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1
Rajeshwari, B. "Feminist Perspectives on Post-riot Judicial Inquiry Commissions in India." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 4, no. 2 (August 2017): 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797017710747.
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This article argues that though communal riots bring different experiences for men and women, yet this reality does not seem to be recognized by post-riot justice mechanisms. Justice post-riots is viewed as a ‘blanket’ term for all the victims irrespective of their gender. In so doing, women’s everyday experiences seem to get pushed under the carpet. Drawing from feminist critique of the legalistic approach to justice, this article problematizes the understanding that there is only one singular, official version of truth in post-riot situations. The article critically examines post-riot judicial commissions that were constituted to inquire into the Mumbai (1992–1993) and Gujarat (2002) riots from a feminist perspective. I argue that the judicial inquiry commissions in their current format are underequipped to deal with gender concerns that emerge after communal riots. And that there is a need for feminist security studies to venture into critically analyzing judicial inquiry commissions.
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Sááez, Lawrence. "India in 2002: The BJP's Faltering Mandate and the Morphology of Nuclear War." Asian Survey 43, no. 1 (January 2003): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.1.186.
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This article surveys some of the critical events that took place in India in 2002, paying particular attention to India's uneasy relationship with Pakistan. It also evaluates the significance of internal political developments, such as the significance of state assembly elections and the occurrence of riots in Gujarat. The survey concludes with a brief examination of India's economic developments.
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Vasa, Samia. "2002: A Reading Appeal." differences 30, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 34–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10407391-7973988.
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In 2002, the state of Gujarat in India erupted in extreme anti-Muslim violence. The sexual violence against Muslim women and girls was particularly brutal. Survivors bore witness not only to the violence and destruction but also to the intense sexual enjoyment of the Hindu rapists and rioters. My essay returns to the survivor testimonies of 2002 in an effort to rethink, on the one hand, the status of sexual pleasure/sexual violence in the riots and, on the other, the limits of feminist identification with the Muslim victim-survivors. I argue that sexuality was crucial to all the violence of 2002. My account demonstrates the value—and the terrifying consequences—of learning to read the multiple scenes of pleasure in 2002 for feminist politics against sexual violence.
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Sekar, K. "(A14) Psychosocial Support Services in Disasters - Indian Experiences." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s3—s4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000276.
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India with 1.08 billion populations is vulnerable to earthquake (56%), floods (8%), cyclones (12%) and droughts (28%) every year. It is further compounded with refugees, riots, epidemic and endemic situations. Disaster psychosocial support and mental health services has consistently grown and standardized over the past three decades in India. The initial experiments' started in 1981 with a circus tragedy and documentation of prolonged grief reaction. In the Bhopal gas tragedy (1984) mental health services were integrated through primary care doctors. The Marathwada earthquake (1991) involved primary health care personnel in provision of mental health care to the survivors. The Orissa super cyclone (1999) saw the emergence of psychosocial support to the community using local resources like community level workers who were survivors by themselves. The feasibility study involving 40 such workers was expanded to a pilot model with 400 workers in the Gujarat earthquake (2001) and later to the level of a District model in the Gujarat riots (2002). These developments paved way for the State model when Tsunami struck the eastern coast of India affecting three States and two Union Territories in India. The experiences and experiments led to the development of standardized capacity building tools and intervention kits with level and limits of care being addressed. The Indian experiences has seen a striding change from psychiatry paradigm to public health model, to the development of a standardized psychosocial support models involving community at large. The lesson learnt has been helpful in developing the National Guidelines on Psychosocial Support and Mental Health Services by the National Disaster Management Authority of India. These service models could be adapted to the developing South East Asian countries where there is a paucity of trained professionals to attend the needs of the survivors.
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Janmohamed, Zahir. "Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i1.1822.
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While Ashutosh Varshney’s book, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindusand Muslims in India, cannot be judged by its cover, it can be judged byits index. His exhaustive and erudite study of riots in India only includesa paltry three references to the Rashtriya Swayemsevak Sangh (RSS) andVishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), two Hindu nationalist organizations thatplay a central role in such riots. He also fails to mention the Bajrang Dal,the militant Hindu organization responsible for many of the attacks duringthe violence in Gujarat in 2002. This seems to summarize the problemwith his book: It is intriguing yet incomplete.The reason for this omission becomes clear from his central thesis:Riots seldom occur where integrated networks of civic engagement exist;riots are a common feature where interdependency is absent. Varshney, aprofessor of political science at the University of Michigan, surveys sixcities in India: three riot-prone (Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Aligarh) andthree riot-free (Lucknow, Calicut, Surat).His focus on India’s urban centers is not without reason. Only 4% ofcommunal violence-related deaths have occurred in rural areas, where67% of the Indian population lives. Eight cities (whose total populationis only 5% of the country’s total population) account for 45% of deaths incommunal violence. Varshney seems overly eager to correct the notionthat Hindu-Muslim violence is a pan-Indian experience.His book highlights some important divisions that contribute to interreligiousdiscord. In chapter 5, for example, he notes that Aligarh MuslimUniversity (AMU), once an educational center for both Muslims andHindus, is now largely a university exclusively attended by Muslims.Such divisions at the higher academic levels lead to inevitable cleavagesin society. Varshney concludes that “local patterns of violence underlinehow important associational ties across communities are for peace inmulti-ethnic societies” (p. 11).It is tempting to agree with Varshney. His book suggests the basicpremise that if Muslims and Hindus work together, they will not resort tocommunal violence. One can understand why his ideas have gained supportfrom government officials, apologetic Indian scholars, and ...
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Mohan, Smithi. "Fragments Shored Against Ruins: Defragmenting India through the Gathering Storm." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2023): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v6i1.241.
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Travel between territories which exists contemporaneously is baffling in a psychogeographical sense. What had previously been considered as movement through indifferent space seems to be movement through time, into the future or into the past. The spatial assemblages within which these figures travel each have their own temporality, a rhythm that is produced and maintained by the processes that produce and maintain the human and nonhuman elements of the territory. Therefore travel narrative manifests itself as a narrative of space and difference and consequently travel writing as a format reflects an incessant surge of new concepts, new ways of seeing and being.. In this context, I argue that such an attempt is made by Harish Nambiar in his Defragmenting India: Riding a Bullet through the Gathering Storm, a travelogue narrative of a motorbike trip of the author and his friend across various states. Written in the dramatic backdrop of the 2002 Godhra riots, it provides an account of the various fault lines of Indian society quivering in the temblors that the communal riots of Gujarat sent across the nation. The book maps the urban consciousness of India by juxtaposing lives, issues and situations of educated and the uneducated, craftsman and conservationist, teacher and businessman, daughters and drunks from small towns and non-metro cities of India. It thus succeeds in capturing the undercurrents that flow through the life of a nation, community, city, families and individuals, simultaneously cutting across narrow divisive borders.
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Patil, Tejaswini. "The Politics of Race, Nationhood and Hindu Nationalism." Asian Journal of Social Science 45, no. 1-2 (2017): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04501002.
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The discussion on Hindu-Muslim conflict in India has revolved around religious or ethno-nationalist explanations. Employing the Gujarat riots of 2002 as a case study, I argue that dominant (Hindu) nationalism is linked to the ideas of “race” and has its roots in Brahminical notions of Aryanism and colonial racism. The categories of “foreign, hypermasculine, terrorist Other” widely prevalent in the characterisation of the Muslim Other, are not necessarily produced due to religious differences. Instead, social and cultural cleavages propagated by Hindu nationalists have their origins in race theory that accommodates purity, lineage, classification and hierarchy as part of the democratic discourses that pervade the modern nation-state. It focuses on how the state and non-state actors create discursive silences and normalise violence against minority communities by embodying emotions of fear, hate and anger among its participants to protect Hindu nationalism.
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GOVINDA, RADHIKA. "‘Didi, are you Hindu?’ Politics of Secularism in Women's Activism in India: Case-study of a grassroots women's organization in rural Uttar Pradesh." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 2 (November 21, 2012): 612–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000832.
