Journal articles on the topic 'Guitar with orchestra'

Dennis A. Downs, orchestra instructor at Cedar Falls High School and Peet Junior High School, has taught public school orchestras for 25 years. Past president of the Iowa String Teachers Association and Iowa School Orchestra Association, he is an MENC Certified Music Instructor with a BFAE from Wayne State College, MA from the University of Northern Colorado, and Ed Ad from the University of Nebraska. A cellist in the Waterloo-Cedar Falls Symphony, he also directs the Cedar Falls Municipal Band and performs professionally on guitar, bass, and trombone. Downs is the project facilitator for the distance education program he describes in this article.

Introduction. The guitar class, opened by V. Dotsenko in 1989, recently celebrated its 30th anniversary and presented the university with many winners of international competitions, ensemble groups and new scholarly discourses. Together with the constant changes in society’s requirements for academic education and musician’s activities, this encourages us to estimate its achievements and prospects at the present stage. The aim of the article is to identify the key vectors of the guitar class of Kharkiv National University of Arts at the present stage. In accordance with the goal, such methods are chosen as historical, which allows to reveal the dynamics of development of the Kharkiv guitar school in the period of its formation to the present; typological – to identify key areas of activity of the guitar class at the present stage. Results and Discussion. The study of the Kharkiv guitar school and guitar class of KhNUA from its formation to the present day allows us to identify the leading vectors and key features of their activities, among which it is proposed to distinguish two main ones: innovation and multivectority. Already at the stage of formation, the Kharkiv guitar school proved to be innovative – it was in Kharkiv where the first guitar club in Ukraine and the USSR was opened, within which the first guitar quartet in the USSR soon appeared, the first in Ukraine scholarly conference dedicated to guitar art, it was one of the first to join the digitalization process, conducting online performances and successfully presenting the guitar orchestra at the international level, resulting in two Grand Prix in 2020. Already within the activities of the guitar club, another leading feature of the Kharkiv guitar school – multivectority – has declared itself. Gathering like-minded people to share experiences and get acquainted with samples of modern guitar art, the club “nurtured” teachers, masters of instruments, and musicians-ensembles. All the directions initiated in the last century deepen and continue to branch out in the XXI century in the activities of the guitar class KhNUA: educational one is supplemented by scientific (conferences, defense of PhD theses), pedagogical one – by methodical complex (methodical works of V. Dotsenko), solo and ensemble performance – by the orchestra. Conclusions. Innovativeness and multivectority become leading features of the guitar class of KhNUA at the present stage. In recent years, the school’s activities are supplemented by such vectors as the formation of a guitar orchestra (2016), cooperation with European institutions of higher music education (Erasmus), active immersion in the digitalization process, in particular, online competitions and online broadcasts of the concerts, which fit its activity into the latest trends in the development of musical performance and education and shows the involvement in the European standards of artistic activity.

Guitar education has emerged as a discipline in K-12 institutions alongside ‘traditional’ music education such as band, orchestra and chorus in recent decades. Despite the substantial body of literature containing practical advice on teaching guitar, research-supported scholarship is lacking. The purpose of this study was to provide an evidentiary-based understanding of the professional profiles of guitar educators. A large sample (n = 1269) of guitar educators participated in the Guitar Educator Questionnaire (GEQ). Findings from the GEQ suggest a low per cent (7.9%) of music educators who teach guitar class consider themselves to be ‘guitar specialists’. A substantial number of respondents (68.5%) indicated that they rarely or never participated in guitar-related professional development, and 76.1% of respondents reported that their pre-service training provided little or no preparation for a career in guitar education.

The present article constitutes an attempt at outlining the musical oeuvre of Polish composers in the field of concertos for guitar and orchestra. Since the 1940s, when the first concerto with a guitar part was created, more than 100 concertos have been composed in Poland. In an effort to write such a piece of music, composers discovered different creative paths, which often revealed various new colours of the guitar. The article discusses a proposal to divide the concertos created in Poland according to the specificity of the pieces, introduces the history of the first Polish concertos and paints a picture of guitar literature created by 2020.

This article is an introduction to the artistic profile of a Polish conductor, composer and guitarist Adam Franciszek Epler. This forgotten creative persona left the artistic legacy of compositions and arrangements for mandolin orchestra ensemble. Moreover, he was the first Polish guitarist playing Polish lute music, a founder of the first Polish guitar trio named Lwowskie Trio Gitarowe and a musician in the most popular interwar radio broadcast Wesoła Lwowska Fala. As a composer and conductor of the Orchestra of Mandolin Society “Hejnał” from Lviv, he also took part in numerous radio broadcasts of Polish Radio Lviv. His musical activities, similarly to the entire mandolin heritage in Poland and guitar history in interwar Poland, requires further research, and this article is one of the first contributions to these research topics.

In the realm of art music, Leo Brouwer (1939-) is widely considered as the most significant living composer for the guitar. Since the latter part of the 20th century, students of the guitar at most, if not all, recognized music institutions have increasingly sought to perform Brouwer's works. Correspondingly, at the South African College of Music (University of Cape Town) respected instructors like Elspeth Jack, Neefa van der Schyff, and others, have over many years consistently and devotedly incorporated Brouwer's guitar literature into their teaching programmes. Cape Town's prized composer-conductor Alan Stephenson has similarly developed a keen interest in Brouwer's large-scale works, inspiring in 1998 a memorable rendition of Brouwer's acclaimed Elegiaco Concerto, performed by the talented soloist Christiaan Van der Vyver and the University of Cape Town Orchestra. In line with this, one of Brouwer's underlying goals has been to create works that are accessible to players of varying standards of performance. As a consequence, young, inexperienced, moderate, advanced as well as top internationally-acclaimed virtuosic players have all found some measure of contentment in performing Brouwer's guitar works.

Many researchers are fascinated by creativity and innovation. The question of creative resources at the Yogyakarta Guitar Orchestra (YGO) becomes the primary topic to be discussed in this paper. The premise is that the innovation and creativity framework embedded in YGO's creative resources directly impacts and influences the creative process so that the role of creative resources becomes visible. The goal of this study was to establish a model for YGO's creative resource management to manage innovation and creativity effectively. The research method is grounded theory, with data collected via interviews, literature reviews, and photo documentation. The data analysis was conducted using the innovation paradigm and the creative resource management perspective on creativity. The study's findings include information about how YGO acts as an accelerator for creative resources in order to foster innovation and creativity. This contribution can assist policymakers in directing resources and actions toward YGO or similar communities in order to foster the future development of a high-quality innovation and creative ecosystem

The institutionalization of musical groups through local, decentralized govern-ments may provide artists an alternative to the precarious working conditions as characterized by the gig economy. The article uses the Tito Francia Guitar Or-chestra as a case study and suggests that artists living in areas with autonomous local governments may be able to frame their work as a social, political, or eco-nomic benefit to the city. The article contains three sections: the first one explains Argentina's current economic situation and its effects on musical work in the country; the second one introduces the guitar orchestra and their relationship with the Municipality of Guaymallén; the last section considers the benefits and risks of institutionalizing an ensemble, and how musicians' work may change as a result.

Researchers attempting to show that music has positive effects on children need to understand and control for preexisting differences between those who do and do not select into musical participation in the first place. Within a large-scale, communitywide, prospective, longitudinal study of predominantly low-income, ethnically diverse students ( N = 31,332), we examined characteristics of students who did and did not enroll in music elective courses (band, choir, orchestra, guitar, other) in public middle schools (sixth, seventh, and eighth grades) in Miami. Predictor variables included gender, ethnicity, poverty, special education, English language learner status, fifth-grade English proficiency, prior academic performance (fifth-grade grade point average [GPA], standardized math and reading test scores), and initial school readiness skills (social, behavioral, cognitive, language, and motor skills) at age 4. Only 23% of middle school students enrolled in a music class in sixth, seventh, or eighth grade, with band having the highest enrollment, followed by choir, orchestra, and guitar. Being male and having greater cognitive skills at age 4 and higher fifth-grade GPA and reading skills were related to later music participation. Black students, students in special education, and those not proficient in English were less likely to participate in middle school music classes. Results varied somewhat by type of music.

Stiltes zijn een essentieel onderdeel van muziek. Wanneer stilte nauwkeurig wordt gemeten, zoals in Michael Maierhofs Zonen 6 voor gitaarorkest, kan deze een hele compositie structureren en de luisteraar helpen om een stuk zin te geven. Het artistieke gebruik ervan heeft ook een dramatische invloed op de rol en de uitvoeringspraktijk van de dirigent. Precies 75% van Zonen 6 voor gitaarorkest van Michael Maierhof bestaat uit gecomponeerde en uitgemeten soundscapes, uitgevoerd door zeventien gitaristen. De andere 25% van het stuk bestaat uit afgemeten en gedirigeerde stilte. In dit artikel peilt Thomas Moore het artistieke gebruik van deze stiltes en onderzoekt hij de manier waarop zij de soundscapes omlijsten en helpen structureren. Ook het nut van de dirigent(e) tijdens deze stiltes wordt overwogen, net als de manieren waarop de dirigent(e) invloed uitoefent op de uitvoering door de gitaristen, en de perceptie van het stuk door het publiek.Silences are an essential part of music. When rigorously measured, like in Michael Maierhof's Zonen 6 for guitar orchestra, silences can structure an entire composition and help the listener make sense of a piece. Their artistic usage also has a dramatic affect on the conductor's role and performance practice. Exactly 75% of Michael Maierhof's Zonen 6 for guitar orchestra can be described as composed and metered soundscapes played and performed by seventeen guitar players. The other 25% of the piece is comprised of measured and conducted silence. In this article, Thomas Moore will delve in the artistic use of these silences and examine the manner in which they frame the soundscapes and help create structure. The use of the conductor throughout these silences will also be considered, as well as the possible ways in which this affects the guitarists' performance and the audience's perception of the piece.

The contemporary national Ukrainian art of guitar performance is actively growing. In the latest decades it is experiencing a veritable takeoff. One of the primary objectives of modern musicology is to extensively study the phenomenon of Ukrainian guitar art, specifically its regional variations. The establishment of regional schools of guitar and study of prominent artists deserve detailed research. The article examines the multifaceted creative individuality of Volodymyr Dotsenko, the founder of professional school of classical guitar in Kharkiv. His artistic image is firstly pondered in the light of universalism. Such major areas of the artist’s interest are explored as conducting, teaching practice, research and socio-educational activity, which all lie in close conjunction with each other and contribute to the universalistic image of a modern musician. A specific focus is made on the early development of artistic universalism in Dotsenko, which begins in the early days of his professional activity. The article shows how the quality of education and upbringing contributes to shaping a multifaceted creative individuality. The analysis of Dotsenko’s performance style displays such universalistic features as a deep understanding of the interpretative idea core, stylistic and technical immaculacy in performance of guitar pieces from diverse styles, exquisite taste in selection of conceptual concert programs. Afresh approach to the teaching of guitar performance and years of experience in training firstclass performer laid groundwork to a corpus of academic methodical literature, which fully conveys the principles of comprehensive universalist development of a musician. Dotsenko’s teaching and scholarly activities are characterized by deep understanding of the technical aspects of classical guitar performance, a highly academic approach, extensive knowledge, precise turn of phrase, and colorful imagery. Meanwhile, Dotsenko’s organization skills brought about the creation of a unique ensemble: the Kharkiv guitar orchestra, as well as a number of academic and practical conferences and classical guitar contests. All of these events heavily contributed to further development of Ukrainian guitar art. Dotsenko is an example of Ukrainian creative elite, a unique musician, professor, academic, and social activist. The universalist traits characteristic of his artistic individuality, can be observed in every field of his creative output and are the main qualitative feature of his personality.

