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1
Tian, Rundong, and Lingke Zhao. "Design and Implementation of Game Guild System based on Spring Boot and WeChat Applet." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 39 (April 1, 2023): 888–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v39i.6669.
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Nowadays, more and more children are exposed to all kinds of online games, which can bring different effects to children, both good and bad. Guild systems in some games are able to allow children to meet new people, realize the importance of teamwork and sociability, and improve their confidence and teamwork skills. Game guilds have become one of the most popular social choices for the younger generation. According to the current research, the game guild management system also has some functions that can be optimized, mainly reflected in the user's inconvenience. Therefore, we propose a reasonable and practical solution to this problem, which is to design a WeChat program to handle transactions anytime and anywhere. Based on the existing excellent cases and the analysis of various platforms and tools, this paper designs and implements a game guild management system based on Spring Boot framework, Spring Security framework and WeChat Applet. The system can serve three objects of guild: guild administrator, guild member and guild president. The main functions include member information management, association active management, reward information management, forum management and comment management. The system is easy to operation, to a certain extent to simplify the work of the guild administrator, and convenient for users and visitors.
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Miller, Owen. "Ties of Labour and Ties of Commerce: Corvée among Seoul Merchants in the Late 19th Century." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, no. 1 (2007): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852007780323896.
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AbstractThe wealthiest guilds of the Choson Dynasty (1392-1910) capital, Seoul, formed part of the government's provisioning system, providing mainly luxury goods for royal palaces, government offices and tribute gifts to China and Japan. The guild merchants were also expected to provide corvée labour to the government on a regular basis, although by the late nineteenth century much of this labour was commuted to cash payments. Using a collection of surviving documents from the guildhall of the Myonjujon (Guild of Domestic Silk Merchants), this paper looks in detail at the burden of corvée labour, particularly during the politically and economically tumultuous years between 1884 and 1894. It finds that the merchants' corvée reflected the close relationship between guilds and government and also the two-sided nature of this relationship for the merchants. Thus, while they received certain protections and privileges from the government, the guild merchants were also particularly vulnerable to official corruption, which found a damaging outlet in the corvée system. Les guildes les plus riches de la dynastie de Chosaon (1392-1910) Séoul ont fait partie du système de l'approvisionnement du gouvernement, fournissant principalement des marchandises de luxe pour les palais royaux, les bureaux du gouvernement et les cadeaux d'hommage pour la Chine et le Japon. Les guildes était aussi obligés à fournir au gouvernement la corvée régulière, bien que par la fin du dix-neuvième siècle beaucoup de ce travail ait été commuté aux paiements en espèces. En utilisant une collection de documents extant dansla maison de la guilde des marchands en soie domestiques (Myaonjujaon), cet article regarde en détail le fardeau de la corvée, en particulier pendant des années tumultueuses, politiquement et économiquement, entre 1884 et 1894. Il constate que la corvée des marchands reflétait la relation étroite entre les guildes et le gouvernement et également le caractère double de cette relation pour les marchands. Ainsi, alors qu'ils recevaient de certains protections et privilèges du gouvernement, les marchands de guilde étaient particulièrement vulnérables à la corruption officielle qui menait à l'abus du système de la corvée.
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Kumar, Ashok. "Financial Deepening and its Impact on the Credit Culture in Bihar." Think India 22, no. 2 (2019): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8738.
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Ancient India (especially during the Maurya and the Gupta empires) had an organized private credit dispensation system. Although there were no banks in the modern sense of the word, but the merchant guilds did have systematic procedure of evaluating, vetting and sanctioning of credit to its members. The system was not open to the general public but then, the membership of the guild could be acquired quite easily by anyone desirous and serious enough to do business in the specific area that a particular guild promoted. This system of credit dispensation remained in India till the advent of the British East India Company.
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Dambruyne, Johan. "Guilds, Social Mobility and Status in Sixteenth-Century Ghent." International Review of Social History 43, no. 1 (1998): 31–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000029.
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This article investigates the relationship between social mobility and status in guilds and the political situation in sixteenth-century Ghent. First, it argues that Ghent guilds showed neither a static picture of upward mobility nor a rectilinear and one-way evolution. It demonstrates that the opportunities for social promotion within the guild system were, to a great extent, determined by the successive political regimes of the city. Second, the article proves that the guild boards in the sixteenth century had neither a typically oligarchic nor a typically democratic character. Third, the investigation of the houses in which master craftsmen lived shows that guild masters should not be depicted as a monolithic social bloc, but that significant differences in status and wealth existed. The article concludes that there was no linear positive connection between the duration of a master craftsman's career and his wealth and social position.
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Manyś, Bernadetta. "Uczeń w szeregach rzemieślniczych. System edukacyjny i wychowawczy chłopców w wileńskich cechach w dobie wczesnonowożytnej w świetle statutów cechowych." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 40 (June 15, 2019): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2019.40.1.
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In this paper, I analyse the educational and teaching systems developed for boys joining Vilnius craft workshops. The boys worked (participating in production) and prepared themselves for their future profession. In my paper, I present the educational and teaching paths leading to an apprentice assuming the status of a fellow. It is interesting how the students operated in the structures of the guild workshops and what skills they possessed. The research does not encompass the sons of master craftsmen and out-of-guild craftsmen who would come to Vilnius and attempt to join the craft guilds. These issues require a separate analysis. It was not my intention to provide a holistic study of the issue; rather, I revised and supplemented Józef Morzy’s research in which he partly analysed craft guilds in Vilnius with respect to the essential work skills. In my analysis, I made use of the statutes of the craft guilds operating in Vilnius, one of the biggest cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the early modern period.
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Emmrich, Mike, Miguel Vences, Raffael Ernst, et al. "A guild classification system proposed for anuran advertisement calls." Zoosystematics and Evolution 96, no. 2 (2020): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.38770.
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Zoologists have widely acknowledged the utility of classification systems for characterising variation in anuran egg and clutch types, tadpole morphotypes, embryonic and tadpole development, amplexus types and reproductive modes. These classification systems have facilitated unambiguous communication between researchers, often working in completely different fields (e.g. taxonomy, ecology, behaviour), as well as comparisons among studies. A syntactic system, classifying anuran call guilds, is so far lacking. Based on examination of the calls of 1253 anuran species we present a simple, easy to use dichotomous key and guild system for classifying anuran advertisement calls – the call type most frequently emitted by anurans and studied by researchers. The use of only three call elements, namely clearly-defined calls, notes, and pulses, plus presence or absence of frequency modulation, allows assigning all currently known anuran advertisement calls to one of eight distinct call guilds defined here. This novel toolkit will facilitate comparative studies across the many thousand anuran species, and may help to unravel drivers of anuran call evolution, and to identify ecological patterns at the level of acoustic communities.
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Emmrich, Mike, Miguel Vences, Raffael Ernst, et al. "A guild classification system proposed for anuran advertisement calls." Zoosystematics and Evolution 96, no. (2) (2020): 515–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.38770.