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AbstractIn this paper I take the women's movement as the site for unpacking some of the strains and tensions involved in practical interpretations of secularism in present-day India. Several sources within and outside the movement point out that there has been a tendency to take the existence of secularism for granted, and that the supposedly secular idioms and symbols used for mobilizing women have been drawn from Hindu religio-cultural sources. Women from Dalit and religious minority communities have felt alienated by this. Hindu nationalists have cleverly appropriated these idioms and symbols to mobilize women as foot soldiers to further religious nationalism. Through a case-study of a grassroots women's NGO working in Uttar Pradesh, I seek to explore how women's organizations may be reshaping their agendas and activism to address this issue. Specifically, I will examine how and why the 2002 Gujarat riots affected the NGO, the ways in which it has started working on the issue of communal harmony and engaging with Muslims since the riots, and the challenges with which it has been confronted as a result of its efforts. In doing so, I will show how the complexities of NGO-based women's activism have become intertwined with the politics of secularism.
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Chatterjee, Moyukh. "Archives as the Infrastructure of Anti-Muslim Violence in India." Contributions to Indian Sociology 57, no. 3 (October 2023): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00699659231208696.
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Through a reading of over 100 police First Information Reports (FIR) of the anti-Muslim pogrom in Gujarat in 2002, I suggest a compositional approach to legal archives of violence that goes beyond the binaries of absence/presence and success/failure in the court of law. Such an approach focuses on forms—repetition, aggregation and trace—that lie on the surface of police documents. Focusing on what is aggregated, repeated and even left blank, this article describes how archives comprise the infrastructure of anti-minority violence in India. I describe how police archives attach themselves to colonial categories of the riot, transform public attacks against Muslims into spontaneous outbursts of ‘Hindu anger’ and produce a space-time when collective violence against minorities becomes natural destruction: anonymous violence without agency or legal culpability.
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Shamdasani, Ravina. "The Gujarat riots of 2002: primordialism or democratic politics?" International Journal of Human Rights 13, no. 4 (September 2009): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642980802532879.
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Kabir, Nahid Afrose. "Identity Politics in India: Gujarat and Delhi Riots." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 40, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2020.1813990.
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Janmohamed, Zahir. "Muslim Education in Ahmedabad in the Aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat Riots." Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 13, no. 3 (December 2013): 466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sena.12061.
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Mehta, Nalin. "Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the 2002 Gujarat Riots." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 29, no. 3 (December 2006): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856400601031989.
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Spodek, Howard. "Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002: Neighborhood Perspectives." Journal of Asian Studies 72, no. 2 (May 2013): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911813000053.
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The 2002 pogrom in the Indian state of Gujarat, and especially in its largest city, Ahmedabad, left about 1,000 Muslims dead in the city, another 1,000 dead in the state, and about 140,000 homeless, some of them still living in relief camps today. The killing, one of the worst in India since partition in 1947, drew responses of horror from across India and the world. Although the assault on Muslims followed an apparent (all the facts will never be known) assault on Hindu pilgrims travelling through the railway station at Godhra, in eastern Gujarat, in which fifty-nine Hindus burned to death, most observers have argued that the response was not commensurate with the attack, and, of course, it targeted not the criminals who may have set the fire, but a community of Muslims 100 miles away.
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SHANI, ORNIT. "The Rise of Hindu Nationalism in India: The Case Study of Ahmedabad in the 1980s." Modern Asian Studies 39, no. 4 (October 2005): 861–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x05001848.
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The massacre of Muslims in Ahmedabad and throughout Gujarat in February 2002 demonstrated the challenge of Hindu nationalism to India's democracy and secularism. There is increasing evidence to suggest that government officials openly aided the killings of the Muslim minority by members of militant Hindu organisations. The Gujarat government's intervention did little to stop the carnage. The communalism that was witnessed in 2002 had its roots in the mid-1980s. Since then, militant Hindu nationalism and recurring communal violence arose in Ahmedabad and throughout Gujarat. This study aims to shed light on the rise and nature of communalism since the mid-1980s.
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Berenschot, Ward. "The Spatial Distribution of Riots: Patronage and the Instigation of Communal Violence in Gujarat, India." World Development 39, no. 2 (February 2011): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.029.
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Miklian, Jason, and Kristian Hoelscher. "Smart Cities, Mobile Technologies and Social Cohesion in India." Indian Journal of Human Development 11, no. 1 (April 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703017712871.
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India’s cities are projected to grow by 300 million people by 2050, but this demographic transition may exacerbate fragile communal and infrastructural tensions. To address these challenges, the ‘Smart Cities’ agenda attempts to leverage India’s rapid embrace of technology to generate societal positive developmental outcomes in urban areas that emphasize the use of Internet and communications technologies (ICTs). However, local, regional and national government agencies struggle to balance embracing technology with inclusive development that protects civil rights and liberties. While the benefits are often stated, the acceleration of technology use in urban development can also create exclusionary cities, and many technologies that drive India’s modernization have also facilitated riots and violence between communities. This article explores these contradictions, examining scholarship on Smart Cities and ICTs in the context of the 2015–2016 Patel/Patidar agitation in Gujarat. We conclude by offering forward pathways for the Smart Cities and mobile technology agendas that support inclusive urban growth and development in India but are also mindful of civil liberties.
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Rosario, Nandan. "Art of the Effigy." tba: Journal of Art, Media, and Visual Culture 4, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/tba.v4i1.14893.
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The Gujarat wing of the BJP, the Ruling Party of India, created controversy on the 19th of February with the publication of a cartoon on its Twitter handle. This cartoon depicting the hanging of a group of Muslim men was read, by the Indian media, in the context of the Gujarat wing's alleged complicity in orchestrating riots that left more than 700 Muslims dead. This article argues that the cartoon was neither a joke nor an insensitive reminder nor provocation. Instead, the cartoon should be read as prophetic, but prophetic in the particular sense of the BJP’s political messaging. The cartoon is prophetic in that its visual distortions create a future which action can transfer from hyperbole to reality. This call to action creates a self-fulfilling prophecy that both the people and the state strive towards. This reading of the cartoon as prophetic reveals the accessory mechanisms of the visual media and the support given by the digital circulation of the cartoon on Twitter to the threat depicted.
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Chatterjee, Moyukh. "Against the Witness: Hindu Nationalism and the Law in India." Law, Culture and the Humanities 15, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872116643693.
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In the aftermath of anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat, India, in 2002, NGOs and activists encouraged survivors to testify against Hindu perpetrators in court. Through an ethnographic analysis of a criminal trial in the lower courts of Ahmedabad, I show how state officials and perpetrators used legal procedures to transform Muslim survivors into unreliable witnesses in the courtroom. These formal and informal techniques to destabilize Muslim witnesses are best understood not as byproducts of the law’s failure to address mass violence, but as a legal performance of Hindu supremacy. Procedural and positivistic approaches to the rule of law failed to address the law as a performance embedded in the context of Hindu nationalism in Gujarat. Not only do such trials discredit witnesses of mass violence, but they also give a legal form to the subordinate status of religious minorities within a majoritarian political regime.
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Suthar, Bhoomi, R. S. Pundir, Hiral Gundaniya, and Kalpana Mishra. "Growth and instability analysis of area, production and yield of groundnut in selected states of India." Environment Conservation Journal 25, no. 1 (February 7, 2024): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.24692665.
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India is the largest producer of oilseeds in the world as oilseed sector occupies an important position in the agricultural economy of the country. The study was based on the secondary data from 2002-03 to 2019-20. Major five groundnut producing states were selected based on highest production last triennium average production. The growth rate and instability were computed by using Compound Annual Growth Rate and Cuddy-Della Valle Index. The growth pattern of groundnut witnessed a downward trend with respect to area except Rajasthan state (7.667%). Growth pattern of groundnut indicated a downward trend in respect to production in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu state. Growth rate in yield (4.442 %)of groundnut was observed highest in Gujarat state. The instability index showed that the fluctuation in production of groundnut was found to be higher in Andhra Pradesh (44.453%) and Gujarat (41.660%). Low rate of instability was observed in area under groundnut crop in Gujarat (9.690%), Karnataka (10.495%) and Tamil Nadu (11.802%).
