Relevant bibliographies by topics / Guild Wars

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Guild Wars'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Guild Wars"

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van Ommen, Mattias. "Guild Wars 2, the Frankfurt School and Dialectical Fairy Scenes: A Critical Approach Towards Massively Multiplayer Online Video Games." Games and Culture 13, no. 6 (2016): 547–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555412015627392.

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In this study, I use a revised approach of the Frankfurt School in order to critically assess a recent massively multiplayer online video game, Guild Wars 2. Starting with a brief historical overview of the Frankfurt School, I proceed by applying a revision of the school’s main contributions to analyzing Guild Wars 2. This includes an integration of processes of production and distribution, various levels of textual analysis, and audience reception. My main method of investigation is long-term participant observation, and throughout the article, I will argue for the use of such qualitative methods in the critical study of video games. Doing this, I have found that Guild Wars 2 offers a complex experience with enormous appeal and creative potential, while at other times being surprisingly restrictive, culminating in what Walter Benjamin would call a dialectical fairy scene.
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Palmer, Todd M. "Wars of attrition: colony size determines competitive outcomes in a guild of African acacia ants." Animal Behaviour 68, no. 5 (2004): 993–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.005.

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Rosier, Kate, and Celia Pearce. "Doing gender versus playing gender in online worlds: Masculinity and femininity in Second Life and Guild Wars." Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds 3, no. 2 (2011): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.3.2.125_1.

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Campbell, Debra. "The Rise of the Lay Catholic Evangelist in England and America." Harvard Theological Review 79, no. 4 (1986): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000020186.

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In December 1916 David Goldstein, Catholic convert and former Jewish socialist cigarmaker, approached Boston's Cardinal William Henry O'Connell with a novel plan. Goldstein wanted to deliver lectures on Catholicism from a custom-built Model-T Ford on Boston Common. A little over a year later, across the Atlantic, Vernon Redwood, a transplanted tenor from New Zealand, asked Francis Cardinal Bourne of Westminster for permission to speak on behalf of the church in Hyde Park. Both Goldstein and Redwood received episcopal approval and Boston's Catholic Truth Guild and London's Catholic Evidence Guild were born. The emergence of these two movements marked a new epoch in the history of the Roman Catholic laity in the English-speaking world. The fact that the lay evangelist appeared on the scene during the First World War and in the aftermath of the Vatican condemnations of Americanism (1899) and Modernism (1907), actions generally assumed to have dampened the spirit of individual initiative in the church, renders them all the more illuminating to scholars of modern Catholicism. Goldstein and Redwood both exemplified and encouraged the new assertiveness which began to characterize a growing number of the American and English laity by the First World War. They call our attention to a significant shift in the self-identity of the lay population which came to fruition during the period between the World Wars, a shift which prompted even tenors and cigarmakers to mount the public pulpit.
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Behrend, Heike. "The Rise of Occult Powers, AIDS and the Roman Catholic Church in Western Uganda." Journal of Religion in Africa 37, no. 1 (2007): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006607x166582.

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AbstractTaking as my example a lay organisation of the Roman Catholic Church, the Uganda Martyrs Guild, which entered the public domain in western Uganda in the 1990s and started to organise witch and cannibal hunts, I offer two arguments to the ongoing debate on the rise of occult forces in Africa. First, against the tendency to find the origin of the rise of occult forces in the invisible hand of capital, I relate the dramatic activation and rise of occult forces in Africa to the large increase in death rates caused by the AIDS epidemic (and to a lesser extent local wars). Although various scholars have shown in detail that in Africa contemporary Christianity has not put an end to witchcraft and the occult, but instead provided a new context in which they make perfect sense, they missed the point that precisely the fight against the occult reproduces and strengthens the 'enemy'. As I try to show, Christian anti-witchcraft movements are instrumental in reinstating the occult powers they fight against.
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Ng Lee-Luan and Rino Shafierul Azizie Shahrir Raghbir. "Learning English Vocabulary via Computer Gaming." Issues in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (2021): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.2708.2021.

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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, educators have opted for online discussions and classes in which the teaching and learning sessions occur beyond the classroom environment. As various forms of technology such as gaming can be potentially used as platforms for online teaching and learning, the study aims to investigate the use of vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) in a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) among Malaysian English as a second language (ESL) players. Data were obtained via a 12-hour online game-play recorded sessions of Guild Wars 2 involving four Malaysian ESL players. The participants consisted of experienced online gamers aged between 24 and 25 years. The game-play sessions were also observed to provide supporting details on how the players utilised strategies when learning English vocabulary. The outcome of the study revealed that the ESL players employed different VLS during their game-play sessions. Gu and Johnson’s (1996) categorisation of VLS, which are metacognitive, cognitive, memory, and activation strategies, was subsequently modified to accommodate the MMORPG context. The results showed that the top five strategies used by the players were meaning-making, consultation, using online dictionary, word comparison, and incorporating words with real-world contexts.
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Nolan, Mary. "Air Wars, Memory Wars." Central European History 38, no. 1 (2005): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569161053623651.