Full textAbstract:
Zoologists have widely acknowledged the utility of classification systems for characterising variation in anuran egg and clutch types, tadpole morphotypes, embryonic and tadpole development, amplexus types and reproductive modes. These classification systems have facilitated unambiguous communication between researchers, often working in completely different fields (e.g. taxonomy, ecology, behaviour), as well as comparisons among studies. A syntactic system, classifying anuran call guilds, is so far lacking. Based on examination of the calls of 1253 anuran species we present a simple, easy to use dichotomous key and guild system for classifying anuran advertisement calls – the call type most frequently emitted by anurans and studied by researchers. The use of only three call elements, namely clearly-defined calls, notes, and pulses, plus presence or absence of frequency modulation, allows assigning all currently known anuran advertisement calls to one of eight distinct call guilds defined here. This novel toolkit will facilitate comparative studies across the many thousand anuran species, and may help to unravel drivers of anuran call evolution, and to identify ecological patterns at the level of acoustic communities.
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Colville, Jonathan F., Mike D. Picker, and Richard M. Cowling. "Feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism in a speciose flower beetle clade (Hopliini: Scarabaeidae)." PeerJ 6 (June 20, 2018): e4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4632.
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The relationship between feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism is examined in a speciose South African monkey beetle clade. We test whether feeding and mating at a fixed site (embedding guild) is associated with greater levels of sexual dimorphism and possibly sexual selection than species using unpredictable feeding resources (non-embedding guild). Sexual dimorphism was measured using a point scoring system for hind leg and colour across the two feeding guilds for >50% of the regional fauna. Quantification of hind leg dimorphism using a scoring system and allometric scaling were used to identify traits subject to sexual selection. Feeding guild had a significant effect on hind leg dimorphism, with embedders having high and non-embedders low scores. The sessile and defendable distribution of females on stable platform flowers may favour contests and associated hind leg weaponry. In contrast, degree of colour dimorphism between the sexes was not associated with any particular feeding guild, and may serve to reduce male conflict and combat. Embedder males had high proportions (∼76%) of species with positive allometric slopes for almost all hind leg traits. For male non-embedders, only ∼37% of species showed positive scaling relationships. Phylogenetic data, in conjunction with behavioural data on the function of leg weaponry and visual signalling among males is needed to better understand the link between sexual dimorphism and sexual selection in the radiation of the monkey beetles.
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Zhang, Meng. "TIMBER TRADE ORGANIZATIONS IN SHANGHAI: INSTITUTIONS, ENFORCEMENT, AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION, 1880–1930." International Journal of Asian Studies 14, no. 2 (2017): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591417000043.
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This study focuses on the mechanisms of contract enforcement and dispute resolution in the trade of timber in Shanghai from the 1880s to the 1930s. It shows that merchant guilds, chambers of commerce, and the court system constituted complementary institutions of contract enforcement. Timber trade guilds relied on reputation mechanisms and information sharing to maintain intra-group solidarity and monitor outside trading partners. Horizontal communications among timber guilds in different localities further enhanced their capability to respond promptly to cross-regional cases. When disputes escalated beyond the scope of a single merchant guild, chambers of commerce (after 1904) and the court system became involved. Vertical communications among these organizations strengthened the continuity from informal norms of business practices to guild regulations, and thence to adjudications in court. Whereas the typical story, drawn from European history, was one of transition toward more formal institutions, this case study shows that formal and informal institutions could complement each other and that they existed along a continuum rather than in separated spheres. The convergence of the expected outcomes as a result of resorting to different platforms of dispute resolution reinforced the consistency and credibility of the cost of defaulting.
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Shedd, John A. "The State Versus the Trades Guilds: Parliament's Soldier-Apprentices in the English Civil War Period, 1642–1655." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (April 2004): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904000079.
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During the English Civil War period, parliament freed apprentices who had left their masters to serve in parliament's armed forces, thereby nullifying the postwar efforts of companies to force disbanded soldiers to return and finish their seven years of training. In effect, legislation favoring apprentices undid the traditional cooperative relationship between the English state and the guilds. By freeing apprentices who had yet to complete labor contracts, parliament made more common the practice of renegade apprentices abandoning their masters to set up shop, a problem that had plagued the guild system since its inception. The many Civil War apprentices who took advantage of these innovative state benefits can remind us that we have been too inclined to associate the unraveling of the guild system and the rise of capitalism with the bourgeoisie rather than with the laboring classes.
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Tian, Yu Lan, and Wen Yan Zhang. "Study on Air Conditioning System Design Method of Recreational Guild Hall Based on Architecture Environment Requirement." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4983.
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Recreational guild hall usually has the characteristic of the special architectural form, complex architectural adornment and high requirement of indoor temperature/humidity, airflow distribution, noise and lighting. Air conditioning system design was optimized based on architecture environment requirement of recreational guild hall. The method was applied on the air conditioning system design of Nanjing Longjing recreational guild hall and the effect is satisfactory.
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von Briesen, Brendan J. "“The guild […] manufactures nothing, nor produces any artifact”: Barcelona's Seven Maritime Cargo Handling Guilds, c.1760–1840." International Review of Social History 65, no. 3 (2020): 399–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000012.
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AbstractBy studying the guilds of the seven maritime cargo handling trades of Barcelona, this paper aims to contribute to the relatively limited, but growing scholarship of port labour during the late artisan phase, and of service-sector guilds in general. It examines the relationship between occupational and organizational cultures, the types and means of inculcating human and social capital, and the formal and informal determination of qualification in view of the different guild responses to liberalization and abolition. Unlike guilds in the secondary sector, these corporations were organized horizontally among masters and had neither journeymen, nor apprentices in their respective trades. Some of them provided services individually while others worked collectively. They generally prohibited internal and external employment schemes, and many of them used a turn system or another to level work opportunities. One of these guilds transitioned directly into a trade union; others became owner associations or dissolved into unorganized competitors. The period studied covers the flexibilization of the labour market through progressively advancing liberal reforms of monopolistic guild privileges and the formal abolition of Spanish guilds in 1836. Comparisons with other European ports further highlight the multiplicity of considerations for understanding occupational and organizational cultures and the trajectories of guilds in the service sector.
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Rosas-Ramos, Natalia, Laura Baños-Picón, José Tormos, and Josep D. Asís. "Farming system shapes traits and composition of spider assemblages in Mediterranean cherry orchards." PeerJ 8 (April 2, 2020): e8856. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8856.
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Habitat properties, including crop type, farming system, management practices, or topographic features such as the hillside aspect, may act as environmental filters that select organisms sharing traits compatible with those conditions. The more environmentally-friendly management practices implemented in organic farming seem to benefit a range of taxa, but the extent of those benefits is not well understood. In cherry orchards of the Jerte Valley (Extremadura, western Spain), we explored the response of spider assemblages to the farming system (organic and conventional) and the hillside aspect (sunny or shady) from a taxonomical, behavioral, and morphological perspective. Spiders from both the canopy and soil surface were collected and identified to family. According to their foraging strategy, spiders were sorted in guilds and, for a selected family in each guild, body size was measured on each captured individual. Spider traits and composition were determined by local factors derived from farming system, and by climate conditions associated to the hillside aspect. In taxonomical terms, spiders benefit from organic farming and by the shady aspect. However, from a behavioral perspective, spiders with different foraging strategies exhibit strong variations in their response to the evaluated factors. From a morphological perspective, body size within guilds is differently conditioned by management practices that constitute conditioning disturbance events for each guild, resulting in selecting small individuals. The observed differences in taxonomical, behavioral, and morphological responses of spider communities to habitat properties highlight the importance of examining their assemblages from different perspectives when assessing how they respond to changes in management practices and topographic features.
