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1
Passy, Sophia I. "Framework for community functioning: synthesis of stress gradient and resource partitioning concepts." PeerJ 5 (October 2, 2017): e3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3885.
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To understand how communities function and generate abundance, I develop a framework integrating elements from the stress gradient and resource partitioning concepts. The framework suggests that guild abundance depends on environmental and spatial factors but also on inter-guild interactions (competitor or facilitator richness), which can alter the fundamental niche of constituent species in negative (competition) or positive direction (facilitation). Consequently, the environmental and spatial mechanisms driving guild abundance would differ across guilds and interaction modes. Using continental data on stream diatoms and physico-chemistry, the roles of these mechanisms were tested under three interaction modes—shared preference, distinct preference, and facilitative, whereby pairs of guilds exhibited, respectively, a dominance-tolerance tradeoff along a eutrophication gradient, specialization along a pH gradient, or a donor-recipient relationship along a nitrogen gradient. Representative of the shared preference mode were the motile (dominant) and low profile (tolerant) guilds, of the distinct preference mode—the acidophilous and alkaliphilous (low profile) guilds, and of the facilitative mode—nitrogen fixers (donors) and motile species (recipients). In each mode, the influences of environment, space (latitude and longitude), and competitor or facilitator richness on guild density were assessed by variance partitioning. Pure environment constrained most strongly the density of the dominant, the acidophilous, and the recipient guild in the shared preference, distinct preference, and facilitative mode, respectively, while spatial effects were important only for the low profile guild. Higher competitor richness was associated with lower density of the tolerant guild in the shared preference mode, both guilds in the distinct preference mode, and the donor guild in the facilitative mode. Conversely, recipient density in the facilitative mode increased with donor richness in stressful nitrogen-poor environments. Thus, diatom guild abundance patterns were determined primarily by biotic and/or environmental impacts and, with the exception of the low profile guild, were insensitive to spatial effects. This framework identifies major sources of variability in diatom guild abundance with implications for the understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning.
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Turčáni, M., J. Patočka, and M. Kulfan. "How do lepidopteran seasonal guilds differ on some oaks (Quercus spp.) – A case study." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 12 (December 7, 2009): 578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/53/2009-jfs.
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The differences between oak lepidopteran communities were studied in Slovakia in 1993 and 1994. Sampling was undertaken between April and October on 3 oak species (<I>Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. rubra</I>). Biological traits of larvae were examined in order to explain differences in seasonal guilds among oaks. Communities varied in structure and abundance. Species richness in four seasonal guilds (flush, late spring, summer and autumn feeders) had a similar pattern on each of the studied oak species. The guild of flush feeders had the richest species assemblage, followed by the late spring feeder guild and both guilds were significantly richer than the summer feeder guild and autumn feeder guild.
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Poor, Nathaniel. "What MMO Communities Don’t Do: A Longitudinal Study of Guilds and Character Leveling, Or Not." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 9, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v9i1.14660.
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Guilds, a primary form of community in many online games, are thought to both aid gameplay and act as social entities. This work uses a three-year scrape of one game, World of Warcraft, to study the relationship between guild membership and advancement in the game as measured by character leveling, a defining and often studied metric. 509 guilds and 90,581 characters are included in the analysis from a three-year period with over 36 million observations, with linear regression to measure the effect of guild membership. Overall findings indicate that guild membership does not aid character leveling to any significant extent. The benefits of guilds may be replicated by players in smaller guilds or not in guilds through game affordances and human sociability.
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Prak, Maarten, Clare Haru Crowston, Bert De Munck, Christopher Kissane, Chris Minns, Ruben Schalk, and Patrick Wallis. "Access to the Trade: Monopoly and Mobility in European Craft Guilds in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries." Journal of Social History 54, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 421–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shz070.
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Abstract One of the standard objections against guilds in the premodern world has been their exclusiveness. Guilds have been portrayed as providing unfair advantages to the children of established masters and locals, over immigrants and other outsiders. Privileged access to certain professions and industries is seen as a source of inequality and a disincentive for technological progress. In this paper, we examine this assumption by studying the composition of guild masters and apprentices from a large sample of European towns and cities from 1600 to 1800, focusing on the share who were children of masters or locals. These data offer an indirect measurement of the strength of guild barriers and, by implication, of their monopolies. We find very wide variation between guilds in practice, but most guild masters and apprentices were immigrants or unrelated locals: openness was much more common than closure, especially in larger centers. Our understanding of guild “monopolies” and exclusivity is in need of serious revision.
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Casteels, Isabel. "Haringhandel en heiligenverering : Het toenemend belang van religieuze praktijken binnen het Haarlems Schonenvaardersgilde in de zestiende eeuw." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 132, no. 4 (February 1, 2020): 559–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2019.4.003.cast.
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Abstract Herring trade and holy feast. The growing importance of religious practices in the Schonenvaarders guild in sixteenth-century HaarlemThis article examines the importance of religious and social practices for a sixteenth-century guild of herring merchants in Haarlem. Although recent historiography on medieval and early modern corporations has shown the importance of these practices for guild life in general, not much is known regarding merchant guilds specifically. Using practice-oriented sources such as the administration and memberships lists in guild books, and religious artefacts such as the guild’s altar, this article maps the religious and social practices of the guild members. It argues that although in the sixteenth century the guild still presented itself as a guild of herring traders, these economic activities of the guild declined in importance in this period compared with its pre-existing social and religious activities. Thus, the function and practices of the guild changed over time, showing the flexibility of these dynamic institutions. The Schonenvaarders guild shows also the importance of these religious practices for both community cohesion within the guild and corporation-based lay piety in sixteenth-century Haarlem.
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Setyaningrum, Nuning, Sugiharto Sugiharto, and Priyo Susatyo. "Komposisi dan status guild komunitas ikan di Waduk Sempor Jawa Tengah." Depik 9, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.9.3.15094.
