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Journal articles on the topic 'Gujarat Earthquake'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 January 2023

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1

SRIVASTAVA, H. N., S. N. BHATTACHARYA, D. T. RAO, and S. SRIVASTAVA. "Strange attractor in earthquake swarms near Valsad (Gujarat), India." MAUSAM 58, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i4.1439.

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Valsad district in south Gujarat near the western coast of the peninsular India experienced earthquake swarms since early February 1986. Seismic monitoring through a network of micro earthquake seismographs showed a well concentrated seismic activity over an area of 7 × 10 km2 with the depth of foci extending from 1 to 15 km. A total number of 21,830 earthquakes were recorded during March 1986 to June 1988. The daily frequency of earthquakes for this period was utilized to examine deterministic chaos through evaluation of dimension of strange attractor and Lyapunov exponent. The low dimension of 2.1 for the strange attractor and positive value of the largest Lyapunov exponent suggest chaotic dynamics in Valsad earthquake swarms with at least 3 parameters for earthquake predictability. The results indicate differences in the characteristics of deterministic chaos in intraplate and interplate regions of India.

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2

Chatterjee, Patralekha. "kutch, gujarat One year after the Gujarat earthquake." Lancet 359, no. 9303 (January 2002): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07559-1.

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3

Sharma, Vinod K. "Gujarat earthquake – some emerging issues." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 10, no. 5 (December 2001): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560110416184.

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4

RAO, D. T., B. B. JAMBUSARIA, SANJAY SRIVASTAVA, N. P. SRIVASTAVA, ABDUL HAMID, B. N. DESAI, and H. N. SRIVASTAVA. "Earthquake swarm activity in south Gujarat." MAUSAM 42, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i1.3028.

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South Gujarat, a part of western coast of Indian Peninsula started experiencing earth tremors of mild intensity since early February 1986. The shocks were widely felt with rumbling sound in these areas. More than 23000 micro earthquakes have since been recorded tilt December 1988, with a major event, ML=4.6 which occurred on.27 April.1986: In view of the location of multi-purpose projects like Ukai, Damanganga, .Jhuj, Kflia etc the monitoring this activity was Immediately started through a network of seven temporary- microearthquake recording stations. This was followed by various other studies such as geodetic, geomagnatic, radon gas monitoring and temperature measurements 9f hot springs. The Unai and Mola-Amba hot springs situated in this area have indicated the temperature of about 57oC and 37°C respectively against the normal atmospheric temperature of 33o C. The analysis by Hypo- 71 program on IBM computer of India Met. Dep., New Delhi, using a velocity model Koyna region has shown a well concentrated seismic activity over area of 7x 10 km2 and focal depth of 1-15 km. Clear migration of the activity has been observed. The activity which concentrated around Kella dam m early February-April 1986 migrated up to 18km to its south and back again to the religion around Kelia reservoir, by September 1987 with depth of foci progressively becoming shallower towards north .The 'b" value of 1.04 is higher than that of a few tectonic sequences of Peninsular India. The rate of decay of the activity was 0.52 which is rather slow compared to other sequences of the region. Hence, the reactivation of the existing fracturies/lineaments might be responsible or the recent activity. The geomagnetic studies in this area have corroborated tile existence of NW-SE to NNE-SSW trending conductive fractures. The earthquake activity during 1988 is quite low compared to earlier years.

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Vemuri, Jayaprakash, Subramaniam Kolluru, and Sumer Chopra. "Surface Level Synthetic Ground Motions for M7.6 2001 Gujarat Earthquake." Geosciences 8, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120429.

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The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was one of the most destructive intraplate earthquakes ever recorded. It had a moment magnitude of M w 7.6 and had a maximum felt intensity of X on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. No strong ground motion records are available for this earthquake, barring PGA values recorded on structural response recorders at thirteen sites. In this paper, synthetic ground motions are generated at surface level using the stochastic finite-fault method. Available PGA data from thirteen stations are used to validate the synthetic ground motions. The validated methodology is extended to various sites in Gujarat. Response spectra of synthetic ground motions are compared with the prescribed spectra based on the seismic zonation given in the Indian seismic code of practice. Ground motion characteristics such as peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, frequency content, significant duration, and energy content of the ground motions are analyzed. Response spectra of ground motions for towns situated in the highest zone, seismic zone 5, exceeded the prescribed spectral acceleration of 0.9 g for the maximum considered earthquake. The response spectra for towns in seismic zone 5 exhibit peaks in the low period ranges, indicating high vulnerability of low rise structures designed as per the provisions of the Indian seismic code of practice. The response spectra for towns situated in seismic zone 3 were considerably lower than the prescribed maximum spectral acceleration of 0.4 g. The substantial damage reported in towns situated in seismic zone 3 is due to poor construction practices and non-compliance with provisions of seismic design standards.