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Ruiz Bruce Taylor, Mateo Donald, José Luis Rangel Salazar, Paula Enríquez, Jorge L. León-Cortés, and Carlos García-Estrada. "Variation in hierarchical guild structure between two bird assemblages of a wetland in the Mexican Pacific." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 4 (2017): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i4.26266.
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Neotropical wetlands comprise contrasting habitats with highly diverse avifauna, including herbivores, insectivores and carnivores, of both terrestrial and aquatic species. Therefore, comparisons between wetland bird assemblages based only on species identity may disregard turnover within ecological groups, and eclipse important variations between habitat types. We studied bird assemblages from mangrove and estuary habitat types from a coastal lagoon system in Oaxaca, Mexico. For this, we used 640 point counts to obtain data on bird species using those habitats between October 2009 and May 2012. We ascertained guild structure by classifying 139 species in a scalar hierarchy of two-levels: 17 key-resource guilds nested within seven trophic guilds. To evaluate variation in guild structure between habitat types, we contrasted richness and diversity across trophic guilds and tested for variation in abundance within key-resource guilds. We exposed a tendency of greater diversity within terrestrial guilds in mangrove and within aquatic guilds at the estuary. However, these differences were compensatory and neither richness nor diversity varied between habitat types in comparisons across the sets of trophic guilds. Parallel analyses at two hierarchical levels supported the theoretical prediction of greater change at lower levels. Herpetofauna, wood invertebrates, aquatic invertebrates and seeds emerged as dietary components that may explain the distribution of abundance in key-resource guilds. Although the guilds from mangrove and estuary produced comparable sets of richness and diversity values, the actual identity of guilds with high values varied between habitats. On the other hand, species abundance comparisons within guilds pinpointed specific associations with habitat types and this method represents a suitable strategy for identifying habitat preferences in complex wetland bird assemblages.
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Jovanović, Slobodan, and Ozren Uzelac. "Principi solidarnosti i uzajamnosti u obaveznom socijalnom osiguranju zanatlija, trgovaca i rudara u 19. veku u Srbiji." Evropska revija za pravo osiguranja XXI, no. 1 (2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/erpo2101.09j.
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Solidarity and mutuality constitute the basis for uniting various groups of people with a common interest in offsetting different risks. This paper briefly analyzes the meaning of the terms “solidarity” and “mutuality” as the basis of social security, then the emergence of social security and the current constitutional framework of the Republic of Serbia and the law of the European Union. In separate parts, the content and scope of mutuality and solidarity organized through mutual aid funds of craftsmen and merchants, according to the Guilds Decree 1847 and the mining and fraternal funds of miners from the Mining Code 1866 are investigated. The historical method is used to follow various types of care and assistance to briefly explain the reasons that led to their emergence, and later the social security institutions, while logical methods is deployed to draw conclusions about the characteristics of mutual insurance of craftsmen, traders and miners under these regulations. The paper deals with the analysis of the content and meaning of only those provisions and rules are relevant to the topic of this paper. Having in mind the dominant Ottoman system of state and economic organization at the beginning of the 19th century, which was equally marked by the struggle for liberation from the Turkish government, Serbia has made numerous advanced steps in the legislative sense. Apart from the fact that the Guilds Decree 1847 was of a reform character in relation to the feudal system and economic relations, it also relied on the tradition of solidarity and mutuality of fraternities when it regulated guild funds of mutual aid. The same applies to the mining-fraternal fund from the Mining Code 1866. How much the then state government in Serbia attached importance to these ways of insuring and securing craftsmen, traders and miners can be seen in the competence of the police to supervise the work of guilds. Besides, the Ministry of Finance and later the Ministry of National Economy were issuing consent to the fraternal fund of a number of mines and the text of the bylaws of the fraternal fund. T he guild and mining-fraternal funds were of an aleatory legal nature in relation to the risks of illness and death. Namely because the right to any compensation was ceasing with the termination of employment in the mine, without the right to a refund of paid deposits until then. Guild and mining social insurance was, by its nature, mandatory, of an adhesive nature based on entry into guild membership or an employment contract in the case of miners. This is an important difference in comparison to mutual insurance companies in which the status of a member is acquired by signing an insurance contract. Contributions through the payment of fees and additional, extraordinary contributions for unforeseen needs indicate that the guild and mining and fraternal funds were organized on the model of a mutual insurance company, without the intention of making a profit and exclusively for the benefit of its members.
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Floren, Andreas, Karl Eduard Linsenmair, and Tobias Müller. "Diversity and Functional Relevance of Canopy Arthropods in Central Europe." Diversity 14, no. 8 (2022): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080660.
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Although much is known about the ecology and functional importance of canopy arthropods in temperate forests, few studies have tried to assess the overall diversity and investigate the composition and dynamics of tree-specific communities. This has impeded a deeper understanding of the functioning of forests, and of how to maintain system services. Here, we present the first comprehensive data of whole arthropod communities, collected by insecticidal knockdown (fogging) from 1159 trees in 18 study areas in Central Europe during the last 25 years. The data includes 3,253,591 arthropods from 32 taxa (order, suborder, family) collected on 24 tree species from 18 genera. Fogging collects free-living, ectophytic arthropods in approximately the same number as they occur in the trees. To our knowledge, these are the most comprehensive data available today on the taxonomic composition of arboreal fauna. Assigning all arthropods to their feeding guild provided a proxy of their functional importance. The data showed that the canopy communities were regularly structured, with a clear dominance hierarchy comprised of eight ‘major taxa’ that represented 87% of all arthropods. Despite significant differences in the proportions of taxa on deciduous and coniferous trees, the composition of the guilds was very similar. The individual tree genera, on the other hand, showed significant differences in guild composition, especially when different study areas and years were compared, whereas tree-specific traits, such as tree height, girth in breast height or leaf cover, explained little of the overall variance. On the ordinal level, guild composition also differed significantly between managed and primary forests, with a simultaneous low within-group variability, indicating that management is a key factor determining the distribution of biodiversity and guild composition.
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Visser, André W., Patrizio Mariani, and Simone Pigolotti. "Adaptive behaviour, tri-trophic food-web stability and damping of chaos." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 71 (2011): 1373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0686.
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We examine the effect of adaptive foraging behaviour within a tri-trophic food web with intra-guild predation. The intra-guild prey is allowed to adjust its foraging effort so as to achieve an optimal per capita growth rate in the face of realized feeding, predation risk and foraging cost. Adaptive fitness-seeking behaviour of the intra-guild prey has a stabilizing effect on the tri-trophic food-web dynamics provided that (i) a finite optimal foraging effort exists and (ii) the trophic transfer efficiency from resource to predator via the intra-guild prey is greater than that from the resource directly. The latter condition is a general criterion for the feasibility of intra-guild predation as a trophic mode. Under these conditions, we demonstrate rigorously that adaptive behaviour will always promote stability of community dynamics in the sense that the region of parameter space in which stability is achieved is larger than for the non-adaptive counterpart of the system.
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Collister, Lauren B. "Surveillance and Community: Language Policing and Empowerment in a World of Warcraft Guild." Surveillance & Society 12, no. 3 (2014): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i3.4956.