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Dehingia, Holly, and P. Surendra. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES OF FOREST COVER IN GUJARAT STATE." Geo Eye 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ge.v9i2.10.
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The Spatio-temporal study can be a significant way for researchers and decision-makers to monitor the status of any particular phenomena or process and so is the study of forest cover. The study reflects how forest cover has changed in different parts of Gujarat and why. The overall objective of this study is to access the Spatio-temporal changes in forest cover in Gujarat. The study is based on data collected from the Gujarat Forest Department and Forest Survey of India. Quantitative techniques were mostly used for the analysis of the data collected from 2001 to 2019. By using simple statistical techniques, it was observed that the forest cover in many areas of Gujarat has been decreasing due to natural causes as well as anthropogenic activities. Tables and figures show the Spatio-temporal changes in forest cover remarkably from 2001-2002, 2010- 2011, and 2018- 2019. Keywords: Forest cover; temporal changes
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Mistry, Pranav, and Tallavajhala Maruthi Venkata Suryanarayana. "Dry and Wet Period Analysis using Meteorological Drought Indices in Sabarkantha district Gujarat, India." Ecological Perspective 3, no. 1 (July 30, 2023): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53463/ecopers.20230172.
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Drought assessment is very important to manage water resources in lean period. In the present study, identification of drought years and extent of deficit of annual rainfall is accomplished by use of three meteorological based drought indices like the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration index (SPEI), China-Z index (CZI) and Modified China-Z index (MCZI) on 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month (short term and long term) timescales using monthly precipitation and temperature data from 1901 to 2002 at Sabarkantha to specify the drought conditions in present study area. The analysis of multiple time steps in drought indices make it harder to decide the best time step to show the drought conditions. The months of January, March, November and December have been identified 76, 79, 77 and 80 times as drought months respectively in the 20th century, indicating that these months must be provided with assured Irrigation. It is observed that 1904, 1911, 1915, 1923, 1974, 1987 and 2002 affected by severe drought condition in SPEI-12. The China Z Index and Modified China Z index shows that’s 1904, 1911, 1915, 1918, 1923, 1948, 1951, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1974, 1985, 1987, 1991, 1995 and 2002 affected by extreme drought. The study also reveals that only 1% year obtain as extreme wet conditions. From result it shows that 23% years are categorised into moderate to extreme drought years, which includes 15% Moderate dry, 8% severe dry years.
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SPODEK, HOWARD. "In the Hindutva Laboratory: Pogroms and Politics in Gujarat, 2002." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 2 (August 19, 2008): 349–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003612.
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AbstractCommunal violence wracked the state of Gujarat and the city of Ahmedabad once again in 2002, leaving some 2,000 people dead. Because the ruling BJP party had proclaimed Gujarat the ‘Laboratory of Hindutva’, analysts throughout India saw the violence as BJP policy and debated its possible spillover effects elsewhere. This paper finds that in a period already marked by stressful economic and cultural change and attended by political uncertainty, some BJP leaders gambled that an attack on Gujarat's Muslims, and on the rule of law in general, would attract followers and voters. Their gamble proved correct at least in the short run. This paper examines the cultural, social, geographical and educational restructuring that is occurring, through legal and illegal struggles, and the impact of the violence upon these processes. It examines the declining status of Muslims as a result of continuous propaganda against them. It analyzes the degree to which the state was damaged as a result of the decision for violence and asks about the degree to which leaders do, or do not, wish to ‘put it behind them’, and suggests that Ahmedabad's problems are widely shared in both the developing and developed worlds.
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Shukla, J., and D. Choudhury. "Estimation of seismic ground motions using deterministic approach for major cities of Gujarat." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 26, 2012): 2019–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2019-2012.
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Abstract. A deterministic seismic hazard analysis has been carried out for various sites of the major cities (Ahmedabad, Surat, Bhuj, Jamnagar and Junagadh) of the Gujarat region in India to compute the seismic hazard exceeding a certain level in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and to estimate maximum possible PGA at each site at bed rock level. The seismic sources in Gujarat are very uncertain and recurrence intervals of regional large earthquakes are not well defined. Because the instrumental records of India specifically in the Gujarat region are far from being satisfactory for modeling the seismic hazard using the probabilistic approach, an attempt has been made in this study to accomplish it through the deterministic approach. In this regard, all small and large faults of the Gujarat region were evaluated to obtain major fault systems. The empirical relations suggested by earlier researchers for the estimation of maximum magnitude of earthquake motion with various properties of faults like length, surface area, slip rate, etc. have been applied to those faults to obtain the maximum earthquake magnitude. For the analysis, seven different ground motion attenuation relations (GMARs) of strong ground motion have been utilized to calculate the maximum horizontal ground accelerations for each major city of Gujarat. Epistemic uncertainties in the hazard computations are accounted for within a logic-tree framework by considering the controlling parameters like b-value, maximum magnitude and ground motion attenuation relations (GMARs). The corresponding deterministic spectra have been prepared for each major city for the 50th and 84th percentiles of ground motion occurrence. These deterministic spectra are further compared with the specified spectra of Indian design code IS:1893-Part I (2002) to validate them for further practical use. Close examination of the developed spectra reveals that the expected ground motion values become high for the Kachchh region i.e. Bhuj city and moderate in the Mainland Gujarat, i.e. cities of Surat and Ahmedabad. The seismic ground motion level in the Saurashtra is moderate but marginally differs from that as presently specified in IS:1893-Part I (2002). Based on the present study, the recommended PGA values for the cities studied are 0.13 g, 0.15 g, 0.64 g, 0.14 g and 0.2 g for Ahmedabad city, Surat City, Bhuj City, Jamnagar City and Junagadh city, respectively. The prepared spectra can be further used for seismic resistant design of structures within the above major city boundaries of Gujarat to quantify seismic loading on structures.
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Heuer, Vera, and Brent Hierman. "Substate Populism and the Challenge to the Centre in Post-Riot Asian Contexts." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 13, no. 3 (December 2018): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2018.1505539.
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In this article, we introduce the concept of substate populism to account for dynamics in which populist speech is used to critique national elites for harming the interests of the ‘pure’ local people. We also identify three preconditions for substate populism: decentralisation, preexisting resentment or anxiety, and the capacity to dominate the local narrative. We explore the concept through a comparison of the frames used by Narendra Modi while serving as the chief minister of the state of Gujarat in India and Melis Myrzakmatov while serving as the mayor of Osh, Kyrgyzstan. We demonstrate that in both cases Modi and Myrzakmatov utilised substate populism following deadly ethnic riots to articulate local resentments, maintain popular support, and delegitimise external efforts to promote post-conflict reconciliation. We argue that through eradicating at least one of the three identified preconditions, a national government can undermine substate populism.
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Joshi, Pankaj N., Hiren B. Soni, S. F. Wesley Sunderraj, and Justus Joshua. "Distribution and Conservation of Less Known Rare and Threatened Plant Species in Kachchh, Gujarat, India." Our Nature 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2014): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i2.9541.
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The present survey was conducted in different terrains, habitats and ecosystems of Kachchh, Gujarat, India, for consecutive 3 years (2001-2002) in all possible climatic seasons, to know the present status of 6 less known rare and threatened plant species viz., Ammannia desertorum, Corallocarpus conocarpus, Dactyliandra welwitschii, Limonium stocksii, Schweinfurthia papilionacea and Tribulus rajasthanensis. Distribution, abundance and population dynamics of these species were derived. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i2.9541 Our Nature 2013, 11(2): 152-167
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Mehta, Khyati, Ganpat Vankar, and Vikram Patel. "Validity of the construct of post-traumatic stress disorder in a low-income country." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 6 (December 2005): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.585.