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6

Sharma, R. "Gujarat earthquake causes major mental health problems." BMJ 324, no. 7332 (February 2, 2002): 259c—259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7332.259c.

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7

Sanderson, David, Anshu Sharma, and Juliet Anderson. "NGO permanent housing 10 years after the Gujarat earthquake: revisiting the FICCI–CARE Gujarat rehabilitation programme." Environment and Urbanization 24, no. 1 (April 2012): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247811431218.

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The January 2001 earthquake that struck the state of Gujarat in India damaged or destroyed some 8,000 villages and 490 towns. In the months and years after the earthquake, many organizations undertook widespread reconstruction programmes. One such collaboration between the NGO CARE India and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) built 5,554 permanent houses as well as schools and community centres in 23 villages. This paper revisits 10 of the 23 villages that were partially or fully rebuilt by FICCI–CARE, 10 years after the earthquake. It finds that while the houses remain structurally strong and are mostly in use, residents’ levels of satisfaction, perception and usage are mixed. A central theme concerns the initial prioritization of seismic safety, which has sacrificed longer-term considerations of comfort, adaptability and the environment. The paper describes the houses that were built and presents findings according to structural condition, engagement in design, adaptations, house selling and perceptions of safety. The discussion presents four issues that emerge from the findings and wider research. The paper ends by proposing a simple equation for good housing, which places people’s involvement in building processes as the vital component.

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8

Kumar, Sushil, Hiroaki Negishi, Jim Mori, and Tamao Sato. "Role of crustal fluid in triggering moderate to major earthquakes: evidence from aftershock data of two recent large tremors." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 38 (September 25, 2008): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v38i0.31479.

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A number of models have been proposed for the role of fluids and high pore pressures in the mechanics of fault slip and the nucleation of earthquakes, e.g., dilatancy-diffusion, mineral dehydration, frictional heating, fluid pressure-activated fault valves and hydrofracturing, partially sealed fault zones, a spatially varying stress tensor without hydrofracturing, and fluid involved weak and strong patch failures. In this study, the availability of fluid in the upper and lower crust was analysed carefully, as the fluid may be responsible for triggering large earthquakes. The anomalies observed in the three-dimensional tomographic images from the source regions of the 2001 Gujarat and 1995 Kobe earthquakes, obtained after inversion of aftershock data, can be attributed to the presence of the fluid. A tomographic inversion was also applied to the aftershock data from the 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7) in the state of Gujarat in western India. We used arrival times from 8,374 P and 7,994 S waves of 1,404 aftershocks recorded on 25 temporary seismic stations. It seems that the aftershock distribution corresponds to the high-velocity anomalies. Low P- to S-wave velocity ratio (Vp/Vs) anomalies are generally found at depths of 10 to 35 km, i.e. the depth range of the aftershock distribution. However, relatively high Vp/Vs and low Vs characterise the deeper region below the hypocentre of the mainshock, at depths of 35 to 45km.This anomaly may be due to a weak fractured and fluid-filled rock matrix, which might have contributed to triggering this earthquake. This anomaly exists in the depth range of 35 to 45 km, and extends 10 to 12 km laterally. This earthquake occurred on a relatively deep and steeply dipping reverse fault with a large stress drop. Similarly, the 17 January 1995 Kobe earthquake (M 7.2) in southwest Japan had a strike-slip focal mechanism and it caused a rupture at a 17 km depth. The Kobe main shock hypocentre is located in a distinctive zone characterised by low P- and S-wave velocities and a high Poisson's ratio. This anomaly exists in a depth range of 16to 21 km, and extends 15to 20km laterally. This anomaly can be attributed to a fluid-filled, fractured rock matrix that contributed to the initiation of the Kobe earthquake. The existence of fluids in and below the seismogenic layer may affect the long-term structural and compositional evolution of the fault zone, change the fault zone strength, and alter the local stress regime. These influences can be exerted through the physical role of fluid pressure and a variety of chemical effects, such as stress corrosion and pressure solution. These influences would have enhanced stress concentration in the seismogenic layer leading to mechanical failure of a strong asperity, and thus may have contributed to the nucleation of the Kobe earthquake. The area of low Vs and high Vp/Vs values can be seen in a depth range of35 to45km beneath the main shock hypocentre. These features are very similar to the velocity anomaly also observed, in a depth range of 16 to 21 km, in the hypocentre region of the1995 Kobe earthquake. Such an anomaly possibly indicates the existence of a fluid-filled, fractured rock matrix, which may have contributed to the initiation of large earthquakes. The fluid in a depth range of35to45km might have also triggered the 200I Gujarat earthquake.