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A case study of a World of Warcraft guild explores the relationship between participatory surveillance, public discipline, empowerment, and fun. The guild under investigation in this paper is a self-labeled "safe space" guild for female, LGBT, and other minority members of the gaming population. To promote the safe space environment, the guild's members actively enforce prohibitions against offensive language. A comparison is made between the participatory surveillance model employed by the members of the guild and the top-down policies and discipline enacted by the parent company, Blizzard Entertainment; this comparison demonstrates the effects of co-existing models of surveillance in the game community. Furthermore, the effects of the guild's practice of public discipline of rule breakers are analyzed as a method of shaming that enhances the effects of the guild's rules. Finally, by examining reactions from members of the guild, personal and community empowerment are the outcomes of participation in the system. Recommendations are made to incorporate elements of participatory surveillance into games in conjunction with unilateral surveillance typically employed by game developers.
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Zhao, Xiang, Patricia L. Obst, Katherine M. White, Erin L. O’Connor, and Huon Longman. "Network analysis among World of Warcraft players’ social support variables: A two-way approach." Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds 13, no. 3 (2021): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgvw_00041_1.
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World of Warcraft (WoW) is one of the most popular massively multiplayer online games. Previous studies have found evidence of in-game and offline social support among WoW players; however, the interplay of different types of social support such as informational and emotional support among this cohort has not been examined. This study used a reciprocal social support perspective to explore the system-level relationships among different types of social support in a sample of WoW players (N=181). Using network analysis, two major types of social support, informational and emotional, given and received within WoW and offline systems were included as model indicators. Social support networks of guild and non-guild members were compared. Clear separation was found between offline and in-game social support. Informational support played a key role in all networks but differences in the social support networks were identified between guild and non-guild members. These findings indicate dynamics between different types of social support overlooked in previous studies. By revealing such dynamics, network analysis has been shown as a promising tool for evidencing the subtle dynamics between distinct constructs.
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Leyman, I. "Merchant class in the legislation of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 2 (April 28, 2025): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2025-2-33-39.
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The author considers the main legislative acts related to the gradual formation of the merchant class in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century. The formation of the guild merchant corporation begins in the era of Peter the Great, when the consolidation of traders in towns was aimed at improving the efficiency of the taxation system and increasing the flow of funds to the state budget. In the first third of the XVIII century, there was a terminological and legislative separation of traders into a separate group, integrated not only into the economic sphere, but also into the structure of local government. In the legislative practice of the second third of the XVIII century, the term “merchant class” was used to denote a group of people engaged in trading activities; in 1742, the merchant class was divided into three guilds. In the last third of the XVIII century, the Manifesto on the Supreme Favors Granted to Different Classes on the Occasion of the Conclusion of Peace with the Ottoman Porte in 1775, and the Charter on the Rights and Benefits of the Towns of the Russian Empire in 1785 finally formalized the class organization of the guild merchant class. Thus, by the end of the XVIII century, the merchant class in the Russian Empire was represented by three guilds, each of which implied conditions for entry in the form of the amount of declared capital and provided a certain range of privileges related to trade, entrepreneurship, communication routes and social status.
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Muna, Nailatul, and Anis Mashdurohatun. "The Role And Notary Responsibilities Of Establishment Of A Commanditary Fellow." Jurnal Akta 7, no. 2 (2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v7i2.7632.
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The purpose of this study was to: 1) Analyze know their roles and responsibilities in the establishment of the Guild Commanditaire Notary. 2) Obstacles encountered in implementing the Notary's role and responsibility in the establishment of the Guild Commanditaire. 3) The solution or an attempt to overcome the obstacles encountered in implementing the notary's role and responsibility in the establishment of the Guild Commanditaire.This study using sociological juridical approach or empirical legal research involves studying law from an external perspective to the object of the study of social attitudes and behavior against the law. Sources of primary data from interviews, while secondary data from literature. The study was analyzed by using a descriptive analysis.The research results are: 1). Roles and responsibilities in the establishment of the Guild Commanditaire Notary is to create legal certainty for the deed he made are authentic and can be used as a means of proving strong and when there are problems associated with the establishment of a limited partnership. Notary also instrumental in the establishment registration Kommanditgesellschaft the Ministry of Law and Human Rights through an online system that is SABU. Notary responsible for storing all documents in the manufacture of the deed of establishment. 2). The obstacles faced by the Notary is the rule about registering through SABU is still relatively new so in the field occurred constraints for example, many notaries are not yet aware of any changes to the rules and the registration mechanism.Keywords: Guild Commanditaire; Deed; SABU.
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Sun, Bei, Xue Man Zhang, and Kai Ge Sun. "The Oil Temperature Controlling of Hydraulic Pump Performance Test-System." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.478.
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In the testing of the oil temperature controlling of hydraulic pump performance test-system, the changing of oil temperature bring the testing accuracy decrease, so it can influence nicety and contrast of test-bed. A computer device of oil temperature real time control are designed. The result of control achieve B level accuracy of international and guild. The software of computer is minimum variance correcting by oneself.
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DEWILDE, BRECHT, and JOHAN POUKENS. "Bread provisioning and retail dynamics in the southern Low Countries: the bakers of Leuven, 1600–1800." Continuity and Change 26, no. 3 (2011): 405–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416011000245.
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ABSTRACTThe central argument of this article is that current historical research into early modern retail growth and practices has focused too narrowly on the retail of durables (perhaps with the exception of colonial groceries) and on retailers' guilds. The role of food-producing and/or food-retailing guilds hitherto has received less attention. Research into retail practices has not connected to an older (but still lively) research tradition in which the consumption of basic foodstuffs received the bulk of attention. We argue that if selling bread is approached as a ‘system of provision’, competing retail circuits and the different ways in which subsequent subsistence crises affected each of those circuits offer an additional explanation (next to well-documented changes in demand) for the inclusion of other basic provisions, colonial groceries, clothing, and even durables in the assortment of traditional food-producing and food-retailing guild masters, in this case the Leuven bakers.
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Emifoniye, Austine. "Heritage Management and Community Engagement: The Story of the National Museum, Benin City, Nigeria." International Journal of Current Research in the Humanities 26, no. 1 (2023): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijcrh.v26i1.23.
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Heritage management is essential to the preservation of a people’s tangible and intangible culture. The heritage of a people may change over time or become extinct in the absence of conscious preservation, as is evident with many African cultures. Central to the preservation of heritages, is the engagement of communities in a dynamic process of continuity. The Great Benin kingdom engineered this process with the institution of the guild system, which served the royal court of the Oba (king). Although the guild is no longer practised strictly as court art today, the system is preserved as community art centres run by descendants of the ancient guild. Artisans in Benin City, play an important role as custodians of the culture and system, while the National Museum, Benin City houses some of the important relics of the Benin kingdom. This article looks at the history of the National Museum, and the structure in place for heritage preservation. It also examined the role played by Igun bronze casters who are important custodians of the arts and culture of the Benin kingdom. The study is qualitative research that relied on historical content and ethnographic methods, interviews and online publications for its data. Much of the ethnographic data was collected while the researcher was engaged in fieldwork in Benin City. His observation of the Benin guild workers, informal interviews and visits to the National Museum, Benin City are important parts of the data. Data collected were evaluated from observation assessment, text and interview analysis. The findings are presented within the general content of the essay. The study concludes that, although the National Museum, Benin City is an institutionalized heritage management organ of government, the preservation and continuity of important aspects of the tangible and intangible heritages of the Benin kingdom is been done also by the bronze casters who have continued with the ancient culture of bronze casting. This synergy, though informal, is a significant module, which may be adopted by other museums with similar structures.
