelength interrogation method. In integrated sensor studies, intensive numerical calculations by PWE method, mode solving technique and FDTD methods are carried out for the design of high light confinement waveguiding structures on TFLN and suitable PhC configurations. Four types of waveguide (WG) structures (ridge WG, strip loaded WG, slot WG and double slot WG) are studied with a large range of geometrical parameters. Among them, slot WG yields the highest confinement factor while strip loaded WG is an easier option for realizations. Bragg grating is designed in slot WG with an ultra compact size (about 0.5µm×0.7µm ×6µm) and is employed to design PhC cavity. A moderate resonance Q of about 300 in F-P like cavity where the mirrors are made of PhC is achieved with ER of about 70% of the transmission. Theoretical minimum E-field sensitivity of this slot Bragg grating structure can be as low as 200 µV/m. On the other hand, Si3N4 strip loaded WG is designed with 2D PhC structure and a low resonance Q of about 100 is achieved. Fabrications of nano-metrical WG such as ridge WG Si3N4 strip loaded are demonstrated. However, the realization of nanometric components on LN presents a big challenge.In the on-fiber end sensor studies, guided resonance, oftentimes referred to as Fano resonance due to its asymmetric lineshape, is studied with different PhC lattice types. A Suzuki phase lattice (SPL) PhC presenting a Fano resonance at the vicinity of 1500 nm has been studied and demonstrated as temperature sensor with sensitivity of 0.77 nm/oC with a size of only 25 µm × 24 µm. In addition, guided resonances on rectangular lattice PhC have been systematically studied through band diagram calculations, 2D-FDTD and 3D- FDTD simulations
Brieussel, Alexandre. "Mini squeezers towards integrated systems." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066104/document.
Full textSqueezed states of light are quantum states that can be used in numerous protocols for quantum computation and quantum communication. Their generation in labora- tories has been investigated before, but they still lack compactness and practicality to easily integrate them into larger experiments. This thesis considers two experiments: one conducted in France, the miniOPO; and one conducted in Australia, the SquOPO. Both are new designs of compact sources of squeezed states of light towards an integrated system. The miniOPO is a linear cavity of 5mm length between the end of a fiber and a curved mirror with a PPKTP crystal of 1mm inside it. The squeezing generated in this cavity is coupled into the fiber to be able to be brought to a measurement device (homodyne) or to a larger experiment. The cavity is resonant for the squeezed light and the pump light, and locked in frequency using self-locking effects due to absorption of the pump in the crystal. The double resonance is achieved by changing the temperature of the crystal. Two different fibers have been tested in this experiment, a standard single-mode fiber and a photonic large core single-mode fiber. The squeezing obtained is still quite low (0.5dB with the standard fiber and 0.9dB for the photonic fiber) but a number of ameliorations are investigated to increase these levels in the future. The SqOPO is a monolithic square cavity made in a Lithium Niobate crystal using four total internal reflections on the four faces of the square to define an optical mode for the squeezed mode and the pump mode. The light is coupled in the resonator using frustrated internal reflection with prisms. The distance between the prisms and the resonator defined the coupling of the light, which allows us to control the finesse of the light in the resonator and by using birefringent prisms it is possible to tune independently the two frequencies in the resonator to achieve an optimal regime. The frequency of the light is locked using absorption of the pump light in the resonator to achieve self-locking, and double resonance is controlled by tuning the temperature of the crystal. We demonstrated 2.6dB of vacuum squeezing with this system. Once again, the amount of squeezing is low, but ameliorations that could be implemented in the future are discussed
Massé, Pascal. "Cristaux photoniques colloïdaux d'architecture contrôlée." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00265897.
Full textZeng, Yijia. "Circuits photoniques III-nitrure avec des cristaux photoniques et des microdisques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS070.
Full textNitride semiconductors are extremely interesting for integrated photonics on silicon. They have a large transparent window and dispose of non zero nonlinear susceptibilities which enable second and third order nonlinear experiments. In this context, this thesis has been devoted to integrated photonic circuits with microresonators such as photonic crystals and microdisks. The microcavity design and the fabrication process have been optimized in order to obtain a near infrared resonant mode with a quality factor up to 34000 for photonic crystals and 80000 for microdisks. I carried out harmonic conversion experiments such as second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG). With THG, by combining simply an optical objective and a CCD camera, I carried out near infrared photonic crystal modes imaging with a subwavelength spatial resolution (300 nm). I also did SHG imaging on microdisks with an optical excitation in resonance with the gallery mode for the pump laser. The last part of the work is dedicated to the demonstration of phase-matched SHG in microdisk photonic circuits between the TM-0-0-X and TM-0-2-2X modes by varying the microdisk diameter with a very small step (8 nm). These experiments have been done for resonant modes with quality factors around 10000.These demonstrations show the potential of III-nitride semiconductors for the realization of two dimensional optical circuits on silicon
Gaufillet, Fabian. "Cristaux photoniques à gradient : dispositifs et applications." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112295.
Full textArtificially structured materials that are photonic crystals are commonly used for their dispersive properties. Their dielectric constant varies periodically across the wavelength in two or three directions with a sufficiently high index contrast. The resulting dispersion relation ω = ω(k) of the periodic variation has the form of a band structure within which there are photonic bandgaps in which the propagation of the electromagnetic field is prohibited. Outside of these bands, i.e. in the photonic band, there are the dispersion properties of the photonic crystals.The aim of this thesis is to design, fabricate and characterize graded photonic crystal devices. These devices were designed to be applied in areas ranging from microwaves to optics. We designed devices from photonic crystals with dispersive properties which make them similar to linear, homogeneous and isotropic media (LHI). In the unit cell of the LHI photonic crystal, we applied a gradient to achieve 1D graded lenses. Important results regarding the design, manufacturing and experimental characterization of a flat lens GRIN operating in X-band microwaves are deferred. This lens focuses an incident plane wave and collimates the wave emitted by a point source located in its focal plane. If this lens is itself a demonstrator and validates the approach implemented for the design, its potential applications particularly concern antennas. We also carry several 2D graded lenses including Lüneburg and Half Maxwell Fisheye lenses; their applications to the antennas are important. We are also interested in making optical graded index lenses called "SELFOC®".In order to confirm the remarkable dispersive properties that have been identified, we continued in that direction by revisiting a classic experiment that highlights the existence of evanescent waves: the "double right angle prism". We also highlight the phenomenon of "frustrated total internal reflection" and the shift discovered by Goos and Hänchen suffered by the reflected wave on the interface. It's these two points – frustrated total internal reflection and Goos-Hänchen effect - that we check in the case of LHI photonic crystals
Manzanares, Martinez Jesús. "Modélisation de cristaux photoniques à base d'opales." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20067.
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