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The German preoccupation with the Nazi past, with issues of guilt, responsibility, and victimization “… doesn't end. Never will it end,” to quote the resigned note on which Günter Grass concluded his latest novel, Crabwalk. It manifests itself in ever new forms, as different parts of the past, which may or may not have been repressed, come to the fore and are painfully reconstructed, tentatively probed, and reluctantly and often only partially accepted. Each new perspective on the past reorders, sometimes even shatters, the previous mosaic. Recall the impact of the film Holocaust or of the Wehrmacht exhibition. A similar phenomenon is now occurring—or so some hope and others fear. Since 2002 German suffering, rather than German guilt, has become the principal theme in discourses about the past. The firebombing of Hamburg and Dresden, the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff, “moral bombing,” mass rape, and ethnic cleansing dominate historical and literary production and public debate as the Eastern Front, war crimes, and the pervasive knowledge of the Holocaust did in the mid- and late-1990s, and the uniqueness of the Holocaust and its central place within the Third Reich did a decade before that.
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Truelove, Heather Barnes, and M. Ryan Nugent. "Straw wars: Pro-environmental spillover following a guilt appeal." Journal of Environmental Psychology 72 (December 2020): 101521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101521.

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McLean, Thomas R. "Turf Wars: What Can Modern Medicine Learn Form Medieval Guilds?" American Heart Hospital Journal 3, no. 4 (2005): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-9215.2005.04516.x.

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M, Kayalvizhi. "Tamil and European Merchant Guilds." International Research Journal of Tamil 1, no. 4 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt1941.

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“Thirai kadal oodium thiraviyam thedu” are the words by the Avvaiyar and our ancestors were the people who lived in the way. Tamils have always admired the plow and the business. All three hairdressers gave their business a boost. Sustainable business is seen as the backbone of the economy. The lows of a country can be determined by the economy of the country. From time to time, the rulers protected the business. Merchants who do business are like the eyes of a country. Although society provides the merchants with convenience, specialty, superiority, prominence and importance, they also have many difficulties. Traders were greatly affected by natural disasters, alien invasions, unrelenting wars, and negative regime changes. Merchants were plagued by domestic thieves and wayward robbers. Unrelenting nuisance of pirates
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Guild Wars"

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Pugh, Lauren. "Guilt, distress and ways of coping with guilty thoughts in a clinical sample." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/guilt-distress-and-ways-of-coping-with-guilty-thoughts-in-a-clinical-sample(083f5c02-44d6-4959-b18b-e7e924cf5129).html.

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This thesis explores the role of guilt in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and ways of coping with guilt-related thoughts in a clinical sample. The thesis is presented as three papers that include a review of the literature, an empirical research study and critical appraisal of the research process. In the first paper, the author provides a systematic review of 27 studies to determine whether an association exists between guilt and symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Guilt remains an associated feature of PTSD; however, how these two constructs might be linked is not fully understood. Therefore the current review further evaluated the evidence for four competing models conceptualising the guilt-PTSD relationship. Overall, trauma-related guilt was positively related to PTSD symptomology even when controlling for depression. Guilt cognitions reflecting self-blame, perceived responsibility and wrongdoing were frequently associated with PTSD symptoms. Few studies found guilt was no longer related to PTSD symptomology when controlling for shame. Future studies ought to control for overlapping or confounding variables and further explore factors that may mediate the guilt-PTSD relationship such as coping. The second paper provided preliminary validation of a newly developed and unique measure of coping with guilty thoughts (GLAMS) in a clinical sample. A total of 67 participants from primary care services completed the GLAMS and measures of distress, guilt, coping and thought control. Eighteen completed the GLAMS and distress measure two weeks later. Overall the GLAMS evidenced moderate to high internal consistency and acceptable to good concurrent validity. Maladaptive subscales were found to be reliable over time. Higher self-punishment was related to greater guilt and distress and more mindful coping was related to a reduction in guilt supporting construct validity. Future research is required to test the stability of the GLAMS factor structure in a larger clinical sample. The GLAMS may have clinical utility in guiding psychological intervention towards more adaptive ways of coping with guilt. It may also provide a suitable outcome measure by monitoring the frequency in which clients engage in maladaptive ways of coping. The final paper provided a critical evaluation and reflection on the research process. Particular reference was made to the research rationale, methodological and ethical issues and considerations were given for future research and clinical practice. Conclusions drawn from this thesis are limited largely by the cross-sectional nature of most of the studies reviewed in paper 1 and insufficient numbers for the empirical study, which due to methodological and service-related constraints, limited further exploration of the data. Factor analysis and subsequent validation of the GLAMS in a larger sample is required to further support inferences drawn.
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Crombie, Laura. "From war to peace : archery and crossbow guilds in Flanders c.1300-1500." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2830/.