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9

Shukla, J., and D. Choudhury. "Estimation of seismic ground motions using deterministic approach for major cities of Gujarat." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 26, 2012): 2019–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2019-2012.

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Abstract. A deterministic seismic hazard analysis has been carried out for various sites of the major cities (Ahmedabad, Surat, Bhuj, Jamnagar and Junagadh) of the Gujarat region in India to compute the seismic hazard exceeding a certain level in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and to estimate maximum possible PGA at each site at bed rock level. The seismic sources in Gujarat are very uncertain and recurrence intervals of regional large earthquakes are not well defined. Because the instrumental records of India specifically in the Gujarat region are far from being satisfactory for modeling the seismic hazard using the probabilistic approach, an attempt has been made in this study to accomplish it through the deterministic approach. In this regard, all small and large faults of the Gujarat region were evaluated to obtain major fault systems. The empirical relations suggested by earlier researchers for the estimation of maximum magnitude of earthquake motion with various properties of faults like length, surface area, slip rate, etc. have been applied to those faults to obtain the maximum earthquake magnitude. For the analysis, seven different ground motion attenuation relations (GMARs) of strong ground motion have been utilized to calculate the maximum horizontal ground accelerations for each major city of Gujarat. Epistemic uncertainties in the hazard computations are accounted for within a logic-tree framework by considering the controlling parameters like b-value, maximum magnitude and ground motion attenuation relations (GMARs). The corresponding deterministic spectra have been prepared for each major city for the 50th and 84th percentiles of ground motion occurrence. These deterministic spectra are further compared with the specified spectra of Indian design code IS:1893-Part I (2002) to validate them for further practical use. Close examination of the developed spectra reveals that the expected ground motion values become high for the Kachchh region i.e. Bhuj city and moderate in the Mainland Gujarat, i.e. cities of Surat and Ahmedabad. The seismic ground motion level in the Saurashtra is moderate but marginally differs from that as presently specified in IS:1893-Part I (2002). Based on the present study, the recommended PGA values for the cities studied are 0.13 g, 0.15 g, 0.64 g, 0.14 g and 0.2 g for Ahmedabad city, Surat City, Bhuj City, Jamnagar City and Junagadh city, respectively. The prepared spectra can be further used for seismic resistant design of structures within the above major city boundaries of Gujarat to quantify seismic loading on structures.

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10

Hainzl, S., S. K. Aggarwal, P. K. Khan, and B. K. Rastogi. "Monsoon-induced earthquake activity in Talala, Gujarat, India." Geophysical Journal International 200, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu421.

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11

Sanderson, David, and Anshu Sharma. "Winners and losers from the 2001 Gujarat earthquake." Environment and Urbanization 20, no. 1 (April 2008): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247808089155.

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12

Leong, M. K. F., J. L. L. Yap, S. H. Ang, and V. Anantharaman. "Medical Relief during the Gujarat Earthquake in India." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, S1 (April 2005): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00013030.

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13

Leong, M. K. F., J. L. L. Yap, S. H. Ang, and V. Anantharaman. "Medical Relief During the Gujarat Earthquake in India." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, S2 (December 2002): S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00009821.

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14

Thomas, Tomi, J. Steven Ott, and Hank Liese. "Coproduction, participation and satisfaction with rehabilitation services following the 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, India." International Social Work 54, no. 6 (April 11, 2011): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872811400717.