Despite its rich heritage and enduring popularity, country music has historically been marginalized in American music education, usually in favor of more “high-brow” musical practices. This article explores potential explanations for this imbalance within the context of a general overview of cultural and social considerations and implications related to this important American art form. Finally, we outline practical steps that music teachers can take toward more inclusive and diverse approaches to music teaching and learning to include country music critically and as appropriate to meet students’ needs and interests. These steps include applications within current approaches to band, orchestra, choir, general music, songwriting, and guitar.

A major source of influence on Japanese musicians has historically been Western art, and the resulting music has also served to influence much of Western contemporary music. This paper forms a timeline containing some key moments in Japanese music history, including the pioneering of Japanese-language rock, synth-pop, and Shibuya-kei. This investigation into these important moments is supplemented by quotes from interviews of musicians, including Haruomi Hosono of Yellow Magic Orchestra and Happy End, Keigo Oyamada of Flipper’s Guitar, and Yasuharu Konishi of Pizzicato Five. This paper finds that a country’s art and culture, in this case Japanese music, can evolve through the importation and assimilation of foreign culture.

The article analyzes the theory and practice of acoustic guitar performing in the fingerstyle – a special technique of playing simultaneously conducting several parts (solo, rhythm and bass). This style, turning the guitar into a kind of “orchestra in miniature”, significantly expands the range of expressive possibilities of the musician-guitarist, allowing him to fully reveal the content of the performed works. Along with a discussion of the prerequisites to the emergence of an acoustic guitar as a musical instrument and show its evolution in the development process, authors provide a brief historical background on the origins and causes of fingerstyle, characteristics of sound and sound production methods, activities of its developers and popularizers, the content of the tutorial for the fingerstyle guitarist. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the original author’s methods of performing this style. Among them: a complex reception from a pinch and a slap and a “phantom pick” for the thumb (without using the “claw”). The necessity of their application is justified, the technique of performance and the achieved results of these methods of sound extraction are described in detail. The article describes the possibilities of using electric sound amplification in the performance of fingerstyle on an acoustic guitar, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using various types of sound amplification equipment in a concert performance. Authors emphasize that the connection of these devices when performing fingerstyle creates a number of additional opportunities for enriching the sound, allowing to increase the artistic level of interpretation. The conclusion is made about the prospects for the development of this style. Recommendations are given for solving specific technological problems for guitarists who use fingerstyle in concert practice, both with and without sound amplification equipment.

this research aims to design a new concept in keroncong music creation with an explorative method. Keroncong is one kind of entertainment musics in indonesia that has a long existece and evolved up to today. Keroncong music is a musical mixture of a western diatonic music with Javanese gamelan music. the term of keroncong comes from the sound “...crong crong crong...” on the ukulele instrument that played rasquardo. an instrumentation music consists of: vocals, violin, flute, cak, cuk, cello, guitar, and bass. during this moment, keroncong is basically just served as a vocal accompaniment music. this becomes a driving force for the author to compose a special composition for keroncong music solo instrument. there is a new concept used in the arranging of this composition, as follows. this composition is designing a concerto, which is a type of the instrumental musics with a western diatonic instrument on the part-one of the solo oboe and an English horn in part-two, with keroncong music and orchestra. the conclusion of these designs are as follows. Keroncong music will be able to stand on its own as an instrumental music.

Secondary general music is hard to define. For some, this denotes an accelerated version of elementary general music or a decelerated version of a college music appreciation course. Others view this as any nontraditional ensemble geared for middle or high school students, such as guitar, keyboard, or steel pans. Still, for others, secondary general music is not so much a stand-alone course as it is any time devoted to teaching fundamental skills to students in band, orchestra, and choir so they may more successfully perform the repertoire. The authors acknowledge each of the above-listed views as valid; thus, rather than debate what is secondary general music, we will highlight each viewpoint in a three-part series. The first of this series will focus on a class structure where students experience various activities all while learning music fundamentals, studying music history, and developing music literacy skills.

The violin is an instrument used in various musical genres. Besides preserving, elaborating, and valuating, the classical form of the instrument as well as the classical violin repertory, an electronic version of the instrument has entered the music business many decades ago. It allows the musician to produce sounds ranging from classical violin sounds to electric guitar or even electric bass sounds. Nora Kudrjawizki (‘Angelstrings’, “One Violin Orchestra”) is an electric violinist living in Berlin and using the instrument for as many different genres and occasions as possible: playing Nirvana songs or fighting with the violin bow as an improvised sword to “Pirates of the Caribbean” music as part of her performance. Her work will be presented as a case study and will be set into a bigger framework with further electric violinist statements generated from the literature. I focus on the differences in the instrumentalist–instrument relation when playing electric or acoustic. My aim is to prove that the electric violin is mostly used to play public and impress others and that there are also musically interesting aspects and individual experiences that should be valued.

<p><em>The main goal of the work</em> is to study the level of physical fitness of students of music specialties. The objectives of the study reflect the gradual achievement of the goal. It also gives the analysis of the static strength endurance of the muscles of the body <em>Methods of research</em>: analysis and generalization of data in literature, pedagogical methods of research (experiment, testing), methods of mathematical statistics. 154 students of the first and second year of the Vinnitsa School of Culture and Arts named after M. D. Leontovich participated in the pedagogical experiment. Such as students of the specialty “Music Art”, the specializations “piano, orchestra, string instruments” (violin, viola, cello, double bass); “Orchestral wind instruments and percussion instruments” (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, saxophone, horn, trumpet, trombone, tubo, percussion instruments), “folk instruments” (accordion, accordion, domra, bandura, guitar); “Vocal, choral conducting”. <em>Results</em><em>.</em><strong> </strong> It is noted that the level of work capacity, health status and occupations depends on the effectiveness of their physical education. It is possible to increase the effectiveness of the process of physical education of students through optimization and development of professionally important physical qualities. Student’s educational and further activity of the specialty "Musical art" provides an unpleasant work pose and peculiarities of the manifestation of physical qualities, which level of development depends on the effectiveness of professional activity. <em>Findings.</em> The estimation of indicators of the physical readiness of students with the use of battery tests, which characterize the static strength endurance of the muscles of the torso is evaluated. Evaluation of the students' physical fitness made it possible to determine the general tendency of significant deterioration of the indicators for the period of study. </p>

MARGARET BROUWER: Lament for violin, clarinet, bassoon and percussion12,4,6,10; Light for soprano, harpsichord, flute, clarinet, violin, cello and percussion1,7,2,5,13,14,11; Under the Summertree for piano8; Skyriding for flute, violin, cello & piano3,13,14,9; Demeter Prelude for string quartet15. 1Sandra Simon (sop), 2Sean Gabriel (fl), 3Alice Kogan Weinreb (fl), 4Jean Kopperud (cl), 5Amitai Vardi (cl), 6Donald McGeen (bsn), 7Jeanette Sorrell (hpschd), 8Kathryn Brown (pno), 9Mitsuko Morikawa (pno), 10Dominic Donato (perc), 11Scott Christian (perc), 12Laura Frautschi (vln), 13Gabriel Bolkosky (vln), 14Ida Mercer (vlc), 15Cavani String Quartet. New World 80606-2.CHEN YI: Momentum; Chinese Folk Dance Suite for violin and orchestra1; Dunhuang Fantasy for organ and chamber wind ensemble3; Romance and Dance for 2 violins and string orchestra1,2; Tu. 1Cho-Liang Lin (vln), 2Yi-Jia Susanne Hou (vln), 3Kimberley Marshall (org), Singapore SO c. Lan Shui. BIS-CD-1352.SADIE HARRISON: The Light Garden for mixed quintet1; The Fourteenth Terrace for clarinet and ensemble2; Bavad Khair Baqi! for solo violin3. Traditional Afghan Music4. 1Tate Ensemble, 2Andrew Spalding (cl), Lontano c. Odaline de la Martinez, 3Peter Sheppard Skærved (vln), 4Ensemble Bakhtar. Metier MSV CD92084.MISATO MOCHIZUKI: Si bleu, si calme1; All that is including me for bass flute, clarinet and violin1,2,3; Chimera; Intermezzi I for flute & piano1,4; La chamber claire. 1Eva Furrer (fl, bass fl), 2Bernhard Zachhuber (cl), 3Sophie Schafleitner (vln), 4Marino Formenti (pno), Klangforum Wien c. Johannes Kalitzke. Kairos 0012402KAIONUTE NARBUTAITE: Symphony No. 2; Liberatio for 12 winds, cymbals & 4 strings; Metabole for chamber orchestra. Lithuanian National SO c.Robertas Fervenikas. Finlandia 0927-49597-2.ALLA PAVLOVA: Symphony No. 1, Farewell Russia1,3,4; Symphony No.32,3,5. 1Leonid Lebedev (fl), Nikolay Lotakov (picc), Mikhail Shestakov (vln), Valery Brill (vlc), Mikhail Adamovich (pno); 2Olga Verdernikova (vln), 3Russian PO c. 4Konstantin D. Krimets, 5Alexander Vedernikov. Naxos 8.557157.‘APPARENZE: Collana di Nuove Musiche 1997’. Works by SILVIA DELITALA, RITA PORTERA, CATERINA DE CARLO, BEATRICE CAMPODONICO, PAOLA CIAR-LANTINI, JANET MAGUIRE, MARCO SANTAM BROGIO, PAOLO MINETTI, FEDERICO MONTAGNER, RINALDO BELLUCCI and BIAGIO PUTIGNANO. Maria Vittoria Vallese (sop), Pia Zanca, Fiametta Facchini, Rinaldo Bellucci (pnos), Duo Soncini-Flückiger, Italian Guitar Quartet, Ensemble Paul Klee, Fabrizio Fantini, Gianluca Calonghi (cls), Giuseppe Giannotti (ob). Radio Onda d'Urto E.F.B 001.

The relevance of the article is to deepen the analytical aspect of knowledge about Peruan guitar music of the late 20th – early 21st centuries in the context of the renewal of genre traditions of Andean music on the example of works by Celso Garrido-Lecca. Main objective of the study is to determine the influence of Peruvian traditions on the guitar music of Celso Garrido-Lecca in the conditions of modern creative contexts. The methodology includes methods of historical, comparative, phenomenological, structural and functional analysis for: contextual consideration of the composer's creative activity; study of genre and style elements of Peruvian music traditions of folk, professional and non-academic origin in their interaction with the academic language of new music; comparison of the genealogy of rhythmic structures and their manifestations in the researched works; correlation of associative-figurative series with timbral connotations, specific genres and intonation and chord patterns. Results and conclusions. The study of the guitar music of the contemporary Peruvian composer Celso Garrido-Lecca performed by masters of academic art opens interesting pages of the new South American repertoire. Loyalty to the folklore traditions of his country, the study of timbre specificity and aesthetics of the Andean sound, the organology of ancient aerophones and local analogues of the charango, the collective practice of music making, as well as the ethnic language elements of the music of the coastal regions have affected the author's guitar works. Household traditions of Peruvian culture are identified in the sound atmosphere of the new vocabulary of the European model - polytonal “collage” music layers, constructivist modal octatonic arrangements, in the context of serial elements and polystylistic overlays of “foreign” texts. The genealogy of the rhythms deciphered in the composer's guitar opuses indicates a closeness to specific genre features: the Andean rhythm formulas of the huáyno, the Afro-Peruvian festejo, the ancient figures of the landó, the Creole samacueca, the tondero and the marinera with Iberian roots. The author resorted to quoting folklore sources in "Popular Andean Dances" with their updating with musical means of modern vocabulary; imitated the timbres of Andean flute orchestras in the cycle “Poetics” in the guitar parts; introduced the Andean charango of the Ayacuchan model into the scores of the orchestral versions of his suites; in the part of the instrumental duet of charango and guitar. In Celso Garrido-Lecca's guitar works, syntheses of archaic thinking of folkloric Andean chants, hybrid origins of poetics of local Creole and Afro-Peruvian rhythms with new language and intonation paradigms of academic art are organically embodied. Research perspectives are seen in the study of the influence of Peruvian culture on the modern non-academic traditions.