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Abstract.The functional community is described depends on the function of species in utilization food (guild). The utilization of food is a process of energy transfers in the food chain and it is represented in the pyramid of numbers. The objective of this research was to analyze the structure community of fish and the guild compositions in Sempor Reservoir. This research applied a survey with purposive random sampling technique with four station in Sempor Reservoir. Sampling at each site was taken 4 replication with interval 1 monts. The composition and status of the guild is carried out by mesuring the guild based on the position of the mouth, tooth type, gill filter type, and ratio of body length and intestine. Guilds are composed of compositions depicted by a number pyramid based on the number of species per station. The results of this reserach captured 439 individuals consists of 14 species and belong to 6 families that dominated by Cyprinidae. The number and species of fish caught were the most at the Bangkong river inlet (142 individuals) and the lowest at the center of the reservoir (60 individuals). Comparison of the composition of fish guilds at the four stations in the Sempor Reservoir shows that the number of omnivorous and carnivorous fish is obtained more than herbivorous fish. The composition of the guild at Kalianget river inlet (72.9%) and Central reservoir (42.7%) was dominated by carnivorous fish, while at Pengantalan river inlet (52.9%) and Bangkong (58.9%) were dominated by omnivorous fish. The composition of herbivorous fish is at least at all stations so that in general the composition of fish guilds in the Sempor reservoir has not been balanced.Keywords: species composition, guild, pyramid of number,Sempor reservoir Abstrak. Komunitas secara fungsional menggambarkan fungsi spesies yang ditentukan dengan pemanfaatan sumber makanan (guild). Pemanfaatan makanan dalam rantai makanan merupakan proses transfer energi dan digambarkan dengan piramida jumlah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji komposisi dan tingkat status guild komunitas ikan yang tertangkap di perairan waduk Sempor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei dan teknik purposive random sampling pada 4 stasiun di Waduk Sempor. Sampling dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali tiap bulan. Komposisi dan status guild dengan mengukur guild berdasarkan posisi mulut, tipe gigi, tipe tapis insang, dan rasio panjang tubuh dan usus. Komposisi guild digambarkan dengan piramida jumlah berdasarkan jumlah spesies per stasiun. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 439 individu terdiri dari 8 Familia dan 14 Spesies yang di dominasi familia Cyprinidae. Jumlah dan jenis individu ikan yang tertangkap paling banyak pada inlet sungai Bangkong (142 individu) dan terendah pada bagian tengah waduk (60 individu). Perbandingan komposisi guild ikan pada empat stasiun di waduk Sempor menunjukkan bahwa jumlah ikan omnivora dan karnivora lebih banyak diperoleh daripada ikan herbivora. Komposisi guild pada inlet sungai Kalianget (72,9%) dan Tengah waduk (42,7%) di dominasi oleh ikan karnivora, sedangkan pada inlet sungai Pengantalan (52,9%) dan Bangkong (58,9%) di dominasi ikan omnivora. Komposisi ikan herbivora paling sedikit pada semua stasiun sehingga secara umum komposisi guild ikan di waduk Sempor belum seimbang.Kata kunci: komposisi jenis, guild, piramida jumlah, waduk Sempor
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GODDARD, RICHARD. "Medieval business networks: St Mary's guild and the borough court in later medieval Nottingham." Urban History 40, no. 1 (December 19, 2012): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000600.
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ABSTRACT:Historians have suggested that medieval urban guilds played a role in political and commercial networking. Guilds’ commercial protectionism was designed to benefit their membership and close ties have been discovered between merchant guilds and urban oligarchies. This article asks if all guilds should be viewed as commercial networking hubs. It uses evidence from a later fourteenth-century membership roll of St Mary's guild in Nottingham in conjunction with Nottingham's borough court rolls to analyse the commercial connections between members and non-members in that period. It concludes that the guild did not function as a networking hub.
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Miller, Owen. "Ties of Labour and Ties of Commerce: Corvée among Seoul Merchants in the Late 19th Century." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 50, no. 1 (2007): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852007780323896.
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AbstractThe wealthiest guilds of the Choson Dynasty (1392-1910) capital, Seoul, formed part of the government's provisioning system, providing mainly luxury goods for royal palaces, government offices and tribute gifts to China and Japan. The guild merchants were also expected to provide corvée labour to the government on a regular basis, although by the late nineteenth century much of this labour was commuted to cash payments. Using a collection of surviving documents from the guildhall of the Myonjujon (Guild of Domestic Silk Merchants), this paper looks in detail at the burden of corvée labour, particularly during the politically and economically tumultuous years between 1884 and 1894. It finds that the merchants' corvée reflected the close relationship between guilds and government and also the two-sided nature of this relationship for the merchants. Thus, while they received certain protections and privileges from the government, the guild merchants were also particularly vulnerable to official corruption, which found a damaging outlet in the corvée system. Les guildes les plus riches de la dynastie de Chosaon (1392-1910) Séoul ont fait partie du système de l'approvisionnement du gouvernement, fournissant principalement des marchandises de luxe pour les palais royaux, les bureaux du gouvernement et les cadeaux d'hommage pour la Chine et le Japon. Les guildes était aussi obligés à fournir au gouvernement la corvée régulière, bien que par la fin du dix-neuvième siècle beaucoup de ce travail ait été commuté aux paiements en espèces. En utilisant une collection de documents extant dansla maison de la guilde des marchands en soie domestiques (Myaonjujaon), cet article regarde en détail le fardeau de la corvée, en particulier pendant des années tumultueuses, politiquement et économiquement, entre 1884 et 1894. Il constate que la corvée des marchands reflétait la relation étroite entre les guildes et le gouvernement et également le caractère double de cette relation pour les marchands. Ainsi, alors qu'ils recevaient de certains protections et privilèges du gouvernement, les marchands de guilde étaient particulièrement vulnérables à la corruption officielle qui menait à l'abus du système de la corvée.
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Mattos, Gustavo, Ricardo S. Cardoso, and André Souza Dos Santos. "Environmental effects on the structure of polychaete feeding guilds on the beaches of Sepetiba Bay, south-eastern Brazil." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 4 (June 14, 2012): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000707.
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Several studies have been conducted to explain patterns of the abundance, richness and diversity of sandy-beach macrofauna; however, such analyses have ignored the overall functional structure of macrofauna communities. Few studies have examined polychaete feeding guilds on sandy beach environments. To examine the effects of environmental factors on polychaete feeding guilds on sandy beaches, 12 sandy beaches from five islands in Sepetiba Bay were sampled. A total of 24 polychaete morphospecies, grouped among 21 families, were identified in these sandy beaches. The polychaete species were classified into 10 feeding guilds, and the SDT guild (suspended-deposit feeders, discretely motile, with tentacles) was the most abundant feeding guild, with 34.2% of total number of organisms. The highest trophic importance index and index of trophic diversity values were recorded on the sheltered beaches. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that the exposure rate, beach length, and grain size of the beach sediment significantly affected the polychaete feeding guild distribution and abundance. We can conclude that sheltered beaches have a higher diversity of feeding guilds than exposed beaches and that the biological descriptors of the feeding guilds are directly associated with the grain size of the sediment.
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Ogilvie, Sheilagh. "The Economics of Guilds." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.4.169.
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Occupational guilds in medieval and early modern Europe offered an effective institutional mechanism whereby two powerful groups, guild members and political elites, could collaborate in capturing a larger slice of the economic pie and redistributing it to themselves at the expense of the rest of the economy. Guilds provided an organizational mechanism for groups of businessmen to negotiate with political elites for exclusive legal privileges that allowed them to reap monopoly rents. Guild members then used their guilds to redirect a share of these rents to political elites in return for support and enforcement. In short, guilds enabled their members and political elites to negotiate a way of extracting rents in the manufacturing and commercial sectors, rents that neither party could have extracted on its own. First, I provide an overview of where and when European guilds arose, what occupations they encompassed, how large they were, and how they varied across time and space. I then examine how guild activities affected market competition, commercial security, contract enforcement, product quality, human capital, and technological innovation. The historical findings on guilds provide strong support for the view that institutions arise and survive for centuries not because they are efficient but because they serve the distributional interests of powerful groups.
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Van Valkenburgh, Blaire. "Locomotor diversity within past and present guilds of large predatory mammals." Paleobiology 11, no. 4 (1985): 406–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011702.