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The most successful post-earthquake rehabilitation program is the one that involves the victims in their own relief, reconstruction, and rehabilitation efforts. The role of the government and NGOs is to facilitate people’s participation. This article explores the concept of coproduction in action in the 2001 post-earthquake rehabilitation in Gujarat, India.

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15

Srivastava, Pushpa, and Deepak Shrivastava. "Commercial Cultivation ofSpirulinaat Earthquake Affected Area of Gujarat State." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 28, no. 1 (2015): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2015.00013.0.

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16

Chauhan, Akhtar. "Development of Kachchh, after the devastating earthquake in Gujarat." Ekistics and The New Habitat 69, no. 412-414 (June 1, 2002): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200269412-414392.

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Professor Chauhan, an architect and planner, is Director, Rizvi College of Architecture, Mumbai, India. He is also a member of the World Society for Ekistics (WSE), and currently Past Vice-President. The text that follows is a slightly edited version of a paper made available in the author's absence to participants of the WSE Symposion "Defining Success of the City in the 21st Century," Berlin, 24-28 October, 2001.

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17

Simpson, Edward. "The ‘Gujarat’ earthquake and the political economy of nostalgia." Contributions to Indian Sociology 39, no. 2 (June 2005): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/006996670503900202.

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18

Dey, S., S. Sarkar, and R. P. Singh. "Anomalous changes in column water vapor after Gujarat earthquake." Advances in Space Research 33, no. 3 (January 2004): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00475-7.

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19

Trigunait, A., M. Parrot, S. Pulinets, and F. Li. "Variations of the ionospheric electron density during the Bhuj seismic event." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 12 (December 22, 2004): 4123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-4123-2004.

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Abstract. Ionospheric perturbations by natural geophysical activity, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, have been studied since the great Alaskan earthquake in 1964. Measurements made from the ground show a variation of the critical frequency of the ionosphere layers before and after the shock. In this paper, we present an experimental investigation of the electron density variations around the time of the Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India. Several experiments have been used to survey the ionosphere. Measurements of fluctuations in the integrated electron density or TEC (Total Electron Content) between three satellites (TOPEX-POSEIDON, SPOT2, SPOT4) and the ground have been done using the DORIS beacons. TEC has been also evaluated from a ground-based station using GPS satellites, and finally, ionospheric data from a classical ionospheric sounder located close to the earthquake epicenter are utilized. Anomalous electron density variations are detected both in day and night times before the quake. The generation mechanism of these perturbations is explained by a modification of the electric field in the global electric circuit induced during the earthquake preparation. Key words. Ionosphere (ionospheric disturbances) – Radio Science (ionospheric physics) – History of geophysics (seismology)

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20

Humar, Jag Mohan, David Lau, and Jean-Robert Pierre. "Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 979–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-070.

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The performance of buildings during the January 26, 2001, earthquake in the Kachchh region of the province of Gujarat in India is discussed. A majority of the buildings in the earthquake region were either of load-bearing masonry or reinforced concrete framed structure. Most of the masonry buildings were built with random or coursed stone walls without any reinforcement and heavy clay tile roofing supported on wooden logs. A large number of such buildings collapsed leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. Many reinforced concrete frame buildings had infill masonry walls except in the first storey, which was reserved for parking. As would be expected, the open first storey suffered severe damage or collapsed. Observations of failures confirmed the vulnerability of some structural details that are known to lead to distress. However, an important observation to come out of the earthquake was that masonry infills, even when not tied to the surrounding frame, could save the building from collapse, provided such infills are uniformly distributed throughout the height so that abrupt changes in stiffness and strength did not occur.Key words: Bhuj earthquake, 2001; seismology of Kachchh; earthquake damage survey; performance of buildings; load bearing masonry; reinforced concrete frames; structural details vulnerable to earthquakes.

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21

Ray, C. N. "Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation in Gujarat: Issues in Disaster Management." Indian Journal of Public Administration 47, no. 2 (April 2001): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120010201.

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22

Aggarwal, Sandeep Kumar, Denisse Pastén, and Prosanta Kumar Khan. "Multifractal analysis of 2001Mw7.7Bhuj earthquake sequence in Gujarat, Western India." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 488 (December 2017): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.06.022.