The influence of subculture is characteristic for academic works of the 20th century, including those written for a six-string guitar and compositions with a guitar part. Many authors have recognized the instrument as an attribute of mass culture since the Middle Ages. Democracy as a historical property of the guitar leaves its mark on academic music that addresses it. Having never been a part of orchestras before, guitar becomes a permanent and almost the main member of the jazz ensemble. The paper discusses the diversity of embodiment of the features of mass culture in academic Russian guitar works of the 20th century. Melodic and harmonic features of the proletarian song are introduced by composers of the Soviet period (Asafyev, Shebalin, Retchmensky, Kamaldinov) into guitar opuses. The author shows that the instrument is perceived by composers of the second half of the century as a phenomenon of mass culture, and therefore the introducing of guitar into the score entails the use of means from its arsenal — melodic-harmonic, rhythmic, textured, compositional. The specifics of the film industry express themselves in the introduction of a part of the soundtrack into the work, the use of montage techniques. The study revealed that the influence of pop music and jazz styles manifests itself in pieces for the guitar solo by composers of the second half of the 20th century, whose style is formed on the basis of performance (Vinitsky, Rudnev, Koshkin, Kozlov).

The purpose of this article is to learn the chronology of introduction in the musical-cultural way of life of Kharkiv of Western European and the Eastern European stringed instruments (zither, guitar, mandolin, balalaika, domra). The study of chronology is aimed at a more active introduction of the facts of use of string-plucked instruments in Kharkiv into the scientific circulation. The methodology for writing this article is the combination of comparative, cultural and historical, musicological approaches and methods. The result of scientific research of this article is demonstration of chronology of activities in Kharkiv of musicians-tourers, who were performers and teachers of play on the string-plucked instruments. The concert activity of amateur Kharkiv bands was analyzed. The mass implementation of ensembles and orchestras of guitarists — mandolinists — balalaika players in the early XX century is noted. Affinity of formation of such ensembles and orchestras in Kharkiv with Western European ensembles and orchestras is emphasized. The evolution of the development of amateur performance on string-plucked instruments in the largest cultural center of Slobozhanshchyna is traced. The number of names of musicians — tourers and local performers, teachers, heads of visiting professional and Kharkiv amateur groups of the late XIX and early XX centuries is entered into scientific circulation. The combination of Western European and local factors in the distribution and popularization of ensembles and orchestras of guitarists — mandolinists — balalaika players on the territory of Kharkiv was emphasized. Influence of Western European bands and tourers — performers on zither, guitar, mandolin on instillation and consolidation of local amateurs and, subsequently, the first professionals’ interest to the national folk string-plucked instruments is revealed. The increase in the popularity of string-plucked ensembles and orchestras among various social strata of Kharkiv society — apprenticeships, students, workers of various industries, Kharkiv intelligent environment is indicated. The mainly charitable activities of such string-plucked is emphasized. The repertoire of such groups is highlighted. The scientific novelty. For the first time, a chronology of the activities of touring musicians — performers on zither, guitar, mandolin and teachers playing these and similar instruments is traced. The concert activity of amateur Kharkiv bands was highlighted and analyzed according to chronology, the mass implementation of ensembles and orchestras of guitarists — mandolinists — balalaika players in the early XX century is noted. The affinity of principles in the compositions of such collectives in Kharkiv with Western European ones is defined. The practical significance of the article. The results of the study can be used in lecture courses on the history of folk instrumental performance, the history of the development of folk instruments in Slobozhanshchyna, the history of intercultural relations in the field of musical art.

The purpose of this article is to identify the individual-style features and genre characteristics of romantic fantasy for the academic professional guitar. The methods of the research are based by investigator on the application of a comprehensive approach, namely: evolutionary and historical methods – in the disclosure of the processes of formation and subsequent evolution of the genre under study; analytical – in the study of different genre literature, concerning the chosen problem and others. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that fantasies for F. Tarrega’s guitar is analyzed by researcher for the first time. On their example, the individual-style features of the fantasy genre are revealed by scholar. Conclusions. In the course of the work, the genre characteristics of F. Tarrega’s romantic fantasy were analyzed, and it was discovered that virtuosity comes to the forefront as a mandatory quality of fantasy, which was associated with the emergence of virtuosos of composers and performers Napoleon Costa and Francisco Tarrega. Thanks to them, the guitar falls a focus of attention of famous virtuosos who study its chamber and orchestral capabilities. Fantasies for the guitar are improved in form and thematism, using as exclusively original thematism, and borrowed. In the era of romanticism, fantasies on a borrowed topic get the most development, a prerequisite for which was the growth of a virtuoso style of performance, which undoubtedly led to revolutionary achievements in the field of expressive means. One of the main features of guitar fantasies on a borrowed topic was the superiority not of composing, but of performing means of expression: agogics, dynamics, intonation and others. Fantasies for the guitar are extremely virtuosic and require considerable performing skills. However, virtuoso techniques are only of a subordinate nature, and borrowed themes become only an impulse for creating a new artistic integrity. From the point of view of the actual musical structure, such works are characterized by a combination of the form of fantasy with the variational principle of material development.

Introduction. The widespread use of percussion instruments is a worldwide trend in artistic practice of the 20th – early 21st centuries, whose existence is due to the constant development of composer creativity and the performing art of percussion instruments playing. The named vectors of musical activity are linked inextricably, since one direction contributes to the development of another. Nevertheless, there are not still fundamental scientific works would investigate the evolution of wind instruments from the beginnings to the present in the designated context of the interaction between composer and performing arts. The questions remain open: why, over time, composers were more and more attracted to the sound images of percussion instruments? How did the formation of sound images of percussions take place and what tendencies can be distinguished in this process in connection with the development of various musical styles and genres, as well as with individual, unique composer ideas? What works contributed to the evolution of percussion instruments? The aim of the proposed research is an attempt to examine, in the context of evolutionary processes, the practice of the modern use of percussion instruments in composing and performing art. In addition to questions of their direct use in the works of composers, the sound image of percussions is considered, which can be reproduced with the help of articulation and other techniques on various instruments (piano, strings, harp, guitar etc.). Literature review and methodology of the research. This research in a factual aspect based on the works of G. Blagodatov (1969) and A. Kars (1989). However, percussion instruments are not the subject of special consideration in the works of these authors. In addition, we note that the methodological approach of the named researchers is opposite to the proposed analytical model. G. Blagodatov and A. Kars examine evolutionary processes in the history of a symphony orchestra and orchestration. However, they highlight the typical, not the special and unique, while is this interest that determines the specifics of our research. The historical and cultural approach that takes into account the historical experience of both musical and other types of art helps to “decode” the unique composer ideas. The historical and genetic research method is used when considering evolutionary processes and searching for features of historical continuity in the interpretation of sound images of percussion instruments. Findings. Modern interest in percussion instruments in the practice of playing music is associated with a new interpretation of the means of musical expression in compositions of the 20th – early 21st centuries. The reason for this interest should be sought in the correspondence of the sound image of the percussions to certain characteristics of the “picture of the world”, which develops in the work of artists throughout the XX–XXI centuries, a time of rapid total changes, when the “shock” and rigid “rhythm” become the symbols of the time, requiring, in turn, psychological relaxation and detachment. Accordingly, two main trends in the embodiment of percussion sound images formed. The first is associated with the emancipation of the rhythmic principle up to its complete liberation from the melodic one (the appearance in musical works of independent themerhythms, of expanded rhythmic structures, semantically significant rhythmic ostinatі, solo percussion instruments, in particular, in the works of the concert genre). The second is sonorous-coloristiс, revealing the wide timbre possibilities of percussion instruments, involving, among other things, exotic, archaic, atypical author’s methods of sound production, untempered sounds. In the 20 century, composers tried to free music from the power of even tempered tuning (for example, when using microtonal music in creative experiments carried out by A. H&#225;ba, Ch. Ives, I. Wyschnegradsky) and percussion instruments, by their nature, fit this tendency. Going beyond the limits of even tempered tuning concerns both pitch organization and concentration on timbre colors, sonorism. The second of the tendencies, in our opinion, responds to the hedonistic preferences of the listeners, and also corresponds to the widespread aesthetic concept of the naturalness of artistic creativity, where percussion appears as the most suitable instrument for reproducing natural biorhythms of the Universe and a Human in musical rhythms. The semantic content of percussion sound images demonstrates multidimensionality and poly-variety, up to opposite expressive meanings. Features of the use of percussion in musical works of the XX–XXI centuries are often determined by a unique composer intention, which performers and researchers should decode based on the cultural and historical experience of musical art. For example, the sound image of bells, which clearly reveals the sonor-color qualities of the percussiveness, acquires different semantic meanings depending on the author’s concept. It is possible to use sound images of percussion instruments from the standpoint of symbolism. Historical, in particular, national origins can also affect the interpretation of sound images of percussion instruments. Continuity and evolutionary changes are demonstrated by examples from the practice of using timpani, which for centuries were part of a symphony orchestra, and in the XX–XXI centuries became participants in a joint game and even soloists in different performing groups. The main section of the manuscript gives examples of all directions in the interpretation of sound images of percussion instruments. Conclusion. So, the proposed complex analytical model, taking into account the historical, national, evolutionary factors in the interpretation of sound images of percussion, which differs in different eras, seems promising, making it possible to trace the continuity in the new and the features of the cultural dialogue arising one way or another in the “big time” (M. Bakhtin) of art.