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Raji, A. O. Y., and T. S. Abejide. "The Guild System and Its Role in the Economy of Precolonial Yorubaland." Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 3, no. 3 (2013): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0016425.
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Pop, Răzvan C. "Einige Bemerkungen zur Wirtschaft Siebenbürgens am Ende des Fürstentums und am Anfang des Großfürstentums." Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde 66 (March 15, 2024): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/fvlk.2023.06.
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Transylvania between the Principality of Transylvania and the Grand Principality, as part of the Habsburg Empire suffered a series of economic experiences that led to a considerable extent to its economic as well as social and political decay and recovery. The small Principality on the edge of Central Europe has experienced appreciable changes in its status for two centuries, as well as in the economic perception of those who lived there and also of the other states. The 17th century was one marked both by rich periods from an economic point of view, but also by periods generating economic crisis, due to various natural cataclysms. It is a century of continuous balance between princely absolutism and the noble regime, between the enslavement process and the protection of free structures. Transylvania was hit by the economic crisis of the Habsburg Empire in the middle of the 18th century. The strategies to revitalize the Treasury through internal sources hit hard on the province's financial strength. The economic life of these 200 years is marked by the historic collapse of the guild system. The first who act to limit the monopoly of the guilds are the Princes of Transylvania. The forms of manufacturing production that appeared precisely in the important areas of the guild economy such as those of Sibiu or Braşov are also a significant, but insufficient factor, leading to the weakening of these corporations.
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Presley, Steven J., Joerg Graf, Ahmad F. Hassan, Anna R. Sjodin, and Michael R. Willig. "Effects of Host Species Identity and Diet on the Biodiversity of the Microbiota in Puerto Rican Bats." Current Microbiology 78, no. 9 (2021): 3526–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13434977.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Microbiota perform vital functions for their mammalian hosts, making them potential drivers of host evolution. Understanding effects of environmental factors and host characteristics on the composition and biodiversity of the microbiota may provide novel insights into the origin and maintenance of these symbiotic relationships. Our goals were to (1) characterize biodiversity of oral and rectal microbiota in bats from Puerto Rico; and (2) determine the effects of geographic location and host characteristics on that biodiversity. We collected bats and their microbiota from three sites, and used four metrics (species richness, Shannon diversity, Camargo evenness, Berger-Parker dominance) to characterize biodiversity. We quantified the relative importance of site, host sex, host species-identity, and host foraging-guild on biodiversity of the microbiota. Microbe biodiversity was highly variable among conspecifics. Geographical location exhibited consistent effects, whereas host sex did not. Within each host guild, host species exhibited consistent differences in biodiversity of oral microbiota and of rectal microbiota. Oral microbe biodiversity was indistinguishable between guilds, whereas rectal microbe biodiversity was significantly greater in carnivores than in herbivores. The high intraspecific and spatial variation in microbe biodiversity necessitate a relatively large number of samples to statistically isolate the effects of environmental or host characteristics on the microbiota. Species-specific biodiversity of oral microbiota suggests these communities are structured by direct interactions with the host immune system via epithelial receptors. In contrast, the number of microbial taxa that a host gut supports may be driven by host diet-diversity or composition.
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Presley, Steven J., Joerg Graf, Ahmad F. Hassan, Anna R. Sjodin, and Michael R. Willig. "Effects of Host Species Identity and Diet on the Biodiversity of the Microbiota in Puerto Rican Bats." Current Microbiology 78, no. 9 (2021): 3526–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13434977.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Microbiota perform vital functions for their mammalian hosts, making them potential drivers of host evolution. Understanding effects of environmental factors and host characteristics on the composition and biodiversity of the microbiota may provide novel insights into the origin and maintenance of these symbiotic relationships. Our goals were to (1) characterize biodiversity of oral and rectal microbiota in bats from Puerto Rico; and (2) determine the effects of geographic location and host characteristics on that biodiversity. We collected bats and their microbiota from three sites, and used four metrics (species richness, Shannon diversity, Camargo evenness, Berger-Parker dominance) to characterize biodiversity. We quantified the relative importance of site, host sex, host species-identity, and host foraging-guild on biodiversity of the microbiota. Microbe biodiversity was highly variable among conspecifics. Geographical location exhibited consistent effects, whereas host sex did not. Within each host guild, host species exhibited consistent differences in biodiversity of oral microbiota and of rectal microbiota. Oral microbe biodiversity was indistinguishable between guilds, whereas rectal microbe biodiversity was significantly greater in carnivores than in herbivores. The high intraspecific and spatial variation in microbe biodiversity necessitate a relatively large number of samples to statistically isolate the effects of environmental or host characteristics on the microbiota. Species-specific biodiversity of oral microbiota suggests these communities are structured by direct interactions with the host immune system via epithelial receptors. In contrast, the number of microbial taxa that a host gut supports may be driven by host diet-diversity or composition.
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Girsztowt-Biskup, Aleksandra. "Nieznany dokument do dziejów Golubia z 1349 r." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 27 (December 16, 2024): 471–80. https://doi.org/10.26881/sds.2024.27.16.
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This article contains an edition of the transumpt of a parchment document issued by the commander of Golub Erwin von Stockheim for the shoemakers’ guild in Golub, entered into the Crown Metrica (Metrica Regni Poloniae). The original document, issued in 1349, has not survived. According to the document, the Teutonic Order sold 22 shoemakers’ stalls to the guild for the sum of 7 scot of annual rent, divided in half between the Order and the city. It is the second oldest document of this type known from the area of the State of the Teutonic Order. Thanks to the mention of the names of councillors and the mayor, it is also an important source of information for research on the history of the development of the political system of the town.
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Himes, Austin, Peter Hayes, Jan-Willem Jansens, Clint Patterson, Jack Singer, and Zander Evans. "Forest Stewards Guild position on climate-smart forestry." Forests Monitor 1, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.62320/fm.v1.i1.3.
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Climate-smart forestry is an increasingly important topic in forest policy and for practices. However, what does and does not constitute climate-smart forestry is subject of debate. At stake are billions of dollars of investment aimed at encouraging climate-smart forestry practices in the United States. As a leading voice for ecologically, economically, and socially responsible forestry, The Forest Stewards Guild (FSG) has produced a position statement based on the organization's vision, mission, and principles to guide conversations around climate-smart forestry for all interested stakeholders. This forest perspective presents and expands on the findings of the FSG position on climate-smart forestry. There are three common aspects in the multiple co-existing definitions of climate-smart forestry: 1) adapting forests to expected future climate conditions, 2) mitigating climate change by leveraging carbon sequestration and storage functions of forests, and 3) improving social outcomes. There are potential trade-offs with other benefits forests provide if climate-smart forestry is pursued without holistic consideration of forest ecosystems. We suggest that such trade-offs can be minimized if the goals of climate-smart forestry projects are communicated transparently, system boundaries are made as comprehensive as possible, potential trade-offs are assessed along with climate benefits, climate-smart practices are tailored to the social-ecological contexts, and uncertainty is recognized.