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The impact of environment, interspecific competition, and, to a lesser extent history, on the structure of the guild of large predatory mammals is explored in one fossil and four Recent communities. Two aspects are emphasized: (1) the number of species within each guild and (2) the extent of locomotor convergence as inferred from morphology among the constituent species. Locomotor behavior reflects habitat choice, hunting mode, and escape strategy, all of which appear to be important avenues of adaptive divergence among coexisting predators.Locomotor behavior in extinct and extant predators is determined from body weight and five measured characteristics of the postcranial skeleton, including ungual shape, elbow shape, and limb proportions. Results indicate that levels of morphologic and inferred ecologic similarity between large predators are higher in the tropical grassland guild of East Africa than in the equivalent guilds of either tropical or temperate forest. This may be due to the great density and diversity of terrestrial herbivores in the productive grasslands. The fossil guild, from the Late Chadron–Orellan (Oligocene) of North America, appears most similar to the tropical forest guilds, but the predators seem to have been slower and more robust than their modern counterparts. Since the Orellan represents an early stage in the evolution of large, fissiped carnivores, both ancestry and time could have influenced Orellan guild structure.
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YONEYAMA, MASARU. "The decline of guilds and their monopoly in English provincial towns, with particular reference to Exeter." Urban History 46, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 443–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926818000408.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the decline of the craft guilds in early modern England by way of a case-study of the Tuckers’ Company in Exeter. From the 1980s, this case figured prominently in the historiographical debate concerning guild decline; however, it has not been examined recently. The current study reveals the Tuckers’ Company is not a case of decline in guild membership so much as a case of the loss of guild monopoly and a concomitant transition to charitable functions. On the basis of empirical sources, this study also reveals the mechanisms and context of this transformation in the post-Civil War politics of the city of Exeter. Specific attention is given to first, the decline of royal authority bolstering the guild against the city government and secondly, the shift of power in the guild with the ascendance of the merchant fullers. Finally, the historiographical implications of the article's findings are discussed.
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Rofiq, Abdurrahman, Sugeng Prayitno Harianto, Dian Iswandaru, and Gunardi Djoko Winarno. "GUILD PAKAN KOMUNITAS BURUNG DI KEBUN RAYA LIWA KABUPATEN LAMPUNG BARAT." Jurnal Belantara 4, no. 2 (August 3, 2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbl.v4i2.753.
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The vegetation on Liwa Botanical Gardens is used by several types of birds as a place of rest, sleep, nest and forage. This study was purposely done to classify bird species based on feed group / guild type. The method used in this research is point count. The bird species data obtained were grouped based on the feed guild which was divided into 6 types of guilds including, insectivoree, carnivoree, frugivore, granivoreee, nectarivoreous, and omnivoree. Each species only have one guild type, as many as 41 species of birds were found in Liwa Botanical Gardens, which was dominated by frugivores.
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Dambruyne, Johan. "Guilds, Social Mobility and Status in Sixteenth-Century Ghent." International Review of Social History 43, no. 1 (April 1998): 31–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000029.
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This article investigates the relationship between social mobility and status in guilds and the political situation in sixteenth-century Ghent. First, it argues that Ghent guilds showed neither a static picture of upward mobility nor a rectilinear and one-way evolution. It demonstrates that the opportunities for social promotion within the guild system were, to a great extent, determined by the successive political regimes of the city. Second, the article proves that the guild boards in the sixteenth century had neither a typically oligarchic nor a typically democratic character. Third, the investigation of the houses in which master craftsmen lived shows that guild masters should not be depicted as a monolithic social bloc, but that significant differences in status and wealth existed. The article concludes that there was no linear positive connection between the duration of a master craftsman's career and his wealth and social position.
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Korňan, Martin, and Rudolf Kropil. "What are ecological guilds? Dilemma of guild concepts." Russian Journal of Ecology 45, no. 5 (September 2014): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413614050178.
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Turčáni, M., J. Patočka, and M. Kulfan. "Which factors explain lepidopteran larvae variance in seasonal guilds on some oaks?" Journal of Forest Science 56, No. 2 (February 26, 2010): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/54/2009-jfs.
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Differences between the oak lepidopteran communities were studied in Slovakia in 1993 and 1994. Sampling was undertaken between April and October on 3 oak species. Biological traits of larvae were examined in order to explain differences in seasonal guilds among oaks. Cluster analysis shows similarities between communities in the flush feeder guild where the results were influenced mainly by temporal variability; in the late spring guild mainly by site; factors influencing summer feeder and autumn feeder similarities remain unclear. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to investigate the main gradients explaining variability in communities. Results indicated that the host specificity along axis 1 (A1) and larval ballooning along axis 2 (A2) were important in the flush feeder guild; larval feeding strategy along A1 and the degree of defoliation by <I>Lymantria dispar</I> along A2 were important in late spring feeders; the year of study along A1 and host specificity along A2 were important in the summer feeder guild; and adaptation to lower quality of food along A1 and host specificity along A2 for the autumn feeder guild. The results are discussed.
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Yong, Ding Li, Lan Qie, Navjot S. Sodhi, Lian Pin Koh, Kelvin S. H. Peh, Tien Ming Lee, Haw Chuan Lim, and Susan L. H. Lim. "Do insectivorous bird communities decline on land-bridge forest islands in Peninsular Malaysia?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 1 (December 17, 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000520.
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Abstract:To assess the impact of habitat fragmentation on tropical avian communities, we sampled lowland forest birds on six land-bridge islands and two mainland forest sites in Lake Kenyir, Peninsular Malaysia using timed point counts, hypothesizing that insectivorous birds are the worst affected guild. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the effects of area, isolation, primary dietary guild (omnivore, frugivore and insectivore) and their interactions in predicting species richness, abundance and diversity. Our analysis showed that a model that considered the effects of area, dietary guild and their interaction best explained observed patterns of species richness. But a model considering both area and dietary guild best explained the variation in abundance. Notably, insectivorous birds were singled out as the dietary guild most sensitive to fragmentation, followed by frugivorous and omnivorous birds and hence provide support for our hypothesis. Assemblages of insectivorous birds were clearly depauperate on anthropogenic forest islands in Lake Kenyir and are consistent with forest fragmentation studies in the Neotropics. Given their specialized foraging ecology and diversity, conservation of intact communities of insectivorous bird guilds in Malaysia will be critical for maintaining predator–prey interactions in lowland tropical forests.
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Knézy, Judit. "Céhes adatok a somogyi pék- és mézesbábos mesterekről az 1810-es évektől 1869-ig." Kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeum Közleményei, no. 1 (2013): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26080/krrmkozl.2013.1.251.