Ancient Song Recovered: The Life and Music of Veljo Tormis, by Mimi S. Daitz. Pendragon Press, $54.00/£36.00.The Works of Eduard Tubin: Thematic-Bibliographical Catalogue of Works by Vardo Rumessen. International Eduard Tubin Society/Gehrmans Musikförlag, E.57.TORMIS: ‘Vision of Estonia’ II. The Ballad of Mary's Land; Reflections with Hando Runnel; Days of Outlawry; God Protect Us from War; Journey of the War Messenger; Let the Sun Shine!; Voices from Tammsaare's Herdboy Days; Forget-me-not; Mens' Songs. Estonian National Male Choir c. Ants Soots. Alba NCD 20.TORMIS: ‘Vision of Estonia’ III. The Singer; Songs of the Ancient Sea; Plague Memory; Bridge of Song; Going to War; Dialectical Aphorisms; Song about a Level Land; We Are Given; An Aboriginal Song; The Estonians' Political Parties Game; Song about Keeping Together; Martinmas Songs; Shrovetide Songs; Three I Had Those Words of Beauty. Estonian National Male Choir c. Ants Soots. Alba NCD 23.TAMBERG: Cyrano de Bergerac. Soloists, Orchestra and Chorus of Estonian National Opera c. Paul Mägi. CPO 999 832-2 (2-CD set).ROSENVALD: Violin Concerto Nos. 11 and 2, Quasi una fantasia2; Two Pastorales3; Sonata capricciosa4; Symphony No. 35; Nocturne6. 1,2Lemmo Erendi (vln), Tallinn CO c. Neeme Järvi, 2Estonian State SO c. Jüri Alperten; 3Estonian State SO c. Vello Pähn; 4Valentina Gontšarova (vln); 56Estonian State SO c. Neeme Järvi. Antes BM-CD 31.9197.DEAN: Winter Songs. TÜÜR: Architectonics I. VASKS: Music for a Deceased Friend. PÄRT: Quintettino. NIELSEN: Wind Quintet. Berlin Philharmonic Wind Quintet, with Daniel Norman (tenor), c. Hermann Bäumer. BIS-CD–1332.TULEV: Quella sera; Gare de l'Est; Adiós/Œri Ráma in memoriam; Isopo; Be Lost in the Call. NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts. Eesti Raadio ERCD047.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS I: MÄGI: Vesper.1 KANGRO: Display IX.2 SUMERA: Shakespeare's Sonnets Nos. 8 & 90.3TAMBERG: Desiderium Concordiae.4 TULEV: String Quartet No. 1.5 EESPERE: Glorificatio.6 TORMIS: Kevade: Suite.71Estonian National SO c. Aivo Välja; 24NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts; 3Pirjo Levadi (soprano), Mikk Mikiver (narrator), Estonian National Boys' Choir, Estonian National SO c. Paul Mägi; 5Tallinn String Quartet; 6Kaia Urb (sop), Academic Male Choir of Tallinn Technical University c. Arvo Volmer; 7Estonian National SO c. Paul Mägi Eesti Raadio ERCD 031.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS II: TULVE: Traces.1 TALLY: Swinburne.2 KÕRVITS: Stream.3 STEINER: Descendants of Cain.4 KAUMANN: Long Play.5 LILL: Le Rite de Passage.6 SIMMER: Water of Life.71,5,6NYYD Ensemble c. Olari Elts; 2Ardo-Ran Varres (narrator), Iris Oja (sop), Alar Pintsaar (bar), Vambola Krigul (perc), Külli Möls (accordion), Robert Jürjendal (elec guitar); 3Virgo Veldi (sax), Madis Metsamart (perc); 4The Bowed Piano Ensemble c. Timo Steiner; 7Teet Järvi (vlc), Monika Mattieson (fl). Eesti Raadio ERCD032.ESTONIAN COMPOSERS III: GRIGORJEVA: Con misterio;1On Leaving. SUMERA: Pantomime; The Child of Dracula and Zombie. 1Tui Hirv (sop), 1Iris Oja (mezzo), 1Joosep Vahermägi (ten), 1Jaan Arder (bar), Hortus Musicus c. Andres Mustonen. Eeesti Raadio ERCD 045ESTONIAN COMPOSERS IV: KRIGUL: Walls.1 JÜRGENS: Redblueyellow.2 KÕRVER: Pre.3 KOTTA: Variations.4 SIIMER: Two Pieces.5 KAUMANN: Ausgewählte Salonstücke.6 AINTS: Trope.7 STEINER: In memoriam.81,6New Tallinn Trio; 2Liis Jürgens (harp); 3,8Voces Musicales Ensemble c. Risto Joost; 4Mati Mikalai (pno); 5Mikk Murdvee (vln), Tarmo Johannes (fl), Toomas Vavilov (cl), Mart Siimer (organ); 7Tarmo Johannes (fl). Eeesti Raadio ERCD 046.BALTIC VOICES 2: SISASK: Five songs from Gloria Patri. TULEV: And then in silence there with me be only You. NØRGÅRD: Winter Hymn. GRIGORJEVA: On Leaving (1999). SCHNITTKE: Three Sacred Hymns. Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir c. Paul Hillier. Harmonia Mundi HMU 907331.SCHNITTKE: Concerto for Chorus; Voices of Nature. PÄRT: Dopo la vittoria; Bogoróditse Djévo; I am the True Vine. Swedish Radio Choir c. Tõnu Kaljuste. BIS-CD-1157.PÄRT: Es sang vor langen Jahren; Stabat Mater; Magnificat; Nunc Dimittis; My Heart's in the Highlands; Zwei Sonatinen; Spiegel im Spiegel. Chamber Domaine; Stephen de Pledge (pno), Stephen Wallace (counter-ten), Choir of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh c. Matthew Owens. Black Box BBM1071.

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving measure and supportive modality utilized to treat patients experiencing respiratory failure. Patients experience pain, discomfort, and anxiety as a result of being mechanically ventilated. Music listening is a nonpharmacological intervention used to manage these psychophysiological symptoms associated with mechanical ventilation. The purpose of this analysis is to examine music preferences of 107 MV patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial that implemented a patient-directed music listening protocol to help manage the psychophysiological symptom of anxiety. 1 Music data presented heretofore includes the music genres and instrumentation patients identified as their preferred music. Genres preferred include: classical, jazz, rock, country, and oldies. Instrumentation preferred include: piano, voice, guitar, music with nature sounds, and orchestral music. The analysis of three patients’ preferred music received throughout the course of the study is illustrated to demonstrate the details and complexity involved in assessing MV patients, which substantiates the need for an ongoing assessment process.

Problem statement. Among Kharkiv composers, one of the significant places is occupied by Igor Kovach (1924–2003), a representative of the Kharkiv School of composers and Ukrainian musical culture of the 20th century. His works include music and stage, orchestra, concert, song, choral and literary-musical compositions, music for theatre performances, music for films and TV films. The creative legacy of Igor Kostyantynovych Kovach has a close connection with the children’s audience; it includes both instrumental music for young performers and theatrical music, where children from performers become listener, among them the fairy-tale ballets “The Northern Tale” and “Bambi”. The children’s music by I. K. Kovach did not receive proper consideration except for short newspaper essays and magazine notes, M. Bevz’s (2007) article devoted to children’s piano music. Thus, the problem of holistic study of children’s stage music by Igor Kovach still remains open. Objectives. The present article is devoted to the identification of musicalthematic, timbre-texture, genre-stylistic features, with the help of which the multifaceted figurative world of the ballet “Bambi” is embodied. The aim and the tasks of this research – to reveal the specifics of the figurative world of the fairytale ballet “Bambi” and to identify the musical means by which it is embodied. The role of the orchestra is established, the means of thematic characteristics of the characters are traced, and the peculiarities of the musical language stipulated by the requirements of the chosen genre are noted. Methodology. To achieve the aim we have used special scientific methods: genre, stylistic, intonation-dramaturgical and compositional ones. The presentation of the main material. The music for the fairy-tale ballet “Bambi” belongs to two authors: Igor Kovach and his son Yuri. The new features inherent in the sound palette are manifested in the instrumentation, where along with the usual composition of a modern symphony orchestra there are saxophones, rhythm- and bass-guitars, drums, which due to their timbres bring a sharp taste of emotional and behavioural looseness. Introducing the qualities of non-academic tradition into the academic orchestra, the authors, on the one hand, use them according to their origin, on the other – turn them into an organic part of the symphonic score. By making a “concession” to pop music, simplifying harmonious language, freeing it from the extreme manifestations of expanded tonality, bringing it closer, on the one hand, to classical-romantic, on the other – to jazz, Igor Kovach showed his inherent sense of modernity, “address quality” of creativity. Conclusions. Thus, the fabulous multifaceted world of “Bambi” is revealed in the ballet owing to the bright thinking and language of the composer. The action of the ballet takes place against the background of bright genre sketches, which are as if immersed in the very density of life. This impression arises due to the dynamics of rhythms, colourful orchestration, and a variety of styles, addressed to the sound world of today. Generalized intonations of academic art organically coexist with the turns of song quality of different origins, dance quality, march quality, jazz improvisations, which was facilitated by the co-authorship with Yuri Kovach.

The Department of Music Education, University of Education Winneba (UEW), trains students to acquire the skill of playing some Western instruments such as the keyboard, guitar, winds and orchestral strings. Furthermore, students also receive training in playing Ghanaian traditional instruments such as the atenteben and the various traditional drums of the existing ensembles. This practical teaching also include singing, dancing and ensemble making to allow all students perform their instruments in an ensemble. Unexpectedly, training in these instruments and ensembles was despaired by measures to contain the spread of Covid-19 pandemic. While theory courses in music were conducted via platforms such as Moodle, Google Classroom, the University’s Virtual Class (VClass) and Zoom, the exploratory case study design was used to seek technological means to conduct practical lessons which almost came to a halt as a result of its face-to-face teaching nature. Reviewing literature on technologies for teaching and Covid-19, the study which was based on Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (T-PACK) model unearthed means to conduct practical lessons. Lecturers, instructors, technicians and students of the Department were interviewed to organize their opinions on how to conduct practical lessons amidst Covid-19 restrictions. The study divulged innovative technological means to situate software programmes and applications such as Zoom, Google Classroom, Moodle, Microsoft Meet, Team Viewer, WhatsApp and Facebook for practical lessons.

Кларнет – относительно молодой музыкальный духовой инструмент, который стал продолжателем исторического развития и начал активно использоваться в композиторском творчестве, а значит и в исполнительстве (создан этот музыкальный инструмент в середине XIX века). Для нашего исследования особенно интересным и значительным смысловым фактом является то, что использование этого колоритного по звучанию музыкального инструмента началось с ансамблевого исполнения, в группе духовых инструментов духового и оперного, а позже – симфонического оркестрах. Отечественная музыкально-исполнительская культура развивалась параллельно с мировыми жанрами, поэтому использование кларнета было естественным в ее исполнительской культуре, а с начала ХХ в. кларнет использовался в исполнении джазовой музыки, эстрадной и поп-музыки. В 20-е годы появляется промежуточный стиль между традиционным джазом и свингом, так называемый Чикагский стиль, в котором в оркестрах (этого музыкального направления) появляется (среди контрабаса, фортепиано, гитары) флейта. Выдающимся исполнителем стиля “free jass” (50-е – начало 60-х годов) был известный кларнетист Лео Райт, игра которого имела большое влияние на отечественных музыкантов. С целью реализации методики обучения игры на кларнете начинающих учеников было разработано компонентную структуру данного вида обучения, которое имело такие составляющие, а именно: познавательный ( что отражает потребность в коллективном исполнении музыкальных произведений и уровень овладения музыкально-историческими и музыкально-теоретическими знаниями), операционнотехнологический (овладение исполнительско-двигательными умениями и навыками, что отражает процесс "перекодировки звуковых образов в моторные", которые обеспечивают способность для создания условий для совместной ансамблевой деятельности; регулятивно-оценочный (отражает уровень сформированности способности к адекватной оценки результатов собственной деятельности ученика-кларнетиста, направленной на исполнение музыкальных произведений). The clarinet is a relatively young musical wind instrument, which became the successor of historical development and began to be actively used in composing, and therefore in performance (this musical instrument was created in the middle of the XIX century). For our research, a particularly interesting and significant semantic fact is that the use of this colorful-sounding musical instrument began with an ensemble performance, in a group of wind instruments of brass and opera, and later – symphony orchestras. The Russian musical and performing culture developed in parallel with the world genres, so the use of the clarinet was natural in its performing culture, and since the beginning of the twentieth century the clarinet has been used in the performance of jazz music, pop and pop music. In the 20s, an intermediate style appeared between traditional jazz and swing, the so-called Chicago style, in which the flute appears in orchestras (of this musical direction) (among the double bass, piano, guitar). An outstanding performer of the “free jass” style (the 50s - early 60s) was the famous clarinetist Leo Wright, whose playing had a great influence on Russian musicians. In order to implement the methodology of teaching clarinet playing to novice students, a component structure of this type of training was developed, which had such components, namely: cognitive (which reflects the need for collective performance of musical works and the level of mastery of musical-historical and musical-theoretical knowledge), operational-technological (mastery of performance-motor skills and skills, which reflects the process of "transcoding sound images into motor images", which provide the ability to create conditions for joint ensemble activity; regulatory and evaluative (reflects the level of formation of the ability to adequately assess the results of a clarinetist student's own activity aimed at performing musical works).