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SummaryThe validity of the clinical construct of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been questioned in non-Western cultures. This report describes in-depth interviews exploring the experiences of women who were traumatised by the communal riots in Ahmedabad, India, in March 2002. Three specific narratives are presented which describe experiences that closely resemble re-experiencing, avoidance and hyperarousal. Thus, symptoms described as characteristic features of PTSD in biomedical classifications are clearly expressed by the women in our study, and are attributed by them to trauma and grief. We conclude that PTSD may be a relevant clinical construct in the Indian context.
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Patel, Rakesh, and Runoo Ghosh. "KAP study of contraception in clients undergoing MTP and sterilization in Gujarat, India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2017): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172340.
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Background: Lack of awareness, knowledge and education, religious beliefs and fear of side effects are the main causes why women do not use family planning methods. To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among clients undergoing to Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) and sterilization.Methods: This prospective study was done among 400 indoor cases at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in B.J. Medical college, Ahmedabad during July 2002 to October 2003. All the clients undergoing MTP and sterilization were explained and counseled about contraception with GATHER approach of family planning. After taking detail history, a thorough clinical examination of the clients was carried out with preliminary investigations.Results: Almost 58% clients were willing to accept TL method as contraceptive option, 39.5% IUCD, 1.75% OC pill method of contraception. Regarding history of side effect of contraceptive use, 17.3% condom users, 68.5% OC pill users, 63% CuT users have felt side effect. Almost 42.5% clients were operated by MTP + Lap TL, 39.5% by MTP + CuT and 14.5% by plain Lap TL.Conclusions: Efforts should be made to promote information, education and communication regarding emergency contraception targeted to all women of reproductive age group. It is important that unwanted pregnancy be prevented through effective contraceptive practice rather than abortion.
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Das, Arindam, H. C. Srivastava, and Ajeet Kumar. "Awareness, Knowledge and Misconceptions about Some Reproductive Health Issues among the Married Couples in High-risk States of India." Journal of Health Management 16, no. 4 (November 26, 2014): 563–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063414548554.
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In India, the HIV/AIDS epidemic represents one of the most serious public health problems. According to National AIDS Control Organization, about half of the new infections occur among persons below 25. More than 80 per cent of the total infections are transmitted through sexual intercourse. Importantly, the infection is growing faster among the married. What makes youth more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS? Most evidence suggests that knowledge about HIV/AIDS is low among youth. Knowledge about the modes of transmission is considered to be the only means of prevention against this disease. The objective of this article is to study awareness, knowledge and misconception regarding RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS among the married couples in high-risk states of India. Data for this paper have been obtained from the Rapid Household Survey under Reproductive and Child Health Survey, Round II, during 2002–04. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Tamil Nadu were purposively selected for the analysis; except Gujarat all these states were in the category of high risk. A total of 82,596 married couples were considered for the study. A bi-variate technique was used for the analysis. In addition, a knowledge index was computed as a summary measure of knowledge and misconception. It was categorized into Low, Medium and High Knowledge. The analysis revealed that in Tamil Nadu around 33 per cent husbands and 27 per cent wives had high knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. In contrast, in Gujarat 8 per cent husbands and 6 per cent wives had high knowledge. Further, the analysis illustrated the gap of knowledge between husbands and wives.
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Joshi, Geeta S., and Payal Makhasana. "Spatio-temporal Trend Detection of Rainfall for Climate Change Assessment in Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar District of Gujarat State, India." Journal of Climate Change 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc210006.
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The present research aims to assess the historical change in rainfall patterns with the changing climate in the Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar district in the state of Gujarat in India. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test along with Sen’s slope estimator have been used for detecting the trend of rainfall data series. The trend of annual rainfall is carried out for – (1) six rain gauge stations established by the State Water Data Center (SWDC) and (2) 11 grid data available from the National Center for Environmental Prediction-Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP-CFSR) for 35 years starting from 1979 to 2013. Results obtained from these two data sets for the trend detection were found consistent. Furthermore, the analyses of annual and monthly rainfall using MK test and Sen’s slope estimator at six rain gauge stations are carried out in three time periods i.e. 1974-1987, 1988-2001 and 2002-2016. The inverse distance weighted (IDW) method of interpolation is used for the results obtained from the spatial distribution of the temporal rainfall trend for interpolating the station value over the study area. Annual rainfall for data length of 1979 to 2013 shows an increasing trend. The trend of annual and monthly rainfall for July and September shows a positive trend for the span 2002-2016. This study would be useful to the water resource department and policymakers for climate change adaptation in the study area.
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Vyas, Jay Narayan. "Dams, environment and regional development – harnessing the “elixir of life: water” for overall development." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (April 1, 2002): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0148.
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Water – the Elixir of Life – has the potential to sustain human life and also to develop it further, and that is why various international instruments have aptly recognized its role in sustainable development. This paper reviews the global and Indian water scenario before presenting the case of Gujarat State, where perennial water scarcity has raised serious threats to the existence of millions of people and cattle and has led to environmental degradation and constrained economic development. More than 13,000 villages out of 18,028 villages of the State are facing scarcity in terms of crop failure this year. Drinking water supply is maintained by transporting water by road tankers, “water special” trains and even by ships via a sea route. Lack of access to safe and clean water for domestic use has a detrimental effect on the social fabric, and even incidences of migration and water riots are recorded. The paper discusses the efficacy of available options including rain water harvesting. The efforts of the State to harness the untapped waters of Narmada for the survival of millions and sustainable development of western India, are discussed adjudging socio-economic and environmental impacts. The paper concludes that assured water supply is essentially critical for overall development.
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Dholakia, Ravindra H., and Shailesh Gandhi. "Whether or Not to Disinvest: The Case of Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Limited." Asian Case Research Journal 11, no. 02 (December 2007): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927507000989.
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India became independent in 1947. Its central planning model emphasized the development of core sectors of Indian economy through Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). PSUs played an active role in economic development for more than four decades. The process of liberalization and globalization began in 1991. The Central and State Governments initiated process of disinvestment and decontrol in various PSUs. Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Limited (GSFC) was one of such PSUs. It was promoted in 1962 by the State Government of Gujarat (GoG) with its 49% equity share, as a joint sector fertilizer company. The objective of the Government was to promote agricultural growth by providing chemical fertilizers and other inputs along with extension services to the farmers. Over the years, it diversified into industrial products. It was also instrumental in promotion of other PSUs in Gujarat through equity participation. It had a strong brand image among the farmers. In 2004, GoG appointed an Expert Committee (EC) to review the performance and sustainability of various PSUs in the State of Gujarat including GSFC and to recommend whether or not the Government should continue to hold its investment in them. The task of EC in providing recommendations on GSFC was very challenging because GSFC incurred losses for the first time during 2000–1 to 2002–3 since its inception but showed dramatic turnaround in 2003–4 and further improved its financial performance in 2004–5 and 2005–6. EC had to reassess the developmental role of GSFC and the need for GoG to continue its involvement. It had to assess the sustainability of improved financial performance in future and decide whether or not GoG should disinvest its stake.
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Mitchell, Maurice. "Dispersed Initiatives in Changing Urban Landscapes." Open House International 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2008-b0006.
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There is a growing desire amongst students of architecture to work, either in the UK or in developing countries, in situations where technical and cultural change is rapid and resources are scarce. At the same time self organizing local communities have become recognized as the most effective client and interlocutor for generating meaningful debate on the transformation of their everyday environment. Diploma Studio 6 at the Department of Architecture and Spatial Design of London Metropolitan University has worked with specifically local, low income and marginalized communities in Kosovo (2000 + 2001) and India: Gujarat (2002), Meerut (2003), Delhi (2004 +2005) and Agra (2006) to generate proposals for meaningful change and improvement. This paper seeks to draw out some of the major themes of debate which have emerged.
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Berenschot, Ward. "Patterned pogroms: Patronage networks as infrastructure for electoral violence in India and Indonesia." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319889678.