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During the 18th and 19th century the guilds in Som-ogy county had developed only slowly because of the lack of cities in the region. The low number of educated baking mas-ters was also based on the fact that the practice of household bread baking remained in existence until the 1960s. Bread bak-ing was made in the 18th and 19th century by seasoned cooks-men and bread specialists. The craftsmen of the markettown Csurgó only got their landlord’s approval for creating a mixed crafts guild in 1810. The bakers and honey-cake makers of this town belonged to the so called ’German’ guild from 1814. They originated mostly from Austria and the Czeh-Moravian region, some of them were German or Slavic craftsmen from other Transdanubian regions. One or two master worked si-multanously in Csurgó. They frequently changed, most of them moved on to the guilds of bigger towns. This study on the life in such guilds is mostly based on the official guild lists and financial documents, it even includes a detailed description of a masterpiece bakery product. The later part of the study gives a rewiev of the life of the baker and honey-cake maker masters in the whole county.by the end of the guild area (1869). The study explaines the growth in the number of such craftsmen caused by the urbanisation and the increased marketing possi-bilities. It also describes the organisations among the growing numbers of tradesmen including the flour tradesmen support-ing the examined crafts guildes.
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GJONI, VOJSAVA, STAMATIS GHINIS, MAURIZIO PINNA, LUCA MAZZOTTA, GABRIELE MARINI, MARIO CIOTTI, ILARIA ROSATI, FABIO VIGNES, SERENA ARIMA, and ALBERTO BASSET. "Patterns of functional diversity of macroinvertebrates across three aquatic ecosystem types, NE Mediterranean." Mediterranean Marine Science 20, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.19314.
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This study is focused on investigating the variation patterns of macroinvertebrate guilds functional structure, in relation to the taxonomic one, across aquatic ecosystem types along the salinity gradient from freshwater to marine and the resulting implications on guild organization and energy flows. Synoptic samplings have been carried out using the leaf-pack technique at 30 sites of the aquatic ecosystems of the Corfu Island (Greece), including freshwater, lagoon, and marine sites. Here, we analyzed the macroinvertebrate guilds of river, lagoon, and marine ecosystems, as: i. taxonomic composition and population abundance ii. trophic guilds composition and relative abundance; and iii. body size spectra and size patterns. The following variation patterns across the three ecosystem types were observed: a. trophic guild composition and body size spectra were more conservative than taxonomic composition within and among ecosystem types, where, trophic guild and size spectra composition were more similar between river and lagoon ecosystem types than with marine ones; b. a dominance on resource exploitation of large species over smaller ones was inferred at all sites; and, c. higher body size-specific density of individuals was consistently observed in lagoon than in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Results extend previous findings suggesting a common hierarchical organization of benthic macroinvertebrate guilds in aquatic ecosystems and showing that lagoon ecosystems have higher energy density transferred to benthic macroinvertebrates than both freshwater and marine ecosystem types.
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Omkar, Geetanjali Mishra, Bhupendra Kumar, Neha Singh, and Garima Pandey. "Risks associated with tandem release of large and small ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in heterospecific aphidophagous guilds." Canadian Entomologist 146, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.56.
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AbstractMultiple interactions occurring within aphidophagous guilds determine their final predation outcomes, i.e., antagonistic, additive, or synergistic. Based on these predatory outcomes, the suitability of guilds in suppressing aphid pests is determined. The present study assesses the efficacy of 11 guilds, formed from both larval and adult stages of four locally abundant aphidophagous coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), while exploiting the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The observed antagonistic effects within these guilds are resultants of enhanced predator–predator interactions due to the size and diversity of guild predators. Smaller ladybird predators maintained their usual body mass, probably by increasing their conversion efficiencies to compensate for their reduced prey consumption. However, larger ladybirds reported loss in their body mass, owing to their higher energy needs. The overall guild conversion efficiencies and growth rates were reduced. Among the experimental guilds, the observed prey mortalities were relatively higher in two-predator guilds, and within these two-predator combinations, the higher prey mortalities were recorded in those guilds where Coccinella septempunctata was one of the predators.
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Han, Qingxi, Xiamin Jiang, and Xiaobo Wang. "The polychaete feeding guild composition in the Sishili Bay, the northern Yellow Sea, China." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 5 (November 26, 2015): 1083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415001873.
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In this research, the feeding guild composition of the polychaete community was described and analysed in the northern Yellow Sea, China. The polychaete feeding guilds also showed a distinct seasonal abundance fluctuation that was similar to that observed for macrofauna. Burrowers were the most predominant feeding guild, whereas filter feeders and herbivores only constituted a negligible proportion of the total abundance. A Spearman rank correlation was performed to analyse the relationships between the feeding guilds and the environmental parameters. Surface deposit feeders and carnivores appeared to be vulnerable to variations of environmental conditions. However, burrowers and filter feeders were not susceptible to the natural or anthropogenic disturbances, with grain size determined to be the only conclusive factor. These results revealed that the feeding guild of polychaetes showed significant spatial and temporal changes, and spatial heterogeneity was a stronger predictor than temporal variation. The feeding guilds of polychaetes can be applied alone to discern the environmental change, which would be faster and more cost-effective with best equilibrium between the precision of the results and a decrease in taxonomic effort. Furthermore, bimonthly sampling was proved to be unessential and reduction of the sampling frequency was necessary to save expense and effort.
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Zhao, Chuang, Hongke Zhao, Runze Wu, Qilin Deng, Yu Ding, Jianrong Tao, and Changjie Fan. "Multi-Dimensional Prediction of Guild Health in Online Games: A Stability-Aware Multi-Task Learning Approach." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 4 (June 28, 2022): 4371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i4.20358.
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Guild is the most important long-term virtual community and emotional bond in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). It matters a lot to the player retention and game ecology how the guilds are going, e.g., healthy or not. The main challenge now is to characterize and predict the guild health in a quantitative, dynamic, and multi-dimensional manner based on complicated multi-media data streams. To this end, we propose a novel framework, namely Stability-Aware Multi-task Learning Approach(SAMLA) to address these challenges. Specifically, different media-specific modules are designed to extract information from multiple media types of tabular data, time seriescharacteristics, and heterogeneous graphs. To capture the dynamics of guild health, we introduce a representation encoder to provide a time series view of multi-media data that is used for task prediction. Inspiredby well-received theories on organization management, we delicately define five specific and quantitative dimensions of guild health and make parallel predictions based on a multi-task approach. Besides, we devise a novel auxiliary task, i.e.,the guild stability, to boost the performance of the guild health prediction task. Extensive experiments on a real-world large-scale MMORPG dataset verify that our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in the task of organizational health characterization and prediction. Moreover, our work has been practically deployed in online MMORPG, and case studies clearly illustrate the significant value.
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Shea, Patrick J. "PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT COMPLEX ASSOCIATED WITH CONES OF WHITE FIR, ABIES CONCOLOR (GORD. AND GLEND.) LINDL., AND ITS IMPACT ON SEED PRODUCTION." Canadian Entomologist 121, no. 8 (August 1989): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121699-8.
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AbstractWhite fir cones were sampled for insect damage from wild stands in California and Nevada during 1984–1986. Insects were recovered from cones and seed damage was partitioned by insect species. The important phytophagous insects were separated into guilds: the cone- and seed-mining guild, Dioryctria abietivorella Groté, Eucosma prob. siskiyouana (Kearfoot), Cydia prob. bracteatana (Fernald), Barbara sp.; the seed-feeding guild, Megastigmus pinus Parfitt, M. rafni Hoffmeyer, Earomyia abietum McAlpine; and the scale- and bract-feeding guild, Asynapta hopkinsi Felt, Dasineura prob. abiesemia Foote, Resseliella conicola (Foote), Strobilomyia abietis (Huckett). Total damage by insects varied by year and site, reaching a maximum of 47% in 1986 on one site and a minimum of 12.5% in 1984 on another. Abortion and incomplete development also were major factors in the production of sound seed. Populations of white fir cone and seed insects varied with cone crop but also were affected by the occurrence of cone crops on alternate hosts. During most years, the seed-mining guild insects were the major cause of seed damage.