Статья посвящена актуальной в ХХ–ХХI веках проблеме диалога элитарной и массовой культур. Теоретическую базу работы составляют труды видных современных ученых: О. Астафьевой, А. Костиной, Н. Кирилловой и других. В ее основу положена методология культурологического исследования, включающая комплексный, междисциплинарный и историко-сравнительный подходы, а также методы культурологической интерпретации и музыковедческого анализа. На примере творчества выдающегося русского композитора петербургской школы Сергея Слонимского — представителя поколения «шестидесятников» — исследуются его взгляды на конфликт «двух музык» — «серьезной» и «легкой», а также способы преодоления их противоречий (на примере Первой, Второй, Тридцать четвертой симфоний, Концерта для симфонического оркестра, трех электрогитар и солирующих инструментов, балета «Волшебный орех», вокальных сочинений, фортепианных пьес). В результате исследования делается вывод о двух путях, по которым шел композитор в решении данной проблемы: активного противостояния «музычке» масс-медиа и всей продукции псевдокультуры и органичного взаимодействия классических традиций и жанров массовой музыкальной культуры, поднимающего бытовую массовую стилистику на высочайший художественный уровень. The article is devoted to the problem of the dialogue between elite and mass cultures, in its own way manifested in music, which was topical in the XX and early XXI centuries. The theoretical foundation of the article is the culturological works of prominent modern scientists: O. Astafieva, A. Kostina, N. Kirillova, etc. It is based on the methodology of culturological research, including complex, interdisciplinary and historical-comparative approaches, as well as methods of cultural interpretation and musicological analysis. Using the example of the work of the outstanding Russian composer of the St. Petersburg school Sergey Slonimsky — a representative of the generation of the “sixties” — his views on the conflict of the “two musics”, “serious” and “light”, are investigated, as well as the ways of overcoming their contradictions (on the example of the First, Second, Thirty-fourth symphonies, the Concerto for a symphony orchestra, three electric guitars and solo instruments, “The Magic Nut” ballet, vocal compositions, piano pieces). As a result of the study, it is concluded that the composer follows two paths in solving this problem: the path of active opposition to the poppy “music” of the mass media and all the products of pseudoculture and the path of organic interaction of classical traditions and genres of mass musical culture, which raises the everyday mass stylistics to the highest artistic level.

Thisarticle offers a comprehensive overview of the “saxophonejazzimprovisation” phenomenon. It was noted that in the contemporary jazz studies, the components of this notion are, as a rule, not combined but studied separately. This work is the first study that proposes to combine them based on the textureandsyntaxparameters. For that purpose, a number of perceptions already developed in academic music studies have been corrected in this work, including the perception of the instrument’s textural style (A. Zherzdev), specifics of its reflection in improvisation, syntax as a “system of anticipations” (D. Terentiev), which has its own specifics in saxophonejazzimprovisation. Being one of the style “emblems” of jazz, saxophone combines the specifics and universalism of its aggregate sound, which makes its sound image communicatively in-demand. It was emphasized that the methodology and methodic of the topic presented in this work need to be concretized on the example of saxophone jazz styles, which offers prospects for further studies of this topic. The theory of jazz improvisation inevitably includes the question of instrument (instruments, voices) used to make it. At this point, we need to tap into information about the instrumental-type style (style of any types of music according to V. Kholopova) available in jazz practice in both of its historical forms: traditional and contemporary. Saxophone becomes one of the key objects of this study, being an instrument of new type capable of conveying the entire range of jazz intoning shades represented in such origins of jazz as blues, ballad, religious chants, popular “classical music”, academic instruments. To generalize, it is worth noting that information about saxophonejazzimprovisation is concentrated in two areas of study: organological (jazz instruments and their use: solo, ensemble, orchestral) and personal (portraits of outstanding jazz saxophonists made, as a rule, in an overview and opinionbased style). The historical path of saxophone as one of the most in-demand instruments of jazz improvisation was quite tortuous and thorny. The conservative public considered this instrument “indecent” and believed that its use in jazz does not meet the requirements of high taste (A. Onegger). It was emphasized that specifics of jazz saxophone sound indeed lay in the instrumentalization of expressive vocal and declamatory intonations originating from blues with its melancholy and “esthetics of crying”. It is manifested especially vividly, and with even greater share of shock value than in jazz, in the use of saxophone in rock music, which exerted reverse influence over jazz that gave birth to it (V. Ivanov). The timbre-articulatory diversity found in saxophone is identified when taking its organological characteristics out of the dialectics of the pair of notions “specifics – universalism”, where the deepening of the former (specifics) means overcoming thereof towards the latter, universalism (E. Nazaikinskyi). As a result, we have a textural style of saxophone based on melodic nature of this instrument, its specific timbre enriched by the influence of other instrumental sounds, including trumpet, piano, and later, electric guitar. Among the existing definitions of texture in music, there are three key, determinant parameters of the approach to the study of texture style of saxophone in jazz. The first of them is spatial-configurative (E. Nazaikinskyi), the second is procedural-dynamic (G. Ignatchenko), and the third is performance-based (V. Moskalenko). On aggregate, the textural style of jazz saxophone is defined in this article as the synthesis of the instrument’s “voice” and the “voice” of the improviser saxophonist. The former defines the typical in this style, and the latter defines the individual, unique. The specifics of texture in jazz, including saxophone jazz, are special, because this improvisation art does not have the component of final “finishing” of musical fabric. The formulas existing in saxophone jazz texture are divided into three types: specific (typical for jazz itself), specifized (stemming from the folklore and “third” layers), and transduction-reduction (according to S. Davydov, borrowed from the academic layer). The syntactic composition of saxophone jazz improvisation correlates by the textural one, taking the shape of textural-structural components (a term by G. Ignatchenko) – units of the first scaled level of the perception of form, which are related to the one and the other. The mechanism of anticipation – a forestalling perception of the next segment of the process of improvisation, and the intuitionallogical orientation of an improviser saxophonist toward the number “7” have great significance (E. Barban). Like in academic practice, syntax in jazz improvisation is built on the basis of “stability” and “instability” semantics (D. Terentiev), forming a complex system of paradigms and syntagmas (the former are typical for traditional jazz, the latter for contemporary one). The rules of jazz improvisation semantize, because the most important thing for a jazz musician is the process, not the result. At this point, the aspect of temporal distance from the “cause” to the “effect” becomes especially distinguishable: the farther they are from each other the less predictable improvisation becomes, and vice versa. The process of improvisation is largely structured by choruses, which represent sections of a form related to variant reproduction of a theme (standard theme or author’s theme). In addition, improvisation (including saxophone improvisation) may contain elements of general forms of sound used as the bridges connecting sections inside choruses.

Penelitian ini membahas sebuah upaya pengembangan formasi ensambel gitar dalam rangka pencapaian suatu kesetaraan artistik terhadap penyajian sebuah konseto untuk orkestra dan solois instrumen tiup. Proses penelitian ini diterapkan dalam konteks pembelajaran dan pengajaran paket mata kuliah Koor/ Orkes/ Ensambel (KOE) pada kurikulum pendidikan tinggi musik di Indonesia. Permasalahan utama yang dibahas dalam studi ini ialah bagaimana menerapkan repertoar orkestra pada sebuah ensambel gitar? Tujuan dari pemecahan masalah tersebut ialah untuk memperkaya materi pengajaran ensambel gitar yang termasuk salah satu kelompok studi dari paket kelas-kelas KOE. Kontribusi hasil penelitian ini adalah rekonstruksi model pembelajaran ensambel gitar dari tingkat menengah hingga tinggi. Guna mencapai target yang telah ditetapkan, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan kombinasi metodologis di antara metode transkripsi musikologis dengan metode tindakan kelas yang diadopsi pada studi material dan proses belajar ensambel gitar. Permasalahan yang teridentifikasi disimpulkan dengan pembuatan prototipe aransemen baru sebagai alternatif materi pengajaran melalui proses pengolahan editorial. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keterbatasan gitar dalam menghasilkan kesetaraan terhadap kulalitas artistik orkestra dapat diatasi tidak hanya dengan mentranskrip reduksi pianonya tapi langsung dari skor orkestranya. Oleh karena itu, ensambel gitar dapat menjadi alternatif yang lebih baik dari versi pengiring piano dalam menyajikan sebuah konsert The Adaptation of Concerto on a Guitar Ensemble as the Enrichment Effort of the Ensamble Teaching Materials. This study discusses an effort in developing guitar ensemble formation in order to achieve an artistic equality to the performance of a concerto for orchestra and wind soloist. This is applied in the context of Indonesian higher music education’s curriculum for the class room teaching and learning of the choir/ orchestra/ ensemble (COE) subject package. The main problem discussed in this study is how to apply an orchestral repertoireire to an ensemble guitar? The purpose of this study is to enrich the teaching material of guitar ensemble, which is one among the COE classes. The result of this study is contributed to the reconstruction of guitar ensemble teaching model from middle to higher grades. To achieve the target that have formerly been set, this study has combined musicological transcription method and the class room action research which are adopted to research material study as well as guitar ensemble learning process. Problems that had identified was concluded by prototyping the new arrangement through transcription process from the concerto repertoire as the teaching material alternative, by editorial treatment. This study concludes that the guitar limitedness to result the equality with the orchestral artistic quality could be overcome not by transcribing from its piano reduction but directly from orchestral score. Because of that reason, guitar ensemble could be a better alternative to the piano accompaniment in performing a concerto for a wind solist, and at the same time it enriches guitar ensemble repertoire.

According to music educators, persistence beyond a student’s initial enrollment in middle and high school music is a problem; however, there has been little research to substantiate this claim. Although several recent large-scale, longitudinal studies of initial selection into music classes have been conducted, longitudinal studies on who persists (vs. quits) in music—especially from middle to high school—are overdue. We prospectively followed a large ( n = 3,393), ethnically diverse (62% Hispanic, 29% Black), predominately low-income (77% free/reduced-price lunch) sample of eighth-grade middle school music students to high school (ninth grade) to understand predictors of persistence. Overall, only 24.5% of students taking a music elective in eighth grade continued to do so in ninth grade (band = 20.4%, chorus = 21.8%, guitar = 12.3%, orchestra = 20.4%). Initially more academically competent students (higher eighth-grade grade point average and reading and math scores) and students with disabilities were more likely to persist with music from eighth to ninth grade. Predictors varied somewhat by music type. A multigroup analysis showed moderation across music types with respect to the effect of gender, gifted status, and math on music persistence (e.g., high math scores predict band but did not predict other music-type persistence). Implications for music educators and researchers are discussed.

The NMC Songbook John FallasDavid Matthews Orchestral Music Peter PalmerRued Langgaard's complete Symphonies Paul ConwayPer Nørgård Symphonies and Guitar Music Bernard HughesAmericans in Rome Colin ClarkeLukas Foss Bret JohnsonFurther reviews Colin Clarke, Guy Rickards, Bernard Hughes

Schneider features Harry Partch, one of America's most colorful and original composers. Though trained as a concert pianist, Partch's dissatisfaction with the scales and instruments of Western music inspired him to design and build an orchestra of over two dozen hand-crafted microtonal instruments that were tuned to what he called his monophonic scale of 43 tones per octave. He also composed dozens of vibrantly singular musical works of all sizes, and authored theoretical statements of lasting significance in his book Genesis of a Music.

Cet article présente la collecte et l’analyse — à l’aide les logiciels Modalisa et Tropes — de 1867 commentaires d’abonnés d’un corpus de 10 vidéos pour « débutants ou grands débutants » à la guitare. Il s’appuie sur deux entretiens semi-directifs avec le créateur de la chaîne MrGalagomusic, premier vidéaste du web français en nombre d’abonnés qui propose des tutoriels d’apprentissage de la guitare. Il s’agit de comprendre comment la forme « tutoriel » permet le partage d’expériences, de savoirs, de compétences qui ne relèvent pas du schéma classique et linéaire de la transmission en Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Le « tuto » sur YouTube engage une communication du youtubeur vers l’internaute, de l’internaute vers le youtubeur ou de l’internaute vers un autre internaute par la possibilité de laisser un commentaire et d’y répondre. Il s’apparente davantage aux formes de communication orchestrale qui reposent sur l’interaction et constitue un objet pertinent pour comprendre les logiques de partage, d’échange, de contribution et de participation engagées sur les interfaces numériques et utile pour comprendre les nouveaux enjeux qui se fixent dans les dynamiques liées aux questions d’éducation artistique et culturelle.