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The regular occurrence of election-related violence between ethnic or religious communities has generated a burgeoning literature on ‘the dark side’ of democracy. This literature provides convincing accounts of how political competition incentivizes politicians to foment violence. Yet such elite-oriented approaches are less convincing in explaining why and how political elites succeed in mobilizing people who do not share their concern for electoral benefits. This article addresses this challenge by relating the capacity of politicians to foment violence to the everyday functioning of patronage networks. Using ethnographic fieldwork to compare violent and nonviolent areas during Hindu–Muslim violence in Gujarat (2002) and Christian–Muslim violence in North Maluku (1999–2000), I find that the informal networks through which citizens gain access to state benefits (‘patronage networks’) shape patterns of election-related violence between religious communities. Politicians succeeded in fomenting violence in areas where citizens depended strongly on ethnicized patronage networks, while violence was averted in areas where state–citizen interaction was organized through networks that bridge religious divides. Interpreting this finding, I argue that patronage networks generate both infrastructure and incentives to organize violence. They provide the infrastructure for violence because their everyday functioning generates interdependencies between politicians and local followers that facilitate the instigation and organization of violence. Patronage networks also generate incentives for violence because when prevailing patronage networks bridge social divides, politicians relying on these networks have an interest in preventing communal violence. When socio-economic changes cause patronage networks to become organized along religious divides, as occurred in the violent areas in Gujarat and North Maluku, divisive political discourse is more likely to resonate and political actors are more likely to benefit electorally from communal violence. In this manner this article provides a novel explanation for both subnational variation in patterns of violence and the hardening of social divisions.
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JASANI, RUBINA. "Violence, Reconstruction and Islamic Reform—Stories from the Muslim ‘Ghetto’." Modern Asian Studies 42, no. 2-3 (March 2008): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003150.
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AbstractThis paper is a critique of popular and academic assumptions about the Muslim ‘community’ and Islamist organizations, especially in the context of displacement and reconstruction after the 2002 riots in Ahmedabad, western India. It explores the internal politics of Jamaat-led organizations and the engagement of survivors with ideas of reform and piety. Contesting contemporary understandings of reformist Jamaats, I argue that the growing influence of the latter organizations had little co-relation with their resettlement plans and policies. The reconstruction patterns were more closely linked to the history of labour migration to the city, and the subsequent movement of violence-affected people from the mill areas to larger Muslim ghettoes. My ethnography shows how the survivors strategically engaged with reform initiatives and negotiated with local Islamist organizations for ‘safe housing’. By illustrating certain ambiguities within the everyday practices of Islam, my paper also problematizes notions of ‘piety’ and ‘agency’, primarily after people's experiences of communal violence.
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HEITMEYER, CAROLYN. "Intimate Transgressions and Communalist Narratives: Inter-religious romance in a divided Gujarat." Modern Asian Studies 50, no. 4 (April 18, 2016): 1277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000177.
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AbstractIn this article, I examine the seeming paradox of Hindu–Muslim romantic affairs in the wider context of communalism in Gujarat in the wake of the 2002 anti-Muslim violence. At the outset, such affairs appear to embody the most extreme form of taboo, both in their defiance of conventional arranged marriage systems (where caste endogamy and shared religious affiliation play a paramount role) as well as in the wider socio-political context in which Hindus and Muslims are viewed as irreconcilable enemies, or at least oppositional in lifestyle, beliefs, and values. Yet, while media reports in recent years have highlighted similar cases of transgressive liaisons elsewhere in India which have been met with extreme violence, the couplings which I describe in this article, are in practice tolerated by kin and neighbours as an ‘open secret’ which, while public knowledge, has not incurred strong retribution. While love has often been presented as a force for emancipation from the constraints of social conventions and norms in the popular media, I argue that this ‘toleration’ of inter-religious liaisons in the cases I describe suggests the very opposite: namely, that they do not present a significant challenge to entrenched social divisions at the local level.
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Kalra, Lekha, and S. K. Srivastava. "An Analysis of Growth Pattern and Volatility in Area, Production and Yield of Soybean in Major Producing States of India." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 41, no. 6 (April 29, 2023): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i61917.
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Agriculture is one of the important sector of our Indian economy. Among agriculture various agricultural crops, oilseeds plays a major role by placing India at the 4th largest producer of oilseed in the world. Cultivation of oilseeds is done under 15-20 per cent of total area at global level (Kumar and Tiwari, 2020). Oilseeds group also considered to be one of the great sources of oil (soybean, groundnut, mustard, etc.) and protein (soybean). This study tried to analyse the trend in the area, production and productivity of soybean crop by fitting the exponential growth function. Further examination of instability in the crop was also done using Cuddy Della Valle index. The present study research period was taken from 1970-71 to 2017-18 which is further divided as follows: Pre Technology Mission on Oilseeds (Pre TMO) Period from 1970-71 to 1985-86, Technology Mission on Oilseeds Phase one Period from 1986-87 to 2001-02, Technology Mission on Oilseeds Phase two Period from 2002-03 to 2017-18, Overall Period of Technology Mission on Oilseeds from 1986-87 to 2017-18, Overall Period from 1970-71 to 1985-86. The Pre TMO period and Post TMO period criteria has been considered to estimate whether TMO had any impact on area, production , productivity, import and export of oilseeds. The study showed that during Pre TMO period, positive growth rate in the area of soybean was found positive in all the states except in Gujarat where area declined at the rate of 5.26 per cent per annum. Maximum rate of growth in the area was found in Rajasthan at the rate of 21.00 per cent per annum. During this period, production increased in all the states and country as a whole wherein, maximum rate of production registered in Rajasthan at the rate of 20.52 per cent per annum, production had shown negative growth in Gujarat at the rate of 0.08 per cent per annum. Productivity had shown increasing trend in all the states except in Rajasthan where negative growth is found at the rate of 0.40 per cent per annum. Maximum increase in the productivity was registered in Maharashtra at the rate of 7.78 per cent per annum. While the instability analysis revealed that fluctuations in the area of soybean was observed only in the state of Gujarat, whereas, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan production of soybean was comparatively less stable as compared to the other major states.
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Prajapati, Nisha. "Study of intra-cranial space occupying lesion in children at tertiary care centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 6 (October 24, 2017): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20174755.
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Background: ICSOL is some common children and leads to morbidity and mortality in the absence of early diagnosis and treatment2. Due to advance in diagnostic technique, the prognosis for children with ICSOL is more hopeful because of the development of newer therapeutic modalities. Objective of present study was to investigate the incidence, etiology, clinical manifestations, cilinico-radiological correlation, evaluate the therapeutic modalities and outcome of patients of ICSOLMethods: This prospective study was done among all 40 confirmed cases of space occupying lesion out of total 935 central nervous system related cases & 64 suspected cases admitted at department of peadiatrics in NHL medical college, Ahmedabad during July 2002 to October 2004.Results: Out of total CNS cases, 64 (6.8%) cases clinically diagnosed as SOLs cases and 40 (62.5%) were confirmed by radiological imaging technique. Study observed >50% cases in 5-9 age group and 57.5% male SOL. Tubeculoma covered highest (45.0%) cases and convulsion, headache, vomiting and altered sensorium were the main sign/symptoms. According to radiological findings, supratentorial SOL seen in 75.0% cases and mortality seen in 7.5% cases.Conclusions: Study observed higher incidence of SOL in the age group of 5 to 9 years. Total CNS cases were about 20.9% out of total admission and incidence of SOL was about 4.28% in total CNS cases. Highest incidence of tuberculoma which was most common etiology observed among both the gender. Study observed clinic-radiological correlation in SOL was about 62.5%. overall mortality in present in SOL was 7.5.
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CHINTHALU, G. R., S. G. NAGAR, and P. SEETARAMAYYA. "Air-sea interaction properties in the eastern Arabian Sea during active phase of off-shore trough (IOP 7-9 August ARMEX-2002)." MAUSAM 56, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v56i1.861.
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During southwest monsoon season, the off-shore troughs along the west coast (WC) of India occupy shallow zones of convergence. These troughs frequently develop and decay off the WC extending from North Kerala to South Gujarat. They are typical in size, horizontal extent being of the order of 100 km and are discernible from just above the boundary level to about 900 hPa. They produce heavy rainfall over the coastal stations during active phase of the monsoon and vice-versa in weak phase.