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Shaw, James E. "Retail, Monopoly, and Privilege: the Dissolution of the Fishmongers' Guild of Venice, 1599." Journal of Early Modern History 6, no. 4 (2002): 396–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006502x00202.
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AbstractIn 1599, centuries of tradition came to an end when the Venetian fishmongers' guild was dissolved. In the late sixteenth century, the government had increasingly adopted a position that linked retailers to the crime of "monopoly," abusing their position at the expense of consumers. However, this simplistic conception of economic behavior proved disastrously misguided, and only a few years later the guild had to be restored. This humiliating reversal of government policy led to an important reappraisal of the role of retail guilds, and nothing similar would be attempted until the eighteenth century.
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Chatterjee, Abhishek, Sudeshna Ghoshal, Soumyajit Chowdhury, and Pinakiranjan Chakrabarti. "Report of the early winter migrants and resident birds in an inland wetland near Tundi Camp, Bajana, Gujarat." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2018): 11652. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2459.10.5.11652-11658.
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The study is based on the avian community observed in the region. In total, 1,079 individuals, 62 genera and 79 species of birds belonging to 35 families have been recorded. Among them, the family Anatidae with 20.42% incidence is the most frequent; immediately followed by the family Phoenicopteridae (10.59% of occurrence). Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger is the most abundant avian species observed. The community consists of 44% resident; 36% resident-migrant and 20% migrant bird species. It was observed that the concerned community shows a considerable diversity and a correspondingly low value of dominance. In the feeding guild analysis, the insectivore guild has the most number of recorded avian species. The feeding guild affiliations also point out that the overall community is fairly rich in its composition as it houses bird species belonging to various feeding guilds.
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Miedema, Hessel. "De St. Lucasgilden van Haarlem en Delft in de zestiende eeuw." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 99, no. 2 (1985): 77–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501785x00170.
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AbstractIn preparing his Artists and Artisans in Delft, an important contribution to a better understanding of the social and economic circumstances of the members of the Guild of St. Luke in the seventeenth century, John M. Montias had at his disposal Pro fessor J. L. van der Gouw's transcription of the Delft account book recently acquired by the Municipal Archives there (Note 1). However, he did not discuss it in detail, as it dales from the mid sixteenth century. Thus it seems appropriate to publish it here (with an index of proper names) and to analyse it more closely in conjunction with a Haarlem account book of the same period (Note 2) and various other guild documents. In that analysis the emphasis will lie on the funclion of the guilds and the functions of their members in the guild context.
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Hirsch, Edward. "The Guild." Literary Imagination 21, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imz047.
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Rosser, Gervase. "Going to the Fraternity Feast: Commensality and Social Relations in Late Medieval England." Journal of British Studies 33, no. 4 (October 1994): 430–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386064.
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In the history of medieval ideas about community, a prominent place must be accorded to the fraternity, or guild. This type of voluntary association, found throughout medieval Europe, frequently applied to itself the name of communitas. The community of the guild was not, however, a simple phenomenon; it invites closer analysis than it has yet received. As religious clubs of mostly lay men and (often) women, the fraternities of medieval Christendom have lately been a favored subject among students of spirituality. Less interest, however, has recently been shown in the social aspects of the guilds. One reason for this neglect may be precisely the communitarian emphasis in the normative records of these societies, which most late twentieth-century historians find unrealistic and, perhaps, faintly embarrassing. But allowing, as it must be allowed, that medieval society was not the Edenic commune evoked in fraternity statutes, the social historian is left with some substantial questions concerning these organizations, whose number alone commands attention: fifteenth-century England probably contained 30,000 guilds. Why were so many people eager to pay subscriptions—which, though usually modest, were not insignificant—to be admitted as “brothers” and “sisters” of one or more fraternities? Who attended guild meetings, and what did they hope to achieve by doing so? What social realities gave rise to the common language of equal brotherhood? This essay is intended to shed some light on these questions by focusing on what for every guild was the event which above all gave it visible definition: the annual celebration of the patronal feast day.
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Kumar, Ashok. "Financial Deepening and its Impact on the Credit Culture in Bihar." Think India 22, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8738.
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Ancient India (especially during the Maurya and the Gupta empires) had an organized private credit dispensation system. Although there were no banks in the modern sense of the word, but the merchant guilds did have systematic procedure of evaluating, vetting and sanctioning of credit to its members. The system was not open to the general public but then, the membership of the guild could be acquired quite easily by anyone desirous and serious enough to do business in the specific area that a particular guild promoted. This system of credit dispensation remained in India till the advent of the British East India Company.
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Bycroft, Michael. "Regulation and Intellectual Change at the Paris Goldsmiths’ Guild, 1660-1740." Journal of Early Modern History 22, no. 6 (December 12, 2018): 500–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342607.
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Abstract Economic historians have shown that the regulations of craft guilds were a source of innovation rather than inertia in the economy of early modern Europe. Historians of science have shown that craftsmen contributed to the scientific revolution in the same time and place. But very little is known about the role of guild regulation in intellectual (as opposed to social, political and economic) change. This paper shows that regulation went hand-in-hand with intellectual change at the Paris guild of goldsmiths in the decades around 1700. In this period the wardens of the guild developed sophisticated techniques for organizing and disseminating their large archive of legal documents. They also published two books on the natural history of precious stones that broke with the learned tradition of writing on this topic. The reform of the archive and the reform of natural history were undertaken by the same goldsmiths, for similar reasons, using analogous literary techniques.
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Sudesh, Kumar, Bisht M.S., and Kumar Rakesh. "Avian Diversity and Their Feeding Guild Structure in Temperate Forests of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 983–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.116.
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The study on avian diversity and their feeding guild structure with relation to their habitat use in temperate forest of district Pauri Garhwal was carried out between April 2015 to March 2017. Lines transect and direct visual methods were used to record the bird species diversity, their feeding habit and habitats. Frequent surveys were made in the study area and birds were counted. During the study period, a total of 152 species of birds belonging to 9 order and 43 families were recorded. The highest diversity index was recorded at Kandoliya (H¯= 3.98±0.06) and Adwani was recorded with minimum diversity (H¯= 3.34±0.08). The average bird diversity index at all sites was recorded as (H¯= 3.57±0.11). Further, on the basis of their feeding guilds the recorded birds were categorized into the six major categories such as insectivore (55.92%), omnivore (13.81%), grainivores (5.92%), carnivore (9.21%), nectarivorous (1.31), frugivore (5.92%) and 7.91% species remained unidentified. The insectivore guild was dominant in all the guild structures.