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23

Roy, Nobhojit, Hemant Shah, Hemant Bagalkote, and Vikas Patel. "Status of Rural Injured Two Years after 2001 Gujarat Earthquake." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, S2 (December 2002): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00010670.

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24

Tiwari, Rajnarayan R., Kesari R. Bhatia, and B. C. Lakkad. "Communicable Disease Surveillance during Gujarat, India Earthquake, 2001: A Survey." Open Public Health Journal 2, no. 1 (February 10, 2009): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944500902010007.

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25

Shaw, Rajib, and Ravi Sinha. "Towards Sustainable Recovery: Future Challenges After the Gujarat Earthquake, India." Risk Management 5, no. 3 (July 2003): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.rm.8240155.

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26

Singh, Ramesh P., and Dimitar Ouzounov. "Earth processes in wake of Gujarat earthquake reviewed from space." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 84, no. 26 (2003): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003eo260007.

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27

Mehrotra, Sushma. "Humanitarian Projects and Growth of EMDR Therapy in Asia." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 8, no. 4 (2014): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.4.252.

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This article focuses on the accomplishments of humanitarian projects in Asia using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. The main thrust of EMDR humanitarian assistance programs has been to train local clinicians to provide EMDR to individuals suffering from the disaster. The article highlights the training projects and the experience of using EMDR therapy after earthquakes in China, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan; after tsunamis in Japan, India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka; and after accidents and terror attacks in Korea and Pakistan. Detailed descriptions are provided about the responses to the 2001 earthquake in Gujarat; the 2004 tsunami in India, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka; the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan; the 2008 earthquake in China; and the 2011 tsunami in Japan. In addition, the article discusses how Asian EMDR therapists are working together to provide training, respond to crises, and establish professional standards, so that EMDR therapy can be established in Asia and integrated into regular practice. Further, this article describes the creation of EMDR Asia, which brought several Asian countries together and share the development of EMDR therapy in their countries. The challenges faced by EMDR Asia today are discussed in detail.

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28

Parvez, Imtiyaz A., Anastasia Nekrasova, and Vladimir Kossobokov. "Earthquake Hazard and Risk Assessment Based on Unified Scaling Law for Earthquakes: State of Gujarat, India." Pure and Applied Geophysics 174, no. 3 (January 28, 2017): 1441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1475-4.

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Kulkarni, Madhav N., S. Likhar, V. S. Tomar, and P. Pillai. "PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF GPS STUDIES FOR THE JANUARY 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE." Survey Review 37, no. 292 (April 2004): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.2004.37.292.490.

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Towhata, Ikuo, S. K. Prasad, Tsuyoshi Honda, and G. P. Chandradhara. "Geotechnical Reconnaissance Study on Damage Caused by 2001 Gujarat Earthquake, India." Soils and Foundations 42, no. 4 (August 2002): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.4_77.

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31

K. Mishra, Pramod. "Beyond Reconstruction: Some Innovative Aspects of the Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction Programme." Indian Journal of Public Administration 51, no. 2 (April 2005): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120050206.

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Nakayama, Shinichi, Naoki Okada, Masahiko Nakamura, Yutaka Ohmori, Akira Takahashi, Masayuki Tajika, and Noboru Ishii. "Experience in International Relief Activities for Gujarat Earthquake 2001 in India." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, S1 (June 2001): S51—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00036062.

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Yusuf, Yalkun, Masashi Matsuoka, and Fumio Yamazaki. "Damage assessment after 2001 Gujarat earthquake using Landsat-7 satellite images." Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 29, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02989909.

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Roy, Nobhojit, Hemant Shah, Vikas Patel, and R. Richard Coughlin. "The Gujarat Earthquake (2001) Experience in a Seismically Unprepared Area: Community Hospital Medical Response." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, no. 4 (December 2002): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000480.