In the present study the transfer of surface fluxes across the air–sea interface over eastern Arabian Sea following an intense off-shore trough is examined. This trough has developed off the WC during 7-9 August 2002. The results are discussed in relation to synoptic movement of this off-shore trough on the sea level chart.
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Chand, D., and S. Lal. "High ozone at rural sites in India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 22, 2004): 3359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-3359-2004.
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Abstract. Past observations of O3 at urban, rural and lower free tropospheric sites in India have shown generally low values rarely exceeding 60 ppbv. We show that this can not be generated to all over India. Surface ozone (O3) concentrations are obtained from measurements in rural, urban and free tropospheric environments in January 2001 and 2002 as a part of Mobile Lab Experiments (MOLEX) conducted in western India. Elevated O3 from 70 to 110 ppbv (nmole/mole) are recorded during afternoon hours at rural sites in downwind of major industrial region of Gujarat adjoining the Arabian Sea. Repeated observations during both the years indicate that this is a regular process in this region. The average background ozone is found to be 42±6 ppbv. The elevated ozone in the downwind site is about 60% higher than that in the major urban center and its surroundings and by a factor of 2 higher than the background levels of O3 in this region. In comparison to the downwind observations; the ozone observed at the continental stations in rural (Gadanki), urban (Ahmedabad) and free tropospheric (Mt. Abu) sites in India are low and rarely exceeded 60 ppbv during the month of January. Forward trajectory analysis shows that the polluted plumes from this urban area can get transported more than 3000 km to the marine boundary layer over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean within a week. Similar transport of pollutants from major urban sites like Delhi and other cities can enhance O3 in their downwind rural sites and can affect the human health as well as vegetation significantly.
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SINGH, PK, SK PATEL, P. JAYSWAL, and SS CHINCHORKAR. "Usefulness of class A Pan coefficient models for computation of reference evapotranspiration for a semi-arid region." MAUSAM 65, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v65i4.1186.
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The reliability of estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) using pan evaporation (Epan) depends on the accurate determination of pan coefficients (Kpan). Six ET0 models were evaluated for their usefulness using 33-year climatological dataset of a semi-arid region of the Gujarat state of India. The equations compared include Cuenca (1989), Allen and Pruitt (1991), Snyder (1992), Modified Snyder (Grismer et al., 2002), Orang (1998), and Pereira et al. (1995). The ET0 data, calculated using daily Kpan values from these equations, were compared to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)-Penman-Monteith (FAO56-PM) method as a reference. Based on the visual comparison as well as from the statistical criteria, ET0 values computed using Modified Snyder and Orang model have very close agreement with the FAO56-PM method for daily, monthly, and annual estimates as compared to other approaches. The sequential performances of the explored models was found as: Modified Snyder (Eqn. 5) > Orang (Eqn. 6) > Cuenca Eqn. (2) > Allen & Pruitt (Eqn. 3) > Snyder (Eqn. 4) > Pereira et al. (Eqn. 7) model. Therefore, the Modified Snyder model (Grismer et al., 2002) could be recommended as the best model for ET0 computations under these prevailing climatic conditions for a semi arid region.
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Verma, D., M. H. Kalubarme, G. P. Saroha, K. S. Mohan, K. C. Ravi, and A. N. Singh. "MONITORING CHANGES IN COTTON ACREAGE AND ALTERNATE HOST CROPS OF COTTON BOLLWORM USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN MAJOR COTTON GROWING REGIONS OF INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (July 26, 2019): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-525-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Cotton cultivation has made rapid strides in India since the introduction of Bt cotton, which provided effective protection against its major pest, <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> and other bollworms. The presence of alternate host crops for cotton bollworms targeted by Bt cotton play a key role in resistance evolution to the <i>in planta</i> expressed Bt proteins. Several host crops for <i>H. armigera</i> such as pigeonpea, sorghum, tomato, chilli, sunflower and corn are cultivated alongside Bt cotton. Change detection in the extent of cotton and alternate host crops of cotton bollworm was conducted using IRS LISS-III data in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states. The changes in the extent of cotton and host crops were monitored using multi-temporal data of 2002, 2004 and 2008. The results indicated that Bt cotton (Hirsutum) has almost completely replaced the traditional Indian cotton (<i>Gossypium arborium</i>). Several alternate host crops of H. armigera were grown along with cotton. Pigeonpea was the major host crop in almost all the locations. Chilies dominated in Andhra Pradesh, sunflower in Karnataka and corn in Gujarat. These host crops serve as ‘natural’ refuge of <i>H. armigera</i> and possibly, for this reason this pest has not evolved resistance to the Bt expressed by Bollgard II even after 16 seasons of intensive cultivation; whereas the pink bollworm, a monophagous cotton bollworm, had developed resistance to Cry1Ac in 2009 and to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab in 2015.</p>
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MADAN, O. P., U. C. MOHANTY, GOPAL IYENGER, R. P. SHIVHARE, ASKAV PRASAD RAO, N. V. SAM, and R. BHATLA. "Off shore trough and very heavy rainfall events along the West Coast of India during ARMEX-2002." MAUSAM 56, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v56i1.856.
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Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX) 2O02 was carried out from mid June to mid August to study the presence of off-shore trough (OST) and embedded vortices. Four cases of heavy rainfall along the west coast (rainfall exceeding 12 cm in 24 hour) of India were recorded on 14-16 June, 20-22 June, 26-28 June and 7-10 August 2002. The heavy rainfal1 event of 26-28 June was due to a low pressure system that moved from Bay of Bengal across Madhya Pradesh to Gujarat and adjoining Rajasthan. The other three heavy rainfall events were associated with the off shore trough and /or off shore vortices.
Of the various sea buoys deployed in the Arabian Sea, only one buoy located off Goa, did give hint of an OST both in strong and weak wind conditions. However, surface wind data from other buoys and QSCAT surface wind did not always support the presence of OST. The indications were very subtle and it was found difficult to observe them on the NCMRWF (National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting) analysis or forecast charts. In the present study it has been observed that off shore trough may be observed in weak as well as strong monsoon conditions. However, heavy rainfall events were noticed only when the monsoon current is strong both in the Arabian Sea as well as Bay of Bengal in association with some synoptic systems. In addition, an east-west shear line in wind flow pattern extending from lower to middle or upper tropospheric levels and joining the circulation features in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal has been noticed in all cases of heavy rainfall events. Meso-scale vortices/organized convection systems were also identified during heavy rainfall events on the basis of cloud features noticed in the satellite pictures and TRMM rain rate patterns.
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PANDYA, PARTHSARTHI A., and NARENDRA KUMAR GONTIA. "Improving remote sensing based agricultural drought characterization in Saurashtra, Gujarat : A region-specific threshold approach." MAUSAM 75, no. 2 (March 24, 2024): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v75i2.6077.
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Remote sensing technology has demonstrated its significant utility in the monitoring and mapping of agricultural drought on a global scale. This study focused on the assessment of agricultural drought in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, utilizing a comprehensive dataset spanning 33 years from Landsat and Sentinel satellites. It employed various vegetation indices, including NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), Anomaly Index (NAI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and NDWI Anomaly index (NDWIA), to gauge drought conditions. The performance of these indices was evaluated through the generation of drought severity maps and their correlation analysis with major Kharif crops in the region, specifically cotton and groundnut. The analysis pinpointed major agricultural drought years, such as 1986, 1987, 1991, 2000, 2002 and 2012, which corresponded to substantial crop yield losses ranging from 37% to 76% for cotton and 66% to 95% for groundnut, varying by district. Despite VCI demonstrating equivalent or superior correlations with crop yields (ranging from 0.32 to 0.73 for cotton and 0.33 to 0.75 for groundnut) compared to NAI in various districts, it tended to underestimate drought severities, designating only 2 to 9 drought years for different districts. Consequently, this study recommends revised VCI drought severity thresholds, which enhance the categorization of agricultural drought in terms of severity levels and corresponding yield losses for cotton and groundnut in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Furthermore, it underscores the need to establish region-specific drought severity thresholds by identifying the most suitable vegetation index for effective quantification of agricultural drought, thereby facilitating informed drought mitigation measures.