Nine Inch Nails have just released a new single; In addition to the usual formats, “The Hand That Feeds” was available for free download in Garageband format. Trent Reznor explained, “For quite some time I’ve been interested in the idea of allowing you the ability to tinker around with my tracks – to create remixes, experiment, embellish or destroy what’s there” (MacMinute 15 April 2005). Reznor invites creativity facilitated by copying and transformation. “Copy” carries connotations of unsavoury notions such as piracy, stealing, fake, and plagiarism. Conversely, in some circumstances copying is acceptable, some situations demand copying. This article examines the treatment of “copy” at the intersection of musical creativity and copyright law with regard to cover versions and sampling. Waldron reminds us that copyright was devised first and foremost with a public benefit in mind (851). This fundamental has been persistently reiterated (H. R Rep. (1909); Sen. Rep. (1909); H. R. Rep. (1988); Patterson & Lindberg 70). The law grants creators a bundle of rights in copyrighted works. Two rights implicated in recorded music are located in the composition and the recording. Many potential uses of copyrighted songs require a license. The Copyright Act 1976, s. 115 provides a compulsory licence for cover versions. In other words, any song can be covered for a statutory royalty fee. The law curtails the extent of the copyright monopoly. Compulsory licensing serves both creative and business sides of the recording industry. First, it ensures creative diversity. Musicians are free to reinterpret cultural soundtracks. Second, it safeguards the composer’s right to generate an income from his work by securing royalties for subsequent usage. Although s. 115 permits a certain degree of artistic licence, it requires “the arrangement shall not change the basic melody or fundamental character of the work”. Notwithstanding this proviso, songs can still be transformed and their meaning reshaped. Johnny Cash was able to provide an insight into the mind of a dying man through covering such songs as Nine Inch Nails’ “Hurt”, Depeche Mode’s “Personal Jesus” and Parker & Charles’ “We’ll Meet Again”. Compulsory licensing was introduced in response to a Supreme Court decision that deprived composers of royalties. Congress recognised: The main object to be desired in expanding copyright protection accorded to music has been to give to the composer an adequate return for the value of his composition, and it has been a serious and difficult task to combine the protection of the composer with the protection of the public, and to so frame an act that it would accomplish the double purpose of securing to the composer and at the same time prevent the formation of oppressive monopolies, which might be founded upon the very rights granted to the composer for the purpose of protecting his interests (H. R. Rep. (1909)). Composers exercise rights over the initial exploitation of a song. Once a recording is released, the right is curtailed to serve the public dimension of copyright. A sampler is a device that allows recorded (sampled) sounds to be triggered from a MIDI keyboard or sequencer. Samplers provide potent tools for transforming sounds – filters, pitch-shifting, time-stretching and effects can warp samples beyond recognition. Sampling is a practice that formed the backbone of rap and hip-hop, features heavily in many forms of electronic music, and has proved invaluable in many studio productions (Rose 73-80; Prendergast 383-84, 415-16, 433-34). Samples implicate both of the musical copyrights mentioned earlier. To legally use a sample, the rights in the recording and the underlying composition must be licensed. Ostensibly, acquiring permission to use the composition poses few obstacles due to the compulsory licence. The sound recording, however, is a different matter entirely. There is no compulsory licence for sound recordings. Copyright owners (usually record labels) are free to demand whatever fees they see fit. For example, SST charged Fatboy Slim $1000 for sampling a Negativland record (Negativland). (Ironically, the sample was itself an unlicensed sample appropriated from a 1966 religious recording.) The price paid by The Verve for sampling an obscure orchestral version of a Rolling Stones song was more substantial. Allan Klein owns the copyright in “The Last Time” released by The Andrew Oldham Orchestra in 1965 (American Hit Network, undated). Licence negotiations for the sample left Klein with 100% of the royalties from the song and The Verve with a bitter taste. To add insult to injury, “Bittersweet Symphony” was attributed to Mick Jagger and Keith Richards when the song was nominated for a Grammy (Superswell, undated). License fees can prove prohibitive to many musicians and may outweigh the artistic merit in using the sample: “Sony wanted five thousand dollars for the Clash sample, which … is one thousand dollars a word. In retrospect, this was a bargain, given the skyrocketing costs of sampling throughout the 1990s” (McLeod 86). Adam Dorn, alias Mocean Worker, tried for nine months to licence a sample of gospel singer Mahalia Jackson. Eventually his persistent requests were met with a demand for $10,000 in advance with royalties of six cents per record. Dorn was working with an album budget of a mere $40 and was expecting to sell 2500 copies (Beaujon 25). Unregulated licensing fees stifle creativity and create a de facto monopoly over recorded music. Although copyright was designed to be an engine of free expression1 it still carries characteristics of its monopolistic, totalitarian heritage. The decision in Bridgeport Music v. Dimension Films supported this monopoly. Judge Guy ruled, “Get a license or do not sample. We do not see this stifling creativity in any significant way” (397). The lack of compulsory licensing and the Bridgeport decision creates an untenable situation for sampling musicians and adversely impacts upon the public benefit derived from creative diversity and transformative works (Netanel 288, 331). The sobering potential for lawsuits, ruinous legal costs, injunctions, damages (to copyright owners as well as master recordings), suppresses the creativity of musicians unwilling or unable to pay licence fees (Negativland 251.). I’m a big fan of David Bowie. If I wanted to release a cover version of “Survive”, Bowie and Gabrels (composers) and BMI (publishers) could not prevent it. According the Harry Fox Agency’s online licensing system, it would cost $222.50 (US) for a licence to produce 2500 copies. The compulsory licence demands fidelity to the character of the original. Although my own individual style would be embedded in the cover version, the potential for transformation is limited. Whilst trawling through results from a search for “acapella” on the Soulseek network I found an MP3 of the vocal acapella for “Survive”. Thirty minutes later Bowie was loaded into Sonar 4 and accompanied by a drum loop and bass line whilst I jammed along on guitar and tinkered with synths. Free access to music encourages creative diversity and active cultural participation. Licensing fees, however, may prohibit such creative explorations. Sampling technology offers some truly innovative possibilities for transforming recorded sound. The Roland VariOS can pitch-eliminate; a vocal sample can be reproduced to a melody played by the sampling musician. Although the original singer’s voice is preserved the melody and characteristic nuances can be significantly altered: V-Producer’s Phrase Scope [a system software component] separates the melody from the rest of the phrase, allowing users to re-construct a new melody or add harmonies graphically, or by playing in notes from a MIDI keyboard. Using Phrase Scope, you can take an existing vocal phrase or melodic instrument phrase and change the actual notes, phrasing and vocal gender without unwanted artefacts. Bowie’s original vocal could be aligned with an original melody and set to an original composition. The original would be completely transformed into a new creative work. Unfortunately, EMI is the parent company for Virgin Records, the copyright owner of “Survive”. It is doubtful licence fees could be accommodated by many inspired bedroom producers. EMI’s reaction to DJ Dangermouse’s “Grey Album“ suggests that it would not look upon unlicensed sampling with any favour. Threatening letters from lawyers representing one of the “Big Four” are enough to subjugate most small time producers. Fair use? If a musician is unable to afford a licence, it is unlikely he can afford a fair use defence. Musicians planning only a limited run, underground release may be forgiven for assuming that the “Big Four” have better things to do than trawl through bins of White Labels for unlicensed samples. Professional bootlegger Richard X found otherwise when his history of unlicensed sampling caught up to him: “A certain major label won’t let me use any samples I ask them to. We just got a report back from them saying, ‘Due to Richard’s earlier work of which we are well aware, we will not be assisting him with any future projects’” (Petridis). For record labels “copy” equals “money”. Allan Klein did very well out of licensing his newly acquired “Bittersweet Symphony” to Nike (Superswell). Inability to afford either licences or legal costs means that some innovative and novel creations will never leave the bedroom. Sampling masterpieces such as “It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back” are no longer cost effective (McLeod). The absence of a compulsory licence for sampling permits a de facto monopoly over recorded music. Tricia Rose notes the recording industry knows the value of “copy” (90). “Copy” is permissible as long as musicians pay for the privilege – if the resultant market for the sampling song is not highly profitable labels may decline to negotiate a licence. Some parties have recognised the value of the desire to creatively engage with music. UK (dis)band(ed) Curve posted component samples of their song “Unreadable Communication” on their website and invited fans to create their own versions of the song. All submissions were listed on the website. Although the band reserved copyright, they permitted me to upload my version to my online distribution website for free download. It has been downloaded 113 times and streamed a further 112 times over the last couple of months. The remix project has a reciprocal dimension: Creative engagement strengthens the fan base. Guitarist/programmer, Dean Garcia, states “the main reason for posting the samples is for others to experiment with something they love . . . an opportunity as you say to mess around with something you otherwise would never have access to2”. Umixit is testing the market for remixable songs. Although the company has only five bands on its roster (the most notable being Aerosmith), it will be interesting to observe the development of a market for “neutered sampling” and how long it will be before the majors claim a stake. The would-be descendants of Grand Master Flash and Afrika Bambaataa may find themselves bound by end-user licences and contracts. The notion of “copy” at the nexus of creativity and copyright law is simultaneously a vehicle for free expression and a vulgar infringement on a valuable economic interest. The compulsory licence for cover versions encourages musicians to rework existing music, uncover hidden meaning, challenge the boundaries of genre, and actively participate in culture creation. Lack of affirmative congressional or judicial interference in the current sampling regime places the beneficial aspects of “copy” under an oppressive monopoly founded on copyright, an engine of free expression. References American Hit Network. “Bittersweet Symphony – The Verve.” Undated. 17 April 2005 http://www.americanhitnetwork.com/1990/fsongs.cfm?id=8&view=detail&rank=1>. Beaujon, A. “It’s Not The Beat, It’s the Mocean.’ CMJ New Music Monthly, April 1999. EMI. “EMI and Orange Announce New Music Deal.” Immediate Future: PR & Communications, 6 January 2005. 17 April 2005 http://www.immediatefuture.co.uk/359>. H. R. Rep. No. 2222. 60th Cong., 2nd Sess. 7. 1909. H. R. Rep. No. 609. 100th Cong., 2nd Sess. 23. 1988. MacMinute. “NIN Offers New Single in GarageBand Format.” 15 April 2005. 16 April 2005 http://www.macminute.com/2005/04/15/nin/>. McLeod, K. “How Copyright Law Changed Hip Hop: An Interview with Public Enemy’s Chuck D and Hank Shocklee.” Stay Free 2002, 23 June 2004 http://www.stayfreemagazine.org/archives/20/public_enemy.html>. McLeod, K. Freedom of Expression: Overzealous Copyright Bozos and Other Enemies of Creativity. United States: Doubleday Books, 2005. Negativland. “Discography.” Undated. 18 April 2005 http://www.negativland.com/negdisco.html>. Negativland (ed.). Fair Use: The Story of the Letter U and the Numeral 2. Concord: Seeland, 2005. Netanel, N. W. “Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society.” 106 Yale L. J. 283. 1996. Patterson, L.R., and S. Lindberg. The Nature of Copyright: A Law of Users’ Rights. Georgia: U of Georgia P, 1991. Petridis, A. “Pop Will Eat Itself.” The Guardian (UK) 2003. 22 June 2004 http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/critic/feature/0,1169,922797,00.html>. Prendergast, M. The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. London: Bloomsbury, 2003. Rose, T. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Middletown: Wesleyan UP, 2004. Sen. Rep. No. 1108, 60th Cong., 2nd Sess. 7. 1909. Superswell. “Horror Stories.” 17 April 2005 http://www.superswell.com/samplelaw/horror.html>. Waldron, J. “From Authors to Copiers: Individual Rights and Social Values in Intellectual Property.” 68 Chicago-Kent Law Review 842, 1998. Endnotes 1 Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises 471 U.S. 539, 558 (1985). 2 From personal correspondence with Curve dated 16 September 2004. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Collins, Steve. "Good Copy, Bad Copy: Covers, Sampling and Copyright." M/C Journal 8.3 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0507/02-collins.php>. APA Style Collins, S. (Jul. 2005) "Good Copy, Bad Copy: Covers, Sampling and Copyright," M/C Journal, 8(3). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0507/02-collins.php>.