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Werner, Earl E., and Scott D. Peacor. "LETHAL AND NONLETHAL PREDATOR EFFECTS ON AN HERBIVORE GUILD MEDIATED BY SYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY." Ecology 87, no. 2 (2006): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/05-0091.
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Marttila, Juuso. "Monopolizing the Property of Skill: A Prosopographic Analysis of a Finnish Ironworks Community." International Review of Social History 57, no. 3 (2012): 417–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859012000508.
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SummaryThis article examines the survival of artisan labour structures and their property of skill in a case where neither a guild nor a union was present. Both of these institutions have traditionally been given as explanations for the survival of artisan labour structures and their property of skill. By using a prosopographic analysis of a Finnish ironworks community, this article follows a locally monopolized property of skill from 1880 to 1950. This monopoly was based on an informal apprenticeship system and the control of human capital, and was tied tightly to a closed network of smiths and their families. It was able to function in full force without the backing of any formal institutions as long as favourable local circumstances and the means and motivation to maintain it existed. Family relationships and social networks of smiths, together with the acceptance of patronage, functioned as an alternative to trade unions and guilds as primary strategic resources resorted to by smith households.
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Nikiforova, L. V., and E. N. Goncharov. "STATE CUSTOMERS’ PROCUREMENT ACTIVITY RATING EVALUATION SYSTEM OF VORONEZH REGION." Federalism, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2019-3-186-196.
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In conditions of regional segment development of procurement contract system monitoring of procurement process and digitalization of the efficiency of each single customer as an element of a holistic system become very relevant. Complex method of Russian subjects’ state customers’ procurement activity evaluation allows to form mechanism reliable management decision making of procurement process enhancement and leveling of difficulties arose at different stages of the state needs meeting. In the Voronezh region procurement monitoring is carried out through the state customers’ procurement activity rating evaluation system which has proven its effectiveness during several years and included in the advanced practices registry of legislation implementation in procurement area of Guild of domestic customers and procurement and sales specialists.
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Löder, Martin Günther Joachim, Maarten Boersma, Alexandra Claudia Kraberg, Nicole Aberle, and Karen Helen Wiltshire. "Microbial predators promote their competitors: commensalism within an intra-guild predation system in microzooplankton." Ecosphere 5, no. 10 (2014): art128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/es14-00037.1.
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Ling, Yu-Chen, Han Ming Gan, Michelle Bush, Richard Bush, and John W. Moreau. "Time-resolved microbial guild responses to tidal cycling in a coastal acid-sulfate system." Environmental Chemistry 15, no. 2 (2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16203.
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Environmental contextMicrobes play key roles in controlling acidification and metal toxicity in coastal acid-sulfate soils. We characterised the time-dependent metabolic activities of abundant and rare taxa in acidifying tidal wetlands and showed that rare taxa exhibiting higher activity may exert significant influence on iron- and sulfur-cycling. Our findings yield new insights into the drivers and timing of iron- and sulfur-cycling in coastal acid-sulfate systems. AbstractTidal inundation has been trialled as a remediation strategy for coastal acid-sulfate soil (CASS) environments. Microbial community structure and activity are hypothesised to play key roles in this process, but remain poorly understood for long-term (decadal or longer) CASS ecosystems. More detailed understanding of the distribution and timing of microbial activity in CASS ecosystems is necessary to evaluate their real bioremediation potential. In this study, we compared 16S ribosomal DNA (rRNA) and RNA (as copy DNA, cDNA, a proxy for overall enzymatic activity) sequence datasets to characterise and resolve microbial community structure and activity across a tidal cycle in the East Trinity long-term CASS wetland (Queensland, Australia). The timing and extent of activity among abundant (>1 %) and rare (<0.1 %) microbial taxa showed that a larger number of rare members (phylotype) displayed greater overall range in activity than was apparent for more abundant members. Certain taxa from both abundant and rare populations varied rapidly in their 16S rRNA levels in response to tidal cycling. The observation of rRNA accumulation in response to drying and rewetting was used to divide the microbial community structure into ‘early responders’ (within 3 h of dry-down or wet-up) and ‘delayed responders’ (3+ h after wet-up). Response patterns were phylogenetically constrained across supra- to subtidal zones across all tidal stages. Microbial iron- and sulfur-cycling networks included these rare but active taxa, illustrating their spatiotemporal complexity, which should be considered for an accurate assessment of bioremediation efficiency, and specially for validating predictive biogeochemical models of long-term CASS ecosystems.
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Blitz, Brad K. "The Resistant Guild: Institutional Protectionism and Freedom of Movement in the Italian University System." South European Society and Politics 4, no. 1 (1999): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608740408539558.
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FAZZINI, Mauro. "disputas en torno a la designación de veedores en el gremio de los pelaires. Murcia, 1450-1510." Medievalismo, no. 30 (November 16, 2020): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/medievalismo.455101.
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En el presente trabajo nos proponemos analizar las tensiones existentes, entre mediados del siglo XV y principios del XVI, dentro del gremio murciano de los pelaires en torno a la designación anual de sus autoridades principales, los veedores. En este período, la elite dirigente busca hacerse con el monopolio del cargo en cuestión, mientras que un sector del artesanado resiste esta afrenta. A raíz de este conflicto, las autoridades urbanas modifican en diversas ocasiones los criterios de elección de veedores con el fin de acallar las tensiones internas de la corporación, aunque sin mayor éxito. Será nuestro objetivo analizar la naturaleza social de la disputa, para lo cual trataremos de identificar los intereses de los actores en pugna. This paper aims to analyze the existing tensions within the wool carders' guild of Murcia regarding the annual election of their main authorities – the so-called veedores – from the second half of the fifteenth century to the early sixteenth century. In this period, the guild´s elite sought to monopolize the designation of these authorities, with the resistance of several guild members. As a consequence of this conflict, the local council interceded several times by changing the election system with the aim of calming the tensions, although with no success. Our objective is to identify the interests of the main actors involved in the conflict, in order to analyze the social nature of this dispute.
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Laybourn, Keith. "The Guild of Help and the changing face of Edwardian philanthropy." Urban History 20, no. 1 (1993): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800009998.
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The Guild of Help was formed at Bradford in 1904 with the idea of introducing a new, more community-based, approach to deal with the increasingly important problem of poverty. It emerged to overcome the failures of charity and the threat of increased state intervention, seeking instead to get all the community to take responsibility for the poor. The movement spread rapidly and soon became a major constituent of voluntary urban relief in Britain. Yet, in the end, its community approach failed, largely because solving the problem of poverty was well beyond its means, and intent, but also because it was unable to draw the churches, the working classes and charities into working with the well-regulated system of help for the poor which it envisaged.
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Indsto, James O., Peter H. Weston, Mark A. Clements, Adrian G. Dyer, Michael Batley, and Robert J. Whelan. "Generalised pollination of Diuris alba (Orchidaceae) by small bees and wasps." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 6 (2007): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06207.