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MOHAPATRA, M., H. R. HATWAR, B. K. BANDYOPADHYAY, and V. SUBRAHMANYAM. "Evaluation of heavy rainfall warning over India during summer monsoon season." MAUSAM 60, no. 4 (November 27, 2021): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v60i4.1116.
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India Meteorological Department (IMD) issues heavy rainfall warning for a meteorological sub-division when the expected 24 hours rainfall over any rain gauge station in that sub-division is likely to be 64.5 mm or more. Though these warnings have been provided since the inception of IMD, a few attempts have been made for quantitative evaluation of these warnings. Hence, a study is undertaken to verify the heavy rainfall warnings over 36 meteorological sub-divisions of India during monsoon months (June-September) and season as a whole. For this purpose, data of recent 5 years (2002-2006) has been taken into consideration. In this connection, the day when heavy rainfall is recorded over at least one station in a sub-division, has been considered as a heavy rainfall day for that sub-division.
There is a large spatial and temporal variability in skill scores of heavy rainfall warnings over India during summer monsoon season. Considering the monsoon season as a whole, the Heidke Skill Score (HSS) is relatively less (<0.20) over the regions with less frequent heavy rainfall like Lakshadweep, southeast peninsula, Vidarbha, Marathwada, Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura (NMMT). It is higher (> 0.50) over Konkan & Goa, Madhya Maharashtra and Gujarat region. There has been improvement in the forecast skill with gradual increase in the critical success index and Heidke skill score over the years mainly due to the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models' guidance available to the forecasters. However, the false alarm rate and missing rate are still very high (> 0.50), especially over many sub-divisions of northwest India, southeast peninsula and NMMT.
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Chatterjee, Anjan Kumar. "Sea Bed Mining." Journal of Geosciences Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56153/g19088-023-0187-50.
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The seabed is surely one of the last mining frontiers on earth remaining for mankind, to extract economic mineral deposits. It is hence imperative that India with its Obvious Geological Potential (OGP) area on the land surface amounting to 0.57 million km, for which baseline geoscience data has been generated and mineral exploration activities are ongoing, needs to be supplemented with mineral wealth on our sea beds, within our Territorial Waters (TW) and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Studies by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and other agencies for mineralized horizons in the terrestrial OGP areas have been a continuous process. The baseline geoscience and mineral exploration data are published regularly by GSI and Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) and made available to respective stakeholders. India has a 2.02 million km area under its TW and EEZ. Our East and West Coasts of the Peninsular India are endowed with phosphate, manganese nodules, lime mud and monazite sands with rare earth elements (REE) and thorium that have been surveyed by the Marine and Coastal Survey Division (MCSD) of the GSI with their research vessels to establish the potentiality. According to the data available, 1,53,996 million tons of lime mud within the EEZ off Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts, 745 million tons of construction grade sand, off Kerala coast, 79 million tons of heavy mineral placers in the inner-shelf and mid-shelf, off Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, phosphorite in the Eastern and Western continental margins, polymetallic ferromanganese nodules and crusts in Andaman Sea and Lakshadweep Sea have been reported. The CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography has been embarking on research for seabed mineral deposits. The Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023, passed by Lok Sabha on 01.08.2023, has amendments to the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002, OAMDR Act (Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India, 2002). It envisages major initiatives to allow auction of mineral blocks 45° X 45° (latitude and longitude) in respect of any mineral or prescribed group of associated minerals, under one or more operating rights (taken together). The Act has a provision for setting up of a non-lapsable Offshore Areas Mineral Trust to maintain a fund under the Public Account of India. This fund will be financed by a yet to be determined, additional levy on the production of offshore minerals that will be used for exploration, research, disaster relief and for mitigation of adverse impacts of seabed mining. We have the National Exploration Trust and the District Mineral Foundation Trust funds, to which royalties are paid by stakeholders for onshore mining.
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Shih, S. L., W. S. Tsai, S. K. Green, P. M. Hanson, G. B. Valand, G. Kalloo, S. K. Shrestha, and S. Joshi. "Molecular Characterization of a New Tomato Begomovirus from India." Plant Disease 87, no. 5 (May 2003): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.5.598a.
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The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center's (AVRDC) tomato breeding lines derived from Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum B 6013 × L. esculentum H-24 and carrying the Ty-2 resistance gene located on chromosome 11 are tolerant to tomato leaf curl disease in Karnataka State, southern India (3), where several isolates of Tomato leaf curl Virus-Bangalore (GenBank Accession Nos. L11746, Z48182, and AF165098) and Tomato leaf curl virus-Karnataka (GenBank Accession No. U38239) are reported to infect tomatoes. The only area in south and southeast Asia where these AVRDC tomato breeding lines were found susceptible to begomovirus infection is Thailand, where several bipartite Tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. X63015, X63016; AF141922, AF141897; and AF511529, AF511528) are reported to be prevalent. However, in field trials conducted in the fall of 1999 in Bodeli, Gujarat State, western India, the AVRDC breeding lines showed typical symptoms of begomovirus infection, such as leaf curling and vein clearing. The presence of a different tomato begomovirus was suspected. Viral DNA from a symptomatic plant from Bodeli was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the begomovirus-specific degenerate primer pair PAL1v1978/PAR1c715 (4) and the expected 1.4-kb PCR product was obtained. Based on the sequence of the 1.4-kb DNA product, specific primers were designed to complete the DNA-A sequence. The DNA-A of the virus associated with tomato leaf curl from Bodeli consists of 2,759 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. AF413671) and contains six open reading frames (ORFs V1, V2, C1, C2, C3, and C4). The DNA-A sequence of the Bodeli isolate had highest sequence identities of 98 and 98.3%, respectively, with viruses causing tomato leaf curl from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh State, northern India (GenBank Accession No. AF449999) collected in the fall of 1999 and Panchkhal, Nepal (GenBank Accession No. AY234383) collected in early 2000. There was no evidence for the presence of DNA-B in the Bodeli, Panchkhal, or Varanasi virus isolates using DNA-B specific primer pairs DNABLC1/DNABLV2 and DNABLC2/DNABLV2 (2). However, a 1.3-kb DNA-beta was detected in the Panchkhal and Varanasi isolates using the primer pair Beta01/Beta02 (1). Sequence comparisons with begomovirus sequences available in the GenBank database showed that these three virus isolates and GenBank Accession No. AY190290 collected in 2001 from Varanasi shared more than 97% sequence identity with each other and should be considered closely related strains of the same virus. These four virus isolates belong to a new distinct tomato geminivirus species because their sequences share less than 88% sequence identities with the next most closely related virus, Tomato leaf curl virus-Karnataka (GenBank Accession No. U38239). This new tomato leaf curl virus is prevalent in western India, northern India, and Nepal. References: (1) R. W. Briddon et al. Mol. Biotechnol. 20:315, 2002. (2) S. K. Green et al. Plant Dis. 85:1286, 2001. (3) V. Muniyappa et al. HortScience 37:603, 2002. (4) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993.
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Reynolds, Nathalène. "On the Muslim Minority in India." Journal of Development Policy, Research & Practice (JoDPRP) 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 34–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.59926/jodprp.vol01/03.