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This thesis engages with a broad range archival source from across Flanders to analyse poorly understood urban groups, the archery and crossbow guilds. The development and continuing importance of the guilds, as military and social groups, and as agents of social peace, will be analysed over six chapters. Chapter one traces the guilds’ origins and continuing military service. Proving a foundation date or a definitive origin for most guilds has proved impossible, but their enduring military importance can be established. In contrast to the assumptions of Arnade (1996), stating that after 1436 the guilds rarely served in war, I have shown that guilds served across the fifteenth century. Chapter two examines the guild-brothers themselves, through a prosopographical study of the members of the Bruges guilds. Many writers have assumed guilds to be ‘elite’ but no study to date has attempted to prove the status of guild-brothers. My use of several hundred different sources reveals numerous important details about guilds’ composition. Many ‘elites’ were present, but so too were members of all crafts and, in comparison with the militia records of 1436, many richer crafts were greatly underrepresented, but crucially no profession was excluded. Chapters three and four analyse respectively the devotions and community of the guilds. Both show the centrality of choice; that guilds were reactive and complex groups changing in response to the needs of members, who could include women, children and priests. Chapter five steps back from the guilds to examine their relationships with authorities. The rulers of Flanders granted privileges to guilds, but they also socialised with them. Great lords patronised and joined guilds, helping them gain rights and lands, but such relationships were mutually beneficial. Urban authorities also supported their guilds, through money, wine, cloth and even land the towns cherished their guilds not just as defenders, but as representatives of civic ideology. Chapter six demonstrates the guilds’ displays of honour and civic prestige at their best, through a study of their competitions. Competitions brought hundreds of armed men together, yet they did not provoke violence, rather, through the language of brotherhood and symbols of commensality, competitions rebuilt damaged communities. A study of competitions is far more than a study of spectacles; it is an analysis of the greatest forms of civic representation and the guilds becoming agents of social peace.
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Carnahan, Kevin. "Sin, guilt, justice and war Paul Ramsey and Reinhold Niebuhr on the moral framework for just war thought /." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3258700.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Religious Studies)--S.M.U., 2007.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 18, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: A, page: 1021. Adviser: Robin W. Lovin. Includes bibliographical references.
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Etxebarria, Itziar, Darío Páez, José Valencia, María de los Ángeles Bilbao, and Elena Zubieta. "Effects of the Church’s expiation and glorification rituals on the Spanish Civil War." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101490.

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The article analyses the psychosocial impact of the apologies about the role of the Catholic Church in the Spanish Civil war along two studies. The relational study showed that Blazquez’s apology was perceived with limited impact, being more important at a societal level than at a micro-social level, both, on direct or indirect victims. The experimental study showed that self-criticism reinforced guilt as well as the need for reparation, whereas glorification diminished them.<br>Se analiza el impacto de las disculpas sobre el rol de la Iglesia Católica en la guerra civil española. Un estudio correlacional mostró que el impacto de las disculpas del obispo Blázquez fue limitado y los encuestados percibieron un impacto mayor sobre la sociedad en general que sobre las víctimas o sus descendientes. Un estudio experimental comparó las opiniones de una condición control donde los participantes leían sobre el rol de la Iglesia en la guerra civil española, con una donde los participantes además leían la autocrítica y con otra donde además leían sobre una beatificación de mártires de la Iglesia durante la guerra civil. La autocrítica reforzaba la culpa y la necesidad de reparación, mientras que la beatificación las disminuía.
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Cook, Eddie Walton. "The effect of faith on post-traumatic stress and survivor guilt among global war on terrorism patients." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), access this title online, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.064-0125.

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Morrell, Rachel Marie. "THE PASSION OF CHRIST AND THE ANTI-VIETNAM WAR MOVEMENT AT KENT STATE UNIVERSITY: AN APPLICATION OF BURKES GUILT-REDEMPTION CYCLE." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1462801014.