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Moreno-Fonseca, Carlos J., and German D. Amat-García. "Morfoecología de gremios en escarabajos (Coleoptera: Passalidae) en un gradiente altitudinal en robledales de la Cordillera Oriental, Colombia." Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i1.18561.
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Bess beetles are important components on tropical forest dead wood nutrient cycling, since they act as direct consumers and ease the consumption by another organism (indirect). Studies of bess beetle ecology are scarce and have focused on communities responses to environmental changes on alimentary resources. We characterized the bess beetles guild composition in an elevation gradient, according to their differential use of resources (microhabitat) and morphological traits quantification (geometric and lineal), as a potential tool to improve our understanding on resource use and functional ecology of beetles. Three guilds (underbark, sapwood-heartwood and generalists feeders), five species and 198 familiar groups were recognized; their richness decreased as elevation increased. Changes in linear morphometric measures were influenced by elevation; morphogeometrical measures were not associated with the elevation gradient, only grouping at guild level were observed. Morphological markers analysis (morphometric) provided information to guild delimitation. Body and metatibiae shape contributed with the best information to guild grouping. Quantification of those structural markers proved the relationship between resource repartition, because they are involved in movement on wood galleries and wood consumption, this fact allowed to propose specific functional roles. The identified patterns have contributed on the understanding of functional processes in Passalidae communities and their role in ecosystem function.
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von Briesen, Brendan J. "“The guild […] manufactures nothing, nor produces any artifact”: Barcelona's Seven Maritime Cargo Handling Guilds, c.1760–1840." International Review of Social History 65, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 399–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000012.
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AbstractBy studying the guilds of the seven maritime cargo handling trades of Barcelona, this paper aims to contribute to the relatively limited, but growing scholarship of port labour during the late artisan phase, and of service-sector guilds in general. It examines the relationship between occupational and organizational cultures, the types and means of inculcating human and social capital, and the formal and informal determination of qualification in view of the different guild responses to liberalization and abolition. Unlike guilds in the secondary sector, these corporations were organized horizontally among masters and had neither journeymen, nor apprentices in their respective trades. Some of them provided services individually while others worked collectively. They generally prohibited internal and external employment schemes, and many of them used a turn system or another to level work opportunities. One of these guilds transitioned directly into a trade union; others became owner associations or dissolved into unorganized competitors. The period studied covers the flexibilization of the labour market through progressively advancing liberal reforms of monopolistic guild privileges and the formal abolition of Spanish guilds in 1836. Comparisons with other European ports further highlight the multiplicity of considerations for understanding occupational and organizational cultures and the trajectories of guilds in the service sector.
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Fagerstrom, J. A. "Reef-building guilds and a checklist for determining guild membership." Coral Reefs 10, no. 1 (July 1991): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00301908.
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Giakoumis, Konstantinos. "The Voskopoja Guild of Tailors’ Credit Lending Operations and Risk Management (1716–27)." Turkish Historical Review 9, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 242–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-00903002.
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The paper analyzes the credit activities of the Voskopoja (Moschopolis) guild of tailors on the basis of a new dataset constructed from its credit lending transactions recorded in a guild register. The dataset was used to understand lending patterns and risk management in the local economy of Voskopoja and compare them with similar practices in other parts of the Ottoman empire. I found that interest rates were not stable in 1716–27 and that the Voskopoja economy experienced an economic growth in this period. This case study contributes to our understanding of Ottoman financial institutions, guilds as lending institutions, their business organization, as well as the operations of local credit markets.
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VAN DEN HEUVEL, DANIELLE. "Partners in marriage and business? Guilds and the family economy in urban food markets in the Dutch Republic." Continuity and Change 23, no. 2 (August 2008): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416008006760.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines spousal cooperation in the early modern Dutch food markets. It shows that although husband and wife business partnerships were very common in market-based retailing, great differences existed in the way spouses worked together. Most urban retail trades were guild-organized and the guilds therefore had a significant influence on the family economy. Guild policy was, however, very flexible and responded to local economic circumstances. It appears that the size and the organization of the markets were crucial in shaping the roles of the men and women who held stalls. Processes of commercialization generally benefited independent female entrepreneurship over the more traditional husband and wife partnerships.
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Kollasch, Stanley Y. "Dans la peau des gamers: Anthropologie d’une guilde de World of Warcraft (Inside the Gamers: Anthropology of a Guild of World of Warcraft), Olivier Servais (2020)." Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgvw_00032_5.
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Review of: Dans la peau des gamers: Anthropologie d’une guilde de World of Warcraft (Inside the Gamers: Anthropology of a Guild of World of Warcraft), Olivier Servais (2020)Paris: Karthala, 344 pp.,ISBN 978-2-81112-630-8, p/bk, €25.00
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Kollasch, Stanley Y. "Dans la peau des gamers: Anthropologie d’une guilde de World of Warcraft (Inside the Gamers: Anthropology of a Guild of World of Warcraft), Olivier Servais (2020)." Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgvw_00032_5.
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Review of: Dans la peau des gamers: Anthropologie d’une guilde de World of Warcraft (Inside the Gamers: Anthropology of a Guild of World of Warcraft), Olivier Servais (2020)Paris: Karthala, 344 pp.,ISBN 978-2-81112-630-8, p/bk, €25.00
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MacFadden, Bruce J., and Bruce J. Shockey. "Ancient feeding ecology and niche differentiation of Pleistocene mammalian herbivores from Tarija, Bolivia: morphological and isotopic evidence." Paleobiology 23, no. 1 (1997): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016651.
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The exceedingly rich middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna from the classic Ensenadan Tarija basin in southern Bolivia contains a diversity of medium to large-bodied herbivores consisting of both endemic (†Toxodontia, †Litopterna, Xenarthra) and immigrant (Rodentia, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla) taxa. In order to characterize feeding ecology and niche differences, a suite of morphological characters was measured for each of 13 species of herbivorous mammals from the Pleistocene of Tarija; these were combined with carbon isotopic results from tooth enamel. (The Xenarthra were excluded from this study because they lack tooth enamel.)Several different bivariate and multivariate combinations of characters can be used to characterize the feeding adaptations, niches, and guild composition of the Tarija mammalian herbivores. During the Pleistocene the browsing guild in the Tarija basin is interpreted to include the tapir (Tapirus tarijensis), extinct llama (Palaeolama weddelli), peccary (Tayassusp.), and deer (Hippocamelussp.). The mixed-feeding guild included two horse species (Hippidion principaleandOnohippidium devillei), litoptern (Macrauchenia patachonica), and capybara (Neochoerus tarijensis). The grazing guild included the numerically dominant horse (Equus insulatus), two lamine species (Lama angustimaxillaand cf.Vicugna, provicugna), notoungulate (Toxodon platensis), and gomphothere proboscidean (Cuvieronius hyodon). The grazing guild has the widest range of body sizes relative to the two other guilds. Closely related sympatric species within the Equidae and Camelidae differentiate their niches from one another using a combination of body size, feeding ecology, and probably local habitat. Most of the paleoecological reconstructions resulting from this combined morphological and isotopic analysis corroborate previous studies based primarily on morphology; there are, however, some notable surprises.