Sinopse: Esse vídeo foi apresentado como parte do trabalho de conclusão de curso (TCC) em Ciências Sociais pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE). O estudo se debruçou sobre o grupo Taboquinhas, fundado em 1924 no interior de Pernambuco, mais especificamente na cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, um dos polos da folia no interior do estado e local conhecido também por seu “carnaval de bichos”, devido às agremiações carnavalescas que possuem nomes de animais. O Taboquinhas é único remanescente ativo dos antigos “clubes de fado” que existiam na cidade. Segundo o historiador José Aragão (1983), os fados, juntamente aos clubes de manobras (ou de pedestres), foram os primeiros clubes organizados em Vitória, surgidos nas duas últimas décadas do século XIX. Algumas características do Taboquinhas, são apresentadas ao longo do vídeo, através de depoimentos, filmagens de dois dias de desfiles no ano de 2016 e através do uso de material histórico. O nome do grupo faz referência à batalha das Tabocas, que aconteceu no Monte das Tabocas, em Vitória, nos anos de 1645 e que resultou no início da expulsão dos holandeses do estado de Pernambuco. A peculiaridade da agremiação reside no fato de tratar-se de um fado carnavalesco, elemento que o torna — pelo menos até então — a única agremiação do tipo ainda em atividade no carnaval do estado de Pernambuco, além de ser uma agremiação tipicamente vitoriense, não sendo encontrada em outras cidades. O título do trabalho faz referência a suposto “fado” do grupo Taboquinhas, questionando se haveria uma relação com o fado (gênero musical) português ou com o frevo. O Taboquinhas é formado em maioria por adultos e idosos, mas conta com participação de jovens, alguns filhos, netos e sobrinhos dos mais velhos. A disposição para o desfile é feita por dois “cordões” de homens e mulheres vestindo trajes (e cores) de camponeses portugueses, um porta-estandarte, as duas figuras principais Senhora Helena, Sinhá Pequena e por uma pequena orquestra de pau e corda, composta por bandolim, pandeiro, rabeca e violões. Embora se trate de um clube de fados, a sonoridade é próxima da de um frevo de bloco (aquele tocado pelos blocos líricos). Apesar disso, o Taboquinhas não é um bloco lírico, embora toque frevo de bloco ou marcha de bloco. Tanto ele quantos clubes de fados apresentam certas características específicas, o que não o torna um caso isolado de bloco lírico com personagens diferentes ou algo do tipo. Eles apresentam a peculiaridade de os membros trajarem vestes do tipo português, de ter a taboca – um tipo de vara de bambu que vai sendo batida no chão ao longo do desfile – como elemento presente na performance, além de possuírem duas figuras centrais: senhora Helena e sinhá Pequena, que não estão presentes nos blocos líricos. Por fim, este vídeo pode ser considerado com uma introdução a este tipo de agremiação até então pouco estudada e denominada de clube de fado, voltado mais especificamente para a Taboquinhas, enquanto remanescente e grupo muito querido, presente no imaginário da população local como um patrimônio de seu carnaval. Synopsis: This short movie was presented how part of the final work to received the diploma in Social Sciences at Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE). This study it’s about Taboquinhas’ Group, founded in 1924 in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão (PE), one the places most popular in the carnival times and called “carnaval dos bichos” (carnival of the animals), due to groups named like animals. The Taboquinhas’ is the only “clube de fado” in activity. There was some groups in the past, but now just the Taboquinhas’. According to José Aragão (1983), the fado’s groups was the first organized carnival groups in Vitória. They emerged in the 19th century. Some Taboquinhas' features will be shown in the movie through ex-members reports, historical materials and two presentations in the carnival of 2016. The name of group is to honor a “Batalha das Tabocas” (Battle of Tabocas). This Battle occurred in the year 1645 in Vitória de Santo Antão and was the beginning of the expulsion of the Dutch army (according to part of local history). The interesting fact in Taboquinhas’ group is in reference of the local denomination: one fado in carnival. This fact its very singular. The title of the short movie its in allusion at this “fado” of the Taboquinhas’, questioning about a link with the fado from Portugal or with frevo music. The Taboquinhas it’s composed by adults, elderly person, young people and some children, grandsons or familiars from the older participants. In the carnival parade they have two “cordões” with mans and woman's wearing clothes (with colors) like Portuguese peasants, one standard-bearer, two character called Senhora Helena and Sinhá Pequena; one little orchestra of “pau e corda” (wood and rope), composed for mandolim, tambourine, “rabeca” and guitars. Although it’s called “clube de fado”, the group sounds like a frevo de bloco (a type of frevo and played for the “blocos lìricos” from Recife). However, the Taboquinhas it’s not a “bloco lírico”, despite play “frevo de bloco” or “marcha de bloco” and not fado However, the Taboquinhas it’s not a “bloco lírico”, despite play “frevo de bloco” or “marcha de bloco” and not fado (like the Portugal rhythm). This two types of carnival groups are different. The clothes, character, colors and others elements used during the parade. Finally, this short movie it’s a little introduction to “clube de fado” even yet unknown, more specifically focused in Taboquinhas’ group, the last one for the type, very present in the popular imaginary from the people of the city and treated how one local heritage. Palavras-chave: Taboquinhas, Carnaval, Cultura Popular, Frevo, Fado, Clube de Fados Key-words: Taboquinhas, Carnival, Popular Culture, Frevo, Fado, “Clube de fados” Ficha técnica: Direção: Hérika Araújo, Saulo Lima, Walter Andrade Argumento: Walter Andrade Fotografia: Saulo Lima, Walter Andrade Edição e Montagem: Walter Andrade Trabalho de conclusão de curso: Walter Andrade Orientação: Lady Selma Ferreira Albernaz Co-orientação: Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da Silva e Luciana Mendonça Credits: Direction: Hérika Araújo, Saulo Lima, Walter Andrade Text: Walter Andrade Photography: Saulo Lima, Walter Andrade Editing: Walter Andrade Monograph: Walter Andrade Orientation: Lady Selma Ferreira Albernaz Co-orientation: Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da Silva and Luciana Mendonça