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Kanemoto, Emi. "Rhetorical Complexity of Advocating Intercultural Peace: Post-World War II Peace Discourse." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1573829203404354.

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OGAWA, Masahiro, та 正廣 小川. "ウェルギリウス『アエネイス』の結末と戦争の罪責". 名古屋大学文学部, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19743.

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McCarthy, Marjorie M. "An Exploration of Moral Injury as Experienced by Combat Veterans." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1474746080725332.

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Macálková, Eva. "Vyrovnávání se Německa s minulostí (s aplikací na německo-české vztahy)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72660.

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This diploma thesis deals with reflecting of the World War II in consciousness of the contemporary German generations, which have no direct experience of the period in question. The aim is to answer the question of whether there still persists a feeling of "collective guilt" for the crimes perpetrated on the other nations, especially on the Czech nation. The thesis thus defines a concept of guilt, and follows the public discussion and interpretation of history in Germany at the present time, as well as in the post-war period. For this purpose, it observes the official German policy, activities of civil society and public by means of media, literature and cultural and educational activities. The thesis also analyses historical facts of the post-war period in Germany and development of German-Czechoslovak/Czech relations and their importance for the contemporary German interpretation of history.
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Books on the topic "Guild Wars"

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Schlesinger, Ed, ed. Guild Wars: Ghosts of Ascalon. Pocket Star Books, 2010.

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Schwartz, Nancy Lynn. The Hollywood writers' wars. iUniverse.com, 2001.

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The question of German guilt. Fordham University Press, 2000.

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Francq, H. G. A study of guilt: The Eichmann story. Third Eye, 1991.

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Enge, James. A guile of dragons: Tournament of shadows I. Pyr, 2012.

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War, guilt, and world politics after World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Macdonald, Dwight. The root is man. Autonomedia, 1995.

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Baker, Lillian. Dishonoring America: The collective guilt of American Japanese. Edited by Americans for Historical Accuracy. Webb Research Group, 1988.

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Trauma and guilt: Literature of wartime bombing in Germany. W. de Gruyter, 2003.

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Lentin, A. Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the pre-history of appeasement. Methuen, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Guild Wars"

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Bozyer, Zafer, and Pınar Onay Durdu. "Heuristic Evaluation of a MMORPG: Guild Wars 2." In HCI International 2014 - Posters’ Extended Abstracts. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07854-0_2.

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Zajc, Marko. "The Politics of Memory in Slovenia and the Erection of the Monument to the Victims of All Wars." In The Memory of Guilt Revisited. V&R unipress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737010078.225.

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Butter, Michael. "Hitler Wars: Guilt and Complicity from Hirschbiegel to Harald Schmidt." In Hitler — Films from Germany. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137032386_8.

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Hegasy, Sonja. "Letter to Oneself: Acknowledging Guilt in Post-War Lebanon." In Civil War and Narrative. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61179-2_3.

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Sherman, Nancy. "The War Within: Moral Injury and Guilt." In Heroism and the Changing Character of War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137362537_17.

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Jahn, Egbert. "Guilt in Wars of Aggression and Mass Murders: Who Is the Perpetrator, Who Is Responsible?" In War and Compromise Between Nations and States. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34131-2_1.

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Broz, Svetlana. "When Nobody Stood Up and Everybody is Guilty: A Puzzle of Individual Responsibility and Collective Guilt (Invited voice)." In War, Community, and Social Change. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7491-3_10.

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"Dying to Play: How Death Mechanics Provide Meaningful Experiences in Guild Wars." In Cultural Perspectives of Video Games: From Desiger to Player. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9781848881617_004.

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Dixon, Daniel H., and MaryAnn Christison. "L2 Gamers' Use of Learning and Communication Strategies in Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOs)." In CALL Theory Applications for Online TESOL Education. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6609-1.ch013.

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The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to review the benefits of digital game-based language learning (DGBLL), specifically massively multiplayer online games (MMOs), and (2) to present research investigating the design elements of MMOs that can be beneficial for second language acquisition (SLA). Data were gathered from volunteer ESL learners playing the MMO Guild Wars 2 over the course of four weeks. The findings from the research indicate that MMOs with design elements like Guild Wars 2 are beneficial to SLA primarily because they provide opportunities for interaction in the target language through participation in collaborative problem-solving gaming tasks. The results of the research presented in this chapter show (1) that the requirements of input and output for successful gaming allow for a type of interaction in which the focus on language form leads to modified-output, (2) that players have opportunities to negotiate input as a means of completing in-game tasks, and (3) that in-game tasks resemble well-designed classroom instructional tasks believed to be beneficial for SLA.
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Ogilvie, Sheilagh. "Market Manipulation." In The European Guilds. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691137544.003.0004.