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AbstractBackground:At 08:53 hours on 26 January 2001, an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale devastated a large, drought-affected area of northwestern India, the state of Gujarat. The known number killed by the earthquake is 20,005, with 166,000 injured, of whom 20,717 were “seriously” injured. About 370,000 houses were destroyed, and another 922,000 were damaged.Methods:A community health worker using the local language interviewed all of the patients admitted to the Gandhi-Lincoln hospital with an on-site, oral, real-time, Victim Specific Questionnaire (VSQ).Results:The census showed a predominance of women, children, and young adults, with the average age being 28 years. The majority of the patients had other family members who were also injured (84%), but most had not experienced deaths among family members (86%). Most of the patients (91%) had traveled more than 200 kilometers using their family cars, pick-ups, trucks, or buses to reach the buffer zone hospitals. The daily hospital admission rate returned to pre-event levels five days after the event, and all of the hospital services were restored by nine days after the quake. Most of the patients (83%) received definitive treatment in the buffer zone hospitals; 7% were referred to tertiary-care centers; and 9% took discharge against medical advice.The entrapped village folk with their traditional architecture had lesser injuries and a higher rescue rate than did the semi-urban townspeople, who were trapped in collapsed concrete masonry buildings and narrow alleys. However, at the time of crisis, aware townspeople were able to tap the available health resources better than were the poor. There was a low incidence of crush injuries. Volunteer doctors from various backgrounds teamed up to meet the medical crisis. International relief agencies working through local groups were more effective. Local relief groups needed to coordinate better. Disaster tourism by various well-meaning agencies took a toll on the providers. Many surgeries may have contributed to subsequent morbidity.Conclusions:The injury profile was similar to that reported for most other daytime earthquakes. Buffer zone treatment outcomes were better than were the field and damaged hospital outcomes.

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Roy, Nobhojit, Hemant Shah, Vikas Patel, and R. Richard Coughlin. "The Gujarat Earthquake (2001) Experience in a Seismically Unprepared Area: Community Hospital Medical Response." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, no. 4 (December 2002): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000947.

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AbstractBackground:At 08:53 hours on 26 January 2001, an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale devastated a large, drought-affected area of northwestern India, the state of Gujarat. The known number killed by the earthquake is 20,005, with 166,000 injured, of whom 20,717 were “seriously” injured. About 370,000 houses were destroyed, and another 922,000 were damaged.Methods:A community health worker using the local language interviewed all of the patients admitted to the Gandhi-Lincoln hospital with an on-site, oral, real-time, Victim Specific Questionnaire (VSQ).ResultsThe census showed a predominance of women, children, and young adults, with the average age being 28 years. The majority of the patients had other family members who were also injured (84%), but most had not experienced deaths among family members (86%). Most of the patients (91%) had traveled more than 200 kilometers using their family cars, pick-ups, trucks, or buses to reach the buffer zone hospitals. The daily hospital admission rate returned to pre-event levels five days after the event, and all of the hospital services were restored by nine days after the quake. Most of the patients (83%) received definitive treatment in the buffer zone hospitals; 7% were referred to tertiary-care centers; and 9% took discharge against medical advice.The entrapped village folk with their traditional architecture had lesser injuries and a higher rescue rate than did the semi-urban townspeople, who were trapped in collapsed concrete masonry buildings and narrow alleys. However, at the time of crisis, aware townspeople were able to tap the available health resources better than were the poor. There was a low incidence of crush injuries. Volunteer doctors from various backgrounds teamed up to meet the medical crisis. International relief agencies working through local groups were more effective. Local relief groups needed to coordinate better. Disaster tourism by various well-meaning agencies took a toll on the providers. Many surgeries may have contributed to subsequent morbidity.Conclusions:The injury profile was similar to that reported for most other daytime earthquakes. Buffer zone treatment outcomes were better than were the field and damaged hospital outcomes.

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36

Blackett, Matthew, Martin J. Wooster, and Bruce D. Malamud. "Correction to “Exploring land surface temperature earthquake precursors: A focus on the Gujarat (India) earthquake of 2001”." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 18 (September 22, 2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl049428.

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ΔΑΝΑΜΟΣ, Γ. Δ., Ε. Λ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ, and Σ. Γ. ΛΟΖΙΟΣ. "The Gujarat, West India, earthquake (Jan 26th 2001). A geodynamic event in an intraplate compressional regime?" Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17234.