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Most Diuris species possess flowers of pea-like form and colour, and occur in association with flowering peas of the tribe Mirbeliae. Previous studies of the pollination of Diuris maculata sensu lato have found evidence for guild mimicry of pea flowers. The flowers of Diuris alba are also pea-like in form but not in colour, and this species is frequently found in habitats where peas are uncommon or absent. We investigated the pollination of Diuris alba, which we expected may have a distinct pollination system at Lake Munmorah, New South Wales. Many Diuris species lack floral rewards, but D. alba produced a small amount of nectar. Flower visitors, and hence putative pollinators, were mainly female Exoneura bees, but also the wasps Eurys pulcher and a Paralastor species. Reproductive success of D. alba, both in woodland containing abundant Dillwynia retorta and in heathland where this pea was absent, was higher than in the previously studied D. maculata s.l. We suggest that the pollination of D. alba is more generalised than that found in the legume guild mimic D. maculata s.l. Although its flowers may display structural similarity to pea flowers, other characteristics suggest that its pollination system has diverged from a presumed pea-mimicry ancestral condition.
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Becker, Christine, Peng Han, Mateus Ribeiro de Campos, et al. "Feeding guild determines strength of top-down forces in multitrophic system experiencing bottom-up constraints." Science of The Total Environment 793 (November 2021): 148544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148544.
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Strampelli, Paolo, Philipp Henschel, Charlotte E. Searle, David W. Macdonald, and Amy J. Dickman. "Spatial co-occurrence patterns of sympatric large carnivores in a multi-use African system." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (2023): e0280420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280420.
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Interspecific interactions can be a key driver of habitat use, and must be accounted for in conservation planning. However, spatial partitioning between African carnivores, and how this varies with scale, remains poorly understood. Furthermore, most studies have taken place within small or highly protected areas, rather than in the heterogeneous, mixed-use landscapes characteristic of much of modern Africa. Here, we provide one of the first empirical investigations into population-level competitive interactions among an African large carnivore guild. We collected detection/non-detection data for an eastern African large carnivore guild in Tanzania’s Ruaha-Rungwa conservation landscape, over an area of ~45,000 km2. We then applied conditional co-occupancy models to investigate co-occurrence between lion, leopard, and African wild dog, at two biologically meaningful scales. Co-occurrence patterns of cheetah and spotted hyaena could not be modelled. After accounting for habitat and detection effects, we found some evidence of wild dog avoidance of lion at the home range scale, and strong evidence of fine-scale avoidance. We found no evidence of interspecific exclusion of leopard by lion; rather, positive associations were observed at both scales, suggesting shared habitat preferences. We found little evidence of leopard habitat use being affected by wild dog. Our findings also reveal some interspecific effects on species detection, at both scales. In most cases, habitat use was driven more strongly by other habitat effects, such as biotic resources or anthropogenic pressures, than by interspecific pressures, even where evidence of the latter was present. Overall, our results help shed light on interspecific effects within an assemblage that has rarely been examined at this scale. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of sign-based co-occurrence modelling to describe interspecific spatial patterns of sympatric large carnivores across large scales. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for large carnivore conservation in modern African systems.
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Máslo, Lukáš Augustin. "Guilds and Competition: A Response to Objections of Laissez Faire." International Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52950/ss.2021.10.2.001.
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This paper offers a critique of laissez-faire objections to the guild system from the perspective of Catholic social teaching a presents the economic reasons for a restoration of the guild system as a functional economic model. The laissez-faire argument is that 1) the free competition on the supply side is in the best interest of the consumer, 2) each member of the society is a consumer, 3) ergo: free competition on the supply side is a common good, i. e. a goal which the state should follow. The author argues that 1) unlike majority of goods and services, two goods are becoming scarcer as a result of free competition on the supply side: time and land, 2) consumers which prefer consumption of leisure time and land are worse off as a result of free competition on the supply side, 3) ergo: the conclusion that free competition on the supply side is always a common good is invalid. According to the author, leisure time and land are essential for a good operation of a well-functioning family which is essential for a well-functioning state. In this connection, the author contends that the primary goal and raison d’etre of the guilds is control of the entrance of new producers to the industry, so that the incumbents who want to pay just (family) wages and/or prefer leisure time necessary for operation of a well-functioning family are not forced to change their behavior by the competitive pressure of the newcomers. Besides, a control of the entrance will limit the pressure to lowering wages below the level of the just (family) wage. To the objection of “no free lunch” the author responds: yes, the employers are facing a trade-off. In exchange for a possibly high but uncertain profit margin they will receive a lower but certain profit margin. To the objection of allocational inefficiency and economic stagnation resulting from suppressing external innovations, the author responds: 1) an external innovator can have his discovery patented and instead of the transitory entrepreneurial profit enjoy the incomes from the licenses; 2) the competitive pressure is only one possible drive of the economic growth, another drive is the human laziness which is constant across the economic systems.
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Johnson, Steven D. "The pollination niche and its role in the diversification and maintenance of the southern African flora." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1539 (2010): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0243.
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The flora of southern Africa has exceptional species richness and endemism, making it an ideal system for studying the patterns and processes of evolutionary diversification. Using a wealth of recent case studies, I examine the evidence for pollinator-driven diversification in this flora. Pollination systems, which represent available niches for ecological diversification, are characterized in southern Africa by a high level of ecological and evolutionary specialization on the part of plants, and, in some cases, by pollinators as well. These systems are asymmetric, with entire plant guilds commonly specialized for a particular pollinator species or functional type, resulting in obvious convergent floral evolution among guild members. Identified modes of plant lineage diversification involving adaptation to pollinators in these guilds include (i) shifts between pollination systems, (ii) divergent use of the same pollinator, (iii) coevolution, (iv) trait tracking, and (v) floral mimicry of different model species. Microevolutionary studies confirm that pollinator shifts can be precipitated when a plant species encounters a novel pollinator fauna on its range margin, and macroevolutionary studies confirm frequent pollinator shifts associated with lineage diversification. As Darwin first noted, evolutionary specialization for particular pollinators, when resulting in ecological dependency, may increase the risk of plant extinction. I thus also consider the evidence that disturbance provokes pollination failure in some southern African plants with specialized pollination systems.
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Sperandei, Vinícius F., Cristina M. Borges, and Marcel S. Araújo. "Necrophagy in cave environments: ecological pressure due to food scarcity? A case study of necrophagy by a harvestman Discocyrtanus canjinjim Carvalho & Kury, 2017 (Arachnida: Opiliones) preying on an Eidmanacris sp. (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) carcass." Entomological Communications 6 (December 30, 2024): ec06038. https://doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec06038.
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Cave environments present stable abiotic conditions, including permanent darkness, high humidity, and mild temperatures, while biotic factors reflect simplified ecological networks and energy constraints. Cave invertebrates, primarily detritivores and generalists, demonstrate specific adaptations to these conditions. Predation and necrophagy are critical behaviors shaped by the cave's scarcity of food resources. In this study, we report a rare necrophagy event involving Discocyrtanus canjinjim Carvalho & Kury, 2017 (Arachnida: Opiliones) feeding on a deceased cricket (Eidmanacris sp.) (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) in the Ponte de Pedra I Cave, Brazil. This limestone cave features large entrances and supports an oligotrophic system. The event occurred in an aphotic zone, where the harvestman displayed no flee behavior despite external stimuli. The presence of other predatory arachnids suggests potential intra-guild competition. Opiliones in the Cerrado and Caatinga exhibit opportunistic carnivory, consuming various prey taxa, including insects and vertebrates. Necrophagy, intra-guild predation, and cannibalism are behaviors reported in subterranean populations due to limited food availability. Climate change and anthropogenic pressures, such as deforestation and mining, threaten the stability of cave environments. Observations like this contribute to understanding the ecological dynamics within caves, highlighting the importance of preserving these fragile ecosystems.