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Heyl, A. V. "Memorial of Philip White Guild." Global Tectonics and Metallogeny 4, no. 3 (January 1, 1993): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/gtm/4/1993/157.
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Sedlock, Jodi L., Alexander M. Stuart, Finbarr G. Horgan, Buyung Hadi, Angela Como Jacobson, Phillip A. Alviola, and James D. V. Alvarez. "Local-Scale Bat Guild Activity Differs with Rice Growth Stage at Ground Level in the Philippines." Diversity 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11090148.
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High-flying insectivorous bats, as wide-ranging generalist insectivores, are valuable consumers of high-altitude migrating pests of rice in Southeast Asia. Here, we documented the behavior of relatively low-flying bats over irrigated rice to elucidate their potential role as predators of rice-associated pest insects in the Philippines. Specifically, we tested the local-scale effects of rice stage, particularly seedling and late vegetative stages, and time of night on acoustic activity of bats foraging near ground level within three functional guilds (based on foraging distance from background clutter). We also monitored bat activity from two 50 m-high towers to assess the vertical extent of relatively low-flying guilds, as well as document high-flying bat guild presence and temporal behavior. At ground level, the most active guild biased their activity and feeding over early growth stage fields, but also foraged at tower level. Activity of the bat guild adept at foraging closest to vegetation did not vary with time of night or rice stage and was absent from tower recordings. High-flying bats were predictably rare at rice level, but exhibited high foraging intensity at 50 m. Given the well-documented, sequential arrival of insect guilds with growth stage, these data suggest that at ground level edge-space bats may be important consumers of detritivores (e.g., mosquitoes). Moreover, our data suggest that just as habitat heterogeneity enhances the services of arthropod predators, these management practices also enhance bat activity and, presumably, their contribution to pest suppression.
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Sheiko, Anna A., Daria O. Koroteeva, and Sergey V. Buga. "Guilds of Aculeata (Hymenoptera) visiting the goldenrod inflorescences (Solidago L.) in open-field area in «Narochansky» National park." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology., no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2022-3-12-25.
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The study of anthophilous insects carried out in 2019-2021 in open field areas in the territory of Narochansky National Park revealed 42 species for the flower visitor guild of native European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) and for the flower-visitor guild of invasive goldenrods Solidago canadensis s. l. - 50 species of Aculeata (Hymenoptera). The taxonomic structure of guilds is different: only 11 species are present in both guilds, among visitors of S. virgaurea inflorescences the species richness of Apoidea is higher (38 species, 90 % of their total number), whereas for S. canadensis inflorescences -of Vespoidea s. l. (31 species, 62 %). There were no dominant species in the studied guilds; in the guild of S. virgaurea inflorescence visitors, the group of common species included bumblebees Bombus lucorum L. and Bombus (Psithyrus) bohemicus Seidl, the group of numerous species - bumblebees Bombus humilis Ill., Bombus lapidarius L., Bombus pratorum L., Bombus terrestris L. and Cuckoo bumblebee Bombus (Psithyrus) rupestris F. Polistine wasps Polistes nimpha Christ and Polistes dominula Christ were common among visitors of S. canadensis inflorescences; Ancistrocerus trifasciatus Mull., Philanthus triangulum F., Lasioglossum varipes Morawitz, and B. terrestris were numerous. The relative abundance of B. terrestris was the highest, approaching the threshold value for assignment to the group of numerous species. It is suggested that high relative abundance of Vespoidea s. l. visiting inflorescences of invasive goldenrods is connected to the fact that adult wasps not only feed on flowers, but prey on small insects that are numerous here.
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Manyś, Bernadetta. "Uczeń w szeregach rzemieślniczych. System edukacyjny i wychowawczy chłopców w wileńskich cechach w dobie wczesnonowożytnej w świetle statutów cechowych." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 40 (June 15, 2019): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2019.40.1.
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In this paper, I analyse the educational and teaching systems developed for boys joining Vilnius craft workshops. The boys worked (participating in production) and prepared themselves for their future profession. In my paper, I present the educational and teaching paths leading to an apprentice assuming the status of a fellow. It is interesting how the students operated in the structures of the guild workshops and what skills they possessed. The research does not encompass the sons of master craftsmen and out-of-guild craftsmen who would come to Vilnius and attempt to join the craft guilds. These issues require a separate analysis. It was not my intention to provide a holistic study of the issue; rather, I revised and supplemented Józef Morzy’s research in which he partly analysed craft guilds in Vilnius with respect to the essential work skills. In my analysis, I made use of the statutes of the craft guilds operating in Vilnius, one of the biggest cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the early modern period.
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Robinson, Kelly F., and Cecil A. Jennings. "Productivity of Functional Guilds of Fishes in Managed Wetlands in Coastal South Carolina." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/112012-jfwm-099.
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Abstract In coastal South Carolina, many wetlands are impounded and managed as migratory waterfowl habitat. Impoundment effects on fish production and habitat quality largely are unknown. We used the size-frequency method to estimate summer production of fish guilds in three impoundments along the Combahee River, South Carolina. We predicted that guild-specific production would vary with impoundment salinity, which ranged from 3 to 21 practical salinity units. We expected that marine species that use the estuary as nursery habitat would have greatest production in the impoundment with the highest salinity regime, and that species that inhabit the upper reaches of the estuary would have greatest production in the impoundment with the lowest salinity regime. Finally, we expected that estuarine species would be highly productive in all study impoundments, because these species can reproduce within these structures. We found that guild-specific productivity varied both among years and among impoundments, generally following salinity gradients, though to a lesser extent than expected. Our guild-specific estimates of fish productivity fell on the low end of the range of previously published estuarine fish production estimates. Additionally, we observed large mortality events in the study impoundments each summer. The results of our study indicate that during the summer, the study impoundments provided poor-quality fish habitat to all guilds.
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CROMBIE, LAURA. "Craft guild ideology and urban literature: theFour Crowned Martyrsand theLives of Saints Nazarius and Celsusas told by the masons’ guild of fifteenth-century Ghent." Urban History 45, no. 3 (November 2, 2017): 404–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926817000578.
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ABSTRACT:The economic and political dimensions of guilds in medieval Flanders, especially medieval Ghent, have been well studied for generations. It is often noted that guilds were more than work organizations, and that their religious and social activities made them very like confraternities, but exploring the cultural and ideological side of guilds can be hampered by less surviving evidence. The present article attempts to address this lacuna by using poems written by/for the masons’ guild in fifteenth-century Ghent, taking an interdisciplinary perspective to examine ideals of community, hierarchy and the sacralization of labour from an urban perspective.
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Sumartono, Nova Ika Rakhmawati, Jarwadi Budi Hernowo, and Nyoto Santoso. "Shorebird Community and Guild in Trisik Beach, Yogyakarta." Media Konservasi 24, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.24.3.287-292.