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The Jan. 26, 2001, Ms=7.7 earthquake occurred in Gujarat region of W. India, which lies 200-400 Km away from the active plate boundary zone, between the Indian subcontinent and the Asian plate, along the India-Pakistan border and the Himalayan belt. An Ms=7.7±0.2 earthquake also occurred in the same region in 1819. A zone of co-seismic E-W surface ruptures, 30-40 Km long and 15-20 Km wide, observed near the epicentral area and seems to be associated with pre-existing reverse faults and thrust folds, which were partially reactivated during the recent earthquake. Except the reverse vertical displacement a significant right lateral displacement was also observed along these E-W surface ruptures. This Ms=7.7 seismic event has been also accompanied by a large scale flexural-slip folding, as the absence of significant co-seismic fault displacement and fault scarp shows. This type of compressional tectonic deformation is also confirmed by the focal mechanism of the earthquake and the seismo-tectonic "history" of the area. The NW-SE open cracks, also observed along the same zone, are associated with the right lateral horizontal displacement of the reactivated fault (or branch faults) and the development of local extensional stress field in the huge anticlinic hinges of the co-seismic flexural-slip folds. A large number of ground ruptures, failures and open cracks are also associated with extensive sand boils, liquefaction phenomena and lateral spreading.

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Begum, S. Kareemunnisa, and T. Harinarayana. "Basement Configuration from Magnetotelluric Studies in Bhuj Earthquake Epicentral Zone, Gujarat, India." Open Journal of Earthquake Research 05, no. 03 (2016): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2016.53015.

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39

Harms, Arne. "The Political Biography of an Earthquake: Aftermath and Amnesia in Gujarat, India." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 42, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 1210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2019.1683676.

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Okada, Y., S. Mukai, and R. P. Singh. "Changes in atmospheric aerosol parameters after Gujarat earthquake of January 26, 2001." Advances in Space Research 33, no. 3 (January 2004): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00474-5.

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41

Smith, James. "The political biography of an earthquake – aftermath and Amnesia in Gujarat, India." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 34, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2017.1420411.

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FIELD, NIGEL P., TANI GRAHAM SHAFFER, SARITA MOTIPARA, MALLIGA BATTAR, and SAMIRA LALANI. "ACCULTURATION ON STRESS FOLLOWING THE GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE AMONG FIRST-GENERATION INDIAN IMMIGRANTS." Journal of Loss and Trauma 8, no. 3 (July 2003): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325020305868.

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Yadav, Ram Bichar Singh, Jayant Nath Tripathi, Bal Krishna Rastogi, and Sumer Chopra. "Probabilistic Assessment of Earthquake Hazard in Gujarat and Adjoining Region of India." Pure and Applied Geophysics 165, no. 9-10 (October 2008): 1813–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-008-0397-6.

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44

Singh, A. P., and O. P. Mishra. "Seismological evidence for monsoon induced micro to moderate earthquake sequence beneath the 2011 Talala, Saurashtra earthquake, Gujarat, India." Tectonophysics 661 (October 2015): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.07.032.

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Choudhury, Pallabee, Sumer Chopra, Charu Kamra, and Archana Das. "New Insight into the Recent Earthquake Activity in North Cambay Basin, Western India: Seismological and Geodetic Perspectives." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (October 15, 2019): 2240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190126.

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Abstract The intraplate Gujarat region located at the trijunction of three failed rifts, Kachchh, Narmada, and Cambay, is one of the most seismically active intraplate regions of the world. Among these three, the Cambay basin has been investigated thoroughly for petroleum. However, the basin has not been studied from a seismotectonic perspective. For the past few years, the northern part of the Cambay basin is becoming active with reasonably frequent earthquake occurrences. In the past 10 yr, ∼995 earthquakes have been recorded from the region with a maximum magnitude up to 4.2. Most of the earthquakes are in the magnitude range 1–3. Since 2009, four Global Positioning System (GPS) stations have been in operation in the vicinity of the Cambay basin, and a maximum deformation of 1.8±0.1 mm/yr has been estimated. The GPS‐derived strain rates of ∼0.02–0.03 microstrain/yr are prevalent in the region. An average strain rate of 0.02 microstrain/yr in the region can generate an earthquake of magnitude 6.4. The focal mechanisms of the earthquakes have been mostly normal with strike‐slip component and corroborated by the geodetic strain tensors. Most of the seismicity is clustered in the basement ridges, striking along pre‐existing Precambrian trends that cross the Cambay basin. Complex geodynamics have developed around the northern part of the Cambay rift because of the various movements along several faults, presence of basement ridges, and subsurface plutonic bodies in a failed rift, which are creating stresses and causing earthquakes in this part of the rift. We postulated that the highly heterogeneous subsurface structure beneath the northern part of the Cambay rift is creating additional stress, which is superimposing on the regional stress field substantially, and this mechanism is plausibly facilitating the localized extensional tectonics in the region where compression is expected.