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Caldwell, Janalee P. "Brazil nut fruit capsules as phytotelmata: interactions among anuran and insect larvae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 6 (1993): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-163.
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Under experimental conditions, body size, and thus indirectly priority effects, determines the outcome of predator–prey interactions among the aquatic larvae of a small assemblage of anuran and insect species using a patchily distributed microcosm. This assemblage occurs naturally in fallen fruit capsules of the Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excelsa (family Lecythidaceae), in lowland tropical forest in Amazonian Brazil. Three of the species (the tadpole of a poison frog and the larvae of a giant damselfly and a culicid mosquito) are predators in the system and form a guild in which all are capable of feeding mutually on smaller individuals of the other two species. The larvae of the two insects are also cannibalistic, although the tadpole is not. Predator–prey experiments among certain pairs of these three species revealed size-related intra-guild predation. The results of these experiments and observations on naturally occurring capsules indicate that only one individual of any species per fruit capsule will survive to adulthood. Field-sampled capsules revealed low densities of guild members, with few co-occurrences among them. Whether this is due to the timing of the study in the early part of the rainy season or some other factor limiting accessibility to the fruit capsules is unknown. Although priority effects are well known among assemblages of competitors, this study reveals that potentially they can significantly affect predator-structured systems. The larva of a fourth species in the assemblage, a small bufonid toad, is detritivorous and palatable to the three predaceous species. In the presence of one of the three predaceous species, survival of the bufonid larvae depends on a rapid time to metamorphosis and on saturation of the microcosm with enough individuals in a clutch that some will survive to metamorphosis.
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Sharad, More Nikhil. "MalenoCare: Skin Cancer Detection and Prescriptive Guild lines using AI and ML." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 6 (2025): 809–13. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.72226.
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MalenoCare is an AI-powered healthcare solution designed to assist in the early detection and stage prediction of skin cancer using deep learning techniques. The system leverages convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze dermoscopic images and accurately classify types of skin cancer. It offers a user-friendly interface for both patients and doctors, enabling remote diagnosis, medical report generation, and real-time chat communication. By integrating machine learning with accessible digital tools, MalenoCare aims to support timely intervention, reduce diagnostic delays, and contribute to improved patient outcomes, especially in underserved or remote areas. The project utilizes publicly available datasets such as HAM10000 and ISIC 2019 to train and validate the model, ensuring high accuracy and generalization. Advanced techniques like data augmentation, normalization, and transfer learning are applied to enhance performance. MalenoCare also features a medical history form, secure storage of patient data, and intelligent report generation. Its vision extends beyond diagnosis—aiming to spread awareness, promote preventive care, and align with global health goals by making skin cancer screening accessible and affordable to all
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De Souza, Helender Ueno Seelig, Zilza Thayane Matos Guimarães, Nara Maria Silva De Almeida, Afrânio Ferreira Neves Junior, Herberto Ueno Seelig De Souza, and Adenomar Neves De Carvalho. "Edaphic Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Three Different Land Use Systems in the Eastern Amazon." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 17, no. 10 (2023): e04088. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v17n10-018.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate edaphic beetles’ abundance, diversity indexes and composition dependence in different land-use systems (LUS) under tropical climate conditions. Method: We surveyed three different LUS such as primary forest fragment (FFP), agroforestry system (SAF) and conventional agricultural cultivation (CAC) in Eastern Amazon. The edaphic beetles were collected using pitfall traps, identified to the family taxonomic level and classified into trophic guilds (carnivore, detritivore, fungivore, and/or herbivore). Results and conclusion: All LUS showed strong dominance by Scarabaeidae and Staphylinidae families. The edaphic beetles community is influenced by the LUS, since the highest rates of abundance, average richness, diversity and evenness were found in the CAC. Edaphic beetles’ composition is dependent to natural vegetation, which accumulated richness is the greatest parameter related to natural vegetation. Research implications: No-tillage cultivation, with homogeneous vegetation formed by decayed plant material from the last culture cycle, can improve and preserve beetles’ detritivore trophic guild. Due to the edaphic beetles’ composition dependence to natural vegetation, is important to preserve forest fragments near altered landscapes to ensure better conditions for this organism’s reestablishment. Originality/value: Edaphic beetles have rarely been studied under different LUS with tropical conditions, particularly in the Eastern Amazon. Comprising these organisms distribution pattern after land-use changes is essential for ecological conservation implications.
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Lu, Mei, Ya Li Pei, and Fei Li. "The Study on the Green Building’s Values and it’s Crucial Factor - Green Engineering Management." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2595.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, the green buildings have become an important fashion in construction industry. The green buildings' values for the countries, the investors and the contractors are expounded in this paper.Then green engineering management is the crucial influencing factor for the green buildings. Barriers to the green engineering management, such as cognition, technology, non-integrated codes system and so on also are analyzed in this paper.And in order to promote the development of green engineering management, the correspondingly responsibilities for constructing green buildings are combed and proposed for government administration, guild, research institutes, investors and con- structors.
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Belso Delgado, Marina. "Aderezando un retablo: un litigio entre Miguel López y el gremio de carpinteros de Orihuela." Imafronte, no. 32 (April 11, 2025): 103–18. https://doi.org/10.6018/imafronte.615711.
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The creation of the Royal Academies established the beginning of the official regularisation of the artists’s studio and work. This new system was opposed to the traditional training and control of the guild workshops, which led to various disputes between academics and non-academics throughout the kingdom. In this context, this article analyses the accusations between the sculptor Miguel López and the Carpenter’s Guild of Orihuela in 1806, in connection with a reform of an altarpiece in the Saint Augustine’s church in the same city, of which a sketch of its finial has been located. La creación de las Reales Academias constituyó el comienzo de la regularización con carácter oficial del estudio y trabajo de los artistas. Este nuevo sistema se oponía a la formación y control tradicional dependiente de los talleres gremiales, lo que generó diversas disputas entre académicos y no académicos por todo el reino. En este contexto, el presente artículo analiza las acusaciones interpuestas entre el escultor Miguel López y el Gremio de Carpinteros de Orihuela en 1806, a colación de una reforma a un retablo de la iglesia del antiguo convento de San Agustín de la misma ciudad, del que se ha localizado un boceto de su remate.
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Rech, André Rodrigo, Fatima Cristina de Lazari Manente-Balestieri, and Maria Lúcia Absy. "Reproductive biology of Davilla kunthii A. St-Hil. (Dilleniaceae) in Central Amazonia." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 2 (2011): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000200024.
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This survey aimed at describing the interactions of floral visitors and Davilla kunthii A. St.-Hil. as well as characteristics of its reproductive biology in Itacoatiara, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Tests of the breeding system were performed. The guild of visitors was described according to richness, abundance, relative frequency and constancy. The breeding system tests indicated that D. kunthii is self-compatible. The pollination system was characterized as generalist, with 39 visitor species, from three different orders. Bees were the main group of pollinators, thus some behavioural aspects were described. Th e period of highest foraging activity was between 7 and 10 am. Some species presented agonistic and monopolistic behaviour. Given the behaviour and destructive potential, the Curculionidae seem to have a greater impact as seed predators than pollinators.