Neither mere flesh nor mere thing, the yellow woman, straddling the person-thing divide, applies tremendous pressures on politically treasured notions of agency, feminist enfleshment, and human ontology. — Anne Anlin Cheng, OrnamentalismIn this (apparently) very versatile piece of clothing, she [Michelle Zauner] smokes, sings karaoke, rides motorcycles, plays a killer guitar solo … and much more. Is there anything you can’t do in a hanbok?— Li-Wei Chu, commentary, From the Intercom IntroductionAnne Anlin Cheng describes the anomaly of being “the yellow woman”, women of Asian descent in Western contexts, by underlining the haunting effects of this artificial identity on multiple politically valent forms, especially through Asian women’s conceived ambivalent relations to subject- and object-hood. Due to the entangled constructiveness conjoining Asiatic identities with objects, things, and ornaments, Cheng calls for new ways to “accommodate the deeper, stranger, more intricate, and more ineffable (con)fusion between thingness and personness instantiated by Asiatic femininity and its unpredictable object life” (14). Following this call, this essay articulates a creative combination of José Esteban Muñoz’s disidentification and Avery Gordon’s haunting theory to account for some hauntingly disidentificatory ways that the performance of diaspora sensibilities reimagines Asian American life and femininity.This essay considers “Everybody Wants to Love You” (2016) (EWLY), the music video of Michelle Zauner’s solo musical project Japanese Breakfast, as a ghostly performance, which features a celebration of the Korean culture and identity of Zauner (Song). I analyse it as a site for identifying the confrontational moments and haunting effects of the diaspora sensibilities performed by Zauner who is in fact Jewish-Korean-American. Directed by Zauner and Adam Kolodny, the music video of EWLY features the persona that I call the Korean woman orchestrated by Zauner, singing in a restroom cubicle, eating a Dunkin Donuts sandwich, shotgunning a beer, shredding a Fender electric guitar on the hood of a truck, riding a motorcycle with her queer lover, and partying with a crowd all in the traditional Korean attire hanbok that used to belong to her late mother. The story ends with Zauner waking up on a bench with a hangover and fleeing from the scene, conjuring up a journey of self-discovery, self-healing, and self-liberation through multiple sites and scenes of everyday life.What I call a ghostly performance is concerned with Avery Gordon’s creative intervention of haunting as a method of social analysis to study the intricate lingering impact of ghostly matters from the past on the present. Jacques Derrida develops hauntology to describe how Marxism continues to haunt Western societies even after its so-called failure. It refers to a status that something is neither present nor absent. Gordon develops haunting as a way of knowing and a method of knowledge production, “forcing a confrontation, forking the future and the past” (xvii). A ghostly performance is thus where ghostly matters are mobilised in “confrontational moments”:when things are not in their assigned places, when the cracks and rigging are exposed, when the people who are meant to be invisible show up without any sign of leaving, when disturbed feelings cannot be put away, when something else, something different from before, seems like it must be done. (xvi)The interstitiality that transgresses and reconfigures the geographical and temporal borders of nation, culture, and Eurocentric discourses of progression is important for understanding the diverse experiences of diaspora sensibilities as critical double consciousness (Dayal 48, 53). As Gordon suggests, confrontational moments force us to confront and expose the interstitial state of objects, subjects, feelings, and conditions. Hence, to understand this study identifies the confrontational moments in Zauner’s performance as a method to identify and deconstruct the triggering moments of diaspora sensibilities.While deconstructing the ghostly performances of diaspora sensibilities, the essay also adopts an object-oriented approach to serve as a focused entry point. Not only does this approach designate a more focused scope with regard to applying Gordon’s hauntology and Muñoz’s disidentification theory, it also taps into a less attended territory of object theories such as Graham Harman’s and Ian Bogost’s object-oriented ontology due to the overlooking of the relationship between objects and racialisation that is much explored in Asian American and critical race and ethnic studies (Shomura). Moreover, while diaspora as, or not as, an object of study has been a contested topic (e.g., Axel; Cho), the objects of diaspora have been less studied.This essay elaborates on two ghostly matters: the hanbok and the manicured nails. It uncovers two haunting effects throughout the analysis: the conjuring-up of the Korean diaspora and the troubling of everyday post-racial America. By defying the objectification of Asian bodies with objects of diaspora and refusing to assimilate into the American nightlife, Zauner’s Korean woman persona haunts a multiculturalist post-racial America that fails to recognise the specificities and historicity of Korean America and performs an alternative reality. Disidentificatory ghostly performance therefore, I suggest, thrives on confrontations between the past and the present while gesturing toward the futurities of alternative Americas. Mobilising the critical lenses of disidentification and ghostly performance, finally, I aver that disidentificatory ghostly performances have great potential for envisioning a better politics of performing and representing Asian bodies through the ghostly play of haunting objects/ghostly matters.The Embodied (Objects) and the Disembodied (Ghosts) of DisidentificationThe sonic-visual lifeworld constructed in the music video of EWLY is, first of all, a cultural public sphere, through which social norms are contested, reimagined, and reconfigured. A cultural public sphere reveals the imbricated relations between the political, the public, and the personal as contested through affective (aesthetic and emotional) communications (McGuigan 15). Considering the sonic-visual landscape as a cultural public sphere foregrounds two dimensions of Gordon’s hauntology theory: the psychological and the sociopolitical states. The emphasis on its affective communicative capacities enables the psychological reach of a cultural production. Meanwhile, the multilayered articulation of the political, the public, and the personal shows the inner-network of acts of haunting even when they happen chiefly on the sociopolitical level. What is crucial about cultural public spheres for minoritarian subjects is the creative space offered for negotiating one’s position in capacious and flexible ways that non-cultural publics may not allow. One of the ways is through imagination and disputation (McGuigan 16). The idea that imagination and disputation may cause a temporal and spatial disjunction with the present is important for Muñoz’s theorisation of disidentification. With such disjunction, Muñoz believes, queer of colour performances create future-oriented visions and coterminous temporality of the present and the future. These future-oriented visions and the coterminous temporality can be thought through disidentifications, which Muñoz identifies asa performative mode of tactical recognition that various minoritarian subjects employ in an effort to resist the oppressive and normalizing discourse of dominant ideology. Disidentification resists the interpellating call of ideology that fixes a subject within the state power apparatus. It is a reformatting of self within the social. It is a third term that resists the binary of identification and counteridentification. (97)Disidentification offers a method to identify specific moments of imagination and disputation and moments of temporal and spatial disjunction. The most distinct example of the co-nature of imagination and disputation residing in the EWLY lifeworld is the persona of the Korean woman orchestrated by Zauner, as she intrudes into the everyday field of American life in a hanbok, such as a bar, a basketball court, and a convenience store. Gordon would call these moments “confrontational moments” (xvi). When performers don’t perform in ways they are supposed to perform, when they don’t operate objects in ways they are supposed to operate, when they don’t mobilise feelings in ways they are supposed to feel, they resist and disidentify with “the oppressive and normalizing discourse of dominant ideology” (Muñoz 97).In addition to Muñoz’s disidentification and Gordon’s confrontational moments, I adopt an object-oriented approach to guide my analysis of disidentificatory ghostly performances. Object theory departs from objects and matters to rediscover identity and experience. My object-oriented approach follows new materialism more closely than object-oriented ontology because it is less about debating the ontology of Asian American experiences through the lens of objects. Instead, it is more about how re-orienting our attention towards the formation and operation of objecthood reveals and reconfigures the vexed articulation between Asian American experiences and racialised objectification. To this end, my oriented-object approach aligns particularly well with politically engaged frameworks such as Jane Bennett’s vital materialism and Eunjung Kim’s ethics of objects.Taking an object-oriented approach in inquiring Asian American identities could be paradoxically intervening because “Asian Americans have been excluded, exploited, and treated as capital because they have been more closely associated to nonhuman objects than to human subjects” (Shomura). Furthermore, this objectification is doubly performed onto the bodies of Asian American women due to the Orientalist conflations of Asia as feminine (Huang 187). Therefore, applying object theory in the case of EWLY requires special attention to the interplay between subject- and object-hood and the line between objecthood and objectification. To avoid the risk of objectification when exploring the objecthood of ghostly matters, I caution against an objects-define-subjects chain of signification and instead suggest a subjects-operate-objects route of inquiry by attending to both the haunting effects of objects and how subjects mobilise such haunting effects in their performance. From a new materialist perspective, it is also important to disassociate problems of objectification from exploration of objecthood (Kim) while excavating the world-making abilities of objects (Bennett). For diasporic peoples, it means to see objects as affective and nostalgic vessels, such as toys, food, family photos, attire, and personal items (e.g., Oum), where traumas of displacement can be stored and rehearsed (Turan 54).What is revealing from a racialised subject-object relationship is what Christopher Bush calls “the ethnicity of things”: things can have ethnicity, an identification that hinges on the articulation that “thingliness can be constituted in ways analogous and related to structures of racialization” (85). This object-oriented approach to inquiry can expose the artificial nature of the affinity between Asian bodies and certain objects, behind which is a confession of naturalised racial order of signification. One way to disrupt this chain of signification is to excavate the haunting objects that disidentify with the norms of the present, that conjure up what the present wants to be done. This “something-to-be-done” characteristic is critical to acts of haunting (Gordon xvii). Such disruptive performances are what I term as “disidentificatory ghostly performances”, connecting the embodied objects with Gordon’s disembodied ghosts through the lens of Muñoz’s disidentificatory reading with a two-fold impact: first exposing such artificial affinity and then suggesting alternative ways of knowing.In what follows, I expand upon two haunting objects/ghostly matters: the manicured nails and the hanbok. I contend that Zauner operates these haunting objects to embody the “something-to-be-done” characteristic by curating uncomfortable, confrontational moments, where the constituted affinity between Koreanness/Asianness and anomaly is instantiated and unsettled in multiple snippets of the mundane post-racial, post-globalisation world.What Can the Korean Woman (Not) Do with Those Nails and in That Hanbok?The hanbok that Zauner wears throughout the music video might be the single most powerful haunting object in the story. This authentic hanbok belonged to Zauner’s late mother who wore it to her wedding. Dressing in the hanbok while navigating the nightlife, it becomes a mediated, trans-temporal experience for both Zauner and her mother. A ghostly journey, you could call it. The hanbok then becomes a ghostly matter that haunts both the Orientalist gaze and the grieving Zauner. This journey could be seen as a process of dealing with personal loss, a process of “reckoning with ghosts” (Gordon 190). The division between the personal and the public, the historical and the present cease to exist as linear and clear-cut forces. The important role of ghosts in the performance are the efforts of historicising and specifying the persona of the Korean woman, which is a strategy for minoritarian performers to resist “the pull of reductive multicultural pluralism” (Muñoz 147). These ghostly matters haunt a pluralist multiculturalist post-racial America that refuses to see minor specificities and historicity.The Korean woman in an authentic hanbok, coupled with other objects of Korean roots, such as a traditional hairdo and seemingly exotic makeup, may invite the Orientalist gaze or the assumption that Zauner is self-commodifying and self-fetishising Korean culture, risking what Cheng calls “Oriental female objectification” operating through “the lenses of commodity and sexual fetishism” (14). However, she “fails” to do any of these. The ways Zauner acts in the hanbok manifests a self-negotiation with her Korean identity through disidentificatory sensibilities with racial fetishism. For example, in various scenes, the Korean woman appears to be drunk in a bar, gorging a sandwich, shotgunning a beer, smoking in a restroom cubicle, messing with strangers in a basketball court, rocking on a truck, and falling asleep on a bench. Some may describe what she does as abnormal, discomforting, and even disgusting in a traditional Korean garment which is usually worn on formal occasions. The Korean woman not only subverts her traditional Koreanness but also disidentifies with what the Asian fetish requires of Asian bodies: obedient, well-behaved model minority or the hypersexualised dragon lady (e.g., Hsu; Shimizu). Zauner’s performance foregrounds the sentimental, the messy, the frenetic, the aggressive, and the carnivalesque as essential qualities and sensibilities of the Korean woman. These rarely visible figurations of Asian femininities speak to the normalised public disappearance of “unwanted” sides of Asian bodies.Wavering public disappearance is a crucial haunting effect. The public disappearance is an “organized system of repression” (Gordon 72) and a “state-sponsored procedure for producing ghosts to harrowingly haunt a population into submission” (115). While the journey of EWLY evolves through ups and downs, the Korean woman does not maintain the ephemeral joy and takes offence at the people and surroundings now and then, such as at an arcade in the bar, at some basketball players, or at the audience or the camera operator. The performed disaffection and the conflicts substantiate a theory of “positive perversity” through which Asian American women claim the representation of their sexuality and desires (Shimizu), engendering a strong and visible presence of the ghostly matters operated by the Korean woman. This noticeable arrival of bodies disorients how things are arranged (Ahmed 163), revealing and disrupting whiteness, which functions as a habit and a background to actions (149). The confrontational performances of the encounters between Zauner and others cast a critique of the racial politics of disappearing by reifying disappearing into confrontational moments in the everyday post-racial world.What is also integral to Zauner’s antagonistic performance of wavering public disappearing and failure of “Oriental female objectification” is a punk strategy of negativity through an aesthetic of nihilism and a mediation of performing objects. For example, in addition to the traditional hairdo that goes with her makeup, Zauner also wears a nose ring; in addition to partying with a crowd, she adopts a moshing style of dancing, being carried over people’s heads in the hanbok. All these, in addition to her disaffectionate, aggressive, and impolite body language, express a negative punk aesthetics. Muñoz describes such a negative punk aesthetics as an energy that can be described “as chaotic, as creating a life without rhyme or reason, as quintessentially self-destructive” (97). What lies at the heart of this punk dystopia is the desire for “something else”, something “not the present time or place” (Muñoz). Through this desire for impossible time and place, utopian is reimagined, a race riot, in Mimi Thi Nguyen’s term.On the other hand, the manicured fingernails are also a major operating force, reminiscent of Korean American immigrant history along with the racialised labor relations that have marked Korean bodies as an alien anomaly (Liu). With “Japanese Breakfast” being written on the screen in neon pink with some dazzling effect, the music video begins in a warm tone. The story begins with Zauner selecting EWLY with her finger on a karaoke operation screen, the first of many shots on her carefully manicured nails, decorated with transparent nail extensions, sparkly ornaments, and hanging fine chains. These nails conjure up the nail salon business in the US that heavily depended on immigrant labor and Korean women immigrants have made significant economic contributions through the manicure business. In particular, differently from Los Angeles where nail salons have been predominantly Vietnamese and Chinese owned, Korean women immigrants in the 1980s were the first ones to open nail salons in New York City and led to the rapid growth of the business (Kang 51). The manicured nails first of all conjure up these recent histories associated with the nail salon business.Moreover, these fingernails haunt post-racial and post-globalisation America by revealing and subverting the invisible, normalised racial and ethnic nature of the labor and objects associated with fingernails cosmetic treatment. Ghostly matters inform “a method of knowledge production and a way of writing that could represent the damage and the haunting of the historical alternatives” (Gordon xvii). They function as a reminder of the damage that seems forgotten or normalised in modern societies and as an alternative embodiment of what modern societies could have become. In the universe of EWLY, the fingernails become a forceful ghostly matter by reminding us of the damage done onto Korean bodies by fixing them as service performers instead customers. The nail salon business as performed by immigrant labor has been a business of “buying and selling of deference and attentiveness”, where white customers come to exercise their privilege while not wanting anything associated with Koreaness or Otherness (Kang 134). However, as a haunting force, the fingernails subvert such labor relations by acting as a versatile agent operating varied objects, such as a karaoke machine, cigarettes, a sandwich, a Fender guitar, and a can of beer. Through such operating, an alternative labor relation is formed. This alternative is not entirely without roots. As promoted in Japanese Breakfast’s Instagram (@jbrekkie), Zauner’s look was styled by a nail artist who appears to be a white female, Celeste Marie Welch from the DnA Salon based in Philadelphia. This is a snippet of a field that is now a glocalised industry, where the racial and gender makeup is more diverse. It is increasingly easier to see non-Asian and non-female nail salon workers, among whom white nail salon workers outnumbered any other non-Asian racial/ethnic groups (Preeti et al. 23). EWLY’s alternative worldmaking is not only a mere reflection of the changing makeup of an industry but also calling out the societal tendency of forgetting histories. To be haunted, as Gordon explains, is to be “tied to historical and social effects” (190). The ghostly matters of the manicure industry haunt its workers, artists, consumers, and businesspeople of a past that prescribes racialised labor divisions, consumption relations, and the historical and social effects inflicted on the Othered bodies. Performing with the manicured nails, Zauner challenges now supposedly multicultural manicure culture by fusing oppositional, trans-temporal identities into the persona of the Korean woman. Not only does she conjure up the racialised labor relations as the child of a Korean mother, she also disidentifies with the worker identity of early Korean women immigrants as a consumer who receives service from an artist who would otherwise never perform such labor in the past.Conclusion: Toward a Disidentificatory Ghostly PerformanceThis essay suggests seeing the disidentificatory ghostly performance of the Korean woman as an artistic incarnation of her lived Othering experience, which Zauner may or may not navigate on an everyday basis. As Zauner lives through what looks like a typical Friday night in an American town, the journey represents an interrogation of the present and the past. When the ghostly matters move through public spaces – when she drinks in a bar, walks down the street, and parties with a crowd – the Korean woman neither conforms to what she is expected to do in a hanbok nor does she get fully assimilated into this American nightlife.Derrida avers that haunting, repression, and hegemony are structurally interlocked and that “haunting belongs to the structure of every hegemony” because “hegemony still organizes the repression” (46). This is why the creative capacity of disidentificatory performances is crucial for acts of haunting and for historically repressed groups of people. 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