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Western media usually describe India as ‘the largest democracy in the world’, paying little attention to the various dark corners surrounding this rosy picture , especially if one takes into consideration the difficulties its neighbours have had in their roads to democracy. It is true that the country has historically benefitted from generally good press in the West due to concerns about the increasing assertiveness of another demographic giant – the People’s Republic of China. As the centre of global gravity moves inexorably towards Asia, Western Europe and North America, with their ageing populations, seek to keep on board allies with whom they believe they share a similar system of values. Above all, western powers have their gaze fixed on the Indian market, assuming that its annual economic growth of 7% can offer rich dividends.Prime Minister Narendra Modi has acquired almost rock star status in recent years: November 2015 saw him address crowds packed inside London’s Wembley Stadium, while in June 2016, American Congressmen and women applauded him as he made an extended comparison of the virtues of American and Indian democracy. Incidentally, he boasted that the ‘biggest democracy in the world’ guarantees equal rights to all its citizens, whatever their religious beliefs. Indeed, he declared himself in favour of stronger Indo-American linkages, especially, he added, when it came to the fight against terrorism (Kelly 2016). Some observers may recall a remark made by Modi as the Chief Minister of Gujarat in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks during The Big Fight, a Star News Channel debate programme, on 14 September 2001. He stated that, ‘All Muslims are not terrorists, but all terrorists are Muslims’ (Engineer 2015). During political debates, especially televised ones, politicians often make use of such rhetorical devices to nurture or boost their popularity. Even limiting oneself to India itself, such a declaration was factually incorrect. According to figures for the year 2014 cited by Aakar Patel in a revealingly titled article, Most extremists in India are not Muslim – they are Hindu, published on 8 June 2015, the country had: Some 976 deaths from terrorism (or extremism, whatever name one wants to use for it) in India. Of these, the most (465) came in the North East. The second most (314) came from left-wing extremism, by a group of people called Maoists. Deaths in Jammu & Kashmir, assuming one wants to attribute the whole lot to terrorism, stood at 193. Outside of these conflict theatres, Islamist extremism claimed four lives (Patel 2015). India is home to a very significant Muslim population that is scarcely reassured by the absolute majority enjoyed by the Bharatiya Janata Party (India People’s Party, Hindu nationalist in outlook) in the Lok Sabha (House of the People, the lower house of India’sbicameral parliament). Before looking at the fragile position of the Muslim community and the campaigns it believes are conducted at its expense, the author would first like to see how India has projected its power across the New World Order that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. India rightly seeks recognition as a great power, but is inclined to forget that in a sense, it remains a colossus with feet of clay – top end scientific research juxtaposed with aching poverty. It is made up of a mix of different religious communities, harmony between which has been key to the successful construction of the nation. More extreme sections of the Sangh Parivar (a group of Hindu nationalist organisations) who play up – without always sticking close to the facts – the threat of rapid population growth of the Muslim community. This seems to neglect one of the attributes that has the potential to increase India’s global influence: its 180 million Muslim inhabitants that have the potential to project India’s power in the Islamic world. This work, therefore, seeks to first of all look at India’s position internationally, and how this has enabled the most extreme Hindu nationalist components to adopt policies and political positions of concern with regard to minorities in general and Muslims in particular. Narendra Modi was formally cleared of all the various accusations made against him pertaining to his role in Gujarat in 2002. However, some schools of thought continue to cast doubt as to his innocence. Given the difficult relations between India and Pakistan in recent times, the author will abstain from any recommendations as to what the Indian government should or should not do. However, the author would encourage India’s civil society to undertake a greater role in reinforcing inter-communal harmony so necessary to the construction of a country that remains uniquely diverse in a world characterised by a worrying level of polarisation.
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Rathore, S., B. S. Bhatt, B. K. Yadav, R. K. Kale, and A. K. Singh. "A New Begomovirus Species in Association with Betasatellite Causing Tomato Leaf Curl Disease in Gandhinagar, India." Plant Disease 98, no. 3 (March 2014): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0719-pdn.
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In December 2012, tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) (2) was observed in tomato-growing areas of Gandhinagar District of Gujarat, a state in northwestern India. Incidence of ToLCD was estimated to be between 40 and 70% depending on the cultivars used. Infected plants exhibited symptoms consisting of leaf rolling, leaf curling, and yellowing typical of begomoviruses. Total DNA was isolated from a single affected tomato plant (2). Begomovirus infection in this sample was established by amplification of the expected-size 550-bp DNA fragment from this extract by PCR with degenerate DNA-A primers (3). Rolling circle amplification (RCA) using ϕ29 DNA polymerase was carried out on the total DNA, followed by digestion with Bam HI. An amplicon of ~2.8 kb was gel-eluted and cloned into Bam HI linearized pBluescript II KS(+). Restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA from the resulting clones indicated the presence of one type of molecule. Using PCR and universal betasatellite primers, the expected 1.3-kb fragment was amplified from the DNA extract (1). An amplicon of ~1.3 kb was gel-eluted and cloned into pTZ57RT vector. Sequence analysis revealed that DNA-A (GenBank Accession No. KC952005) is composed of 2,753 nt and showed the highest identity (87.8%) with Tomato leaf curl Kerala virus[India:Kerala:2008] (GenBank Accession No. EU910141). An analysis for recombination showed this begomovirus DNA likely to have originated by recombination between Tomato leaf curl Kerala virus and Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus. The satellite DNA-β (GenBank Accession No. KC952006) is composed of 1,365 nt and showed the highest identity (75.6%) with Tomato leaf curl betasatellite[India:Ludhiana:2004] (ToLCB-[IN:Lud:04]) (GenBank Accession No. AY765255). On the basis of DNA-A sequence analysis, the ICTV species demarcation criteria of 89% DNA-A sequence identity, and genome organization, the present isolate was considered as a new begomovirus species and named Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar virus (ToLCGNV). The betasatellite shares less than 78% identity with (ToLCB-[IN:Lud:04]), it is considered a new species of betasatellite and the name, Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar betasatellite (ToLCGNB) is proposed. Multimeric clones of the begomovirus and betasatellite DNAs were generated in a binary vector and these plasmids transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants agroinoculated with the cloned begomovirus DNA developed leaf curl symptoms, whereas plants co-agroinoculated with the cloned begomovirus and betasatellites developed more severe symptoms, including leaf rolling, leaf curling, and yellowing. The symptoms induced by the begomovirus and betasatellite DNAs were indistinguishable from those observed in the field. Thus, ToLCGNV is a new monopartite begomovirus which, in association with a new species of betasatellite, causes ToLCD in Gandhinagar, India. The presence of ToLCGNV needs to be considered, along with the already reported begomoviruses infecting tomatoes in this state, e.g., Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (2), in studies aimed to developing tomato cultivars with stable resistance to these tomato-infecting begomoviruses in India. References: (1) R. W. Briddon et al. Mol. Biotechnol. 20:315, 2002. (2) C. Reddy et al. Arch Virol. 150:845, 2005. (3) S. D. Wyatt and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 86:1288, 1996.
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Pandya, Parthsarthi, Rohit Kumarkhaniya, Ravina Parmar, and Piyush Ajani. "Meteorological Drought Analysis Using Standardized Precipitation Index." Current World Environment 15, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.15.3.12.
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Drought is a natural hazard which is challenging to quantify in terms of severity, duration, areal extent and impact. The present study was aimed to assess the meteorological drought for Junagadh (Gujarat), India using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and evaluate its correlation with the productivity of Groundnut and Cotton. The SPI was computed for eight durations including monthly (June to August each), 3 monthly (June to August and July to September) and 6 monthly (June to November) time scales for the year1988 to 2018. The results revealed that 54% to 67% of years suffered from drought for SPI-1. Drought years based on SPI-3 and SPI-6 were 48 % to 58%. Among all the eight durations, mild drought was the most dominant drought category. Years 1993, 1999, 2002 and 2012 experienced the most severe droughts for Junagadh. Severe droughts were observed only for SPI-1 (July), SPI-3 and SPI-6. No extreme drought was witnessed in Junagadh. Correlation of groundnut yield with SPI was higher as compared to cotton for all time scales. Kharif groundnut and cotton yield were better correlated with SPI-3 and SPI-6 for Junagadh with significant correlation coefficient ranging from 0.57 to 0.79 for groundnut and 0.46 to 0.56 for cotton. Among monthly SPI, the significantly highest correlation was found for June (0.59) for groundnut and September (0.48) for cotton. The SPI-3 and SPI-6 shown ability to quantify the drought and also shown the potential of yield prediction.