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Pantai Trisik merupakan area lahan basah yang terletak di bagian selatan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Kawasan Pantai Trisik berperan penting bagi kehidupan burung pantai. Tujuan penelitian yaitu menganalisis komunitas dan guild pakan komunitas burung di kawasan Pantai Trisik. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Oktober 2018 – Januari 2019 dengan teknik point count. Komunitas burung pantai di kawasan Pantai Trisik terdiri dari 22 jenis yang terbagi menjadi burung pantai migran dan residen. Tipe guild komunitas burung pantai di kawasan ini terbagi menjadi tiga kelompok guild pakan yaitu mollucivore, insectivore dan omnivore. Berdasarkan cara mendapatkan makanan, tipe guild mollucivore dikembangkan menjadi tiga tipe subguild. Tipe guild insectivore terdiri dari satu tipe guild. Tipe guild omnivore dikembangkan menjadi sepuluh tipe. Tipe guild yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah tipe guild omnivore sebanyak 17 jenis (77%).
Kata kunci: komunitas burung, guild, burung pantai, kekayaan jenis
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Colville, Jonathan F., Mike D. Picker, and Richard M. Cowling. "Feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism in a speciose flower beetle clade (Hopliini: Scarabaeidae)." PeerJ 6 (June 20, 2018): e4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4632.
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The relationship between feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism is examined in a speciose South African monkey beetle clade. We test whether feeding and mating at a fixed site (embedding guild) is associated with greater levels of sexual dimorphism and possibly sexual selection than species using unpredictable feeding resources (non-embedding guild). Sexual dimorphism was measured using a point scoring system for hind leg and colour across the two feeding guilds for >50% of the regional fauna. Quantification of hind leg dimorphism using a scoring system and allometric scaling were used to identify traits subject to sexual selection. Feeding guild had a significant effect on hind leg dimorphism, with embedders having high and non-embedders low scores. The sessile and defendable distribution of females on stable platform flowers may favour contests and associated hind leg weaponry. In contrast, degree of colour dimorphism between the sexes was not associated with any particular feeding guild, and may serve to reduce male conflict and combat. Embedder males had high proportions (∼76%) of species with positive allometric slopes for almost all hind leg traits. For male non-embedders, only ∼37% of species showed positive scaling relationships. Phylogenetic data, in conjunction with behavioural data on the function of leg weaponry and visual signalling among males is needed to better understand the link between sexual dimorphism and sexual selection in the radiation of the monkey beetles.
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Costa, Marcus Rodrigues da, Tailan Moretti Mattos, Joyce Liz Borges, and Francisco Gerson Araújo. "Habitat preferences of common native fishes in a tropical river in Southeastern Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 11, no. 4 (2013): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252013000400015.
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We determined in this study the habitat preferences of seven native fish species in a regulated river in Southeastern Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that fishes differ in habitat preference and that they use stretches of the river differing in hydraulic characteristics and substrate type. We surveyed fishes in four 1-km long river stretches encompassing different habitat traits, where we also measured water depth, velocity, and substrate type. We investigated preference patterns of four Siluriformes (Loricariichthys castaneus, Hoplosternum littorale, Pimelodus maculatus, and Trachelyopterus striatulus) and three Characiformes (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, Oligosarcus hepsetus, and Hoplias malabaricus), representing approximately 70% of the total number of fishes and 64% of the total biomass. We classified fishes into four habitat guilds: (1) a slow-flowing water guild that occupied mud-sand substrate, composed of two Siluriformes in either shallow (< 4 m, i.e., H. littorale) or deep (> 8 m, L. castaneus) waters; (2) a run-dwelling guild that occurs in deep backwaters with clay-mud substrate, composed of the Characiformes A. aff. bimaculatus and O. hepsetus; (3) a run-dwelling guild that occurs in sandy and shallow substrate, composed of T. striatulus; and (4) a fast-flowing guild that occurs primarily along shorelines with shallow mud bottoms, composed of H. malabaricus and P. maculatus. Our hypothesis was confirmed, as different habitat preferences by fishes appear to occur in this regulated river.
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Xu, Jingyin. "Chaozhou Guild Hall’s Social Functions and Cohesiveness." Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/jissr.2021.08(09).05.
Full textAbstract:
As one of the most eminent business groups in Chinese history, Chaoshan merchants have left footprints in a great many of places throughout the world and built up world-wide Chaozhou guild halls, sites with multiple functions range from supporting their countrymen, worshiping the gods in Chaoshan culture, dealing with commercial issues to holding many other activities that strengthen the cultural identity of the Chaoshan people. The historical sites can still be seen in Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Shantou, Hongkong and other cities in China as well as quantities of overseas districts. This essay will take some of the Chaozhou guild halls as research subject to examine how the buildings serve as social bond and how the social functions of the architectures are related to the cohesiveness. This essay argues that the construction of the Chaozhou guild halls root in Chaoshan people’s idea of solidarity, but the power of intensifying Chanshan people’s cultural identity lies heavily on the constructions’ social functions, in that the daily life, decision, and action of Chaoshan merchants are made to associate with the place closely. Numerous historical events took place in the guild halls engage into historical progression, and the guilds halls evolved into the chamber of commerce after establishment of the People’s Republic of China, which indicates the significance of looking at the historical architectures from the perspective of cultural studies.
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Salgado Mejia, Fernando, Ricardo López Wilchis, Luis Manuel Guevara Chumacero, Pedro Luis Valverde Padilla, Pablo Corcuera Martínez del Rio, Sergio Leonardo Porto Ramírez, Ixchel Rojas Mertínez, and Gihovani Ademir Samano Barbosa. "Characterization of assemblages in neotropical cave dwelling bats based on their diet, wing morphology, and flight performance." Therya 12, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-21-1075.
Full textAbstract:
Bats have a great variety of wing morphologies that determines the bat’s flight performance, and this in turn conditions the forage aerosphere and the food it can obtain. Several studies have shown differences in wing morphology, flight performance, and forage aerospheres among species from different trophic guilds. However, for species that share a guild this is not entirely clear. It is possible that these species have differences in their diet and show changes in wing morphology that modify their flight performance and forage areas. Determining this will allow a better understanding of spatial segregation among species that share a trophic guild. These studies allow the identification of species assemblages based on wing morphological differences and flight performance that would not be distinguished only by guild membership. Our goal was to define the species assemblages that make up a community of Neotropical cave dwelling bats based on their trophic guild, flight performance, and forage zone. A community of Neotropical cave dwelling bats from a cave in Veracruz, Mexico was analyzed. The diet of each species was determined by means of their stomach contents and bibliographic review. In addition, aspect ratio, wing loading and tip index were calculated. Based on the wing characteristics and diet, multivariate groupings and orders were performed, as well as to define the assemblages present. According to the wing characteristics and the dietary composition, four groups of species were found that represent four different flight characteristics in terms of agility and maneuverability. There was agreement between diet and wing characteristics, and the four trophic groups were identified through canonical correspondence analysis. Correlating wing morphology, diet and forage area allows us to adequately define the assemblages of a community of bats. Regarding the hypothesis, it was found that species that share a food guild show differences in the composition of their food and wing morphology, which generate differences in flight performance and forage areas. Four assemblages differing in forage aerospheres among three trophic guilds are described: understory and facultative artrhopodivorous, semi-clearing hematophages, and facultative nectarivores. Finally, spatial segregation between the species of the families Mormoopidae and Natalidae was recognized.