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This chapter looks at the many ways guilds limited competition in order that their members might have a more comfortable living, at the expense of customers, employees, rivals, and the wider economy. A guild controlled not only who could legally practise an occupation, but what he could do once he got in. The guilds' major preoccupation in these collectively agreed regulations was to manipulate markets in what their members produced and in the inputs they used to produce it. As the sole legitimate practitioners of a particular occupation, it made sense for guild masters to use their guilds to restrict internal rivalry and external competition that might push down prices and push up costs. The guilds had first to suppress outsiders who sold the same wares “much more cheaply,” and then to set minimum selling prices for guild members, “so they might have a comfortable living by doing so.”
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Conference papers on the topic "Guild Wars"

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Bruževica, Rūta. "Socializēšanās prakses viduslaiku pilsētā: amatu korporāciju piemērs." In LU Studentu zinātniskā konference "Mundus et". LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lu.szk.2.rk.04.

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One of the most important aspects of medieval human life was being in a community. On the one hand, medieval city itself was such a community, whereas on the other hand, there still remained social, economic and occupational differences between its inhabitants, which in daily life dissociated people. In addition to the community in the city, the church and the family, another type of community developed in medieval cities – professional or artisan associations, fraternities or guilds. For a very long time, the studies dedicated to these organizations focused mainly on their economic, legal and organizational aspects, and hence guilds are mainly associated with their economic activities. However, the religious and social life they yielded was no less important and provided people’s daily lives with activities that complemented their spiritual and social life. The aim of the study is to review and analyse the social practices found in the source material, whereby such aspects of socialization as the formation of beneficial social contacts, maintenance of relationships, as well as mutual assistance were practiced in medieval artisan associations. Examples and their similarities in various artisan associations in Europe, including Riga, which are reported in medieval written sources, especially the statutes of these associations, will be discussed. The obtained information collected in the study confirms that associations extended beyond economic goals, as their practices promoted social contacts between members, strengthened friendships, fostered respect and responsibility for each other.
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Bao, Qifang, Ann M. Hughes, Edward Burnell, and Maria C. Yang. "Investigating User Emotional Responses to Eco-Feedback Designs." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86208.

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Emotional responses to a product can be critical to influencing how the product will be used. This study explores the emotions that arise from users’ interaction with eco-feedback products, and investigates links between emotions and users’ resource conservation behaviors. In-lab experiments were conducted with 30 participants of varying backgrounds. Each participant was shown sketches of four conceptual designs of eco-feedback products and reported how they would feel and behave in different scenarios using the products. Results showed that taking immediate resource conservation actions such as turning off lights was correlated with negative emotions such as guilt and embarrassment. Users’ evaluations of product aesthetics, usefulness and overall quality, however, were highly correlated with positive emotions, described as satisfied, hopeful, interested and/or excited. Two styles of eco-feedback design, quantitative and figurative, were compared. Figurative designs were observed to evoke much stronger emotions among younger participants than older ones. Ultimately, we hope our findings are useful to the designers of eco-feedback products.
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Saadi, Jana I., and Maria C. Yang. "Motivating Sustainable Behavior Using Cognitive Interventions in Product Design." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22464.

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Abstract Designing products to encourage sustainable behavior during their use can have significant influence on their total environmental impact. Cognitive interventions can be used to inform users of the importance of sustainable behavior and make users aware of the resources they consume while evoking positive or negative emotions. The first part of this study investigated two methods of cognitive interventions, information (positively and negatively framed) and feedback, and their effectiveness in encouraging users to reduce their napkin consumption in cafés. The number of napkins per transaction illustrated a short-term behavior change for positive information, a longer-term behavior change for negative information, and no change for feedback. In the second phase of this study, a survey was conducted to understand environmental concerns around napkin consumption and emotions and perceived effectiveness of each intervention. Results from 295 valid survey responses showed that the positively framed informative design reminded users to use less napkins in order to save trees and was dominated by positive emotions such as feeling encouraged. The negative information message informed users to use fewer napkins due to the consequences on the environment and was related to negative emotions such as guilt and worry. The feedback intervention’s message was more informative, reminding users that napkins come from trees and the emotions evoked from the intervention closely resembled that of the control. These findings suggest that information and feedback interventions that evoke emotions can be used to promote sustainable behavior.
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Reports on the topic "Guild Wars"

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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (&gt;45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
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