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Saito, Keiko, Robin J. S. Spence, Christopher Going, and Michael Markus. "Using High-Resolution Satellite Images for Post-Earthquake Building Damage Assessment: A Study following the 26 January 2001 Gujarat Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 1 (February 2004): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1650865.

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Newly available optical satellite images with 1-m ground resolution such as IKONOS mean that rapid postdisaster damage assessment might be made over large areas. Such surveys could be of great value to emergency management and post-event recovery operations and have particular promise for earthquake areas, where damage distribution is often very uneven. In this paper three satellite images taken before and after the 26 January 2001 Gujarat earthquake were studied for damage assessment purposes. The images comprised a post-earthquake cover of the city of Bhuj, which was close to the epicenter, and pre- and post-earthquake cover of the city Ahmedabad. The assessment data was then compared with damage surveys actually made on-site. Three separate experiments were conducted. In the first, the satellite image of Bhuj was compared with detailed ground photos of 28 severely damaged buildings taken at about the same time as the satellite image, to investigate the levels and types of damage that can and cannot be identified. In the second experiment, the whole city center of Bhuj was damage mapped using only the satellite image. This was subsequently compared with a map produced from a building-by-building damage survey. In the third experiment, pre- and post-earthquake images for a large area of Ahmedabad were compared and totally collapsed buildings were identified. These sites were subsequently visited to confirm the accuracy of the observations. The experiment results indicate that rapid visual screening can identify areas of heavy damage and individual collapsed buildings, even when comparative cover does not exist. The need to develop a tool with direct application to support emergency response is discussed.

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Simpson, Edward. "Blame Narratives and Religious Reason in the Aftermath of the 2001 Gujarat Earthquake." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 34, no. 3 (December 2011): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2011.620554.

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Duyne Barenstein, Jennifer Erica. "Continuity and change in housing and settlement patterns in post-earthquake Gujarat, India." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 6, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-01-2014-0009.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine people's strategies to regain control over the socio-spatial organisation of their villages and transform their agency-built houses in culturally meaningful places post-disaster. In the aftermath of a disaster, building processes are often taken over by external agencies whose approach towards reconstruction is governed by considerations such as safety, efficiency, cost-effectiveness and – in some cases – also by an explicit will to trigger social transformations. As a result, reconstruction often entails dramatic changes in settlement location and morphologies, housing designs, building materials and construction processes. Design/methodology/approach – Based on an ongoing interdisciplinary empirical research project focusing on communities’ patterns of adaptation to post-disaster relocated settlements in India, the paper examines people’s strategies to regain control over the socio-spatial organisation of their villages and to transform their agency-built houses in culturally meaningful places. Findings – The paper shows that people are not passive recipients of external agencies’ often culturally insensitive project and that they have the capacity to transform externally imposed notions of appropriate housing to meet their cultural- and livelihood-specific needs. Based on a micro-level case study of a village in Gujarat, it is argued that underestimating communities’ capacity to rebuild their own houses and villages and the failure to recognise the inherent functionality of local housing and building culture often entail not only missing the opportunity to enhance their resilience but also, in some cases, may lead to increasing their vulnerability. Originality/value – This paper presents a rare example of longitudinal research, calling attention to the long-term impacts of post-disaster reconstruction. It is of particular interest to scholars and humanitarian agencies concerned about the social consequences of relocation and reconstruction after natural disasters.

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Sinha, Vikash, and Ajay George. "Gujarat earthquake — Our experience of the first 7 days at referral hospital, Ahmedabad." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 53, no. 1 (January 2001): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02910991.

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Rapolu, Narsaiah, and Prantik Mandal. "Source parameters of the 2001 Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India, aftershock sequence." Journal of the Geological Society of India 83, no. 5 (May 2014): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0079-1.

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